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ɀɨԑɚɪɵɨԕɭɨɪɵɧɞɚɪɵɧɞɚɯɢɦɢɹɩԥɧɿɦԝԑɚɥɿɦɿɧɤԥɫɿɛɢɞɚɣɵɧɞɚɭɞɚ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿԙɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɵɧ
ɠԛɡɟɝɟɚɫɵɪɭɞɵԙɦɚԙɵɡɵ
Ɇɚԕɚɥɚɞɚɠɨԑɚɪɵɨԕɭɨɪɵɧɞɚɪɵɧɞɚɯɢɦɢɹɩԥɧɿɧɿԙɨԕɵɬɭɲɵɥɚɪɵɧɤԥɫɿɛɢɞɚɣɵɧɞɚɭɞɚɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿԙ
ɚɬԕɚɪɚɬɵɧɪԧɥɿɠԥɧɟɨɧɵԙɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɵɧɵԙɦɚԙɵɡɵɬɭɪɚɥɵɚɣɬɵɥԑɚɧȻɚɪɥɵԕԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɵɥԑɚɧ
ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɚԕɩɚɪɚɬɬɵԕɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɥɵԕɮɭɧɤɰɢɹԧɥɲɟɦɞɿɤɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɬԛɡɟɬɭɲɿɮɭɧɤ
ɰɢɹ ɡɟɪɬɬɟɭɲɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɠɚɥɩɵɥɚɭɲɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɞԛɧɢɟɬɚɧɵɦɞɵԕ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨԕɭ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɷɤɫ
ɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɟɛɿɪɛɿɪɿɦɟɧɬɵԑɵɡɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵɠԥɧɟԧɡɚɪɚԛɣɥɟɫɟɬɿɧɿɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɝɟɧɆԛɦɤɿɧɞɿɝɿɧɟԕɚɪɚɣɨɪɵɧɞɚɥԑɚɧ
ɛԝɥɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿԕɨɥɞɚɧɚɨɬɵɪɵɩɛɿɥɿɦɛɟɪɭɞɟɠɚԕɫɵɧԥɬɢɠɟɝɟɠɟɬɭɝɟɤɟɩɿɥɞɿɤɛɟɪɟɞɿ
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢɝɟɪɿɥɟɬɿɧ ɬɚԕɵɪɵɩɬɵ ɬɨɥɵԕ ɬԛɫɿɧɿɩ ԕɚɧɚ ԕɨɣɦɚɣ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɚɥɭɲɵԑɚ ɯɢɦɢɹɧɵ ɢɝɟɪɭɝɟ
ԕɵɡɵԑɭɲɵɥɵԕɬɵɨɹɬɚɞɵȽɢɩɨɬɟɡɚɧɵԕɚɥɵɩɬɚɫɬɵɪɭɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚɛɿɥɿɦɚɥɭɲɵɨɣɥɚɭԕɚɛɿɥɟɬɿɧɠɨԑɚɪɵɥɚɬɚɞɵ
ɢɝɟɪɿɥɝɟɧɛɿɥɿɦɞɟɪɿɧԕɨɥɞɚɧɚɨɬɵɪɵɩɠɚԙɚ ɛɿɥɿɦɝɟԕɨɥɠɟɬɤɿɡɟɞɿɏɢɦɢɹɩԥɧɿɧɿԙɦԝԑɚɥɿɦɿɠɨԑɚɪɵɞɚɚɬɚɥԑɚɧ
ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɞɵɬɨɥɵԕɢɝɟɪɫɟɠԥɧɟɨɥɚɪɞɵԧɡԕɵɡɦɟɬɿɧɞɟɬɢɿɦɞɿԕɨɥɞɚɧɚɛɿɥɫɟԧɡɿɫɿɧɿԙɲɟɛɟɪɿ
ɛɨɥɚɞɵɞɟɩɚɣɬɵɥԑɚɧ
ɌΟɣɿɧɫΫɡɞɟɪɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɤԥɫɿɛɢɞɚɹɪɥɚɭɛɿɥɿɦɛɿɥɿɤɞɚԑɞɵ
ȺɂɇɢɹɡɛɚɟɜɚȽԤɉɚɪɟɧɇɋȾɚɥɚɛɚɟɜɚ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɮɭɧɤɰɢɣɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ
ɩɪɢɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣɯɢɦɢɢ
ɜɜɵɫɲɢɯɭɱɟɛɧɵɯɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ
ȼɫɬɚɬɶɟɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɪɨɥɶɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɢɟɝɨɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɩɪɢɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶ
ɧɨɣɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣɯɢɦɢɢɜɜɵɫɲɢɯɭɱɟɛɧɵɯɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨɱɬɨɜɫɟɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟɜɫɬɚ
ɬɶɟ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ
ɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɚɹɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹɩɪɢɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɜɭɱɟɛɧɨɦɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟɬɟɫɧɨ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɵɦɟɠɞɭɫɨɛɨɣɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɩɨɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɷɬɢɯɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɮɭɧɤɰɢɣɜɨɜɪɟɦɹɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɯɨɪɨɲɢɟɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵɩɪɢɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢɊɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɧɟɬɨɥɶ
ɤɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɧɨɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬɩɪɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɸɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɭɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹɤɯɢɦɢɢȼɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɢɦɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢɢɭɦɟɧɢɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɡɧɚɧɢɹɞɥɹɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹɧɨɜɵɯɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɍɫɜɨɟɧɢɟɢɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɞɚɧɧɵɯɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɮɭɧɤɰɢɣɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɦɯɢɦɢɢɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɟɝɨɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶ
ɧɵɣɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟɫɥɨɜɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ
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©Ԕɚɡɚԕɫɬɚɧ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɛɟɪɭɞɿ
ɞɚɦɵɬɭɞɵԙ ɠɵɥɞɚɪԑɚ ɚɪɧɚɥԑɚɧ
ɦɟɦɥɟɤɟɬɬɿɤ ɛɚԑɞɚɪɥɚɦɚɫɵɧɵԙª ɛɚɫɵɦ ɛɚԑɵɬ
ɬɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɝɿ ɦɚԕɫɚɬɵ ± ɯɚɥɵԕɬɵԙ ɛɚɪɥɵԕ
ɠɿɤɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɫɚɩɚɥɵ ɛɿɥɿɦɝɟ ԕɨɥ ɠɟɬɤɿɡɭɿɧ
ԕɚɦɬɚɦɚɫɵɡɟɬɭɛɨɥɵɩɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵȻԝɥɦɚԕɫɚɬԕɚ
ɠɟɬɭ ɠɨɥɞɚɪɵ ԥɥɟɦɞɿɤ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɬɚɪ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɿɧɞɟ
ɛɿɥɿɦ ɛɟɪɿɩ ԕɚɧɚ ԕɨɣɦɚɣ ɛԥɫɟɤɟɝɟ ɛɚɪɵɧ
ɲɚ ԕɚɛɿɥɟɬɬɿ ɛɿɥɿɦɞɿ ɦɚɦɚɧɞɚɪ ɞɚɣɵɧɞɚɭɞɵ
ɤԧɡɞɟɣɞɿ
ɋɨԑɚɧ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɩԥɧɿɧɿԙ ɨԕɵɬɭɲɵɫɵɧ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɧɿԙɠԛɣɟɬԛɡɭɲɿɪԧɥɿɧɩɚɣɞɚ
ɥɚɧɚ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚɥɵԕɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɨԕɭ ɨɪɵɧ
ɞɚɪɵɧɞɚ ɨԕɵɬɭɞɵԙ ɛɚɫɬɚɩԕɵ ɫɚɬɵɫɵɧɞɚɤԥɫɿɛɢ
ɞɚɣɵɧɞɚɭɫɨɧɵɦɟɧԕɚɬɚɪɨԕɵɬɭɲɵɥɚɪɞɵɯɢɦɢɹ
ɩԥɧɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɡɟɪɬɯɚɧɚɥɵԕ ɠԥɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ
ɫɚɛɚԕɬɚɪԑɚ ɞɚɣɵɧɞɚɥɭ ɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɧɿԙ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɫɵɧ ɠԛɡɟɝɟ
ɚɫɵɪɭɛɨɥɵɩɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵɈԕɵɬɭɲɵɧɵɨԕɵɬɭɞɵԙ
ɛɚɫɬɚɩԕɵ ɫɚɬɵɫɵɧɞɚ ɤԥɫɿɛɢ ɞɚɣɵɧɞɚɭɞɚ
ɠɚɫɚɥԑɚɧ ԥɞɿɫɬɟɦɟɥɿɤ ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɫɵɲɟԙɛɟɪɿɧɞɟɠԛɡɟɝɟɚɫɵɪɭɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɞɚɣɵɧɞɵԕɬɵԙ ɫɚɩɚɫɵɧ ɠɨԑɚɪɵɥɚɬɭ ɮɚɤɬɨ
ɪɵ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɨԕɭԑɚ ɞɟɝɟɧ ԕԝɥɲɵɧɵɫɵ
ɦɟɧɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɥɿɤ±ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚɥɵԕɛɿɥɿɤɬɿɥɿɤɬɿԙ
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɿɧԕɚɥɵɩɬɚɫɬɵɪɭ>@Ɉɥԛɲɿɧ
ɯɢɦɢɹ ɩԥɧɿɧɿԙ ɦԝԑɚɥɿɦɿɧ ԕɚɡɿɪɝɿ ɡɚɦɚɧԑɵ
ɫɚɬɵɞɚ ɤԥɫɿɛɢ ɞɚɣɵɧɞɚɭɞɚ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟ
ɦԥɧɿɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɭ ɛԝɞɚɧ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟ ɪԧɥɿ
ɦɟɧ ɟɪɟɤɲɟɥɿɝɿɧ ɨԕɭ ɬɚɧɵɦɵɧɵԙ ԥɞɿɫɬɟɦɟɫɿ
ɪɟɬɿɧɞɟ ɨɪɧɵԕɬɵɪɭ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɫɵɧ
ɚɣԕɵɧɞɚɭ ɨɥɚɪɞɵ ɠԛɡɟɝɟ ɚɫɵɪɭɞɵԙ ԥɞɿɫɬɟɪɿɧ
ԝɫɵɧɭԕɚɠɟɬ
ɯɢɦɢɹ ɩԥɧɿɧɿԙ ɨԕɵɬɭɲɵɫɵɧ ɤԥɫɿɛɢ ɞɚɣ
ɵɧɞɚɭɞɚ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɞɵ ɠԛɡɟɝɟ
ɚɫɵɪɭɞɵԙ ԥɞɿɫɬɟɦɟɥɿɤ ɠԛɣɟɫɿɧ ɡɟɪɬɯɚɧɚɥɵԕ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚɥɚɪɵɧ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ
ɬɟɧɞɿɪɿɩɠɚɫɚɭԕɚɠɟɬ
ɯɢɦɢɹ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɛɟɪɭ ɦɚɦɚɧɞɵԑɵɧɵԙ ɫɬɭ
