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Accepted by A. Taeger: 16 Aug. 2012; published: 18 Sept. 2012
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press
Zootaxa 3487: 65–76 (2012)
www.mapress.com/zootaxa/
Article
65
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2247D9E8-00C0-49E0-A4FC-C383E80F664C
About Macrophya parvula and larvae of several Central European Macrophya
(Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
JAN MACEK
Department of Entomology, National Museum, Kunratice 1, CZ-148 00, Czech Republic; e-mail: macjan@seznam.cz
Abstract
The adults of both sexes of Macrophya parvula (Konow, 1884) are described and illustrated, the male for the first time.
The larvae of Macrophya blanda (Fabricius, 1775), M. rufipes (Linné, 1758), M. diversipes (Schrank, 1782), M. parvula,
M. recognata Zombori, 1979 and M. erythrocnema Costa, 1859 are described and illustrated for the first time. The larvae
of M. annulata (Geoffroy, 1785), M. militaris (Klug, 1817) and M. montana (Scopoli, 1763), which have been described
previously, are diagnosed. New data on the biology of all these species, including host plants, are provided.
Key words: Sawflies, host plants, Czech Republic
Introduction
As a result of continuing investigations into the sawfly fauna of the Czech Republic based on quantitative
collecting methods (Malaise traps, yellow pan traps) as well as the rearing of larvae, interesting new data have been
obtained about the occurrence, distribution and ecology of some little known or rare sawfly species (f. e. Macek
2006, 2008), including the discovery of an unnamed species described recently as Pristiphora bohemica Macek,
2012 (Macek 2012b). This paper is another contribution evaluating the accumulated material, allowing the first
description or revised descriptions of the larvae of nine Macrophya species, and a revised description of adults of
the little known Macrophya parvula Konow, 1884.
The genus Macrophya Dahlbom, 1835, with about 130 described species, is distributed in the Holarctic and
Oriental Regions (Taeger et al. 2010). 34 species occur in Europe (Taeger et al. 2010) and 22 have been currently
recorded in the Czech Republic. In the comprehensive work of Lorenz & Kraus (1957) larvae of 11 species of
Macrophya were described and keyed with food plants included. Several later papers supplemented new data on
ecology, behaviour and foodplants of further species (especially Chevin 1975, Kontuniemi 1960, Weiffenbach
1985, Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer 2006, Vikberg 2010). Of the species occurring in Central Europe, the larvae
of three species–M. blanda (Fabricius, 1775), M. parvula (Konow, 1884) and M. recognata Zombori, 1979–remain
completely unknown and those of three other species–M. diversipes (Schrank, 1782), M. rufipes (Linné, 1758), M.
erythrocnema Costa, 1859–in spite of their familiar food plants, have not been described so far.
Lorenz & Kraus (1957) divided the larvae of Macrophya into two groups.The species in one group have a
tuberculate cuticle (e.g. M. diversipes (Schrank, 1782), M. blanda (Fabricius, 1775), M. montana (Scopoli, 1763),
M. rufipes (Linné, 1758) as described here) and the species in the second group have a granulose or smooth cuticle
(e.g. M. recognata Zombori, 1979, M. erythrocnema Costa, 1859, and M. parvula as included here), respectively.
Both groups also differ ecologically and behaviourally. The larvae of the first group are associated with Rosaceae,
both herbs and shrubs, whilst those of the second group are associated with various plant species in Monocotyledon
and Dicotyledon genera, most of them being oligophagous or even monophagous. Eonymphs of all Macrophya
species spend a long time (four to six weeks) in a resting position with the body curled up in litter (larvae of the
first group) or on the underside of leaves of surrounding vegetation before they burrow into the soil for hibernation.
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66 · Zootaxa 3487 © 2012 Magnolia Press
Material and methods
The larvae of all the species mentioned in this paper were collected in the field and reared in captivity to adulthood
in order to verify both their host plants and species identity. This study was carried out in the Czech Republic.
Additional adults were collected during the last decade, predominantly by flight-intercept traps, sweeping and
yellow pan traps. Larvae were photographed and all pictures saved in a digital image archive maintained by the
museum. The material was collected and identified by the author of the current paper. The reared and collected
adults, also larvae preserved in alcohol, are deposited in the National Museum, Praha, Czech Republic (NMPC).
