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... Parmi ces essences, le pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.) est l'une des plus répandues (Quézel & Médail 2003). Jusqu'au début du Quartenaire, il y a environ 2,6 millions d'années, l'aire de répartition de cette espèce était bien plus septentrionale qu'aujourd'hui et était d'ailleurs commune à celle du pin brutia (Pinus brutia Ten.), une espèce très proche phylogénétiquement (Nahal 1962 ;Ruiz Daniels 2017 ;Olsson et al. 2021). Suite aux glaciations successives du Quartenaire, les populations de pin d'Alep ont trouvé refuge au Sud-Ouest de l'Europe et en Afrique du Nord, alors que le pin brutia a plutôt colonisé la partie Est du bassin méditerranéen (Nahal 1962 ;Ruiz Daniels 2017 ;Olsson et al. 2021). ...
... Jusqu'au début du Quartenaire, il y a environ 2,6 millions d'années, l'aire de répartition de cette espèce était bien plus septentrionale qu'aujourd'hui et était d'ailleurs commune à celle du pin brutia (Pinus brutia Ten.), une espèce très proche phylogénétiquement (Nahal 1962 ;Ruiz Daniels 2017 ;Olsson et al. 2021). Suite aux glaciations successives du Quartenaire, les populations de pin d'Alep ont trouvé refuge au Sud-Ouest de l'Europe et en Afrique du Nord, alors que le pin brutia a plutôt colonisé la partie Est du bassin méditerranéen (Nahal 1962 ;Ruiz Daniels 2017 ;Olsson et al. 2021). Depuis environ 10 000 ans, le pin d'Alep occupe l'aire de répartition que l'on connait actuellement (Nahal 1962 ;Ruiz Daniels 2017 ;Olsson et al. 2021) (Fig. 1). ...
... Suite aux glaciations successives du Quartenaire, les populations de pin d'Alep ont trouvé refuge au Sud-Ouest de l'Europe et en Afrique du Nord, alors que le pin brutia a plutôt colonisé la partie Est du bassin méditerranéen (Nahal 1962 ;Ruiz Daniels 2017 ;Olsson et al. 2021). Depuis environ 10 000 ans, le pin d'Alep occupe l'aire de répartition que l'on connait actuellement (Nahal 1962 ;Ruiz Daniels 2017 ;Olsson et al. 2021) (Fig. 1). Cet arbre est donc trouvé à l'état spontané sur la quasi-totalité du pourtour méditerranéen et plus particulièrement dans l'Ouest, en Espagne et en France. ...
Les forêts de pins d’Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.) sont très répandues dans le midi de la France. Pourtant, les connaissances sont encore lacunaires à leur sujet. Dans le site Natura 2000 « Massif de la Clape », sur le littoral audois, les particularités des forêts de pins d’Alep sont étudiées en détails. Une attention particulière est portée à la question de la dynamique de ces forêts, réputées pour être l’un des rares cas de pinèdes climaciques sous nos latitudes. Des relevés phytosociologiques de terrain et des paramètres topographiques et lithologiques sont mis à profit pour approfondir les connaissances sur les caractéristiques floristiques et écologiques de ces forêts. Une classification hiérarchique ascendante met en évidence trois groupes de forêts distincts à l’échelle locale. La même méthode est appliquée à l’échelle de la région méditerranéenne continentale française, pour laquelle six groupes distincts sont identifiés. On peut ainsi replacer les pinèdes du massif de la Clape au sein de leur contexte régional. Finalement, il s’avère que les forêts de la Clape s’inscrivent dans la série de végétation du chêne vert (Quercus ilex L.), comme la plupart des peuplements de la région. Rien ne prouve qu’elles aient atteint un climax.
... Sur des sols fertiles et profonds, la couronne conserve plus longtemps sa forme conique que sur les sols superficiels et pauvres (Nahal, 1962 (Nahal, 1962 ;Kadik, 1984). ...
... Sur des sols fertiles et profonds, la couronne conserve plus longtemps sa forme conique que sur les sols superficiels et pauvres (Nahal, 1962 (Nahal, 1962 ;Kadik, 1984). ...
... Les jeunes aiguilles sont dures, piquantes et persistantes pendant deux ou trois ans (Nahal, 1962). Etant souvent polyccyclique, les rameaux de cet arbre sont verts clair, puis gris clair, assez fins faisants une seconde pousse la même année. ...
Abstract
Our work is based on two main aspects : Initially, it was a question of drawing up for comparison a floristic and entomological inventory in Djelfa’s natural pine forests (Djellal and Toghersane) and reforestation (Moudjbara) to understand the biocenotic relationships between the species coexisting with the two conifers : Pinus halepensis Mil. and Cupressus dupreziana. We then tried to understand the behavior of the pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa regarding its host plant Pinus halepensis this, in order to provide some elements of reflection on new biocides methodological identification aspects, and then examine in the laboratory whether these compounds are a satisfactory response to the current concerns and requirements against this pest.
More than 73 plant species have been identified, constituting the first link in the trophic chain of 1368 arthropod individuals belonging to 62 different species. The distribution of these varies according to the seasons and forest stands studied.
In vitro, the methanolic extracts of Juniperus oxycedrus and Juniperus phoenicea revealed a weak biocidal effect against larvae of Thaumetopoea pityocampa. These extracts acted differently on the larvae, the analysis of the probits made it possible to estimate the LC50 at 13,427 ± 3,456 mg / cm² for the methanolic extracts of Juniperus oxycedrus and at 13,659 ± 3,059 mg / cm² for those of Juniperus phoenicea. Mortality rates vary from 54.4% to 56.2% on larvae.