ɞɟɧɬɬɟɪɝɟ ɚɪɧɚɥԑɚɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɩԥɧɞɿɤ ɞɚɣɵɧɞɵԕɬɵ
ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚɥɚɧɞɵɪɭɞɵ ԕɚɦɬɚɦɚɫɵɡ ɟɬɟɬɿɧ ɠɚԙɚ
ɦɚɡɦԝɧɞɚԑɵ ɠԥɧɟ ԕԝɪɵɥɵɦɞɚԑɵ ԥɞɿɫɬɟɦɟɥɿɤ
ɧԝɫԕɚɭɥɚɪɞɵɨԕɭԕԝɪɚɥɞɚɪɞɵɟɧɝɿɡɭԕɚɠɟɬɬɿɥɿɝɿ
ɬɭɵɧɞɚɞɵ
Ԕɚɡɿɪɝɿ ɨԕɵɬɭɞɚ ɫɚɧɚɥɵɥɵԕ ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿɥɿɤ
ɤԧɪɧɟɤɿɥɿɤ ɠԛɣɟɥɿɥɿɤ ɛɿɪɿɡɞɿɥɿɤ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɤ
ɬԛɫɿɧɿɤɬɿɥɿɤ ԑɵɥɵɦɢɥɵԕ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɦɟɧ ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟ
ɛɿɪɥɿɝɿ ɫɢɹԕɬɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɬɟɪ ɤɟԙ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɚɞɵ
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɬɚɥɚɩɬɚɪɵ ɦԝԑɚɥɿɦɧɿԙ ɬԛɪɥɿ
ɟɪɟɠɟɥɟɪɞɿԕɨɥɞɚɧɭɵɚɪԕɵɥɵɨɪɵɧɞɚɥɚɞɵ
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɡɟɪɬɬɟɭ ԥɞɿɫɿ ɦɟɧ
ɠɚԙɚ ɫɚɛɚԕɬɵ ɢɝɟɪɭ ԑɚɧɚ ɟɦɟɫ ɫɨɧɵɦɟɧ ԕɚɬɚɪ
ɛɿɥɿɦ ɚɥɭɲɵԑɚ ɠɨɥ ɚɲɚɪ ԛɥɤɟɧ ɡɟɪɬɬɟɭɥɟɪɞɿԙ
ɛɚɫɬɚɦɚɫɵɛɨɥɵɩɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵəԑɧɢɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨԕɭɨɪɵɧɞɚɪɵɧɞɚɬɟɤԕɚɧɚɡɟɪɬɬɟɭ
ԥɞɿɫɿɦɟɧԑɚɧɚɲɟɤɬɟɥɦɟɣɞɿɫɨɧɵɦɟɧԕɚɬɚɪɨɥ
ɠɚԙɚɛɿɥɿɦɞɿɢɝɟɪɭɛɨɥɵɩɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɦɚԙɵɡɞɵԕɵɡɦɟɬɬɟɪɞɿɠԛɡɟɝɟɚɫɵ
ɪɚɞɵɛɿɥɿɦɛɟɪɭɬԥɪɛɢɟɥɟɭɠԥɧɟɞɚɦɵɬɭɲɵɥɵԕ
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ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ ԕɚɬɚɪ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ
ɦɚԙɵɡɞɵ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɞɵ ɠԛɡɟɝɟ
ɚɫɵɪɚɞɵɚԕɩɚɪɚɬɬɵԕɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɥɵԕԧɥɲɟɦɞɿɤ
ɬԛɡɟɬɭɲɿɥɿɤ ɡɟɪɬɬɟɭɲɿɥɿɤ ɠɚɥɩɵɥɚɭɲɵ ɠԥɧɟ
ɞԛɧɢɟɬɚɧɵɦɞɵɥɵԕ>@
ȺΙɩɚɪɚɬɬɵΙ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ± ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɷɤɫɩɟ
ɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɟ ɩԥɧɧɿԙ ɠԥɧɟ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ԕԝɛɵɥɵɫɬɵԙ
ɛɚɫɬɚɩԕɵɬɚɧɵɦɤԧɡɿɪɟɬɿɧɞɟԕɵɡɦɟɬɚɬԕɚɪɚɞɵ
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿԙ ɤԧɦɟɝɿɦɟɧ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɚɥɭɲɵɥɚɪ
ɡɚɬɬɵԙԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿɦɟɧɚɣɧɚɥɭɥɚɪɵɬɭɪɚɥɵɚԕɩɚɪɚɬ
ɚɥɚɞɵȻԝɧɞɚɣɠɚԑɞɚɣɥɚɪɞɚɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕԕԝɛɵɥɵɫ
ԕɚɥɚɣ ɛɚɣԕɚɥɞɵ ɫɨɧɞɚɣ ɤԛɣɞɟ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɵɥɚɞɵ
Ȼɿɥɿɦ ɚɥɭɲɵ ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿ ɬɚɧɵɦɞɵԕ ɿɫԥɪɟɤɟɬ ɠɚ
ɫɚɣ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿԙ ɦԥɧɿɧ
ɬԛɫɿɧɿɩ ɨɧɵ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟ ɦɟԙɝɟɪɿɩ
ɠɢɧɚԑɚɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɞɵ ɛɨɥɚɲɚԕɬɚ ɬɚɧɵɦɞɵԕ
ɦԥɥɿɦɟɬɬɟɪɪɟɬɿɧɞɟԕɨɥɞɚɧɚɞɵ
ɗɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɥɵΙɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ɞɟɝɟɧɿɦɿɡɠɚԙɚɮɚɤ
ɬɿɥɟɪɞɿ ɨɪɧɚɬɭ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɬԛɫɿɧɿɤɬɟɪɞɿ ԕɚɥɵɩ
ɬɚɫɬɵɪɭɡɚԙɞɵɥɵԕɬɚɪɦɟɧɬԥɭɟɥɞɿɥɿɤɬɟɪɞɿɚɧɵԕ
ɬɚɭ ɠԥɧɟ ɬɛ ɗɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ
ɮɚɤɬɿɥɟɪɞɿ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɭɞɵ ԕɚɦɬɚɦɚɫɵɡ ɟɬɿɩ ԕɚɧɚ
ԕɨɣɦɚɣɞɵɫɨɧɵɦɟɧԕɚɬɚɪɯɢɦɢɹɧɵԙɬԥɭɟɥɞɿɥɿɤ
ɬɟɪɿ ɦɟɧ ɡɚԙɞɵɥɵԕɬɚɪɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚɦɚɫɬɚɧ ɷɦɩɢɪɢ
ɤɚɥɵԕ ԝԑɵɦɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ԕɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵ ԕɚɥɵɩɬɚɫɬɵ
ɪɭɞɵԙ ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿɥɿɝɿ ԕɚɥɵɩɬɚɫɚɞɵ Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
©ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚª ɬɚɪɚɭɵɧ ɨԕɵɩɦɟԙɝɟɪɭ
ɞɟ ɫɚɛɚԕɬɵ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԑɵɧɚ
ԔɚɡԜɍɯɚɛɚɪɲɵɫɵɏɢɦɢɹɫɟɪɢɹɫɵʋ
ɀɨԑɚɪɵɨԕɭɨɪɵɧɞɚɪɵɧɞɚɯɢɦɢɹɩԥɧɿɦԝԑɚɥɿɦɿɧɤԥɫɿɛɢɞɚɣɵɧɞɚɭɞɚɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿԙ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԑɵɧɵԙ ԥɪɟɤɟɬ
ɬɟɫɟɬɿɧɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵɧɚɬԥɭɟɥɞɿɥɿ
ɝɿɧ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɚɥɭɲɵɥɚɪɞɵԙ ԧɡɞɟɪɿ ɛɚԕɵɥɚɩ ԕɨɪɵ
ɬɵɧɞɵ ɲɵԑɚɪɚ ɚɥɚɬɵɧɞɚɣ ɟɬɿɩ ԝɣɵɦɞɚɫɞɚɫɬɵ
ɪɭԑɚɛɨɥɚɞɵ Ɉɫɵɦɚԕɫɚɬɩɟɧɛɿɥɿɦɚɥɭɲɵɥɚɪԑɚ
ɤɚɥɢɣ ɣɨɞɢɞɿ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧɿԙ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ ԕɚɬɵɫɵɧɞɚ
ɫɭɬɟɤ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɿ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɦɟɧ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɿɧ
ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɭɞɵԝɫɵɧɚɦɵɡ
Ԛɲ ɫɵɧɚɭɵԕԕɚ ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɦԧɥɲɟɪɞɟ ɤɚɥɢɣ
ɣɨɞɢɞɿ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧ ԕԝɹɞɵ ԛɲɟɭɿɧɟ ɞɟ ɬɚɦɲɵ
ɥɚɬɵɩ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ ԕɨɫɚɞɵ ɨɞɚɧ ɤɟɣɿɧ ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ
ɫɵɧɚɭɵԕԕɚ ɞɵ ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɫɵɧɚɭɵԕԕɚ ɟɤɿ ɟɫɟ
ɫԝɣɵɬɵɥԑɚɧ ԛɲɿɧɲɿ ɫɵɧɚɭɵԕԕɚ ɬԧɪɬ ɟɫɟ
ɫԝɣɵɬɵɥԑɚɧɫɭɬɟɤɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɿɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧԕɨɫɚɞɵ
ɋɚԑɚɬɬɵԙɤԧɦɟɝɿɦɟɧɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɟɤɿɧɲɿɫɵɧɚɭɵԕɬɚ
ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿɫɿɧɟԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚɟɤɿɟɫɟɛɚɹɭɚɥԛɲɿɧɲɿɫɿɧɞɟ
ɬԧɪɬ ɟɫɟ ɛɚɹɭ ɠԛɪɟɬɿɧɿɧ ɛɚԕɵɥɚɩ ɠɚɡɵɩ ɚɥɚ
ɞɵ Ɍԥɠɿɪɢɛɟ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɥɟɪɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɚɥɭ
ɲɵɥɚɪ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԑɵ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɟɬɿɧ
ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵɧɚ ɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨ
ɧɚɥɞɟɝɟɧԕɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵɲɵԑɚɪɚɞɵԔɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵɧɵ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɬԛɪɞɟ ©ɭɚԕɵɬɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹª ɤɨ
ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɥɚɪɵɧɞɚ ԧɪɧɟɤɬɟɭɝɟ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ Ȼԝɧɞɚɣ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɤɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɬɟɧ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
ɬɟԙɞɟɭɿɧɟ ɞɟɝɟɧ ɠɨɥ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԕɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵ
ɲɵԑɚɪɭɞɵԙɟԙɠɚԕɫɵɦɵɫɚɥɵɛɨɥɵɩɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ
Ɇԝɧɞɚɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɬԛɪɥɟɪɿɧ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨɥɵԕ
ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿɥɿɝɿɠɨԑɚɪɵɠԥɧɟԧɡɛɟɬɿɧɲɟɠԝɦɵɫɠɚ
ɫɚɩ ɠԝɦɵɫ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɥɟɪɿɧɟɧ ԕɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵ ɲɵԑɚɪɚ
ɛɿɥɟɬɿɧɨԕɭɲɵɥɚɪԑɚɧɚɠԛɡɟɝɟɚɫɵɪɚɞɵ
Ϊɥɲɟɦɞɿɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɨɥɠɚɦ
ɞɚɪ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚɥɚɪ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟ
ɧԥɬɢɠɟɥɟɪɿɦɟɧ ɞԥɥɟɥɞɟɧɝɟɧ ɤɟɡɞɟ ɛɚɣԕɚɥɚɞɵ
ɹԑɧɢ ©ɚԕɢԕɚɬ ԧɥɲɟɦɿɧɿԙ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɫɵª ɛɨ
ɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ Ȼԝɥ ɛɨɥɠɚɦɞɵ ɩɿɤɿɪɥɟɪɞɿԙ
ԕɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɞԝɪɵɫɬɵԑɵɧ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ
ԕɚɬɟɥɿɝɿɧ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɠԛɡɿɧɞɟ ɞԥɥɟɥɞɟɭɞɿԙ ɫɨ
ɧɵɦɟɧ ԕɚɬɚɪ ɬɚɧɵɦɚɥ ɛɿɪɧɟɲɟ ԕɚԑɢɞɚɥɚɪɞɵ
ɧɚԕɬɵɥɚɭɞɵԙԕԝɪɚɥɵɛɨɥɵɩɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɫɟɡɿɦɚɪԕɵɥɵɩɚɣɞɚ
ɛɨɥԑɚɧɫɵɪɬԕɵɞԛɧɢɟɧɿɧɿԙɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɬɿɛɟɣɧɟɫɿɧ
ɩɚɣɵɦɞɚɭɞɵ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭ ԕԝɪɚɥɵ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵ
ɥɚɞɵ ɋɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɨɧɵ ɚɞɚɦɡɚɬɬɵԙ ɫɵɪɬԕɵ
ɞԛɧɢɟɬɭɪɚɥɵɛɿɥɿɦɿɧɬɟɤɫɟɪɭԕԝɪɚɥɵɪɟɬɿɧɞɟɞɟ
ԕɚɛɵɥɞɚɭԑɚɛɨɥɚɞɵɏɢɦɢɹɛɿɥɿɦɿɦɟɧԑɵɥɵɦɵɧ
ɦɟԙɝɟɪɭɞɟ ԥɪɛɿɪ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕ ɩɚɣɵɦɞɚɭɞɵԙ
©ɲɵɧɚɣɵɥɵԑɵɧª ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɤԧɦɟɝɿɦɟɧ ɬɟɤ
ɫɟɪɝɟɧɞԝɪɵɫ
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵɨԕɭɲɵɥɚɪɫɭɞɵԙɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɫɭɬɟɤ
ɠԥɧɟ ɨɬɬɟɤ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɵɧɚɧ ɬԝɪɚɬɵɧɵɧ ɛɿɥɝɟɧɧɟɧ
ɤɟɣɿɧɨɥɚɪԑɚɫɭɞɵԙԕԝɪɚɦɞɵɛԧɥɿɤɬɟɪɿɬɟɤɨɬɬɟɤ
ɩɟɧɫɭɬɟɤɟɤɟɧɿɧɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɭɤɟɪɟɤȻԝɥɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ
ɨɬɬɟɤɩɟɧɫɭɬɟɤɬɟɧɫɭɚɥɚɬɵɧɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɤԧɪɫɟɬɤɟɧ
ɞԝɪɵɫɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɧԥɬɢɠɟɥɟɪɿɫɭɬɟɤɨɫɵɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
ɬɟɪɞɟɧ ɬԝɪɚɬɵɧɵɧɵԙ ɞԥɥɟɥɿ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ Ⱦɟɝɟɧ
ɦɟɧ ɨԕɭɲɵɥɚɪ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɲɵɧɚɣɵɥɵԕɬɵ
ɬɟɤɫɟɪɭɞɿԙ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɬɿ ԕԝɪɚɥɵ ɞɟɩ ɬԛɫɿɧɛɟɭɿ ɤɟ
ɪɟɤɈɬɬɟɤɩɟɧɫɭɬɟɤɬɟɧɫɭɚɥɭɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɫɿɫɭɞɵԙ
ɫɚɩɚɥɵԕ ԕԝɪɚɦɵɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɞɿ ɛɿɪɚԕ ɨɥ ɨɧɵԙ
ɫɚɧɞɵԕ ԕԝɪɚɦɵ ɬɭɪɚɥɵ ɦԥɥɿɦɟɬ ɛɟɪɟ ɚɥɦɚɣɞɵ
Ɉɥ ԛɲɿɧ ԕɨɫɵɦɲɚ ɤԛɪɞɟɥɿ ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɥɟɪ ɠɚɫɚɭ
ԕɚɠɟɬ
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɤɟɣɞɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚɧɵ ɬɟɪɿɫɤɟ
ɲɵԑɚɪɭɲɵɧɟɦɟɫɟɪɚɫɬɚɭɲɵԕԝɪɚɥɛɨɥɵɩɤɟɥɟɞɿ
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɦɟɧ ɬɚɧɵɫɬɵɪɭ ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ ɨɧɵԙ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɵԕ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɫɵɧ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɚ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ
ɨԕɭɲɵɥɚɪɛɟɧɡɨɥɞɵԕɚɧɵԕɩɚԑɚɧɤԧɦɿɪɫɭɬɟɤɬɟɪɝɟ
ɠɚɬԕɵɡɚɞɵɈԕɵɬɭɲɵɨԕɭɲɵɥɚɪɞɵԙɛɨɥɠɚɦɵɧ
ɬɟɤɫɟɪɭԛɲɿɧɹԑɧɢԕɚɧɵԕɩɚԑɚɧɤԧɦɿɪɫɭɬɟɤɬɟɪɝɟ
ɬԥɧԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɞɿɛɟɧɡɨɥɞɚɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɚɥɚɞɵɦɚɞɟɝɟɧ
ɨɣɦɟɧ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɞɵԙ ɛɪɨɦ ɫɭɵɦɟɧ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɿɧɟ
ɚɪɧɚɥԑɚɧ ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟ ɠɚɫɚɣɞɵ Ɍԥɠɿɪɢɛɟ
ɧԥɬɢɠɟɥɟɪɿ ɨԕɭɲɵɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɛɨɥɠɚɦɵɧ ɬɟɪɿɫɤɟ
ɲɵԑɚɪɚɞɵɛɟɧɡɨɥԕɚɧɵԕɩɚԑɚɧɤԧɦɿɪɫɭɬɟɤɬɟɪɞɿԙ
ɛɪɨɦɫɭɵɧɬԛɫɫɿɡɞɟɧɞɿɪɟɬɿɧɫɚɩɚɥɵԕɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵɧ
ɤԧɪɫɟɬɩɟɣɞɿ
ɌΟɡɟɬɭɲɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɟɝɟɧɿɦɿɡ ± ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕ
ɛɿɥɿɦɞɿ ɧɚԕɬɵɥɚɭɞɚ ɬɭɵɧɞɚԑɚɧ ԕɢɵɧɞɵԕɬɚɪɞɵԙ