Morphological terms are based on Viitasaari (2002).
Codes of the field (in parentheses) follow the faunistic and floristic grid mapping system of central Europe
(Ehrendorfer & Hamann 1965, Pruner & Míka 1996).
Abbreviations: MT—Malaise trap; NM—Nature Monument, NNR—National Nature Reserve, NP—National
Park, NR—Nature Reserve, PLA—Protected Landscape Area; OOCL—the distance between a lateral ocellus and
the hind margin of the head, OOL—the distance between an eye and a lateral ocellus, POL—distance between the
mesal margin of the two lateral ocelli, NMPC—coll. National Museum, Praha, Czech Republic, DEI—coll.
Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Müncheberg, Germany.
Results
Macrophya blanda (Fabricius, 1775)
(Figs. 1,7, 13)
Material examined. Bohemia centr.: Voznice (6151), 27.viii.2005, 1 larva on Rubus idaeus; Czech karst PLA,
Karlštejn NNR (6051): 19.ix.2010, 5 larvae on Rubus fruticosus, 1 male emerged 15.v.2011; 29.ix.2011, 1 larva on
Rubus fruticosus.
Description of the last instar larva. Body length 16–19 mm; head yellow-brown with black spot on the
occiput; antenna pale, clypeus with four setae, labrum with six setae; mandibles with two setae, stipes with 1 seta,
palpifer with 3 setae.
The body in upper part green-grey, in lower part grey whitish with dark X-like dorsal pattern and W-like lateral
pattern with black spots on the second annulet above the spiracle; the body surface is covered with tiny dark
spinulae, which are grouped under the spiracle, in the lower part of subspiracular lobe, the anterior part of the
surpedal lobe and the lower part of the second postspiracular lobe in the form of dark patches; abdominal segments
with 7 dorsal annulets; annulets 2, 4 and 7 with conical warts bearing small stiff hooked bristles and 4 white conical
tubercles (= glandubae); annulet 7 covered only with conical bristled warts; the first postspiracular lobe with one
glanduba and 1 conical bristle; the second postspiracular lobe with one glanduba and two conical bristles;
subspiracular lobe with one glanduba and 6–7 conical bristles; surpedal lobe with 11–13 setae and one conical
bristle; prolegs bare; legs pale, coxa with black basal spot.
Notes on identification. Macrophya blanda larvae differ from the similar M. montana by the yellow-brown
head with a black pattern on the occiput only and a different cuticular texture (see Figs. 7 and 12 ).
Bionomics. Silvicolous species. Deciduous and mixed forest with a shrub layer. Univoltine. Flight period from
May to beginning of July; larval period from mid July to September. Host plants: Rubus idaeus, R. fruticosus.
Larval development is very slow, lasting eight to ten weeks. The eonymph rests for a long time (two to three
weeks) in the leaf litter before burrowing into the soil for hibernation.
Macrophya diversipes (Schrank, 1782)
(Figs. 2, 8, 14)
Material examined. Bohemia centr.: P íbram distr., Lazec (6349), 24.vii.2005, 2 larvae on Rubus fruticosus;
Praha distr., Prokopské údolí (valley) (5952), 10.ix.2005, 3 larvae on Fragaria viridis; Praha, Zlíchov (5952),
11.x.2004, 1 larva on Fragaria viridis; Czech karst PLA, Karlštejn NNR (6051), 10.ix.2010, 6 larvae on Fragaria
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viridis, 1 larva on Rubus caesius. Bohemia or.: Hrad any env., Bá NR (5857), 8.ix.2005, 3 larvae on Fragaria
viridis.
FIGURES 1–3. Macrophya Dahlbom, 1835, larvae: 1—M. blanda (Fabricius, 1775): a—early instar (dorsal view); b—last
instar (dorsal view); c—last instar (lateral view). 2—M. diversipes (Schrank, 1782): a—last instar (dorsolateral view); b—last
instar (lateral view); c—last instar (dorsal view). 3—M. annulata (Geoffroy, 1785): a—last instar (lateral view); b—last instar
(dorsal view). Scale: for last instar larva: 10 mm.; for early instar larva: 5mm.
