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Scutellospora scutata sp. nov., a newly described endomycorrhizal fungus from Brazil
... We believe that Koske & Walker (1986) identified the thin innermost wall layer of the outer wall as a separating middle wall (Koske & Walker 1986). Thirdly, Scutellospora scutata sensu Walker & Diederichs (1989) was described with three spore walls, while S. scutata sensu Silva et al. (2006b; based on INVAM reference accession BR243) has four spore walls. The germ shields in both have a dentated periphery in planar view but photographs of the germination shield in INVAM's S. scutata as published in Walker & Diederichs (1989) and here (fig. ...
... Thirdly, Scutellospora scutata sensu Walker & Diederichs (1989) was described with three spore walls, while S. scutata sensu Silva et al. (2006b; based on INVAM reference accession BR243) has four spore walls. The germ shields in both have a dentated periphery in planar view but photographs of the germination shield in INVAM's S. scutata as published in Walker & Diederichs (1989) and here (fig. 43, photographer F. Oehl) suggest two different species. ...
... Spores hyaline, white to light olive, 350–750 μm in diam . Walker & Diederichs 1989) 2b Spores pale orange brown to red brown, 200–300 μm in diam; outer wall not staining in Melzer's reagent; second middle wall layer fracturing with a series of rectangular and V-shaped notches. . . . ...
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi forming spores on bulbous sporogenous cells were earlier organized in two genera of the Gigasporaceae: Gigaspora and Scutellospora. Molecular analyses indicated that Scutellospora is polyphyletic. The Gigasporaceae are revised on the basis of morphological spore characters and 18S and 25S rRNA gene sequences, and the 36 Scutellospora species are reorganised in three new families including five new genera: Scutellosporaceae (Scutellospora), Racocetraceae (Racocetra, Cetraspora) and Dentiscutataceae (Dentiscutata, Fuscutata, Quatunica). The family Gigasporaceae remains with a single genus Gigaspora. The molecular data indicate that the genus Gigaspora derived from within the former genus Scutellospora. The family Scutellosporaceae forms the most ancestral clade, while Gigasporaceae are phylogenetically not much distant from Racocetraceae and Dentiscutataceae. Keys are presented for the identification of all species of the reorganized former Gigasporaceae.
... Based on the striking similarities in germination shield morphology between the fossils and S. castanea, as well as other species of Scutellospora detailed in the literature (e.g. Koske and Walker 1986; Walker and Sanders 1986; Walker and Diederichs 1989; Walker et al. 1998; Herrera-Peraza et al. 2001), we interpret the fossils as belonging to an early member of the genus Scutellospora. However, the fossil spores only provide an incomplete picture of this fungus. ...
... Members of Scutellospora display a complex mode of germination, in which, before germ tube formation, a germination shield is developed between two layers of the spore wall. The position of the germination shield varies between species of Scutellospora and may occur between the individual layers of the inner wall group (e.g. in S. scutata C. Walker and Dieder., cf. Walker and Diederichs 1989) or on the surface of the inmost wall layer (e.g. in S. castanea, cf. Walker et al. 1993). ...
Glomeromycotan spores from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert provide the first evidence for germination shields in fossil fungi and demonstrate that this complex mode of germination was in place in some fungi at least 400 millionyears ago. Moreover, they represent the first direct marker relative to the precise systematic position of an Early Devonian endomycorrhizal fungus. In extant fungi, germination shields occur exclusively in the genus Scutellospora (Glomeromycota: Diversisporales, Gigasporaceae). These structures are regarded as a derived feature within the phylum Glomeromycota, and hence their presence in the Rhynie chert suggests that major diversification within this group of fungi occurred before the Early Devonian.
... The morphotypes were counted under a dissecting microscope after classification into either known species, or types that could not be placed in a current species, based on colour, size, surface ornamentation, hyphal attachment, reaction to Melzer's reagent and wall structure. Identification of spores was carried out by use of primary literature and experience from more than 40 years of taxonomic study of the Glomeromycota by C. Walker (e.g., Walker and Trappe 1981;Walker et al. 1984;Koske and Walker 1985;Walker et al. 1986;Walker and Diederichs 1989;Walker and Vestberg 1998;Schüßler et al. 2011;Krüger et al. 2012;Redecker et al. 2013;Schüßler and Walker 2019), and joint authorship with A. Schüßler of the website amf-phylogeny. com, which lists all accepted species in the phylum. ...
