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Germination tests of seeds of argan tree (Argania spinosa (l.) skeels) of two sources (Tindouf and Mostaganem) in the semi-arid western Algerian.
Abstract
The Argan tree (Argania spinosa) is a drought-tolerant, and forest species observed in arid and semiarid zone in Algeria, has specific ecological characteristics and many interests (forest, field, and fruit). The natural reproduction of the tree has become difficult; we have assessed the propagation method by seedlings. In our experiments, we used two seed sources collected from Tindouf and Mostaganem. Based on the results of the regeneration of the Argan tree seedlings from the laboratory, we report that soaking of seed for at least four days will certainly contribute to the success of germination. Sterilization prevents microbial contamination and improves germination. According to the results, the germination tests revealed a very high rate of germination (95%) for seeds pre-soaked in water for 96 and 120 h at 25 and 30°C. The analysis of morphological characteristics of plants under greenhouse showed that there was growth in the root system of the argan seedlings and the aerial part improved quantitatively and qualitatively. Seedlings that acclimatized are two years and above, and had a well developed and lignified air device with a large leaf, which promotes their growth. The success rate for seedlings of 12 months was very low.
... El conocimiento e interpretación de la viabilidad y los parámetros de la germinación y las plántulas en laboratorio, invernadero o casa-malla es indispensable para la comprensión de la autoecología, colecta, conservación, manejo, uso sostenible y el desarrollo de prácticas silviculturales exitosas de las especies (Abbade & Massanori, 2014; Deminicis et al 2014; Guimarães et al 2015). Varias investigaciones han reportado diferencias estadísticas en los parámetros de calidad fisiológica de las semillas en diferentes especies, lotes familiares de una misma especie o diferentes procedencias en varias especies forestales o arbustivas (Silva et al 2012; Ferreira et al 2012; Correa et al 2013; Zohra et al 2014; Barboza-Nogueira et al 2014). Adicionalmente, otros estudios en Cotinus coggygria (Olmez et al. 2009), Punica granatum (Gokturk et al 2012), Bromus tomentellus, Bromus inermis y Bromus persicus (Armaki et al 2013) y en Poa bulbosa, Poa annua y Poa pratensis (Armaki, 2014) han detectado diferencias estadísticas en los parámetros de la germinación de la semillas, a nivel de especies y con valores más altos en las condiciones de cámaras germinativas, en comparación con las obtenidas en invernaderos. ...
... Media: media general / especie; CAGER: cámara germinativa; CAMA: casa-malla; INC: incremento de CAGER sobre CAMA. Espitia, M.; Cardona, C.; Araméndiz, H.: Germinación semillas forestales nativos las semillas que emergen tarde tengan menor capacidad competitiva en vivero y campo, que las semillas que emergen temprano (Armaki, 2014; Zohra et al 2014 Armaki et al 2013; Lazarotto et al 2013; Abbade & Massanori, 2014; Deminicis et al 2014; Armaki, 2014; Guimarães et al 2015). Hay que tener presente que los resultados obtenidos bajo condiciones ideales controladas en CAGER en laboratorio no son directamente aplicables en el vivero, donde sólo se puede ejercer un control limitado sobre las condiciones ambientales, aunque, en la mayoría de casos, los dos resultados están estrechamente relacionados (Gokturk et al 2012; Armaki et al 2013; Armaki, 2014). ...
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la germinación de las
semillas de cinco especies forestales nativas de Córdoba:
Cedrela odorata, Cariniana pyriformis, Bombacopsis
quinata, Anacardium excelsum y Schizolobium
parahybum. El estudio, se realizó entre abril de 2013 y
mayo de 2014, en el Laboratorio de fitomejoramiento
de la Universidad de Córdoba. En cada uno de los dos
ambientes de germinación: cámara germinativa y casamalla,
se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, con cinco
especies forestales como tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones
de 50 semillas cada una. Toda la semilla fue sumergida en
agua destilada, a temperatura ambiente de 27°C, por 24
horas, antes de la siembra. Se estimaron y compararon
las variables, porcentaje de germinación (PG), índice de
velocidad de germinación (IVG), germinación diaria media
(GDM), valor pico (VP) y valor de germinación (VG). Los
resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre especies
e interacción especies por ambientes de germinación en
el análisis combinado de varianza, para los parámetros
fisiológicos de la germinación evaluados, a excepción del
PG. Los valores de los parámetros de germinación fueron
mayores en cámara de germinación, con incrementos
entre el 48,2 y 124,2%, en GDM y VG, respectivamente. A.
excelsum mostró las mayores diferencias entre especies en
los dos ambientes de germinación en todos los parámetros
germinativos, mientras que B. quinata presentó las menores
diferencias. Se recomienda estimar los parámetros de
germinación en cámara germinativa, en lugar de casa-malla,
siempre que se disponga de este equipo.
