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The Wealth of India. A Dictionary of India Raw Material and Industrial Products
... It is commonly known as Malabar Nut and grows throughout the Indian peninsula up to an altitude of 1300 m. It has been used in the indigenous system of medicine in India for over 2000 years [68,69]. ...
... Both the decoctions and powder from the constituents of many Vasaka preparations are used in the Ayurvedic medicine for various infections of respiratory tract. The medicine was considered so useful in tuberculosis that it was said that no man suffering form this disease need despair as long a vasica plant exists in this world [69]. The juice of the leaves is used in diarrhoea and dysentery and powdered leaves in malaria in southern India [68]. ...
... Natural yellow-brown colorants from Terminalia arjuna are used to color textile materials with the development of biomedical textiles. [15,65,68,69,127] 5 ...
The worldwide demand for natural dyes is nowadays of great interest due to the increased
awareness on therapeutic potential and wide range of industrial applications such as in engineering,
food, textile, medical and agricultural industries. These environment friendly bioresourse materials produced
from non-food crops have revolutionized all industrial sectors especially pharmaceutical and textile
industries. Natural dyes are derived from naturally occurring sources such as plants, insects, and
minerals without or with least chemical processing. Although, plant based natural dyes are known since
time immemorial for dyeing as well as medicinal properties, the structures and protective properties of
natural dyes have been recognized only in the recent past. The present review, describes the detailed information
about basic chemistry of the major pigments, their medicinal importance and textile applications
of naturally occurring dye yielding plants, which are helpful for further development of pharmaceutical
formulations and development of value added textile materials. Comparative environmental
impact analysis is presented, highlighting the ecofriendliness of natural dyes and adverse ecological
concerns of presently used synthetic colorants.
... Mp è un vigoroso legume rampicante annuale che presenta fiori di colore porpora violaceo, fiorisce tra Settembre e Novembre, i frutti nascono tra gennaio e l'inizio della primavera (Fig. 1). Le foglie più grandi sono trilobate, quelle più piccole ovali, ellittiche o romboidali a base diseguale, membranose e munite di una leggera peluria e di un lungo picciolo, i rami possono essere di 30 centimetri mentre i semi di 1,3-1,7 centimetri [3, 4]. [5]. ...
... Sebbene la pianta contenga sostanze non ben tollerate dall'organismo, come l'aminoacido non proteico L-3,4-diidrossifenilalanina (L-Dopa), le triptamine, i fenoli, i tannini, le lectine e gli inibitori delle proteasi, la Mp è una pianta usata come alimento per alcune popolazioni delle zone subtropicali dell'Asia [3]. Studi su vari tipi di Mucuna hanno dimostrato che la quantità di lectine dipende molto dall'ambiente circostante, ad esempio le specie indiane le contengono, quelle nigeriane solo in piccola parte e quelle brasiliane no [9, 10, 11, 12]. ...
... Anche se la Mp è molto utilizzata per l'agricoltura nei paesi tropicali, è attualmente ancora oggetto di studio e ricerca per lo sviluppo delle sue potenzialità nel settore alimentare e in altri campi applicativi come quello della medicina alternativa. La Mp è un legume originario della Cina meridionale e dell'India orientale, dove veniva soprattutto utilizzata presso varie culture asiatiche come cibo, in particolar modo in tempo di carestia, dopo essere stata bollita a lungo per eliminare la maggior parte dei fattori antinutrizionali e tossici [3]. Anche in Africa si hanno informazioni sull'utilizzo della Mp come alimento e mangime per gli animali, in particolare in Ghana [13], Nigeria [14] e Mozambico: in quest'ultimo Paese scoppiò una crisi di psicosi generale, attribuita ad un consumo inappropriato della Mp; infatti, a causa della fame e siccità, l'acqua usata per bollire i semi invece di essere buttata via, venne bevuta, causando intossicazioni e allucinazioni dovute alla presenza di L-Dopa e alcaloidi allucinogeni estratti dall'acqua calda [6]. ...
... After formation of banana fruits, the inflorescence containing the infertile and male flowers is cut off. The male flowers, after separation from the spathe of the inflorescence, are cooked as vegetable and are useful in diabetes (Anonymous 1962). Flowers of banana plant are reported to have antibacterial, antihyperglycaemic (Jawla et al. 2012), galactagogue (Mahmood et al. 2012) and antioxidant (Loganayaki et al. 2010;Banerjee and De 2013) properties. ...
... Kancha Kela for inhibiting a-amylase was 29.44 mg/mL. The present study shows that the antidiabetic activity of Musa X paradisiaca flowers, as reported earlier (Anonymous 1962), may be due to the potential of the extracts to inhibit starch digesting enzymes particularly a-glucosidase. However, the activities were lower than that of the clinically used drug acarbose. ...
The flower extracts of two cultivated varieties of Musa X paradisiaca viz. Kanthali and Kancha Kela were assayed against the enzymes α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, β-glucuronidase and Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme, which are related to different diseased states like diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, hepatic disorder and cardiovascular diseases, respectively. The extracts inhibited all the enzymes except α-amylase by Musa X paradisiaca cv. Kanthali. Significantly high activities were observed in both the cultivated varieties for inhibiting the enzymes β-glucuronidase and Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme with respect to the known inhibitors of such enzymes silymarin and Lisinopril, respectively. The chemical constituents present in the methanol extracts were profiled following GC-MS based metabolomics approach. Eleven organic acids, seven sugars and sugar alcohols, six fatty acids, three phenols, two amino acids and a sterol could be identified. The male flowers of Musa X paradisiaca are cooked as vegetable in South-East Asia. The flowers are also useful in diabetes. Enzyme inhibitors have properties to prevent or control different noninfectious diseases. So, the flower extracts of two varieties of the plant were assayed for their activities against the glycosidases, acetylcholinesterase, β-glucuronidase and Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme. The activities of the flower extracts against the enzymes suggest that they may have beneficial effects in controlling diseases.
... Euphorbia thymifolia Linn; (Euphorbiaceae) in ayurveda is called as Chhoti dudhi, laghu dugdhikaa, in English -chicken weed, red caustic creeper, asthma plant, in unani-Dudhi khurdi [1]. This species is globally distributed in pantropics.With in India, it occurs throughout the plains and low hills, ascending to 2600mts in the hills. ...
... long, quadrangular, bluntly pointed, with 5 or 6 transverse furrows [3]. Charaka prescribed Dudhika as an ingredient of vegetable soup for diarrhoeal and painful bleeding piles [1]. It is believed to possess Diuretic, Laxative, and Detumescent, anti- malarial, anti-diarrheic, anti-rash, anti-dysentery, anti- carbuncle detoxification and anti-hemorrhoidal activity [4]. ...
This work has been undertaken for the preliminary phytochemical studies on different extracts of Euphorbia thymifolia Linn belongs to family Euphorbiaceae reveals the presence of steroids, glycosides, carbohydrates, flavanoids, triterpenoids, gums, fats & oils, tannins & phenolic compounds. Where as alkaloids, proteins and amino acids were totally absent in this plant.