Description of the last instar larva. Body length 16–18 mm; head yellow-brown with a black spot on the
occiput, a large transverse black macula above the frons and a small black spot on the back of the temples; the large
frontal macula is often confluent with the black neck spot; antenna pale, clypeus with four setae, labrum with six
setae, mandibles with two setae, stipes with 1 seta, palpifer with 3 setae.
Upper part of the body yellow-grey, the dorsal part darker than the ventral part, dorsum with a dark, double-X
pattern subdorsally and a lateral row of dark spots; above the spiracle a small black round spot; coxae, spiracular,
subspiracular and suprapedal lobes with black spots; the surface sculpture granulose; the abdominal segments with
seven annulets; annulets 2, 4 and 7 with numerous conical warts bearing enlarged short, stiff bristles; annulets 2
and 4 with three to four conical glandubae; the first postspiracular lobe with one conical glanduba and 5 conical
bristles; the second postspiracular lobe with one glanduba and six conical bristles; subspiracular lobe with one
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68 · Zootaxa 3487 © 2012 Magnolia Press
glanduba and 10–13 conical and spiny bristles combined; surpedal lobe with 11–13 spiny bristles; prolegs bare;
legs pale, coxae with black basal spots.
Notes on identification. The larva of M. diversipes is similar to the larva of M. annulata but differs by the
granulose surface sculpture (in M. annulata the surface sculpture is spinulate and tuberculate) and short enlarged
bristles on the annulets 2, 4 and 7 (in M. annulata the bristles are hairlike). Moreover, M. diversipes is associated
with Fragaria and Rubus, M. annulata with Rosa.
Bionomics. Xerophilous species. Dry shrubby grasslands. Univoltine. Flight period from May to the beginning
of July; larval period from mid July to mid October. Host plants: Rosa sp. (Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer 2006),
Fragaria viridis (new record), Rubus fruticosus (new record), Rubus caesius (new record); in captivity larvae also
accepted Potentilla reptans. Larval development is very slow, lasting up to eight weeks. The eonymph rests for a
long time (two to three weeks) on the underside of the leaves of various herbs or in the litter before burrowing into
the soil for hibernation.
FIGURES 4–6. Macrophya Dahlbom, 1835, larvae: 4—M. rufipes (Linné, 1758): a—last instar (lateral view); b—last instar
(dorsal view). 5—M. militaris (Klug, 1814): a—last instar (lateral view); b—last instar (dorsal view). 6—M. montana (Scopoli,
1763): a—last instar (lateral view); b–last instar (dorsal view). Scale: 10 mm.
Macrophya annulata (Geoffroy, 1785)
(Figs. 3, 9, 16)
Material examined. Bohemia centr.: Hrad any env.: Bá NR (5857), 8.ix.2005, 6 larvae on Rosa canina;
Kn ži ky NNR (5857), 20.vii.2005, 2 larvae on Rosa canina; Karlštejn NNR (6051), 3.viii.2008, 4 larvae on Rosa
canina.
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Notes on identification. The larva was described by Zirngiebel (1940) and by Lorenz & Kraus (1957). The
last instar larva is easily distinguished from the other similar looking Macrophya larvae by a combination of
characters as follows: the shape of body is rather stream-lined, tapering from the thorax towards the end of the
abdomen; head with a black M-like macula fused with a black neck spot; surface sculpture granulose, all annulets
covered with rows of conical tubercles (an exclusive character not occurring in the other Macrophya larvae).
Discussion. Taeger et al. (1998) listed various food plants, but only Rosa was confirmed as a natural one. In
captivity Rubus and Potentilla reptans were also accepted. The other foodplant mentioned, Origanum, listed by
Zirngiebl (1940), was not accepted by larvae and therefore this plant should be removed from the food plant list.
FIGURES 7–12. Macrophya Dahlbom, 1835, head of larvae (frontal view): 7—M. blanda (Fabricius, 1775); 8—M. diversipes
(Schrank, 1782); 9—M. annulata (Geoffroy, 1785); 10—M. rufipes (Linné, 1758); 11—M. militaris (Klug, 1814); 12—M.
montana (Scopoli, 1763). Scale: 2 mm.