Purpose
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important key roles in the soil ecosystems as they link plants to the root-inaccessible part of soil. The aims of this study were to investigate which environmental factors influence the spatial and temporal structuring of AMF communities associated to Picconia azorica in two Azorean islands (Terceira and São Miguel islands), and investigate the seasonal variation in AMF communities between the two islands.
Methods
Communities of AMF associated with P. azorica in native forest of two Azorean islands (Terceira and São Miguel) were characterised by spore morphology or molecular analysis.
Results
Forty-five AMF spore morphotypes were detected from the four fragments of P. azorica forest representing nine families of AMF. Acaulosporaceae (14) and Glomeraceae (9) were the most abundant families. AMF density and root colonisation varied significantly between islands and sampling sites. Root colonisation and spore density exhibited temporal patterns, which peaked in spring and were higher in Terceira than in São Miguel. The relative contribution of environmental factors showed that factors such as elevation, relative air humidity, soil pH, and soil available P, K, and Mg influenced AMF spore production and root colonisation.
Conclusion
Different sporulation patterns exhibited by the members of the commonest families suggested different life strategies. Adaptation to a particular climatic and soil condition and host phenology may explain seasonal differences in sporulation patterns. Cohorts of AMF associated to P. azorica are shaped by regional processes including environmental filters such as soil properties and natural disturbance.
... Scutellospora arenicola (Koske & Halvorson 1989a) ; Scutellospora armeniaca (Blaszkowski 1992) ; Scutellospora hawaiiensis (Koske & Gemma 1995); Scutellospora scutata (Walker & Diederichs 1989); Scutellospora tepuiensis (De Andrade et al. 2017) ; ...
Une des solutions les plus prometteuses pour la restauration écologique des milieux dégradés, mais aussi pour l’agriculture, est l’utilisation des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (CMA). En effet, ces champignons permettent de conférer aux plantes une meilleure nutrition minérale et une tolérance aux stress biotiques et abiotiques du milieu. L’étude réalisée ici part de l’hypothèse que les effets simultanés de plusieurs CMA taxonomiquement bien différents pourraient permettre de réduire la majorité des contraintes et permettre ainsi à la plante de s’adapter et se développer de façon optimale dans les sols extrêmes (ultramafiques) dégradés par l’activité minière. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de caractériser les CMA isolés de ces milieux ultramafiques d’un point de vue taxonomique et fonctionnel (croissance et d’adaptation de la plante hôte). Ce travail a permis la découverte de cinq espèces nouvelles de CMA (Błaszkowski et al. 2017 ; Crossay et al. 2018). La complexité des méthodes d’identification de ces symbiotes, a suscité une réflexion scientifique qui a permis d’aboutir à la mise au point d’une méthode d’identification par MALDI-TOF MS précise et routinière pour l’identification des CMA (Crossay et al. 2017). Les différents isolats identifiés et cultivés en laboratoire ont ensuite été testés en conditions expérimentales afin d’évaluer leurs fonctions individuelles et collectives au sein des plantes hôtes (Crossay et al. 2019). En conclusion, la co-inoculation de ces différentes nouvelles espèces de CMA natives des sols ultramafiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie permet une grande amélioration de la croissance des plantes et de leur adaptation à ces milieux extrêmes.
... The species list was based in data from: Koske and Walker (1985), Siqueira et al. ( , 1989, Fernandes et al. (1989), Walker & Diederichs (1989), Balota & Lopes (1996a,b), Spain et al. (1996a,b), Carrenho et al. (1998), Alvarenga et al. (1999), Martins et al. (1999) The classification follows Oehl et al. (2011) and additional taxa proposed by Błaszkowski (2012Błaszkowski ( , 2014 Goto et al. (2012), Marinho et al. (2014) and Oehl et al. (2015). ...
The Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) was the first Brazilian biome to be surveyed for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and currently comprises the third Brazilian biome in species representation. This paper provides a checklist of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the Cerrado. A total of 92 species of AMF have been found in the Brazilian Cerrado over three decades of work conducted in this biome. The results characterize the Cerrado as an important AMF reservoir and show that rupestrian fields, one of several physiognomies of the cerrado, are biologically promising.
... Under the dissecting microscope, spores of D. scutata and D. cerradensis are superficially similar to those of D. savannicola. The former (Walker and Diederichs 1989) has large, pale coloured spores with a very prominent germinations shield, but its spores, which are 350-667×350-713 (mean 532×530) μm, are generally larger than those of D. savannicola, more consistently globose to subglobose (rarely ovoid) and have larger, darker coloured, more complex germination shields with considerably more crenulated edges. The wall structure of D. scutata and D. savannicola are similar. ...
An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) was isolated from a south Ecuadorian reforestation site in the vicinity of a pristine mountain rainforest ecosystem. Morphologically, it corresponded with the description of an AMF first described from Cuba as Gigaspora savannicola, before it was placed in Scutellospora. No living culture of this species has been available previously to allow detailed morphological review or DNA barcoding. After comparison of the morphology of the holotype and authenticated specimens with that of the Ecuadorian isolate, it was concluded that they are conspecific. A detailed redescription of the species is provided, including morphological characters not included in the original description, and an epitype is designated. To provide an extended DNA barcode for this AMF species, intraspecific variants of the near full-length small subunit rRNA gene (SSU) and a rDNA region comprising part of the SSU, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region including the 5.8S rRNA gene, and part of the large subunit rRNA gene (LSU) were sequenced. Phylotaxonomic analyses confirmed the classification in the genus Scutellospora sensu lato in a phylogenetic clade that, based on questionable evidence, was considered to circumscribe a distinct genus, Fuscutata. Recently, this genus was merged with Dentiscutata. Consequently, we move S. savannicola (=Fuscutata savannicola = Gigaspora savannicola) to the genus Dentiscutata (Gigasporaceae).
... Species of this genus have been reported from North America (Koske, 1987) South America (Siqueira et al. 1989; Stürmer & Bellei 1994; Yano-Melo et al. 2003; Silva et al. 2005), Europe (Blaszkowski 1989), Africa (Ba et al. 1996), Asia (Saito & Varga 1991) and Australia (Koske 1975). Although they are commonly associated with hosts in sand dunes, (Koske & Walker 1985 Koske & Gemma 1996; Blaszkowski 1991), they also are found in other natural ecosystems such as West Java tropical rain forests (Kramadibrata et al. 2000), Venezuela sclerophyllous shrublands (Herrera-Peraza et al. 2001), USA tall grassland (Hetrick & Bloom 1983) and Germany alpine ecosystem (Blaschke 1991), Brazil savanna-like " cerrado " (Walker & Diederichs 1989) and " caatinga " vegetation (Souza et al. 2003) as well as in brazilian degraded areas (Yano-Melo et al. 2003; Silva et al. 2005). Nevertheless, species of Scutellospora have also been registered from diverse agroecosystems (Hetrick & Bloom, 1983; Miller et al., 1985; Siqueira et al., 1989; An et al., 1993). ...
A key to the genus Scutellospora (Order Glomerales, Phylum Glomeromycota) is compiled based on the protologues of species descriptions and information on type cultures of INVAM website.
The data, presented here, come from samples collected during three research projects which aimed to assess the impact of land-use type on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) diversity and community composition in pastures of Terceira Island (Azores, Macaronesia, Portugal) and also in the native forest of two Azorean Islands (Terceira and São Miguel; Azores, Macaronesia, Portugal). Both projects contributed to improving the knowledge of AMF community structure at both local and regional scales.