... The plant has been used in the indigenous system of medicine in India for over 2000 years (Atal, 1980) [1] . It is a well-known drug in ayurvedic and unani medicine (Manjunath, 1948) [7] . The leaves and flowers are cooked as a vegetable by the Khasi tribe in India. ...
Justicia adhatoda plant of Acanthaceae family has been used as an ayurvedic and unani medicine in India for over a long time. It is used in the treatment of several diseases, especially respiratory ailments. The alkaloids in adhatoda are found to have many pharmacological properties. Vasicine, a pyrroloquinoline alkaloid from adhatoda is a major alkaloid that can be potentially used in treatment of various disorders. Antioxidant activity of vasicine is measured in the current study. The results indicate that the inhibition concentration IC50 of vasicine is 187 µg/ml.
... While several authors have added and reported different species over time in the genus while Christenhusz and Byng (2016) stated that the genus includes approximately 4,225 species. It is supposed to be more or less cosmopolitan in distribution, although it is primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions as a genus of annual and perennial, herbs, under shrubs, or mostly shrubs (Borssum, 1967;Davis, 2002;Mabberley, 1987;Manjunath, 1948 andTaia, 2009). ...
In this research paper, a newly identified plant species of the genus Abutilon Mill., namely Abutilon jafrii F. Naseer, A. Noor & A. Rahman, is described and illustrated for the first time in the province of Sindh, Detailed morphological descriptions of the species along with the micro-morphological examinations of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the mericarps, seeds and pollens are presented. Additionally, Macro morphological characteristics including photographs of the plant habit with flowers, fruits, seeds and mericarps are provided. Through gross macro-morphological and micro-morphological investigations such as plant height, leaves texture and colour, pedicel of fruits and flowers, flowers diameter, sepal’s size in flowers and fruits, number of seeds per mericarp, pollen tectum exhibit significant differences in characters, which indicate that, it is a distinct species. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 30(1): 43-51, 2023 (June)
... Various formats of leaves, viz. powder, liquid/juice, cigarettes, decoction, poultice, infusion, and electuary, are administered to cure bleeding, hemorrhage, [73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80], antiseptic [80][81][82][83][84], skin diseases, wounds [75-77, 80, 81], expectorate, respiratory ailments, dry saliva, bronchodilator antispasmodic, phthisis , neuralgia, arthritis, inflammatory lumps, [73, 75-77, 80, 81, 84, 87-90, 92], gastrointestinal disorders, including diarrhoea, colic, dysentery [73, 75-77, 81, 82, 87, 92, 93, 98], fever, malarial fever [73-78, 81, 85, 87, 92, 93, 101] especially in India, Nepal, Thailand, Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka. It is widely used as infusion to cure gonorrhea, vomiting, leprosy and headache in Pakistan. ...
Background:
Adhatoda vasica (Nees.) of family Acanthaceae has been used in the Southeast tropical zone as it is efficacious against headache, colds, cough, whooping cough, fever, asthma, dyspnea, phthisis, jaundice, chronic bronchitis and diarrhea and exhibits commendable pharmacological activities.
Objective
The aim of the review is to provide a systematic overview of pharmacological activities with toxicity and clinical assessment, phytochemistry of A. vasica along with its characterization, geographical observation, phenology, traditional uses as well as an organized representation of the findings.
Method
The overall information of A. vasica were collected from various resources including books, review papers, research papers and reports which were obtained by an online search of worldwide-accepted scientific databases. ChemDraw software was used to draw the compounds’s structure.
Results
Phytochemical review on A. vasica has led to the collection of 233 compounds of different types such as alkaloids, flavonoids, essential oils, terpenoids, fatty acids, phenols etc. It is a promising source of phytopharmaceutical potential agent that exhibits diverse pharmacological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, hepatoprotective, anti-ulcer, abortifacient, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, hypoglycemic, anti-tubercular, antioxidant and antitussive activities.
Conclusions
The sufficient number of studies on ethno-pharmacology, traditional uses and pharmacological activities of A. vasica are conducted. Furthermore, it is necessary to study the activity of chemical constituents for new drug design and discovery from natural products.
... From cell walls of vegetables, fruits or cereals, different types of polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose) and lignin are originated. Both of the soluble and insoluble dietary fibers are being used for food fortification but insoluble dietary fibers are mostly being used these days, for example, the peels of mature but unripe fruits yield 14.1% pectin and this pectin is useful in the preparation of jellies and jams [7][8][9][10][11][12] . Gibson and Roberfroid [13] described prebiotic as "a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improves host health". ...
The present study was conducted aiming at isolation and profiling of the crude dietary fiber (DF) (cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin) from different parts (seed and peel) of the Burmese grape; a local fruit containing numerous health benefits. The extracted and purified fiber was added to yogurt and the sensory quality of the potential prebiotic yogurt was assessed. Major parts of the Burmese grape are seed, peel, and pulp with a calculated portion of around 19.44%, 36.11%, and 44.45% respectively of the whole fruit. Alcohol Insoluble Solids (AIS) were isolated and found at a level of 51.80% and 72.48% in the seed and peel respectively. The polysaccharides of the AISs were fractionated by extracting sequentially with suitable solvents into cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. The extracted pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose were found to be 38%, 11.56%, and 40% from the peel and 21.24%, 23.36%, and 36.92% from the seed respectively. The extracted crude DF was then purified and the final content of the pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose in the peel was found as 7.63%, 2.92%, and 32.19% and in seed 3.04%, 1.26%, and 6.34% respectively. Among all the extracted and purified DF, the hemicellulose content was the lowest and the cellulose content was the highest both in peel and seed. The purified DF was added to yogurt at a level of 0%, 1%, 1.3%, and 1.5%, to prepare a control and three potential prebiotic yogurt samples. Despite having potential health benefits of prebiotic yogurt, participated panelists preferred control one during sensory evaluation compared to the dietary fiber added yogurt.
... In India about 2,500 plants species belongs to more than 1000 genera are being used in the indigenous system of medicine. India is tenth among the plants rich countries of world and fourth among the Asian countries (Manjunath, B. L., 1948). Many herbal remedies individually or in combination have been recommended in various medical treatments for the cure of different diseases (Tomar A. 2017a). ...
... Ahmedullah, M. and Nayar, M.P. (1987); Nayar, M.P. and Sastry, A. R. K.(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)); Maheshwari, J.K. (2000); * Anonymous (1940-1976); Singh S. K. (2004); Viswanathan, M.B. (2004). ...
The present ecological investigation was carried out in the understorey of tropical moist deciduous forest of Udhayagiri fort hills, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu. A total number of 171 species were documented in the understory of the study area and among them 163 species were recognized as economically important.The secured value of ecological attribute, importance value index (IVI) indicates that the species like Tephrosia purpurea, Clerodendron infortunatum Acalypa indica, Aerva lanata, Asystasia gangetica, Belpharis maderaptensis, Cleome viscosa, Dodonia viscose, Glycosmis pentaphylla, Leucas aspera, Limnophila indica,Martynia annua, Oldenlandia umbellate, Pavetta indica, Phyllanthus amarus and Rhynchosia minima are well established in the study area. On the other hand, 55 plant species are considered to be ecologically weaker in the community. Hence priorities must be given to these species for natural regeneration and hence theirconservation as well.