ɲɟɲɿɦɿɧ ɬɚɛɭ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɚɥɭɲɵɥɚɪɞɵԙ ԕɚɬɟɥɟɪɿɧ
ɠԧɧɞɟɭ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɛɿɥɿɤ ɩɟɧ ɞɚԑɞɵɧɵ
ɦɟԙɝɟɪɭԛɞɟɪɿɫɿɧɬԛɡɟɬɭ
Ɍԛɡɟɬɭɲɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɿɥɿɦɞɿ ɢɝɟɪɭ
ɤɟɡɟԙɿɧɞɟ ԕɢɵɧɞɵԕɬɚɪɞɵ ɠɟԙɭɦɟɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚ
ɞɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɢɤɟɦɞɟɪɿ ɦɟɧ ɞɚԑɞɵɥɚɪɵɧ
ɢɝɟɪɿɥɝɟɧ ɛɿɥɿɦɞɟɪɿɦɟɧ ɞԥɥɟɥɞɟɭ ԕɚɬɟɥɿɤɬɟɪɿɧ
ɬԛɡɟɬɭɛɿɥɿɦɚɥɭɲɵɧɵԙɢɝɟɪɿɥɝɟɧɛɿɥɿɦɞɟɪɿɛɨɣ
ɵɧɲɚɛɚԕɵɥɚɭɚɥɭ
Ɂɟɪɬɬɟɭɲɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɟɝɟɧɿɦɿɡ ± ɡɚɬɬɵ ɫɢɧ
ɬɟɡɞɟɭɿ ɦɟɧ ɬɚɥɞɚɭɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɚɥɭɲɵ
ɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɡɟɪɬɬɟɭɲɿɥɿɤ ɛɿɥɿɝɿ ɦɟɧ ɞɚԑɞɵɫɵɧ ɞɚ
ɦɵɬɭ ԕԝɪɚɫɬɵɪɚ ɚɥɭ ɛɿɥɿɤɬɟɪɿɧ ԕɚɥɵɩɬɚɫɬɵɪɭ
ԑɵɥɵɦɢɡɟɪɬɬɟɭ ɠԝɦɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ ԥɞɿɫɬɟɪɿɧ ɡɟɬɬɟɭ
ɠԥɧɟɬɛ
Ɂɟɪɬɬɟɭɲɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɚɥɭɲɵɧɵԙ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɚԑɞɵ ɦɟɧ ɢɤɟɦɞɟɪɿɧ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵ
ɫɢɧɬɟɡɞɟɩɚɧɚɥɢɡɠɚɫɚɭɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚɡɟɪɬɬɟɥɟɬɿɧ
ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿ ɬɭɪɚɥɵ ԕɨɫɵɦɲɚ ɛɿɥɿɦ
ɤԧɡɞɟɪɿɧ ɿɡɞɟɭ ɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚ ԕԝɪɵɥԑɵɥɚɪɞɵ
ԕԝɪɚɫɬɵɪɭɬɛԥɞɿɫɬɟɪɞɿɢɝɟɪɭɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚԑɵɞɚ
ɦɭɵɦɟɧɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɞɵ
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɠԝɦɵɫɬɚɪɞɚ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɚɩɚ
ɥɵԕɚɧɚɥɢɡɿɤԧɩɬɚɪɚɥԑɚɧɠԥɧɟԕɨɥɚɣɥɵɡɟɪɬɬɟɭ
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ɇɢɹɡɛɚɟɜɚȺɂɠԥɧɟɬɛ
ԥɞɿɫɿ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɡɟɪɬɬɟɭ
ɠԝɦɵɫɬɚɪɵɧɞɚɛɿɥɿɦɚɥɭɲɵɧɵԙԧɡɿɡɟɪɬɬɟɥɟɬɿɧ
ɡɚɬɬɵԙ ԕԝɪɵɥԑɵɥɚɪɵɧ ɞɚɣɵɧɞɚɣ ɚɥɚɞɵ Ɉɧ
ɞɚɣ ɠԝɦɵɫɬɚɪɞɵ ɠԛɪɝɿɡɭ ɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵ
ɡɟɪɬɬɟɩԕɚɧɚ ԕɨɣɦɚɞɵ ɫɨɧɵɦɟɧ ԕɚɬɚɪ ɯɢɦɢɹɞɚ
ԕɨɥɞɚɧɭ ɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚ ɤԧɩɬɟɝɟɧ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿɤ
ԥɞɿɫ±ɬԥɫɿɥɞɟɪɞɿɢɝɟɪɟɞɿ
ɀɚɥɩɵɥɚɭɲɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɟɝɟɧɿɦɿɡ ± ԥɪɬԛɪɥɿ
ɷɦɩɪɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɠɚɥɩɵɥɚɭɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɬԛɪɥɟɪɿɧ
ԕԝɪɚɫɬɵɪɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɚɥԑɵɲɚɪɬɬɚɪɞɵ ԧɧɞɿɪɭ ɠɚɥɩɵ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɛɿɥɿɤɬɟɪɞɿ ԕɚɥɵɩɬɚɫɬɵɪɭ ɀɚɥ
ɩɵɥɚɭɲɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ ɠɚɫɚɥԑɚɧ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢ
ɦɟɧɬ ɬɨɥɵԕɬɵɪɭɥɵɪ ɦɟɧ ɛɟɤɿɬɭɥɟɪ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕ
ɛɿɥɿɦɝɟɫԛɣɟɧɟɞɿ
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɦɟɧɬԝɡɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪ ԧɬɤɿɡɝɿɲɬɿɤɬɟɪɿ
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɠԛɪɝɿɡɿɥɝɟɧ ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɥɟɪɞɿ ɛɚԕɵɥɚɭ
ɨԕɭɲɵɥɚɪɞɚ ɛԝɥ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɬɚɛɢԑɚɬɵɧɵԙ
ԥɪɬԛɪɥɿɥɿɝɿɧɟ ԕɚɪɚɦɚɫɬɚɧ ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿ
ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ԕɚɫɢɟɬ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɞɿ ± ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɛɚɪɥɵԑɵ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪ ɬɨԑɵɧ ԧɬɤɿɡɟɞɿ ɞɟɝɟɧ ɩɿɤɿɪ ɬɭԑɵɡɚɞɵ
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɠɟɤɟ ɞɟ