Little is known on the AMF communities from Azores islands and this study reports the first survey in two Azorean Islands (Terceira and São Miguel). A total of 18,733 glomeromycotan spores were classified at the species level from 244 field soil samples collected in three different habitat types – native forests (dominated by Juniperus brevifolia and Picconia azorica ), semi-natural and intensively-managed pastures. Thirty-seven distinct spore morphotypes, representing ten glomeromycotan families, were detected. Species of the family Acaulosporaceae dominated the samples, with 13 species (38% of the taxa), followed by Glomeraceae (6 spp.), Diversisporaceae (4 spp.), Archaeosporaceae (3 spp.), Claroideoglomeraceae (3 spp.), Gigasporaceae (3 spp.), Ambisporaceae and Paraglomeraceae , both with the same number of AMF species (2 spp.), Sacculosporaceae (1 sp.) and Entrophospora (family insertae sedis). Members of the family Acaulosporaceae occurred almost exclusively in the native forests especially associated with the Picconia azorica rhizosphere, while members of Gigasporaceae family showed a high tendency to occupy the semi-natural pastures and the native forests of Picconia azorica . Members of Glomeraceae family were broadly distributed by all types of habitat which confirm the high ecological plasticity of this AMF family to occupy the more diverse habitats.
Spores of Acaulospora dilatata and Scutellospora dipurpurascens found in Poland are described and illustrated and their occurrence and distribution are characterized and mapped. Spores of Acaulospora dilatata from Poland do not differ from those originally described in the United States of America. The germination shield found in a number of spores is described and illustrated, and compared with that occurring in members of the genus Scutellospora. Acaulospora dilatata was found in five of the 303 soil samples taken from around the roots of Ammophila arenaria colonizing maritime sand dunes of the Słowinski National Park. Polish specimens of S. dipurpurascens are similar in size, wall structure, and reaction in Melzer’s reagent to those described from the type localized in the United States of America. However, some spores from Poland have a thicker wall, greater sporogenous cells, and are somewhat darker coloured. They were recovered from 34 soils sampled from forests, gardens, sand dunes, and both cultivated and uncultivated soils. S. dipurpurascens was commonly associated with different plants of the Hel Peninsula and occurred regularly among the roots of Ammophila arenaria growing in the Słowinski National Park. Both species were found for the first time in Poland and are probably new to Europe.
In this chapter I discuss about the history of AMF. So, to explain the evolutionary history of AMF and the several proposed AMF classifications between 1800 and the present day, I divided this long period in six phases. Phase I (1800–1900)—Characterized for the first AMF taxonomy classification, and the first description of genus Glomus, Rhizophagus and Sclerocystis. Phase II (1901–1975)—this phase was characterized for two important events: Genus Geosiphon was proposed, and important keys to identify Endogonaceae species were proposed. Phase III (1976–1990)—This phase was characterized: the standardized terminology about concepts of spore wall characteristics and murographs, and the new classification proposed by Morton and Benny in 1990. Phase IV (1991–2000)—In this phase, the first PCR primer (VANS1) to perform molecular analysis was developed. Phase V (2001–2010)—The most important event of this phase was the study done Schüßler and co-workers in 2001, where they proposed a new monophyletic phylum for AMF. They transferred all AMF species from Zygomycota to Glomeromycota, and their study was base for other studies until 2009. Phase VI (2011–present day)—This phase is characterized by two important works: (1) the new phylogenetic data for systematics and phylotaxonomy of AMF proposed by Krüger and co-workers in 2012, and the new classification of Glomeromycota proposed by Redecker and co-workers in 2013.