... , The name Portulaca is thought to be derived from the Latin (Porto) to carry and (lac) meaning milk, since the plant contains a milky juice [2] and has been reported officially in the French, Mexican, Spanish, and New Zealand pharmacopoeias [3] . It can found growing in almost any unshaded area including flower beds, corn fields and waste places; Purslane is found all over the world in the temperature countries of Europe, America, New Zealand, Australia, and India [4] ; Purslane is listed by the world health organization as one of the most used medicinal plants and has been given the term (global panacea) [5] ; It has been described as a (power food) of the future because of its high nutritive and high antioxidant properties , from the point of view of traditional medicine , the nature of purslane is cold and wet , astringent and diuretic , bile anodyne that relieves temperature of blood, liver and stomach [6] ; Recent research has shown that Portulaca Oleracea is a rich source of omega-3 which is important in preventing heart attacks and strengthening the immune system [7] ; It was reported to contain gallotannins [8] , quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin [9] . The water extract of Portulaca Oleracea show no cytotoxicity or genotoxicity and have been certified safe for daily consumption as a vegetable [10]. ...
This research was carried out to assess the mineral components of the selected vegetable Portulaca Oleracea which is commonly used as food; Ca, Mg, and Fe analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) and Na, and K Flame photometric spectrophotometer. The results of macro-elements obtained having values of Ca (138.75, 140.4 ppm) for Iraqi and Lebanon origin respectively, Mg (214.53, 211.71 ppm) for Iraqi and Lebanon origin respectively, Fe is found to be (8.9, 7.03 ppm) for Iraqi and Lebanon origin respectively, Na (4, 38ppm) for Iraqi and Lebanon origin respectively, and K (18, 16 ppm) for Iraqi and Lebanon origin respectively; The indication results of this vegetable has the potential to provide essential nutrients to the human beings and it is found to be a good source of minerals particularly Ca, Mg, Fe, Na and K.
... Minor sores and pimples can be easily treated with the roots of Iris species. Their roots are also beneficial for the removal of nauseous obstructions [2]. Indigenous people usually used these roots for pimples and sores. ...
Twenty seven ( 1–27 ) known natural organic compounds were isolated for first time from two species of Iris , i.e. loczyi and Iris unguicularis. The structures of these compounds were deduced from the spectral data of NMR, IR, and mass spectrogram. These were evaluated against urease and carbonic anhydrase inhibition studies. For carbonic anhydrase-II inhibition studies, these compounds were evaluated by biochemical mechanism based in vitro bio-assay. Some compounds showed significant inhibition against CA-II enzyme. Compartively, compound ( 12 ) showed IC 50 value of 17.60 ± 0.08 μM against urease enzyme, while compound ( 3 ) was found to be most active against carbonic anhydrase-II, having an IC 50 value of 66.27 ± 0.89 μM. Izalpinin ( 3 ), 5,7-dihydroxy-2′,6-dimethoxyisoflavone ( 9 ), 4′,5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone ( 16 ), 4′,5,7-trihydroxy-3′,8-dimethoxyflavanone ( 20 ), 8-methoxyeriodictyol ( 21 ), and mangiferin ( 26 ) were found to be dual inhibitors of both the enyzmes. The most active compounds were docked using Autodock Vina and i-GEMDOCK softwares. The docking and in-vitro results are in agreement which showed secondary interactions with the enzymes. The compounds can serve as therapeutic agents to treat urease and carbonic anhydrase associated disorders.
... Justicia adhatoda L., commonly known as Basok is a medicinal plant native to Asia, widely used in Ayurvedic, homeopathy and Unani systems of medicine (1) . This plant belongs to Acanthaceae which possesses about 250 genera and 2,500 species (2) . ...
Karyomorphological features of Justicia adhatoda L. were investigated in this study after differential staining with orcein, CMA and DAPI for proper characterization. In this species "Simple Chromocenter Type" of interphase nuclei was observed with many small heterochromatin blocks after orcein staining. Prophase chromosomes showed "Interstitial Type" of staining pattern which indicated the tendency of aggregation of heterochromatin in interstitial regions of chromosome. This species was found to possess 2n = 34 metacentric chromosomes. The total length of 2n chromosome complement was 132.17 μm. Individual chromosome length ranged from 2.57 to 5.43 μm. The relative length of each chromosome ranged from 0.02 to 0.04. A total of seven CMA-positive bands were observed in this species whereas no band was found after DAPI-staining. This result suggested the absence of AT-rich portions and occurrence of GC-rich portions in the respective banded chromosomes. Except 2n chromosome number, the other karyological and fluorescent banding information probably was the first report for this species and it might help to enhance the chromosomal data base with detailed karyomorphological information of this plant species in Bangladesh.
... Lythraceae), a native of North Africa and South-West Asia, widely cultivated as an ornamental hedge and dye-plant. The leaves of L. inermis have long been used in India and Middle East countries as a cosmetic for colouring palms of hands and dyeing of hair for personal adornment [1]. The leaves are also used as a prophylactic in the form of paste or decoction for the skin inflammation [2]. ...
Two new triterpenoids, lawsowaseem and lawsoshamim, have been isolated from Lawsonia inermis and their structures established as 3β -hydroxy-24-p-E-coumaroyloxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid, and 2-acetoxy-3β -hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid on the basis of spectral evidences, particularly 2D NMR studies.
... Adhatoda vasica (family Acanthaceae) is a shrub used by Asian and European medical practitioners. The plant has been used in the Indian traditional system of medicine (Manjunath, 1948). The leaves, roots, flowers, and bark of this plant have been used in cough, colds, asthma, liquefy sputum, bronchodilator, bronchial catarrh, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. ...
The respiratory system is highly susceptible to a variety of pathophysiological insults that could be inflammatory, infectious, immunological, or traumatic in origin. Current treatment modalities are complex and not totally free from safety concerns. Hence, the onus is now on using disease-alleviating strategies in which natural substances play a crucial role. Nutraceuticals, like food supplements, vitamins, minerals, and herbal products, are being increasingly used by health care providers because they are not only safer but also efficacious in some specific situations. In addition, the pharmacoeconomic viability of such agents has led to the increase in popularity in developing countries. Food and nutrients, probiotics and prebiotics, vitamins and minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), medicinal plant extracts and their important phytoconstituents, and others are being extensively used by both traditional and modern systems of medicine for the treatment of various disease states, including respiratory diseases. This chapter attempts to highlight some of the issues relating to nutraceuticals and their application in respiratory disorders.
... The juice extracted from the leaves has strong antibacterial and antimalarial properties [9,12,15,18]; a paste of the leaves is used as an external application to promote healing of wounds. The seed oil is applied externally to treat rheumatism and gout [10,47]. Several compounds of proven medicinal value have been isolated from the roots, root bark, stem bark, and seeds [6]. ...
Drumstick tree, also known as horseradish tree and ben tree in English, is a small to medium-sized, evergreen or deciduous tree native to northern India, Pakistan and Nepal. It is cultivated and has become naturalized well beyond its native range, including throughout South Asia, and in many countries of Southeast Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, tropical Africa, Central America, the Caribbean and tropical South America. The tree usually grows to 10 or 12 m in height, with a spreading, open crown of drooping, brittle branches, feathery foliage of tripinnate leaves, and thick, corky, deeply fissured whitish bark. It is valued mainly for its edible fruits, leaves, flowers, roots, and seed oil, and is used extensively in traditional medicine throughout its native and introduced ranges.
