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
et al.
    et al. 


    V.R. Clark &
M. Martínez-Azorín
Diagnostic charactersAlbuca tenuifolia  

   
       
       
     
      
     

       
       
A. tenuifoliaA.
 Mitrotepalum  A.  Branciona  
      
Albuca
Albuca shawii Baker
       
   
Shaws.n.
Diagnostic charactersAlbuca shawii
        
 
   
       
  
     

       

A. shawii 
       
    
A  Falconera  A.  Falconera  
      A.
Trianthera   A  Trianthera



       


  
   Albuca     
    
     Albuca 
       
Albuca

   Albuca tenuifolia   Refugium
botanicum
Scilleae
Chlorogaleae Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany 

Scilleae
LiliaceaeJournal of Botany, British and Foreign 
AlbucaFlora Capensis

          
   Notes from the Royal
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh
       
     
        
   INTERNATIONAL CODE OF
BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE (VIENNA CODE) ADOPT-
ED BY THE SEVENTEENTH INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL
CONGRESS VIENNA, AUSTRIA, JULY 2005
REGNUM VEGETABILE

Albuca 
    Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated
checklist

      
Albuca tenuifo-
lia
Nordic Journal of Botany 
Albuca
Abstract XIV International Botanical Congress 

 

Feddes Repertorium

Albuca tenuifolia
Feddes Repertorium

       



CIBIO (Instituto Universitario de la Biodiversidad), Universidad de
Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain. mmartinez@ua.es (au-
thor for correspondence).
Selmar Schonland Herbarium, Department of Botany, Rhodes Uni-
versity, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.


 CHORISTYLIS
      
Choristylis C. rhamnoides
    

        
      
      
Choristylis 
 

   
     

  Choristylis    
    Choristylis 
Itea       
     
    


      

     

   
    

     
     
      
IteaChoristylisde
      
    
   

       
     
     
et al.et al.
  Itea  Choristylis  
    Pterostemon  
  et al.   et al.

         
     
s.l
 
 et al.
    Pterostemon 
CO
  Itea
C
       
    

et al.
   Choristylis   
 Itea
        
         
         
    
   
     

      

       


      


       
et al.
 Choristylis
Itea
   
     
       
Choristylis    
      Itea  
Itea       
      
    
  Choristylis
.       
     Choristylis    
   Itea      
      
     
        Choristylis
        
   Itea   
        
         
    

       
        
      
       

    

      

       
    

      

Choristylis
   Choristylis  Itea 
Itea
 Itea  I. virginica 
I. japonica
    
  
        
  Itea      
   
     
 Itea,   Deciduae    
. Sempervirentes

      
 Itea   
  Choristylis  Itea   
Choristylis 
IteaChori-
stylis         
      
      
       

   Itea  


Itea L  Choristylis (Harv.) Jordaan  
Choristylis 
Sempervirente       
        



  Itea rhamnoides  
Choristylis rhamnoides 
Itea rhamnoides (Harv.) Kubitzki   
        
Itea rhamnoides 
 Thode A318 Dahlstrand 2669Jordaan 3938
Theron 3648
A
B
D
C
E
 
 Choristylis rhamnoides    
      
Brownlee s.n.
Choristylis shirensis      
      Whyte 53
     
  Whyte 53   


C. ulugurensis

   Schlieben 4293  B100165111
       
  Schlieben 4239    
        
 B100165111      

        
        
      
     
  Bark    
Leaves    
         
        
       
       
      
    
       
       
     
      Stipules  
Inorescences

      
Flowers 
     
      
Calyx tube
         
  Petals 
       Stamens 
     Disc 
Ovary     


     
        Fruit 
   

Seeds
 

Diagnostic characters Itea rhamnoides   
        

      

    Choristylis    
choris    stylis      


Distribution and habitat Itea rhamnoides  
        

    

      
       
      
      
        

 
     
    


Synonymy    Baeobot-
rys rufescens     Choristyles rham-
noides        
Maesa       Maesa palus-
trisKrauss
152  Choristylis rhamnoides.  
   Maesa lanceolata  
 
  Choristylis shirensis    
 C. ulugurensis  
C. rhamnoidesChori-
stylis virescens The Interna-
tional Plant Names Index     
    Choristylis shirensis
       

C. virescens
C. shirensis.
   Itea rhamnoides   
        



     



 A dictionary of the
owering plants and ferns
        
Bulletin of Armenian Academic Science, Biology 

 
     