... Due to its deep roots, argan tree can stand with drought and other stress conditions and can live for longer than 200 years (Villareal et al., 2013). Plant leaves are used for feeding cattle (Benaouf et al., 2014). Argan oil has an effective role in disease prevention and has antioxidant potential, chemopreventive, hypocholesterolemic, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties (Drissi et al., 2004 andGuillaume, 2010). ...
Argan (Argania spinosa) is a drought tolerant multipurpose tree, endemic to Morocco and has high economic and ecological importance,
particularly for its valuable oil. The plant is endangered; therefore, the in vitro culture of this plant could conserve its natural populations.
The aim of this research was the in vitro culture of argan and study the influence of titanium and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 and
SiO2 NPs) on plant growth improvement. Argan seeds were germinated in vitro in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented
with 0.537 µM β–naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 1.445 µM gibberellic acid (GA3) and 4.44 µM benzyl adenine (BA) with 80% germination
percentage. Shoot tips and stem node segments from seedlings were in vitro initiated on MS medium supplemented with 0.289 µM GA3,
2.325 µM kinetin (Kin) and 8.88 µM BA. Axillary shoots were multiplied on MS medium supplemented with 2.27 µM thidiazorun (TDZ)
and 0.537 µM NAA giving 5.1 axillary shoots/explant. Elongated shoots were rooted on 9.8 µM indole butyric acid (IBA) and 5.37 µM
NAA, with 30% root induction percentage. Nanoparticles of TiO2 and SiO2 were added in the best multiplication and rooting media. The
application of TiO2 NPs at 10 ppm enhanced the multiplication of axillary shoots and gave the highest mean number of axillary shoots of 6.2
axillary shoots/explant. However, the rooting induction percentage was increased up to 40% when shoots where cultured on the rooting
medium supplemented with 5 ppm SiO2 NPs. Well rooted plantlets where transferred to greenhouse for acclimatization and the percentage of
survived transplants reached 60%. The addition of nanoparticles to the nutrient medium was promising towards plant improvemen
... Argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) is an endemic species to Morocco (Alouani & Bani-Aameur, 2014) and Algeria (Benaouf et al., 2014) characteristic of arid and semiarid areas of North Africa (Msanda et al., 57 2005). It is characterized by a thermophilic and xerophilic temperament but requires a fairly high atmospheric humidity, hence its presence in areas with a more or less marked oceanic influence (Berka & Harfouche, 2001). ...
Aim of study: The objective of this study was to optimize the germination of A. spinosa seeds after different physical pretreatments by thermal shock to establish a simple, effective, and less expensive procedure. Area of study: The study was conducted in the laboratory on seeds from four regions of Morocco (Aoulouz, Essaouira, Sidi Bou Othmane, and Boulaouane). Material and methods: The seeds were dried and stored. Before the launching of the experimental protocol, they were dehulled and applied each their pre-treatment for the four provenances. The pre-treatment used are the following. C: control without thermal shock, HC1: freezing, HC2: hot water, HC3: freezing + hot water. Main results: The results showed that the onset of germination of argan seeds subjected to pretreatment HC3 was reduced by 2 days on mean compared to seeds that were subjected to pretreatment (C). The application of the cold or hot pretreatment allowed us to reach up to 82% of the final percentage of germination. However, the combination of two pretreatments allowed us to reach up to 100% of the final germination percentage. Highlights: Freezing combined with hot water significantly improved the germination of A. spinosa seeds. This pretreatment could be recommended in the nursery for practitioners
... Berka and Harfouche (2001) recommended that argan seeds should be sown in summer, when the soil temperature is around 28 °C. Benaouf et al. (2014) obtained high germination percentages (90-95%) for argan seeds at 25-30 °C. ...