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Macrophya rufipes (Linné, 1758)
(Figs. 4, 10, 15)
Material. examined. Bohemia centr.: Czech karst PLA, Karlštejn NNR (6051): 23.vii.2008, 3 larvae on Rubus
caesius, 1 female emerged, 20.v.2009; 15.viii.2009, 5 larvae on Rubus caesius; 4.ix.2010, 1 larva on Rubus caesius.
Description of the last instar larva. Body length 15–17 mm; head-yellow brown with a black neck spot and a
separate transverse large macula above the frons; antenna pale, clypeus with four setae, labrum with six setae;
mandibles with two setae, stipes with 1 seta, palpifer with 3 setae. Body yellow-grey, the dorsal part darker than the
ventral part, dorsum with dark double dorsal line, surface sculpture granulose with dark granula forming spot
pattern; the second annulet above the spiracle with a black round spot, abdominal segments with seven dorsal
annulets; annulets 2 and 4 with numerous conical warts with long spiny bristles and with four to five white spiny
glandubae; annulet 7 covered only with numerous conical warts with long spiny bristles; the first postspiracular
lobe with one spiny glanduba and 6 long stiff bristles; the second postspiracular lobe with one glanduba and ten
long stiff bristles; subspiracular lobe with one glanduba and 6–7 six long stiff bristles; surpedal lobe with 11–13
stiff long bristles and one sharp conical glanduba; prolegs bare; legs pale, coxa with black basal spot.
Notes on identification. The larva of M. rufipes is very similar to the larva of M. montana differing by the
double dorsal stripes. Moreover, M. rufipes is a xerophilous species confined to open sunny areas (shrubby
grasslands and wastelands with Rubus vegetation), whilst M. montana is a silvicolous species preferring the shady
habitats in deciduous and mixed forest.
Bionomics. Habitat: dry shrubby grasslands. Univoltine. Flight period from May to beginning of June; larval
period from mid June to the beginning of the September. Host plant: Rubus caesius (new record).
Discussion. The host plant Vitis vinifera as noticed by Lorenz & Kraus (1957) is evidently doubtful.
Weiffenbach (1985) noted tentatively Agrimonia eupatoria as a food plant, based on the observation of ovipositing
female and later frass spurs on the leaves, but he did not prove it by finding the larvae. The frass spurs on
Agrimonia should be ascribed to the common larvae of Rhogogaster viridis (Linné, 1758). Consequently, Rubus
caesius is, for the present, the only verified food plant of M. rufipes.
Macrophya militaris (Klug, 1817)
(Figs. 5, 11)
Material examined. Bohemia centr.: Lipovka NR (5854), 19.vii.2009, 3 larvae on Fragaria vesca,; Karlštejn
NNR (6051), 23.vii.2008, 2 larvae on Fragaria viridis.
Notes on identification. The larva was described by Zirngiebel (1940) and again by Lorenz & Kraus (1957).
The last instar larva is easily distinguished from the similar larvae of both M. montana and M. rufipes, by the
lunular parietal macula, which is not confluent with the black neck spot, and by the enlarged longitudinal dark
stripe on the dorsum.
Discussion. Taeger et al. (1998) listed Rosa and Origanum as food plants. Zirngiebl (1940) proved Origanum
to be a suitable oviposition site, but larvae in this study did not accept it. Therefore Origanum should be excluded
from the food plant list. I have collected the larvae on Fragaria vesca (new record) and F. viridis (new record), in
captivity they also accepted Potentilla reptans and various Rubus species.
Macrophya montana (Scopoli, 1763)
(Figs. 6, 12, 17)
Material examined. Bohemia centr.: Milovice (5755), 11.ix.2004, 5 larvae on Rubus fruticosus; Lipovka NR
(5854), 25.ix.2005, 8 larvae on Rubus fruticosus; Karlštejn NNR (6051), 27.viii.2010, 4 larvae on Rubus fruticosus.
Notes on identification. The larva was described by Lorenz & Kraus (1957). The last instar larva is
distinguished from the very similar larva of M. rufipes by the narrow, simple dorsal longitudinal dark stripe.