Botanical Journal of
the Linnean Society
       
Transactions of the Linnean
Society Botany
        
   Genera plantarum  

 
Itea Phytochemistry 

 
IteaPterostemon. Biochem-
ical Systematics and Ecology 
   Pooley’s trees of eastern South Africa: a complete
guide
     
Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de
Belgique
Vascular plant families and
genera.
    Keith Coates Palgrave’ Trees of
southern Africa
       
 Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 

Flora of southern Africa 

Die natür-
lichen Panzenfamilien 
      
    Die natürlichen Panzenfamilien 


Webbia
     
      
      Systematic Biology 

  Early owers
and angiosperm evolution   

Itea yun-
nanensisActa Botanica Sinica
         
The London Journal of Botany

Flora capensis

 Divisestylus       
American Jour-
nal of Botany
 Flora, oder (Allgemeine) Botanischer
Zeitung

Genera plantarum
Evolution and phylogeny of owering plants

IteaFlora of China
       

        
Strelitzia

The families and genera
of vascular plants
    Flore du Congo du Rwanda et du
Burundi, Saxifragaceae

          
 Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger
National Park. 
   Studien über die Embryologie der Familien
Crassulaceae und Saxifragaceae
       
       
Notizblatt Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-
Dahlem 
 Flora of North America 

Flora of Japan

      
       
      
 

 rbcL
Kew Bulletin
    Flora of Pakistan   

 
   