Key message
This paper summarizes recent findings on argan propagation through conventional and tissue culture techniques and outlines the advantages and limitations of each method. New directions for future research are proposed.
Abstract
Argan (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) is an agroforestry species that produces one of the most expensive oils in the world. In 1998, the endemic argan forest in Morocco was recognized as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO. Since then, argan has gained considerable international attention. Argan is primarily found in a limited coastal area of Morocco and is threatened by various biotic and abiotic factors, including overexploitation, urban expansion, overgrazing, successive years of drought, and climate change. Moreover, argan is difficult to propagate. Because the demand for argan products is constantly increasing, many researchers have attempted to develop efficient propagation methods using both conventional and tissue culture techniques. Conventional propagation has been successfully achieved by seeds, stem cuttings, and by grafting. In vitro propagation has been achieved through seed germination, nodal segment culture, micrografting, and organogenesis from zygotic explants. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on regeneration of argan via somatic embryogenesis or adventitious organogenesis from adult tissues. In this review, we discuss the main methods of argan propagation, summarize the progress made in this field, and report the most relevant findings from the literature. In addition, we highlight the advantages and limitations of each propagation method and propose new directions for future research.
... Due to its deep roots, argan tree can stand with drought and other stress conditions and can live for longer than 200 years (Villareal et al., 2013). Plant leaves are used for feeding cattle (Benaouf et al., 2014). Argan oil has an effective role in disease prevention and has antioxidant potential, chemopreventive, hypocholesterolemic, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties (Drissi et al., 2004 andGuillaume, 2010). ...
Argan (Argania spinosa) is a drought tolerant multipurpose tree, endemic to Morocco and has high economic and ecological importance, particularly for its valuable oil. The plant is endangered; therefore, the in vitro culture of this plant could conserve its natural populations. The aim of this research was the in vitro culture of argan and study the influence of titanium and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 and SiO2 NPs) on plant growth improvement. Argan seeds were germinated in vitro in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.537 µM β-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 1.445 µM gibberellic acid (GA3) and 4.44 µM benzyl adenine (BA) with 80% germination percentage. Shoot tips and stem node segments from seedlings were in vitro initiated on MS medium supplemented with 0.289 µM GA3, 2.325 µM kinetin (Kin) and 8.88 µM BA. Axillary shoots were multiplied on MS medium supplemented with 2.27 µM thidiazorun (TDZ) and 0.537 µM NAA giving 5.1 axillary shoots/explant. Elongated shoots were rooted on 9.8 µM indole butyric acid (IBA) and 5.37 µM NAA, with 30% root induction percentage. Nanoparticles of TiO2 and SiO2 were added in the best multiplication and rooting media. The application of TiO2 NPs at 10 ppm enhanced the multiplication of axillary shoots and gave the highest mean number of axillary shoots of 6.2 axillary shoots/explant. However, the rooting induction percentage was increased up to 40% when shoots where cultured on the rooting medium supplemented with 5 ppm SiO2 NPs. Well rooted plantlets where transferred to greenhouse for acclimatization and the percentage of survived transplants reached 60%. The addition of nanoparticles to the nutrient medium was promising towards plant improvement.
... En distintas subpoblaciones de J. jamaicensis de la Sierra Maestra, Rodríguez (2015) observó variación en la talla y el peso de las semillas. Este comportamiento ha sido reportado en otras especies forestales cubana como Pinus tropicalis (Bonilla, 2014) y esta influencia del origen de las semillas, igualmente ha sido detectada en diferentes especies forestales o arbustivas tropicales (Correa et al., 2013;Zohra et al., 2014;Barboza-Nogueira et al., 2014). ...
The study of the relationship between the forestry seeds quality and their germination brings key information for the conservation of these species and the establishment of management programs. Juglans jamaicensis C. DC (walnut) is an endangered species, located in the main mountain systems of Cuba. Populations of this species have suffered a drastic reduction due to different natural and anthropic factors. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the seed quality parameters (size and weight) of J. jamaicensis and its germination. The seeds were collected in San Blas and El Nicho, located in the Guamuhaya Mountain, south central Cuba, which were measured and weight. After that, the germination time and its average of germinated seeds were determined. It was determined if there was a relation between the size and weight of the seeds with the location a and the percentage germinated seeds. The average weight of the seeds was 4,84 g and the average size was 22,93 mm. The average germination time was 39,99 days, while the success was 37,4%. Both height, weight and germination time were different among locations; while the first two influenced the germination time. The results obtained confirm that J. jamaicensis has an erratic germination, where the seed quality is an element to be considered in the breeding and recovery programs of the species in the natural environment.