Moreover, it is a silvicolous species occurring in deciduous or mixed forests with Rubus ground layer, in contrast to
the xerophilous M. rufipes which prefers open shrubby grasslands.
Discussion. Benson (1952) first mentioned Rubus caesius as the larval food plant. I collected the larvae only
on Rubus fruticosus in the shrub layer of deciduous and mixed forests.
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FIGURES 13–17. Macrophya Dahlbom, 1835, the cuticular surface sculpture of the third abdominal segment of larvae (lateral
view); the white numbers indicate the order of the annulets of the abdominal segments (a—mounted larva from alcohol,
b—living larva): 13—M. blanda (Fabricius, 1775); 14—M. diversipes (Schrank, 1782); 15—M. rufipes (Linné, 1758); 16—M.
annulata (Geoffroy, 1785); 17—M. montana (Scopoli, 1763). Scale: 1.5 mm.
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Macrophya parvula (Konow, 1884)
(Figs. 18, 21, 22)
Type material examined. Holotype, female (DEI): Labelled: ‘Macrophya parvula m. Thuring.’; ‘Coll. Konow’;
‘Lectotypus Macrophyla parvula Konow, 1884 female design. A. Taeger 1988 [red label]’.
FIGURES 18–20. Macrophya Dahlbom, 1835, last instar larvae (a—lateral view, b—dorsal view): 18—M. parvula (Konow,
1884); 19—M. erythrocnema Costa, 1859; 20—M. recognata Zombori, 1979. Scale: 10 mm.
Additional material examined. Adults. Moravia mer.: White Carpathians PLA: ertoryje NNR (7170),
29.v.2006, 1 male, MT; Machová NR (7171), 8.v.2007, 1 male, MT; 28.v.2007, 1 male, MT; 2.viii.2007, 1 male,
MT; 13.v.2008, 1 female, swept; 10.viii.2010, 1 male, MT; Jazev í NNR (7171), 12.v.2009, 2 males, MT;
2.vi.2009, 2 males, MT; 25.vi.2009, 1 female, 2 males, MT; 5.viii.2009, 1 male, MT; 24.viii.2009, 2 males, MT.
Immature stages: Moravia mer.: White Carpathians PLA: Machová NR (7171), 30.vi.2005, 12 larvae on
Serratula tinctoria; ertoryje NNR (7170), 31.vii.2006, 3 larvae on Serratula tinctoria; 25.ix. 2008, 1 eonymph on
Serratula tinctoria.
Revised description of adult. Female. Length 6–7 mm. Colouration. Body black; whitish-yellow colour:
labrum, base of mandibles, two small pale spots at the base of lateral postocellar furrows, posterior margin of
pronotum, anterior margin of tegulae, the distal part of the interior side of the femora, the apex of the meso- and
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metafemora, the interior part of the tibiae, the base and a large spot on the tibia, the lower part of all tarsi, a narrow
strip alongside the posterior margin of the first abdominal tergite and the last abdominal tergite; red-brown colour:
the tips of the mandibles.
Head in dorsal view transverse, slightly receding behind the eyes; postocellar area slightly convex, transverse;
lateral postocellar furrows distinct, deep posteriorly; POL : OOL : OOCL = 1.2 : 1.5 : 1; frontal area convex with
deep medial furrow; clypeus slightly convex with distal margin concave; relative lengths of flagellomeres about 1.2
: 0.8 : 5 : 3.6 : 2.9 : 2.5 : 2 : 1.3 : 1.5; head strongly punctate, more densely on the frons than on the vertex.
Thorax. Front lobe of mesoscutum smooth covered with deep punctures, median groove broad and distinct;
lateral lobe of mesoscutum covered with more scattered and more shallow punctures; mesoscutellum convex,
smooth with large punctures; mesopleuron coriaceous covered with dense large punctures in the middle and upper
part of mesepisternum and with scattered very fine punctures on the ventral part of the mesepisternum; tarsus
subequal to the length of the tibia, basitarsus a little longer than the three following tarsal segments combined;
interior tibial spur a little longer than half of basitarsus; claws bifid at tips; wings hyaline.