... It is reported for various pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory [5] etc. It also acts as a stimulant, a breath freshener, a carminative, a sialagogue, a cardiac tonic, a pain killer in joint pain, an aphrodisiac, an astringent, an antiseptic567, a digestive and pancreatic lipase stimulant [8], wound healing [9]. Hydroxychavicol is the major phenolic component, isolated from the aqueous extract of P. betle L., leaf has been reported to possess antinitrosation, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic activities [10]. ...
... The curcuminoids compound are the major phytochemicals of the turmeric responsible for the characteristic yellow color and has been investigated to containing biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, thrombus suppressive, hypoglycaemic and antiarthritic properties [13,41,5,7]. In folk medicine, turmeric has been used in lowering blood pressure and as tonic and blood purifier [65]. Traditional Indian medicine claims the use of its powder against biliary disorders, cough, diabetic wounds, hepatic disorder and rheumatism [12]. ...
Ginger [Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae)] and turmeric [Curcuma longa Linn (Zingiberaceae)] rhizomes have been reportedly used in folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension. However, the prevention of its complication such as male infertility remains unexplored. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the preventive effects of ginger and turmeric rhizomes on some biomarkers of male reproductive function in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (. n=. 10): normotensive control rats; induced (L-NAME hypertensive) rats; hypertensive rats treated with atenolol (10. mg/kg/day); normotensive and hypertensive rats treated with 4% supplementation of turmeric or ginger, respectively. After 14 days of pre-treatment, the animals were induced with hypertension by oral administration of L-NAME (40. mg/kg/day). The results revealed significant decrease in serum total testosterone and epididymal sperm progressive motility without affecting sperm viability in hypertensive rats. Moreover, increased oxidative stress in the testes and epididymides of hypertensive rats was evidenced by significant decrease in total and non-protein thiol levels, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity with concomitant increase in 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DFCH) oxidation and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production. Similarly, decreased testicular and epididymal NO level with concomitant elevation in arginase activity was observed in hypertensive rats. However, dietary supplementation with turmeric or ginger efficiently prevented these alterations in biomarkers of reproductive function in hypertensive rats. The inhibition of arginase activity and increase in NO and testosterone levels by both rhizomes could suggest possible mechanism of action for the prevention of male infertility in hypertension. Therefore, both rhizomes could be harnessed as functional foods to prevent hypertension-mediated male reproductive dysfunction.
... It is commonly known as 'sachchi booti' in Pakistan. It is a small genus of erect or prostrates, more or less woody herbs and under shrubs (Manjunath, 1956). All species of Fagonia are shrub, sherbets or herbs, rarely higher than (60-100) cm, and up to about 100 cm wide. ...
Abstract As part of our search of new bioactive compounds from indigenous medicinal plants, phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Fagonia indica Burm led to the isolation of seven compounds including two new compounds, namely, indicacin (1) and fagonicin (2), and five known compounds (3-7) from the methanol extract. Compounds 6 and 7 are hitherto unreported from this plant. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated from their spectral data, mainly HREIMS, 1D NMR (1H, 13C NMR, and DEPT) and 2D NMR (COSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC), and by comparison with the literature data. The new compounds 1 and 2 were assayed for their cytotoxicity against human colorectal cancer cell line H-29. Compound 1 exhibited 51.40% cytotoxicity at 6.25 μM/mL dose whereas compound 2 demonstrated 39.3% cytotoxicity at the same dose.
... The crude extract of the plant has major medicinal uses in Indian system of medicine. In Ayurveda it is used as a constituent of medicine in treatment of piles, diarrhea, leprosy and anasarca [2]. Extract of its roots has long been used as anti-anthrogenic, cardiotoxic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-atherogenic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective due to its potential therapeutic properties [3]. ...
Plumbago zeylanica Linn. is an important medicinal plant from south east Asia. Roots of this plant are reported to have several phytochemicals, among which plumbagin is the most important compound that is synthesized by polyketide synthase using acetyl-CoA as a precursor. In the present study plumbagin content in roots of the plants collected from thirteen phyto-geographical regions of India were analysed by using high performance liquid chromatography. The present results suggested genotypic variations in plumbagin content among populations of Plumbago. Highest amount was detected in plants from Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu and lowest was found in plants from Kolli hills, Tamil Nadu. Seasonal variation was also observed in the synthesis of plumbagin in Plumbago plants. Expression analysis of polyketide synthase gene in roots was studied using Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction to get better insight into its role in plumbagin synthesis. Results showed that expression of polyketide synthase gene is correlated with the level of plumbagin content in the roots of the plants.
... Its common names are betel (in English), paan (in Indian), phlu (in Thai) and sirih (in Bahasa Indonesian) [7]. Betel leaves are reported to contain an aromatic oil [8], minerals [9], glycosides [10], enzymes, vitamins, essential amino acids [11] and tannins [12]. It has been reported that betel leaf has a wide spectrum of therapeutic properties. ...
Piper betle L. (locally known as Paan) is a widely distributed plant in the tropical and subtropical regions, its leaves being largely consumed as a masticator and mouth freshener. It is valued as a mild stimulant and also has its use in Ayurvedic medicine.
The present study investigates on the free radical scavenging potential as well as total phenolic and aflavanoid contents of methanolic extract of 9 different varieties of Piper betle leaves (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H&I). These extracts from diverse localities and varying on treatment, maturation at plucking etc. were used to evaluate antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. The antioxidant potential of all 9 varieties of methanolic leaf extracts were evaluated by six methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical O2-scavenging activity by the riboflavin-light-nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) system, Lipid peroxidation assay was done by a modified thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) assay and Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity . Total phenolic and total flavonoid content also determined by standard protocol. Anti-inflammatory effect of the extract evaluated on LPS induced RAW 264.7 cell line in dose dependent manner. RP-HPLC analyses of 9 varieties of methanolic crude extract, was done and picks were monitored at 254 nm. All of the nine extracts demonstrated highest antioxidant activities at concentration of 1 mg/ml. Among the nine varieties, five (C,E,F,G and I) demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity, one(H) is proinflammatory and three varieties of P.betle leaf (A,B and D) didn’t show significant antiinflammatory activity. the F variety was most effective at a concentration of 250 μg/ml to retained cell viability 99%, very close to control and positive control (Dexamethasone) but H variety of P.betle leaf extract showed proinflammatory activity and cell viability decreased by 29% than control. The results of the experiments suggest that selected variety of P.betle may be used as natural antioxidant as well as an alternative or supplementary herbal remedy for the treatment of inflammatory disease. Thus, the present study warrants further investigation involving components of P.betle for possible development of new class of anti-inflammatory drugs.
... It has tonic and aphrodisiac properties [16] . The therapeutic properties of Tribulus terrestris have been attributed to the presence of active compounds saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids etc [17] . ...