... The argan is a tree endemic to Algerian-Moroccan that belongs to the Sapotaceae family and is a forage, fruit and forest species. In Algeria, the characterization, enhancement, and promotion of production of this biological material have not been studied in recent years (Benaouf et al., 2014;Errouane et al., 2015;Hachem et al., 2016). Argan tree is a good forage source throughout the year, especially in drought periods, due to the palatability of its leaves for the goat population. ...
The argan tree is very important to the areas it occupies. However, its natural regeneration is quasi-absent, and reforestation is achieved through planting. To study germination in response to improving different factors, we collected argan fruits from Southwest Algeria. We found that the harvest period had a significant effect on seed germination (P<0.001) and that late harvesting and seed storage at 4°C resulted in poor germination potential. Additionally, shelled seeds required a short latency period to germinate. Further, the mother tree had no significant effect on the germination percentage. Data suggested that an earlier harvest date is likely to be beneficial for seedling production. © 2018, Range Management Society of India. All rights reserved.
... Argan tree forests are particularly sensitive to climate change, and during the twentieth century, their area has been reduced by half due to, among other factors, overexploitation of the trees by the local population Lybbert et al. 2011). Based on the role of argan roots in restoring soil fertility and retaining water moisture, the planting of argan trees in regions susceptible to desertification might reduce land degradation (Ait Aabd et al. 2011;Zohra et al. 2014), and this species is anticipated to ecologically replace other drought-sensitive oil-producing plants, such as olive trees, in Northern latitudes if global temperatures continue to rise. ...
In vitro culture and rooting of stem cuttings can be used for vegetative propagation of plant material. Argan trees (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) are endemic to semi-desert areas of South-western Morocco, where they cover more than 8000 km² and have important socio-economic and environmental impacts. Seed germination was improved by culturing in vitro isolated kernels on Murashige and Skoog (MS) axenic medium with 1.0 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA3). Newly in vitro-produced seedlings were then transferred to MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ) and 1.0 mg/L GA3 to promote shoot development. The microcuttings produced were rooted using MS medium supplemented with two synthetic auxins, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), at 1.0 mg/L each. The rooted microcuttings were then transplanted to soil and acclimated in a greenhouse environment. In addition, hardwood stem cuttings collected from adult argan trees were rooted by using a combination of IBA and NAA.
This study presents the first evidence of the mycorrhizal compatibility between the edible desert truffle Tirmania nivea and the valuable fruit tree Argania spinosa . Seed germination trials demonstrated that soaking pre-treatment of argan seeds in hydrogen peroxide (9%) for five days combined with the application of a fungicide treatment on an inert sowing material maximized the seed germination of this tree species. The mycorrhizal synthesis was conducted under greenhouse conditions by inoculating, in vivo , the host plant seedlings with spores of T. nivea . The growth and mycorrhizal status of A. spinosa was assessed 15.5 months after inoculation. The desert truffle mycorrhization significantly promoted all the investigated morphological parameters of growth and improved the physiological performances of the host plant through enhancing plant water status and chlorophyll concentration. The mycorrhizal symbiosis led to the formation of typical desert truffle endomycorrhizae with intracellular coils. The resistance of A. spinosa to the harsh environmental conditions of desert habitats makes it a potential candidate for cultivation of desert truffles.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the germination of seeds of five native forest species of Córdoba: Cedrela odorota, Cariniana pyriformis, Bombacopsis quinata, Anacardium excelsum and Schizolobium parahybum. The study was conducted between April of 2013 and May of 2014 at the Laboratory of Plant Breeding at the Universidad de Córdoba. A completely randomized design was used in each environment: germination chamber and greenhouse with five forest species as treatments and four replicates of 50 seeds each. All seeds were immersed in distilled water at room temperature of 27°C for 24 hours before planting. The parameters germination percentage (GP), germination speed index (GSI), mean daily germination (MDG), peak value (PV) and germination value (GV) were estimated and compared. The results showed statistical differences between species and interaction species x germination environments in combined analysis of variance for germination physiological parameters evaluated, except for PG. The values of germination parameter estimated were higher in germination chamber, with increases between 48.2% and 124.2% in MDG and GV, respectively. A excelsum showed the greatest differences between species in two germination environments in all parameters estimated, while B quinata showed minor differences. It is recommended to estimate the parameters in germination chambers, instead of greenhouse, whenever this equipment is available.