Diversity and classication of owering plants

 Flora of tropi-
cal East Africa   

      Flora zambe-
siaca 

 Bioge-
ography and ecology of southern Africa
  The vegetation of Africa    


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      
 
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
      
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       
         



... Choristylis (Harv.) Jordaan (Kubitzki 2007;Jordaan 2012). Thus, Itea was considered as an unusual genus with an East Asian-eastern North American-southeastern African disjunction pattern (Kubitzki 2007;Tian et al. 2021). ...
... Shou-Yang Liu F000749, which shows two obviously divergent carpels per fruit (Fig. 1B). The fruits with two obviously divergent carpels are very special in the genus Itea, because most species bear two partly or completely fused carpels before dehiscence (Jordaan 2012) and only Itea riparia (including I. thorelii) was found to have two obviously divergent carpels (see Lecompte (1965: Pl. IV 8-10); Wu (1977: Pl. 26)). ...
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The genus Itea (Iteaceae) is recognised as a genus with about 21 extant species of shrubs and trees. Within the genus, most species have oblong to elliptical leaves. The lanceolate and obolanceolate leaves are only found in three species, vix Itea amoena Chun, Itea riparia Collett & Hemsl. and Itea tenuinervia S. Y. Liu. The results of our examination of literature, specimens and living plants in the wild have shown that Itea tenuinervia is conspecific with Itea riparia and is here reduced to a synonym of the latter species. The morphological description, colour pictures, voucher specimens, distribution map of Itea riparia and its related Itea amoena , together with the morphological comparisons between the two species, are provided in this study.
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A phylogenetic analysis of 589 plastid rbcL gene sequences representing nearly all eudicot families (a total of 308 families; seven photosynthetic and four parasitic families are missing) was performed, and bootstrap re-sampling was used to assess support for clades. Based on these data, the ordinal classification of eudicots is revised following the previous classification of angiosperms by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Putative additional orders are discussed (e.g. Dilleniales, Escalloniales, Vitales), and several additional families are assigned to orders for future updates of the APG classification. The use of rbcL alone in such a large matrix was found to be practical in discovering and providing bootstrap support for most orders. Combination of these data with other matrices for the rest of the angiosperms should provide the framework for a complete phylogeny to be used in macro-evolutionary studies.
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A revised and updated classification for the families of flowering plants is provided. Many recent studies have yielded increasingly detailed evidence for the positions of formerly unplaced families, resulting in a number of newly adopted orders, including Amborellales, Berberidopsidales, Bruniales, Buxales, Chloranthales, Escalloniales, Huerteales, Nymphaeales, Paracryphiales, Petrosaviales, Picramniales, Trochodendrales, Vitales and Zygophyllales. A number of previously unplaced genera and families are included here in orders, greatly reducing the number of unplaced taxa; these include Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales), Haptanthaceae (Buxales), Peridiscaceae (Saxifragales), Huaceae (Oxalidales), Centroplacaceae and Rafflesiaceae (both Malpighiales), Aphloiaceae, Geissolomataceae and Strasburgeriaceae (all Crossosomatales), Picramniaceae (Picramniales), Dipentodontaceae and Gerrardinaceae (both Huerteales), Cytinaceae (Malvales), Balanophoraceae (Santalales), Mitrastemonaceae (Ericales) and Boraginaceae (now at least known to be a member of lamiid clade). Newly segregated families for genera previously understood to be in other APG-recognized families include Petermanniaceae (Liliales), Calophyllaceae (Malpighiales), Capparaceae and Cleomaceae (both Brassicales), Schoepfiaceae (Santalales), Anacampserotaceae, Limeaceae, Lophiocarpaceae, Montiaceae and Talinaceae (all Caryophyllales) and Linderniaceae and Thomandersiaceae (both Lamiales). Use of bracketed families is abandoned because of its unpopularity, and in most cases the broader circumscriptions are retained; these include Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceace and Xanthorrheaceae (all Asparagales), Passifloraceae (Malpighiales), Primulaceae (Ericales) and several other smaller families. Separate papers in this same volume deal with a new linear order for APG, subfamilial names that can be used for more accurate communication in Amaryllidaceae s.l., Asparagaceace s.l. and Xanthorrheaceae s.l. (all Asparagales) and a formal supraordinal classification for the flowering plants.
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Fossilized flowers and fruits from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian, ca. 90 million years [my] before present) Raritan Formation of New Jersey are described as the new genus Divisestylus with two species, D. brevistamineus and D. longistamineus. The fossils are fusainized and three-dimensionally preserved. Morphological characteristics suggest affinities with extant Saxifragaceae and Iteaceae, two closely related families in Saxifragales. Similarities include a pentamerous perianth, calyx fused below into a hypanthium with free sepal lobes above, haplostemonous androecium with stamens situated opposite the calyx lobes, inferior ovary, bicarpellate gynoecium, numerous ovules on axile placentas, conspicuous intrastaminal nectary ring, and capsulate fruit opening apically. The unique fusion of the gynoecium, with carpels and stigmas fused but styles free, indicates closer affinities with extant Iteaceae, whereas other characters, such as basifixed anthers in D. brevistamineus, tricolpate and striate pollen grains, and anomocytic stomata, indicate closer affinities to Saxifragaceae. Cladistic analyses utilizing molecular data from a previously published analysis and morphological data as well as morphological data alone demonstrate the fossils share a more recent common ancestor with Iteaceae than Saxifragaceae, thereby making Divisestylus the oldest fossils known with clear affinities to Iteaceae.
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The recent discovery of diverse fossil flowers and floral organs in Cretaceous strata has revealed astonishing details about the structural and systematic diversity of early angiosperms. Exploring the rich fossil record that has accumulated over the last three decades, this is a unique study of the evolutionary history of flowering plants from their earliest phases in obscurity to their dominance in modern vegetation. The discussion provides comprehensive biological and geological background information, before moving on to summarise the fossil record in detail. Including previously unpublished results based on research into Early and Late Cretaceous fossil floras from Europe and North America, the authors draw on direct palaeontological evidence of the pattern of angiosperm evolution through time. Synthesising palaeobotanical data with information from living plants, this unique book explores the latest research in the field, highlighting connections with phylogenetic systematics, structure and the biology of extant angiosperms.
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RIASSUNTO Le caratteristiche morfologiche del polline possono fornirci argomenti per trasferire il genere Berenice dalle Saxifragaceae alle Campanulaceae e per mantenere Pentadiplandra (Fig. 5) nelle Capparidaceae. I granuli pollinici nelle Chlaenaceae (Fig. 1–3) sono uniti in tetradi. Queste sono usualmente omodinamosporee (i 4 granuli pollinici sono della medesima grandezza); in alcune specie esse sono eterodinamosporee (i 4 granuli pollinici non sono tutti della medesima grandezza; cf. Fig. 1 B). Tetradi eterodinamosporee si riscontrano anche in alcune specie di Epacridaceae ed Ericaceae. Dioncophyllum (Fig. 4) differisce per la morfologia del polline dal resto delle Flacourtiaceae; Choristylis e strettamente imparentato con Itea. Le specie sudamericane di Macrolobium possono essere distinte dalle specie africane per mezzo delle caratteristiche morfologiche del polline. D'altro lato non vi e una differenza apparente tra i granuli pollinici di Gilbertiodendron e Pellegriniodendron e quelli delle specie ...