The present study was aimed to study the effect of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of fruits of Tribulus terrestris, commonly known as Gokhru, (belongs to family, Zygophyllaceae) on specific and non specific immune functions in Wistar rats. The immunomodulatory activity was investigated by phagocytic carbon clearance, antibody titre, and Delayed type hypersensitivity test. Control group received 0.1% Carboxyl methyl cellulose and treated groups received different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg b.w.) of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of fruits of Tribulus terrestris intraperitoneally. The study revealed that alcoholic and aqueous extracts of fruits of Tribulus terrestris has exhibited the immunostimulatory activity by increasing humoral antibody titre and delayed hypersensitivity reaction as indicated by increase in footpad thickness, it also shown significant increase in phagocytic activity in wistar rats at different concentrations which reveals increase in the specific and non specific immune responses. The present investigation reveals that both the aqueous and alcoholic extract of the plant possess the potent immunomodulatory activity; further investigation is required to isolate the active compound to see its mechanism of action and to develop an immunostimulating agent among herbal origin.
Adhatoda or Justicia is one of the biggest and complex genera of the Acanthaceae family. Adhatoda vasica is commonly known as ‘Adosa’. It is an ayurvedic medicine with a medicinal history of more than a thousand years in India. Traditionally, it is used to treat cough, asthma, phlegm, bleeding hemorrhoids, for both adults and youth. This plant possesses antiarthritis, antiseptic, antimicrobial, anti-tuberculosis, anti-inflammatory and abortifacient properties. Alkaloids are the major phytoconstituents present in the plant in the form of pyrrolo-quinazoline derivatives viz vasicine, vasicinone, vasicinol, adhatodine, adhatodinine, adhavasinone and anisotine etc. The asserted objectives are to conduct a systematic review on the phytochemistry, pharmacology and traditional uses of A. vasica, as well as highlighting the challenges found in the research. This will promote the utilization of A. vasica at extract level and further development of new drug leads based on the compounds isolated and used for treatment of various ailments. The present review covers the literature survey from 1888 to 2023. The relevant data has been collected from various peer-reviwed journals, and books via Sci-Finder, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, EBSCO, online electronic journals, SpringerLink and Wiley. This paper aims to present a systematic review of known traditional applications, pharmacological and chemical aspects in Adhatoda vasica.
Purpose of Review
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. is an Indian traditional medicinal tree, aka “flame of forest,” “palash,” “bastard teak,” and “dhak.” The family comprises 630 genera and 18,000 species distributed throughout Asian countries. It is traditionally used since the Vedic era for different therapeutic purposes in various parts of India. This review is aimed to provide updated report on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of B. monosperma that have been revealed till now.
Recent Findings
This plant exhibits various pharmacological properties such as anti-helminthic, anti-conceptive, anti-stress, anti-estrogenic, antifertility, antimicrobial, chemopreventive, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects because of specific metabolites present in its parts. Some of the most renowned phytochemicals present in it include flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, proteins, lipids, and sterols. Earlier phytochemical studies have underlined several metabolites, including 3,4,2’,4’-tetrahydrochalcone-3,4-diglucoside (isobutrin), 7,3’,4’-trihydroxyflavanone-7,3’-diglucoside (butrin), cajanin, isoformononetin, stigmasterol, butein, medicarpin, and butinas responsible for their excellent pharmacological activities.
Summary
Compelling evidence support the traditional ethnomedicinal claims of B. monosperma and its wide range of bioactivities are attributed to the rich phytocompounds present in this botanical. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the mechanistic role of its bioactive compounds coupled with drug development processes and to explore the potential at clinical levels.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
The family Lecythidaceae has about 25 genera and 400 identified species, which are distributed especially in the pantropical region, mostly found in the tropics of Central and South America, Southeast Asia and Africa. The third most abundant family in Amazonian forests and the genus Eschweilera, with the large number of species in Lecythidaceae.
Aim of the review
The present review compiles information since the 1934s about of ethnopharmacology, and chemical constituents of species of Lecythidaceae, as well as a summary of the bioactivities shown by the extracts, fractions, and secondary metabolites.
Materials and methods
All relevant information on ethnopharmacology, and chemical constituents of species of Lecythidaceae were gathered from electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Elsevier, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. Information was also obtained from local books, PhD. and MSc. dissertations.
Results
The phytochemical diversity of the family was demonstrated with 180 different metabolites that have been reported from 25 species, most of them being triterpenes or flavonoids. The pharmacological studies carried out with the extracts, fractions and compounds showed promising antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities.
Conclusion
The present review provides an insight into ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of species of Lecythidaceae. Based on the pharmacological studies it has been found that different plant species of Lecythidaceae possess a wide range of bioactivities such as anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, antileishmanial, antibacterial and antifungal. These activities are due to the presence of bioactive compounds including triterpenoids and their glycosides derivatives, flavonoids, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, alkaloids, and other compounds. However, there are many plants, which have not been assessed pharmacologically and hence warrant further studies.
A new variety of species Abutilon pannosum var. balochistanicum F. Naseer et al. is recorded and identified from Pakistan for the first time. The description of the newly recorded taxa with complete diagnostic characters and illustrated diagrams has been presented. Micro-morphological characteristics of mericarp and seeds have been done with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A. pannosum var. balochistanicum is showing unique features in its most of the important qualitative characteristics. Surface of fruit and seeds surface pattern is the key characteristic which shows resemblance with rest of identified specimens of A. pannosum.
Abstarct
Polyherbal compound (Bronco-T) has been extensively used as a traditional medicine for various therapies. However, very few report studies on anti-inflammatory and lung regeneration properties are evidenced. In the present study, we evaluated the beneficial actions and anti-inflammatory properties of polyherbal medicine, Bronco-T, exhibited by treating the lungs of rats exposed to formaldehyde to evaluate the beneficial properties. For this study, we divided into five groups’: i.e. Group-I served as a control and the other four groups such as II, III, IV, and V are experimental. All animals maintained by regular feed and water ad libitum during the study. Formaldehyde vapors exposure at a single period of time (1 hour) daily (40%formaldehyde at room temperature) for 21 days period exposed all groups. The Bronco-T extracts about 50 mg/kg BW administered to experimental groups and group IV rats treated with 500μ grams/Kg BW salbutamol. To understand the impact of formaldehyde exposure on the beneficial effects of Bronco-T, we evaluated hematological parameters, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), histamine levels, and histological alterations of lung architecture. Formaldehyde-induced adverse effects in lung and increased histamine levels in BAL compared to Bronco-T-treated rats act as a preventive immunological role in blood toxicity and recovery of lung architecture in Bronco-T-treated rats. This study showed the evaluation of antihistamine levels through HPLC analysis. Bronco-T has antioxidant and anti-histamine properties as the widest therapeutic window, and we continue to evaluate the pharmacological evaluations needed in our further studies.
Adhatoda vasica (Acanthaceae), an evergreen plant, grows on the plains of India and in the up to 1000 meters above sea level. This plant is also cultivated in other tropical areas. It grows well in low moisture areas and dry soils. Medicinal applications use the leaves, roots, flowers and stem bark of this plant. The leaves, roots and flowers of Adhatoda vasica also called vasa or vasaka were used extensively for thousands of years in traditional medicine to treat respiratory disorders such as asthma.