New initiatives in agroforestry are seeking to integrate into tropical farming systems indigenous trees whose products have traditionally been gathered from natural forests. This is being done in order to provide marketable products from farms that will generate cash for resource-poor rural and peri-urban households. This poverty-alleviating agroforestry strategy is at the same time linked to one in which perennial, biologically diverse and complex mature-stage agroecosystems are developed as sustainable alternatives to slash-and-burn agriculture.
One important component of this approach is the domestication of the local tree species that have commercial potential in local, regional or even international markets. Because of the number of potential candidate species for domestication, one crucial first step is the identification of priority species and the formulation of a domestication strategy that is appropriate to the use, marketability and genetic potential of each species.
For most of these hitherto wild species little or no formal research has been carried out to assess their food value, potential for genetic improvement or reproductive biology. To date their marketability can only be assessed by their position in the local rural and urban marketplaces, since few have attracted international commercial interest. To meet the objective of poverty alleviation, however, it is crucial that market expansion and creation are possible, hence for example it is important to determine which marketable traits are amenable to genetic improvement. While some traits that are relatively easy to identify do benefit the farmer, there are undoubtedly others that are important to the food, pharmaceutical or other industries that require more sophisticated evaluation.
This paper presents the current thinking and strategies of ICRAF in this new area of work and draws on examples from our program.
New initiatives in agroforestry are seeking to integrate into tropical farming systems indigenous trees whose products have traditionally been gathered from natural forests. This is being done in order to provide marketable products from farms that will generate cash for resource-poor rural and peri-urban households. This poverty-alleviating agroforestry strategy is at the same time linked to one in which perennial, biologically diverse and complex mature-stage agroecosystems are developed as sustainable alternatives to slash-and-burn agriculture.
One important component of this approach is the domestication of the local tree species that have commercial potential in local, regional or even international markets. Because of the number of potential candidate species for domestication, one crucial first step is the identification of priority species and the formulation of a domestication strategy that is appropriate to the use, marketability and genetic potential of each species.
For most of these hitherto wild species little or no formal research has been carried out to assess their food value, potential for genetic improvement or reproductive biology. To date their marketability can only be assessed by their position in the local rural and urban marketplaces, since few have attracted international commercial interest. To meet the objective of poverty alleviation, however, it is crucial that market expansion and creation are possible, hence for example it is important to determine which marketable traits are amenable to genetic improvement. While some traits that are relatively easy to identify do benefit the farmer, there are undoubtedly others that are important to the food, pharmaceutical or other industries that require more sophisticated evaluation.
This paper presents the current thinking and strategies of ICRAF in this new area of work and draws on examples from our program.
Semi-dwarf bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L., Durum Group) are often grown on saline soils in the western United States. Because of the lack of information on salinity effects on vegetative growth and seed yield of these two species, a 2-yr field plot study was conducted. Six salinity treatments were imposed on a Holtville silty clay [clayey over loamy, montmorillonitic (calcareous), hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvent] by irrigating with waters salinized with NaCl and CaCl2 (1:l by wt). Electrical conductivities of the irrigation waters were 1.5, 2.5, 5.0, 7.4, 9.9, and 12.4 dS/m the first year, and 1.5, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 16.1, and 20.5 dS/m the second year. Grain yield, vegetative growth, and germination were measured. Relative grain yields of one semi-dwarf wheat cultivar and two durum cultivars were unaffected by soil salinity up to 8.6 and 5.9 dS/m (electrical conductivity of the saturated-soil extract), respectively. Each unit increase in salinity above the thresholds reduced yield of the semi-dwarf cultivar by 3.0% and the two durum cultivars by 3.8%. These results place both species in the salt-tolerant category. Salinity increased the protein content of both grains but only the quality of the durum grain was improved. Vegetative growth of both species was decreased more by soil salinity than was grain yield. Both species were less salt tolerant at germination than they were after the three-leaf stage of growth.
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