Abdomen cylindrical, smooth and lustrous; hypopygium transverse, slightly sinuate posteriorly; sawsheath
shorter than tibia, rounded apically, in dorsal aspect slightly tapered toward the apex, covered with dense, slightly
curved hairs; cerci very short, as long as half of the length of the sawsheath, and rounded apically.
Male. Length 5.5–6.5 mm. Males are similar to females, but the pale colour pattern is less developed,
especially on the clypeus, pronotum, tegulae and the first abdominal segment. Penis valve as in Fig. 22d.
Notes on identification of adults. Macrophya parvula is very similar to M. carinthiaca (Klug, 1817) from
which it differs by the combination of characters given in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Comparative table of identification characters of Macrophya parvula (Konow, 1884) and M. carinthiaca
(Klug, 1817).
Description of last instar larva. Body length 10–12 mm: head pale brownish, body pale green, covered with
whitish waxy bloom; head with short pubescence, clypeus with four setae, labrum with six setae, mandibles with
one seta, stipes with one seta, palpifer with three setae, the second article of maxillary palpus with one seta.
Abdominal segments with seven annulets; body surface covered with tiny dense microtrichia; annulets 2, 4, 7 with
6–8 scatterd tiny setae, annulet 2 with two, annulet 4 with three short, pale conical glandubae; spiracles brown, the
first postspiracular lobe with one glanduba and 5–6 tiny setae, the second postspiracular lobe with one glanduba
and 6–7 tiny setae, subspiracular lobe with 10–13 tiny setae and one glanduba, surpedal lobe with one glanduba
and 11–13 tiny setae; the exterior side of proleg bare, the interior near the base with 6–7 setae.
Bionomics. Habitat: intermittently wet meadows. Univoltine. Flight period from May to mid-July; larval
period from mid-June to mid-August. Host plant: Serratula tinctoria (Macek 2009). The sluggish larvae can be
found during the day coiled on the underside of leaves. Infested plants are traced by the large holes in the leaves left
by feeding larvae. Larval development takes about one month; the eonymph rests for a longer time (up to six
weeks) coiled on the underside of the leaves of various surrounding vegetation before burrowing into the soil for
hibernation diapause. Adults of both sexes emerged from the reared larvae in the spring of the following year.
Discussion. Since Konow’s (1884) description based on a single female specimen (holotype by monotypy),
this rare species has only been recorded recently in two European countries, –by Chevin (1997) from France and by
Macek (2008, 2009,) from the Czech Republic. All Czech specimens comes from the southern part of the Bílé
Karpaty PLA (see Konvi ka et al. 2012), where the species is widely distributed on the species-rich intermittently
wet meadows with Serratula tinctoria, the food plant of the larvae.
M. parvula M. carinthiaca
head punctation strong, dense punctation fine, scattered
mesepisternum strongly punctated with middle part
coriaceous finely punctated, with middle part with
smooth interspaces
tegula black with pale anterior margin yellow
1st abdominal tergite with narrow discontinuous pale strip on
the posterior margin with wide, continuous posterior pale
strip
trochanter, trochantellus black yellow
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FIGURES 21–22. Macrophya parvula (Konow, 1884): 21—female: a—dorsal overview; b—head, frontal view; c—head,
dorsal view. 22—male: a—dorsal overview; b—head, frontal view; c—head, dorsal view; d—penis valve. Scale: for dorsal
overview: 5 mm; for head: 2 mm; for penis valve: 0.5 mm.
A male incorrectly assigned to this species by Konow (1887) gave rise to misidentification of male specimens as
this species by later authors (Muche 1968, 1969; Liston 1987). Taeger (1989) correctly identified Konow’s male
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specimen to Macrophya punctum-album (Linné, 1767). This implies, that the male of M. parvula remained unknown
until this paper. The rich samples collected from Malaise traps as well, as from rearing larvae, have provided a large
series of both sexes, enabling the correct identification of the male, which is illustrated here for the first time.
Macrophya recognata Zombori, 1979
(Fig. 20)
Material examined. Bohemia bor.: Czech Switzerland NP, R žovský vrch NR (5151), 21.vii.2010, 3 larvae on
Knautia arvensis. Bohemia or.: Orlické hory PLA: Nebeská Rybná (5864), 4.viii.2010, 15 larvae on Knautia
arvensis; Ka erov NR (5764), 5.viii.2010, 4 larvae on Knautia arvensis.