ɪɟɤɬɟɪ ɠɚɥɩɵ ԕɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵɧɵ ԧɡɿɧɲɟ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɟ
ɚɥɚɞɵ ɨɧɵԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧɞɟ ©ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬª ɬԛɫɿɧɿɝɿɧɟ
ɚɧɵԕɬɚɦɚɛɟɪɿɥɟɞɿ
ɏɢɦɢɹɧɵ ɨԕɵɩ ɦɟԙɝɟɪɭɞɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ
ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɠɚɫɚɥԑɚɧ ԕɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɧɵԙ
ɤԧɦɟɝɿɦɟɧ ɬɨɥɵԕɬɵɪɵɥɚɬɵɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɵ
ɧɚɬɵɧɠɚԑɞɚɣɥɚɪɠɢɿɬɭɵɧɞɚɣɞɵ
©Ɉɪɵɧɛɚɫɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵª ɬɭɪɚɥɵ ɠɚɥɩɵ
ɬԛɫɿɧɿɤɬɿ ԕɚɥɵɩɬɚɫɬɵɪɭɞɚ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɛɚɡɚɧɵ
ԕԝɪɭԛɲɿɧɤɟɦɞɟɝɟɧɞɟԛɲɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɠԛɪɝɿɡɭɤɟ
ɪɟɤ ɦɵɫ ȱȱ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɿ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧɿԙ ɦɵɪɵɲɩɟɧ
ɦɵɫȱȱɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧɿԙɬɟɦɿɪɦɟɧɤԛɦɿɫ
ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧɿԙ ɦɵɫɩɟɧ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɿȿɝɟɪ
ɛɟɪɿɥɝɟɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵ ԝɧɬɚԕ ɬԛɪɿɧɞɟ ɚɥɫɚԕ
ɨɧɞɚɨԕɭɲɵɥɚɪɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɥɟɪɞɿɛɚԕɵɥɚɣɨɬɵ
ɪɵɩ ɠɚɥɩɵ ԕɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵ ɠɚɫɚɣ ɚɥɚɞɵ ɛԝɥ
ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɥɟɪɞɟɟɤɿɛɚɫɬɚɩԕɵɡɚɬɠɚɣɠԥɧɟ
ɤԛɪɞɟɥɿ ɚɥɵɧɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɟɤɿ ɠɚԙɚ ɡɚɬ ɠɚɣ
ɠԥɧɟ ɤԛɪɞɟɥɿ ɬԛɡɿɥɞɿ Ȼɿɪɚԕ ɛԝɥ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɤɚɥɵԕ
ԕɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵ ɨɪɵɧ ɛɚɫɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵɧ ɠɚɥ
ɩɵ ԕɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵɥɚɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɠɟɬɤɿɥɿɤɫɿɡ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ
Ⱥɬɨɦɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɵԕ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɬɭɪɚɥɵ ɛɿɥɿɦɞɿ
ԕɨɥɞɚɧɚ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ ɨԕɵɬɭɲɵ ɛԝɥ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɞɵԙ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɿɧɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɟɞɿɠԥɧɟɤɟɥɟɫɿɚɧɵԕɬɚɦɚɧɵ
ɛɟɪɟɞɿ ©Ⱥɬɨɦɞɚɪɵ ɠɚɣ ɡɚɬɬɵ ԕԝɪɚɣɬɵɧ ɡɚɬ
ɤԛɪɞɟɥɿɡɚɬɬɵԙɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɿɧɟɧɛɿɪɟɭɿɧɿԙɨɪɧɵɧ
ɛɚɫɚɬɵɧ ɠɚɣ ɠԥɧɟ ɤԛɪɞɟɥɿ ɡɚɬɬɚɪ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɞɵ ɨɪɵɧɛɚɫɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵ
ɞɟɩɚɬɚɣɞɵª
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɧԥɬɢɠɟɥɟɪɿɧԕɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵɥɚɭɞɚ
ɧɚԕɬɵ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɠɢɧɚԑɵɧ ɛɟɪɭɦɟɧ ԕɚɬɚɪ ɥɚɛɨɪɚ
ɬɨɪɢɹɞɚ ɠԝɦɵɫ ɠɚɫɚɭɞɵԙ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɟɪɟɠɟɥɟɪɿɧ
ԕɚɥɵɩɬɚɫɬɵɪɭԑɚɞɚɛɨɥɚɞɵ
Ɇɟɦɥɟɤɟɬɬɿɤ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɛɟɪɭ ɛɚԑɞɚɪɥɚɦɚɫɵɧɞɚ
ԥɪɛɿɪ ɛɿɬɿɪɭɲɿ ɬԛɥɟɤ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿԙ
ɟɪɟɠɟɥɟɪɿ ɦɟɧ ɛɿɥɿɤ ɩɟɧ ɞɚԑɞɵɫɵɧ ɢɝɟɪɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ
ɞɟɥɿɧɝɟɧȻԝɥɠɚɥɩɵɛɿɥɿɤ ɩɟɧ ɞɚԑɞɵɦɵɧɚɥɚɪ
ɞɵԕɚɦɬɢɞɵɤɟɡɤɟɥɝɟɧɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɥɵԕԕԝɪɚɥ
ɠɚɛɞɵԕɬɚɪɦɟɧɠԝɦɵɫɠɚɫɚɭɞɵԕɚɬɬɵɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ
ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧɞɚɣɵɧɞɚɭɞɵɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵɫԛɡɟɚɥɭɞɵ
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɫɿɥɬɿɥɿɪɦɟɧ ɠԝɦɵɫ ɠɚɫɚɭɞɵ