Adhatoda vasica is very much useful against bronchitis, tuberculosis and other lung and
bronchiole disorders. Adhatoda is considered as a safe drug. The present article is an attempt to compile the literature available for vasicine molecule and to further quantify it by using UVSpectrophotometric analysis with effect of acoustic waves and micro wave radiation with probable potential use in the anti-microbial area.
A study of type 2 anti-diabetes on bound flavonoids fraction from the kernel of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. in glucose-induced diabetic rats was performed. This learning aimed to gather scientific information about the possibility to utilize kernel of B. racemosa as a raw material of antidiabetic drug. The antioxidant property of the bound flavonoids was determined by the DPPH scavenging method compared to the ascorbic acid. Assessment of type 2 anti-diabetes was conducted on glucose-induced diabetic Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain compared to metformin and the data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA software. Histopathological studies of the pancreas and kidney were made to get evidence of the β-cell performance and the renal tissue respectively. The DPPH testing at the wavelength of 517 nm showed the bound flavonoids and the ascorbic acid showed absorbance at 0.097 and 0.080 correlated with IC 50 values of 7.51 and 6.50 ppm respectively. The results of one-way ANOVA indicated that the administration of bound flavonoids was significant (F(2,11) = 8.60, p = 0.008) to reduce blood glucose level in the tested rats. The diabetic rats treated with the extract experienced an antidiabetic effect equivalent to an antidiabetic effect of metformin. Histopathologic observations showed increasing of the granulated β-cell (F(3, 15) = 26.09, p<0.0001) and no renal tissue damage (F(3, 15) = 0.23, p = 0.873) in the tested rats. The conclusion raised from the data of this study revealed that the bound flavonoids from the kernel of B. racemosa (L.) Spreng. could be utilized as a drug source of type 2 anti-diabetes.
Maranta arundinacea commonly known as the West Indian arrowroot is a perennial rhizomatous herb cultivated widely in tropical countries for its starchy rhizomes. The edible tuberous rhizomes are rich in starch and are also a commercial source of fine grade starch used often in weaning foods and biscuits. The starch is reported to have medicinal uses and is an important ingredient in the preparation of barium meals and tablets. The plant which grows under shade is generally resistant to pests and pathogens. Traditionally the tuberous rhizomes are used in the treatment of diarrhea. Being an important crop with underexplored and underexploited genetic potential, knowledge of the genetic control of its agronomic characters is one of the major steps towards the improvement of the genetic stock of this crop. Hence an experiment was carried out to analyze the genetic control of the major agronomic characters in Maranta arundinacea. Six growth characters and eight yield characters were studied and all of them showed continuous distribution indicating polygenic control. Among the growth characters, leaf breadth and leaf area showed accumulation of higher number of dominant alleles. In the case of yield characters, diameter of primary fingers and yield per plant showed maximum accumulation of dominant alleles as revealed by the frequency distribution of the variables. The other characters showed a symmetric distribution of different combinations of alleles or accumulation of recessive alleles in their gene pool. The study indicates the essentiality of selection of better phenotypes and genotypes with higher number of dominant contributing alleles to develop superior varieties.
Research on Dluwang, a tapa from Indonesia that has originally been used as most of the other tapa for clothing at least since the 9th century. Later, probably from the 16th century onwards, it was used as a writing support and image support next to bookbinding material. For the research several biochemical experiments were done. Also much archival work done next to literature on history, linguistics, codicology.
Rhizome of picrorhiza along with honey prevents hepatic damage and cure the acetaminophen (paracetamol) induced hepatotoxicity by modulating the activity of hepatic enzymes. Here, we studied the in vivo effects of Picrorhiza kurroa and honey on acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity Balb/c mice model. Hepatic histopathological observations of acetaminophen fed (day-6) group showed more congestion, hemorrhage, necrosis, distorted hepatic architecture and nuclear inclusion. Such damages were recompensed to normal by picrorhiza or honey alone or both in combinations. We observed increased activity of SGPT and SGOT in injured liver tissues, and that too was compensated to normal with picrorhiza or honey alone or both in combinations. We observed 1.27 and 1.23-fold enhanced activity of SGPT in serum and liver lysate, respectively while SGOT showed 1.66 and 1.11 fold enhanced activity. These two enzymes are signature enzymes of liver damage. Thus, our results support that honey may be used with drug picrorhiza due to its synergistic role to enhance hepatoprotective and hepatoregenerative ability along with allopathic drugs to mitigate the hepatotoxic effects.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
In folklore medicine Ananas comosus (pineapple) is reputed to act as an abortifacient and in expectant women as a means of inducing labor. Several reports have claimed abortifacient property of A. comosus fruit (ripe or unripe). Ripe fruit has been used orally as traditional medicine in inducing abortion in Kerala state of India while the juice of unripe fruit was used for abortion in Bangladesh. However, scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of pineapple extracts in inducing uterine contractions is clearly lacking.
Aim of the study:
This study investigated the pharmacological effects of different fractions of pineapple extract with a range of maturities to identify the most potent uterotonic fraction.
Materials and methods:
The ethanolic crude extracts of pineapple (edible part) were prepared and fractionated through a series of liquid-liquid partitions. Fractions were separately tested on isolated uterine muscle from pregnant SD rats and human pregnant myometrium, which were cut into strips along the longitudinal axis of uterus. The strips were mounted vertically in organ baths (37°C) and exposed to cumulative addition of fractions (0.1-10mg.ml(-1)), serotonin (0.05-5µM) and different inhibitors to delineate the mechanism of action of the active ingredients of the extract.
Results:
Aqueous fraction (F4) possesses uterine stimulant property which was blocked by verapamil but unaffected by indomethacin, prazosin and atosiban. Notably, ketanserin (10µM) diminished the maximal contractile response induced by both F4 and 5HT by 74.3% and 92.1% respectively.
Conclusions:
These results may indicate the presence of 5HT or 5HT-like compound(s) and serotonergic pathways may contribute to the uterotonic activity of pineapple extract.
The term ‘Traditional Knowledge’ (TK), also used reciprocally with indigenous knowledge, is used to describe any indigenous knowledge, innovation, or custom, tradition of local communities that is important in protection, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and various traditions. TK is vital to the food security and health of millions of people and is developed and passed on from generation to generation in the form of accounts, songs, cultural values, local languages, customs and customary practices, healing arts, and agricultural practices, for the collective good of the communities. It closely interlinks cultural and biological diversity, forming an essential basis for the conservation and sustainable use of global biodiversity. Also within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the contracting States have undertaken to respect and promote TK and to make it locally accessible. This paper entails information related to various initiatives, programs, plans and India’s progress towards Aichi Biodiversity Target 18 of the Strategic Plan of Biodiversity 2020 and discusses meaningful integration of TK of indigenous and local communities into Biodiversity Conservation. The details were compiled by undertaking an extensive review of the literature, scientific papers, reports and articles. The presented information was collected as part of the preparation of the India’s Fifth National Report (NR5) to the CBD. © 2016, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved.