Description of the last instar larva. Body length: 12–14 mm; head pale brownish, body pale green, annulet 2
with large, annulet 5 with small rounded black spot above the spiracular line, subspiracular and suprapedal lobe with
more or less developed dark transverse spot; coxae with dark basal spots. Head with short pubescence, clypeus with
four setae, labrum with six setae, mandibles with two setae, stipes with one seta, palpifer with three setae, the second
article of maxillary palpus with one seta; abdominal segments with seven smooth annulets; annulets 2, 4, 7 with 6-8
scattered tiny setae, annulet 2 with 2–4, annulet 4 with 2–3 small conical pale glandubae; spiracles yellow, the first
postspiracular lobe with one glanduba and 4–6 tiny setae, the second postspiracular lobe with three glandubae and 4–6
tiny setae, the subspiracular lobe with 10–13 tiny setae and one glanduba, surpedal lobe with one glanduba and 11–13
tiny setae; the exterior part of proleg bare, the interior side with 6–7 setae at base.
Notes on identification of larva. The larva of M. recognata is very similar to that of M. erythrocnema but
differs in its ecology. The former prefers mesic meadows at higher altitudes.
Bionomics. Habitat: mesic hay meadows in foothills and submontane zone. Univoltine. Flight period from mid
May to the beginning of July; larval period from mid June to mid August. Host plant: Knautia arvensis. The larvae
rest on the underside of leaves. The infested plants are traced by the large holes on the leaves. Larval development
is quick, taking about one month; eonymphe rests for a longer time (up to six weeks) coiled on the underside of the
leaves of various surrounding vegetation before burrowing into the soil for hibernation diapause.
Macrophya erythrocnema Costa, 1859
(Fig. 19)
Material examined. Bohemia centr.: Czech karst PLA, Karlštejn NNR (6510), 26.vi.2010, 16 larvae on Knautia
arvensis.
Description of full-grown larva. Body length: 13–15 mm; head pale brownish, body pale green, annulet 2
with large, annulet 5 with small black rounded spot above the spiracular line, subspiracular and suprapedal lobe
with more or less developed dark transverse spot; base of coxae with variable dark patch.
Head covered with short setae, clypeus with four setae, labrum with six setae, mandibles with two setae, stipes
with one seta, palpifer with 3 setae, the second article of maxillary palpus with one seta; abdominal segments with
seven smooth annulets; annulets 2, 4, 7 with 6–8 scattered tiny setae, annulet 2 with 2–4, annulet 4 with 2–3 small
conical pale glandubae; spiracles yellow, the first postspiraculart lobe with one glanduba and 4–6 tiny setae, the
second postspiracular lobe with three glandubae and 4–6 tiny setae, subspiracular lobe with 10–13 tiny setae and
one glanduba, surpedal lobe with one glanduba and 11–13 tiny setae; exterior side of proleg bare, on interior side
neare base with 6–7 setae.
Notes on identification of larva. Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer (2006) first mentioned Knautia arvensis as
the food plant of this species. The larva of M. erythrocnema, as described above, is very similar to that of M.
recognata, but differs in its ecology. Unlike M. recognata this is a xerophilous species associated with xeric
grasslands in lower altitudes.
Bionomics. Habitat: dry grasslands and xeric fringes in lowland and foothill zones. Univoltine. Flight period
from mid May to the beginning of July; larval period from mid June to the end of July. Host plant: Knautia
arvensis. The larvae rest on the underside of leaves. The infested plants are traced by the large holes on the leaves.
Larval development is relatively fast, lasting about four to five weeks; the eonymph rests for a longer time (up to
MACEK
76 · Zootaxa 3487 © 2012 Magnolia Press
six weeks) coiled on the underside of the leaves of various surrounding vegetation before burrowing into the soil
for hibernation diapause.
Acknowledgments
I thank Andreas Taeger and Stephan M. Blank (DEI) for enabling me to revise type specimen of Macrophya
parvula in institutional collections.
This study was carried out with the financial support of the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic granted
to the National Museum, Prague.
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