ԕԝɪɚɥ ± ɠɚɛɞɵԕɬɚɪɞɵ ɠɢɧɚɩ ɨɥɚɪɦɟɧ ɞԝɪɵɫ
ɠԝɦɵɫ ɠɚɫɚɭɞɵ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɚɩɚɥɵԕ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
ɫɵɧɚɫԥɣɤɟɫɨɥɚɪɞɵԙԕɚɧɞɚɣɡɚɬɟɤɟɧɿɧɚɧɵԕɬɚɣ
ɚɥɭɞɵɛɟɥɝɿɥɿɛɿɪɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɞɚɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɚɣ
ɵɧɞɚɭɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɬɛ ɢɝɟɪɭɥɟɪɿ ɤɟɪɟɤ ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ
ԕɚɬɚɪԥɪɛɿɪɠԝɦɵɫɬɵɠɚɫɚɭɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ
ԕɚɭɿɩɫɿɡɞɿɤɟɪɟɠɟɥɟɪɿɧɟɫɤɟɪɬɿɩɨɬɵɪɭɵɤɟɪɟɤ
ȾΟɧɢɟɬɚɧɵɦɞɵΙɮɭɧɤɰɢɹԑɵɥɵɦɢɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɬɚɧɵɦɞɚɨԕɭɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿԙɞɢɞɚɤ
ɬɢɤɚɥɵԕɪԧɥɿɦɟɧɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨԕɭ
ɲɵɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɧɚԕɬɵ ɛɨɥɦɵɫɬɵ ɬɚɧɭɞɚԑɵ ɞɢɚɥɟɤ
ɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԛɪɞɿɫ ɬɿɡɛɟɝɿɧɿԙ ԕԝɪɚɦɞɵ ɛԧɥɿɝɿ ɛɨ
ɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ Ⱦԝɪɵɫ ԕɨɣɵɥԑɚɧ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ԕɚɥɵɩɬɚɫԕɚɧ
ɦɚԙɵɡɞɵ ɞԛɧɢɟɬɚɧɵɦ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɚɥɭɲɵɧɵԙ ɯɢ
ɦɢɹ ԑɵɥɵɦɵɧɵԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɿɧ ɦɟԙɝɟɪɭɞɟ ɤԧɩ
ԛɥɟɫɿɧ ɬɢɝɿɡɟɞɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɩԥɧɿɧɟ ɞɟɝɟɧ
ԕɵɡɵԑɭɲɵɥɵԑɵɧɚɪɬɬɵɪɚɞɵ
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕԥɪɛɿɪɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕɬԛɫɿɧɿɤɬɿɬԝɠɵ
ɪɵɦɞɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɦԥɥɿɦɟɬɬɟɪɦɟɧ ɞԥɥɟɥ
ɞɟɩɧɚԕɬɵɥɚɩɨɬɵɪɭɠԥɧɟɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿɠԛɣɟ
ɥɿԕɨɥɞɚɧɭԕԝɛɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵɛɚԕɵɥɚɣɛɿɥɭɞɿɞɚɦɵ
ɬɚɞɵ ɨɥɚɪɞɵɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɡɚԙɞɵɥɵԕ
ɬɚɪ ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɭɝɟ ɤԧɦɟɤɬɟɫɟɞɿ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿɤɛɿɥɿɤɩɟɧɞɚԑɞɵɧɵԕɚɥɵɩɬɚɫɬɵ
ɪɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɞɚɦɵɬɚɞɵ ԧɡɿɧɿԙ ɠԝɦɵɫɵɧ ɠɨ
ɫɩɚɪɥɚɭ ɠԥɧɟ ԧɡԧɡɿɧ ɛɚԕɵɥɚɭ ɞɚԑɞɵɫɵɧ
ԕɚɥɵɩɬɚɫɵɪɚɞɵ ԝԕɵɩɬɵɥɵԕԕɚ ɠɢɧɚԕɵɥɵԕԕɚ
ɠԥɧɟ ɟԙɛɟɤ ɫԛɣɝɿɲɬɿɤɤɟ ɬԥɪɛɢɟɥɟɣɞɿ ɚɞɚɦɧɵԙ
ɠɚɧɠɚԕɬɵɞɚɦɭɵɧɚԛɥɤɟɧɫɟɩɬɿɝɿɧɬɢɝɿɡɟɞɿ
Ⱥɥɯɢɦɢɹɩԥɧɿɧɿԙɦԝԑɚɥɿɦɿɠɨԑɚɪɵɞɚɚɬɚɥԑɚɧ
ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɞɵɬɨɥɵԕɢɝɟɪɫɟɠԥɧɟ
ɨɥɚɪɞɵ ԧɡ ԕɵɡɦɟɬɿɧɞɟ ɬɢɿɦɞɿ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɚ ɛɿɥɫɟ ԧɡ
ɿɫɿɧɿԙɲɟɛɟɪɿɛɨɥɚɞɵɞɟɩɨɣɥɚɣɦɵɡ
Ȼɚɪɥɵԕԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɵɥԑɚɧɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚɥɵԕɮɭɧɤ
ɰɢɹɥɚɪ ɨԕɭ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢ
ɦɟɧɬɬɟ ɛɿɪɛɿɪɿɦɟɧ ɬɵԑɵɡ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ ɠԥɧɟ
ԧɡɚɪɚԛɣɥɟɫɟɞɿɆԛɦɤɿɧɞɿɝɿɧɟԕɚɪɚɣɨɪɵɧɞɚɥԑɚɧ
ɛԝɥ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿ
ԔɚɡԜɍɯɚɛɚɪɲɵɫɵɏɢɦɢɹɫɟɪɢɹɫɵʋ
ɀɨԑɚɪɵɨԕɭɨɪɵɧɞɚɪɵɧɞɚɯɢɦɢɹɩԥɧɿɦԝԑɚɥɿɦɿɧɤԥɫɿɛɢɞɚɣɵɧɞɚɭɞɚɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿԙ
ԕɨɥɞɚɧɚ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɛɟɪɭɞɟ ɠɚԕɫɵ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɝɟ
ɠɟɬɭɝɟ ɤɟɩɿɥɞɿɤ ɛɟɪɟɞɿ ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢ
ɦɟɧɬ ɢɝɟɪɿɥɟɬɿɧ ɬɚԕɵɪɵɩɬɵ ɬɨɥɵԕ ɬԛɫɿɧɿɩ
ԕɚɧɚ ԕɨɣɦɚɣ ɛɿɥɿɦ ɚɥɭɲɵԑɚ ɯɢɦɢɹɧɵ ɢɝɟ
ɪɭɝɟ ԕɵɡɵԑɭɲɵɥɵԕɬɵ ɨɹɬɚɞɵ Ƚɢɩɨɬɟɡɚɧɵ
ԕɚɥɵɩɬɚɫɬɵɪɭɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚɛɿɥɿɦɚɥɭɲɵɨɣɥɚɭ
ԕɚɛɿɥɟɬɿɧ ɠɨԑɚɪɥɚɬɚɞɵ ɢɝɟɪɿɥɝɟɧ ɛɿɥɿɦɞɟɪɿɧ
ԕɨɥɞɚɧɚɨɬɵɪɵɩɠɚԙɚɛɿɥɿɦɝɟԕɨɥɠɟɬɤɿɡɟɞɿ
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