Plants by nature protect themselves by producing secondary metabolites which often have pronounced bioactivities. The presence of these metabolites is responsible for the active interaction of plants with their environment defending themselves against a variety of herbivores and pathogenic microorganisms as well as various kinds of abiotic stresses. Climber plants contain large number of useful secondary metabolites. Besides their pharmacological role, secondary metabolites also contain some other properties. Artabotrys hexapetalus, a climbing herb, secretes oil which is used in perfume industry. Capparis zeylanica is a thorny stout climbing shrub, used in the treatment of snake bite and to cure small pox, cholera, etc. Stem barks and roots of Tinospora cordifolia, a woody climber, are used in dysentery and diarrhoea. Toddalia asiatica, an evergreen climber, produced nitidine secondary metabolite which contains anti-HIV and antimalarial and anticancerous properties, but its production is not enough for commercial supply. Tissue culture technology has emerged as a supplementary branch to fulfil demands for this valuable secondary metabolite. Various in vitro methods for enhancement of secondary metabolites are available such as hairy root culture, treatment of elicitors and use of precursors and introduction of any foreign gene via bacterial transformation.
Biomass regression models are presented describing total above-ground biomass, stem wood, branch wood, foliage and bark production for Tejpat (Cinnamomum tamala), a multipurpose tree which is found abundantly distributed and grown in western hill districts of Nepal. A total of 56 Tejpat trees between 6.2 and 16.5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) from farmers’ farmland and marginal land in Arghakhanchi, Gulmi and Palpa districts were sampled and harvested. Mean fresh weight of total above-ground biomass, stem wood, branch wood, foliage and bark was 77.03, 36.39, 15.16, 17.53 and 8.2 kg tree -1, respectively. Allocation of biomass was more in stem (47.24% tree-1) than in foliage (22.75% tree-1), branch (19.69% tree-1) and bark (10.31% tree-1). Weight of tree component was estimated as a function of DBH. After removal of the outliers, data were randomly divided into two datasets: 70% for model calibration and another 30% for model validation. Correlation analysis showed positive stronger linear relationship between DBH and biomass. Five regression models (linear, logarithmic, quadratic, power and exponential) were developed. All models were statistically significant, with R2 ranging from 0.64 to 0.83. Model validation was based on root mean square error (RMSE). RMSE percentage for the best-fit equation varied between 16.64% and 44.82%. Linear model resulted in the least error and was selected as the best-fit model for prediction of biomass of bark, foliage, branch, stem and total above ground tree biomass. Biomass models developed could be applied to obtain biomass of different tree components of Tejpat grown in the study area and could even be applied to other areas which have similar conditions; but it should be validated before using them in new sites and conditions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v21i1.9058 Banko Janakari, Vol. 21, No. 1 2011; 3-12
A system for induction of callus and plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from root explants of Daucus carota L. sub sp. halophilus was evaluated. The influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) including 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0.25-2.50 mg/L-1 2,4-D) on callus induction from root explants of in vitro plantlets was studied. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and Kinetin were used for somatic embryogenesis. The results showed that the highest (100%) callus induction on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-D (0.75 mg/L-1) and highest rate (100%) of callus multiplication in MS + 2,4-D (1.5 mg/L-1) + NAA (0.50 mg/L-1)was observed. The highest induction frequency of embryogenic callus emerged on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with MS + 2,4-D (1.5 mg/L-1) + Kn (0.25 mg/L-1). Mean of 4 somatic embryos per embryogenic callus were obtained and approximately 90 % of them developed into plantlets. The plant regeneration system established in this study will facilitate mass propagation and may be applied to culture of the roots of wild Daucus carota.
A new phenyl alcohol and two new phenolic glycosides isolated from the methanolic extract of the stem bark of Morus alba L. (Moraceae) have been characterized as n-triacontan-7-ol-13-oxo-yl 3,4-dioxymethylene benzene (1), noctadecanyl-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-3′′′′-methoxy-4′′′′-hydroxy cinnamate (stearyltriarabinoferulate) (2) and 3-methoxy-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid-4-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1′′→6′)-β-Dglucopyranoside (methoxygallic acid diglucoside) (3) on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic methods.
A protocol has been developed for micropropagation of Bacopa monnieri (L) Wettst, a medicinal plant of high commercial potential with legendary reputation as a memory vitalizer. Nodal segments containing axillary buds were surface sterilized with 0.1% solution of mercuric chloride for 5 min and were inoculated aseptically on culture medium, axillary bud break was achieved in 100% of cultures in semisolid MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l BAP. These proliferated in vitro axillary shoots were excised and cut into groups of shoot clusters and subcultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l BAP for shoot multiplication. 100% in vitro rooting was obtained when shoot clusters were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.15 mg/l IBA. The rooted plantlets were hardened, acclimatized and successfully established in field.
Background. Pistacia integerrima (P. integerrina) insect galls are widely used in ayurveda and siddha sys- tem of medicine as karkatasringi. The use of leaf galls as a rejuvenator may be attributed to antioxidant prop- erty, however there is less scientific evidence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and the antioxidant potential of leaf gall extracts (aqueous and ethanol) of P. integerrina, which is extensively used in the preparation of traditional medications.
Material and methods. The antioxidant activities of aqueous and ethanolic leaf gall extracts were examined using diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl scavenging and ferric reducing power (FRAP) methods.
Results. The presences of phenolics, tannins, phytosterols, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids and reducing sugars were identified in both the extracts. In comparison to the aqueous extract, the ethanolic extract had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content at 234 ±2.4 mg of GAE/g d.w. and 95.5 ±3.2 mg of QUE/g d.w., respectively. This higher content of total phenolics and flavonoids found in the ethanolic extract was directly associated with higher antioxidant activity.
Conclusion. This study demonstrates the poetnet antioxidant activities of P. integerrima leaf gall extracts. Further, there was a strong association between the higher antioxidant activities with that of higher total phe- nolic and flavonoid content in the ethanolic leaf gall extracts of P. integerrima. The results encourage the use of P. integerrima leaf gall extracts for medicinal health, functional food and nutraceuticals applications, due to their antioxidant properties. Future work will be interesting to learn the chemical composition and better understand the mechanism of action of the antioxidants present in the extract for development as a drug for therapeutic application.
This review gives an account of the current knowledge on the morphology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Passiflora incarnata. A wide range of chemical compounds has been isolated, mainly alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and carbohydrates. P. incarnata has been described as passion flower and used extensively for treatment of several diseases like anxiety, insomnia, convulsion, sexual dysfunction, cough and cancer. Hence the present article includes the detailed exploration of morphology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of P. incarnata is an attempt to provide a direction for further research.
Article ID : br151213101 2013: Volume No. 2(2): 1-6. HPLC analysis of Phenolic compounds of Indigofera aspalathoids D.C Aim of this paper was study on HPLC fingerprints of flavonoids identification of medicinal herbs of leaf and stem of Indigofera aspalathoids DC. The HPLC profiles of chemical constituents of I. aspalathoids were 40 o C temperature on a C18 column using eluted with acetonitrile-water (25:1) and methanol as mobile phases in a linear gradient elution with the flow rate of 1mL/min-1. The elution of the flavonoids compounds were identified by comparison of retention time and authentic samples. The results of HPLC finger print analysis of flavonoids contains gal-lic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, quercetin and ferulic acid were performed in leaf and stem of Indigofera aspalathoids DC. The total phenolic compound of stem was higher than leaves of I. aspalathoids statistically significant. Abstract ISSN 2319-8230 (Print) *G.Raju, N. Subash and M. Maridass Raju,G.,Subash,N. and Maridass,M.2013. HPLC analysis of Phenolic compounds of Indigofera aspalathoids D.C. Botanical Report,2(2):1-6.