Secondary semideciduous, moist tropical forest at Mbalmayo (lat. 3°31′N; long. 11°30′E), Cameroon, has 108 trees ha−1 including representatives of 90 species and 33 families of angiosperms. The most abundant species, namely Alstonia boonei, Ricinodendron heudelotti and Terminalia superba, each contribute 5% to the total number of trees. These, and many of the other species, are known to form vesicular-arbuscular (VA) (endo-) mycorrhizal associations.Using a modification of the sucrose centrifugation method, spores of VA fungi were extracted from soil of undisturbed forest. The spores were attributed to five species of Acaulospora (laevigatum, mellea, morrowae, scrobiculata and spinosa), seven og Glomus (clavisporum, etunicatum, fasciculatum, geosporum, macrocarpum, occultum and rubiformis) and two of Scutellospora (coralloidea and pellucida). There were two other distinctive types of spores, C4 and C12, with affinities to spores of Acaulospora and Scutellospora respectively. A few spores seemed to be parasitized. Of the 250 spores per 100 g dry soil 63% were attributed to G. etunicatum and 18%, 6% and 5% to aggregates of G. occultum/A. scrobiculata, A. mellea/A. morrowae and C12/S. pellucida respectively. Although spores were very unevenly distributed (Simpson's equitability index = 0.025), mean numbers in replicate plots (each 1 ha) were fairly consistent. However, numbers of C4, A. spinosa, A. laevigatum and G. occultum/A. scrobiculata were significantly larger near the trunks of Terminalia superba than at a distance (7.5–10 m away).Total numbers of spores extracted on different occasions sometimes differed significantly, but effects of season were not established. However, during the 2 year period of the investigation numbers of spores of some relatively sparse species consistently decreased while those of others increased.Total numbers of spores in the rhizosphere soils of four tree species were usually twice as large as those of spores in bulk soil (440–600 compared with 250 per 100 g dry soil). As in bulk soil, numbers of spores in rhizosphere soils were dominated by G. etunicatum and G. occultum/A. scrobiculata, but spores of A. mellea/A. morrowae, which tended to be restricted to Entrandrophragma cylindricum and Khaya sp., were replaced by those of G. geosporum. G. etunicatum was more strongly associated with Lovoa trichilioides than Entrandrophragma cylindricum, Khaya sp. and Triplochiton scleroxylon. On the other hand, G. fasciculatum/G. macrocarpum was linked with Entrandrophragma cylindricum, Lovoa trichilioides and Triplochiton scleroxylon but not Khaya sp.
The type material of Scutellospora auriglobosa Hall has been found to contain more than one species of Scutellospora. A lectotype is selected and the fungus re-described.
Spores of Acaulospora dilatata and Scutellospora dipurpurascens found in Poland are described and illustrated and their occurrence and distribution are characterized and mapped. Spores of Acaulospora dilatata from Poland do not differ from those originally described in the United States of America. The germination shield found in a number of spores is described and illustrated, and compared with that occurring in members of the genus Scutellospora. Acaulospora dilatata was found in five of the 303 soil samples taken from around the roots of Ammophila arenaria colonizing maritime sand dunes of the Sowinski National Park. Polish specimens of S. dipurpurascens are similar in size, wall structure, and reaction in Melzer's reagent to those described from the type localized in the United States of America. However, some spores from Poland have a thicker wall, greater sporogenous cells, and are somewhat darker coloured. They were recovered from 34 soils sampled from forests, gardens, sand dunes, and both cultivated and uncultivated soils. S. dipurpurascens was commonly associated with different plants of the Hel Peninsula and occurred regularly among the roots of Ammophila arenaria growing in the Slowinski National Park. Both species were found for the first time in Poland and are probably new to Europe.
The effect of inoculation with fourteen endomycorrhizal species belonging to the generaGigaspora, Scutellospora, Glomus, Acaulospora andEntrophospora on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated under glasshouse conditions in an unsterilized tropical virgin soil using two P sources with different solubility. In both P treatments the population of indigenous mycorrhiza species was not affected and growth of maize was enhanced. Introducing VAM species additionally modified the growth pattern of maize. Using a low-grade rock phosphate (Patos de Minas) from Brazil all endophytes with exception ofGigaspora margarita, Scutellospora verrucosa, Scutellospora gregaria, Entrophospora colombiana andGlomus pallidum improved shoot dry weight. In the treatment with single superphosphate, dry matter production was not significantly enhanced byGigaspora margarita, Gigaspora gigantea, Scutellospora verrucosa, Scutellospora reticulata, Scutellospora gilmorei andGlomus manihotis. When rock phosphate was added root fresh weights were enhanced only by three endophytes (Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora gigantea andAcaulospora rehmii); with single superphosphate none had a significant effect. The percentage of P in shoots was almost equal in non-inoculated and inoculated plants and yield responses did not always follow the pattern of P uptake. Mycorrhizal root infection was always highest in the treatment with single superphosphate and in most cases a correlation with plant growth was found. The present results show that introduced vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza species differently promote growth of maize according to their adaptability to the P source and to their capability to compete with native VAM endophytes.
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