Boswellia serrata, an important source of oleo-gum resin commonly known as Indian olibanum and Wrightia tinctoria are well documented for their pharmaceutical properties. Indiscriminate removal, difficulty in vegetative propagation and poor germination accounts for the depletion of useful plant species. Plant tissue culture techniques are used as an alternative method for the production of specific metabolites and also for the propagation of plant species at a large scale. In the present study preliminary screening for the presence of secondary metabolites was reported in order to understand the levels of phytochemicals, so that in vitro production of secondary metabolites using cell cultures will be initiated in future studies. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the two plants show the presence of all the three major groups of secondary metabolites, like nitrogen containing alkaloids, phenolic compounds like flavonoids, tannins, terpenes like steroids, saponins etc. Significant levels of all three major secondary metabolites were present in both species. However, higher activities of phenols (277.0±4.36), tannins (240.67±5.21), alkaloids (963.3±11.7) and flavonoids (150.0±2.89) were observed in B. serrata. All the three major groups of secondary metabolites in both species demonstrate the rich content of many useful biochemicals like pharmaceuticals, flavors, fragrances, agricultural chemicals etc. However, higher quantities in B. serrata indicates its richness in medicinal properties over W. tinctoria.
Under-utilized crops are the traditional crops, agronomically more adapted to rainfed areas and that
too in marginal land. They are cultivated in the wide array of environmental and soil health
conditions. They are nutritionally comparable or even superior to major cereals especially with
respect to protective nutrients. Bioversity International, International Centre for Underutilized
crops listed 200 such underutilized crop species for the different eco-geographical region of the
world. Grain amaranth, buckwheat, minor millets (finger millet, barnyard millet, proso millet and
foxtail millet), rice bean and adzuki bean etc. are the important under-utilized crops of Himalayan
region. Amaranths and buckwheat are generally referred as pseudo-cereals and important component
of farming system in higher hills. Rice bean and Adzuki bean are promising pulses of mountainous
area and having higher yield potential. Small millets are recognized for their adaptation to
wide spectrum of agro-ecological conditions and short growing season. It is therefore, extremely
important to create public awareness by generating information on the cultivation and utilization
of under-utilized crops. The present chapter provides an illustrated account of these under-utilized
crops of Himalayan region.
Mat-sedges are cultivated mostly by the resource-poor farmers in parts of West Bengal. Cultivation of mat-sedges provides a gainful employment to the rural economy, supplements the low income of the farmers and supports their livelihood. From the literature, preliminary survey and contact with the farmers at Sabong and Pingla of Paschim Medinipore district, where it is being widely cultivated mostly as mono-crop with poor management practices by the poor and marginal farmers, which resulted poor returns (Jana and Puste, 2012). Mandal (1986) reported that application of irrigation water according to physiological growth stages of the crop, particularly during the drier months for their growth and productivity. So, on the basis of this fact, a field experiment was conducted during 2006 (May) to 2008 (May) at farmer's field at Bural under Sabong block of Paschim Medinipore district, West Bengal on clay loam soil. In this experiment annually 3 cuttings were taken, viz. at the end of kharif, winter and summer season, respectively. Regarding production economics, highest BCR value of 1.89 and 2.93 were obtained from the treatment W6 [W3 (Rainfed during kharif + 2 irrigations during winter + 3 irrigations during summer) + rice straw mulching during winter and summer season, respectively] during 1st and 2nd year, respectively. Conversely, the lowest BCR value of 1.11 and 1.97 were obtained with the treatment W2 (Rainfed during kharif + one life-saving irrigation during winter and summer, respectively) during 1st and 2nd year, respectively. Economic stability and Employment opportunity of rural people.
Mat-sedges are cultivated mostly by the resource-poor farmers in parts of West Bengal. Cultivation of mat-sedges provides a gainful employment to the rural economy, supplements the low income of the farmers and supports their livelihood. From the literature, preliminary survey and contact with the farmers at Sabong and Pingla of Paschim Medinipore district, where it is being widely cultivated mostly as mono-crop with poor management practices by the poor and marginal farmers, which resulted poor returns (Jana and Puste, 2012). Mandal (1986) reported that application of irrigation water according to physiological growth stages of the crop, particularly during the drier months for their growth and productivity. So, on the basis of this fact, a field experiment was conducted during 2006 (May) to 2008 (May) at farmer's field at Bural under Sabong block of Paschim Medinipore district, West Bengal on clay loam soil. In this experiment annually 3 cuttings were taken, viz. at the end of kharif, winter and summer season, respectively. Regarding production economics, highest BCR value of 1.89 and 2.93 were obtained from the treatment W6 [W3 (Rainfed during kharif + 2 irrigations during winter + 3 irrigations during summer) + rice straw mulching during winter and summer season, respectively] during 1st and 2nd year, respectively. Conversely, the lowest BCR value of 1.11 and 1.97 were obtained with the treatment W2 (Rainfed during kharif + one life-saving irrigation during winter and summer, respectively) during 1st and 2nd year, respectively. Keywords— Mat-sedges cultivation, Production economics, Water management practices, Benefit-cost ratio (BCR), Economic stability and Employment opportunity of rural people. I. INTRODUCTION The major thrust falls on agricultural sector, being dominated by agriculture. But presently, agriculture is facing disguised and under employment problems. Growing of mat-sedges for mat making provides wonderful opportunity for the betterment of employment potential of rural people (Sarkar and Samanta, 1987). The culms of mat-sedges are split into two or three pieces, and then woven into mats. The mat manufacturing industry is still continued to villages of few district of Chennai (Madras), West Bengal and Kerala, needs more expansion to other parts of India, particularly for uplift of the resource poor rural people through income generation scheme. Plain white mat with or without coloured boarder made from culm of Cyperus tegetum Roxb. is known as Calcutta mat in foreign market and earn foreign money. Mats are generally woven by the aged family members of either sex of a farmer's family and can earn a net income of Rs. 60 – 80/-per day from this job (Puste, 2004). Cyperus tegetum Roxb., which is abundantly found in India in marshy areas (Watt, 1889). Mat-sedges, a minor farm product are cultivated mostly by the resources-poor farmers in parts of West Bengal. It is mainly produced in Paschim Medinipur district (Sabong, Pingla and Narayangragh) and some areas of North 24 Parganas (Habra, Nagar Ukhra, Gaighta etc.). Cyperus tegetum Roxb. belongs to the family cyperaceae (Haines, 1962). The plant can thrive a wide range of agro-climatic conditions and occurs in marshy situations specially in Eastern and southern parts of India (Anonymous, 1929). The plant is capable of tolerating extremities such as prolonged submergence in water and extended drought conditions. Cyperus tegetum Roxb. differ from Cyperus corymbosus Rottb., locally named as 'Korai' which is used for mat making in
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