In the same optics, Melia azedarach bioassays against fourth instar caterpillars of T.pityocampa found a positive correlation between the recorded mortality rates (between 50 and 100%) and the doses used (5, 10 and 15 mg / cm 2) after 24 hours of application. This efficiency was close to that of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins Kurstaki HD1 (20 μg / ml, 40 μg / ml, 80 μg / ml, 150 μg / ml and 300 μg / ml) which made it possible to record a 100% mortality rate of caterpillars three days after application, at a dose of 300 μg / ml. The use of the M. azedarach mixture and the δ-endotoxins of BtK HD1 gave 100% mortality after 24 hours of application. These results are accompanied by an anti-palatability effect observed after a significant reduction in the consumption of pine needles compared to untreated caterpillars. Histologically, this anti-appetite resulted in vacuolation of the intestinal cells of the treated larvae.
Key words: Biocenosis; Pinus halepensis; Cupressus dupreziana; Thaumetopoea pityocampa; biocidal effect; δ-endotoxines de BtK HD1
... Les arbres sont de grande taille : 15 à 20 m de hauteur et 50 à 60 cm de diamètre (Lapie et Maige, 1915;Chakroun, 1986;Fady et al., 2003). Les feuilles sont des aiguilles très fines, disposées par deux, de 6 à 12 cm de longueur et à peine 1 mm de largeur entourées à la base d'une gaine courte et persistante (Lapie et Maige, 1915;Emberger, 1938;Nahal, 1962). Les branches sont très nombreuses et forment une cime légère mais élancée à feuillage vert clair et aérée. ...
... Cette espèce est une essence de lumière (caractère héliophile), considérée l'une des grandes phénérophytes sempervirentes qui supporte de forts éclairements et de longues périodes de sécheresse d'où son caractère xérophile. Les écailles des cônes sont presque plates alors que l'écorce du tronc des jeunes sujets est lisse et d'un gris argenté, celle des arbres adultes est épaisse, écailleuse, profondément noirâtre et rougeâtre (Lapie et Maige, 1915;Nahal, 1962). ...
... Ceci peut aussi contribuer à une justification plus adéquate pour le choix de la consommation humaine aux graines de cette espèce. Des publications antérieures ont montré que 100 kg de cônes produisent environ 50 kg de graines ailées, et un kilogramme de graines renferme de 45000 à 56000 graines (Demontzey, 1882;Nahal, 1962). Une étude, menée dans la forêt de Sakiet Sidi Youssef au Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie sur le rendement en cônes et en graines, a montré que les valeurs moyennes de production oscillent entre 258,5 et 555,75 kg/ha pour les cônes et 5,11 et 11,6 kg/ha pour les graines (Sghaier et al, 1997). ...
Impact of environmental factors on Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) fructification in Tunisia forests. In Tunisia, the Aleppo pine seeds have a great importance, since in the last decades human consumption has risen substantially. Thus its regeneration and seed production capacities are important factors to take into account to reach the necessities of the country. To study the production of cones and seeds of Aleppo pine, Tunisia’s native Aleppo pine forests were surveyed in summer 2006, via 79 plots (40x25m: 1000m²) spread over four bioclimatic zones. Forest structure was surveyed using the standard inventory, the average tree or five dominant trees in each plot. Stand and tree characteristics, crown dimensions and cone/seed variables were measured from an average tree of each plot (i.e. a total of 79 trees). Results showed that Tunisian forests are even-aged since trees proportion with diameter at breast height (DBH) over than 30 cm were 3.2%, 1.3% and 25.3% using the three samplings tools applied. Recorded data were submitted to simple and multiple regression analyses for explaining the variability in crown volume and crown surface, cone number and seed yield per average tree. Results showed a negative correlation between the stand density, crown characteristics and number of cones and seeds harvested from the average tree. For crown volume and surface, age, stand density, tree height, diameter at breast height, crown diameter and crown height were important explanatory variables under multiple regression analyses. For cone number per tree, only the age, stand density and total height were the most determinant variables. Matures cone number per tree and cone mass per tree were the most informative parameters for the total seed yields per tree. Finally, forest managers should know that crown size affects cone and seed crop of the Aleppo pine individual tree grown in Tunisia, but has no effects on seed number per cone and seed mass per cone.
Keywords: Aleppo pine, forest structure, environmental factors, crown dimensions, cone number, seed yields, bioclimatic zones, Tunisia.
... Le pin d'Alep est cependant l'une des essences autochtones les moins étudiées du point de vue de la productivité, les travaux disponibles portant surtout sur sa dynamique après le feu (KUTIEL & NAVEH, 1987a ;BARBERO et al., 1987 ;LEPART & DEBUSSCHE, 1991 ;TRABAUD et al., 1997), sur son fonctionnement [KUTIEL & NAVEH, 1987b ;RAPP, 1990 ;GARCIA PIE et al., 1995) et très peu sur sa productivité (PARDE, 1957 ;NAHAL, 1962 ;SOULERES, 1975 ;AKRIMI, 1986). Pour essayer d'aller plus loin, nous avons choisi d'étudier la pinède de Tamga, le long de l'Oued Ahansal dans le Haut Atlas (Province d'Azilal), considérée comme l'une des plus belles pinèdes du Maroc et même du Bassin méditerranéen (QUEZEL, communication per-sonnelle). ...
... Un accroissement moyen de 0,30 à 0,86 m 3 ha -1 an -1 a été aussi cité pour les 100 000 ha de pin d'Alep en Tunisie (SOULERES, 1975). En France (PARDE, 1957 ;NAHAL, 1962), on signale des accroissements variant de 1 m 3 ha -1 an -1 , dans les classes médiocres, à 5 m 3 ha -1 an -1 dans les classes exceptionnelles. ...
... Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) is a hardy forest species in most bioclimatic variants in the Mediterranean basin [1][2][3] with the greatest ecological amplitude [4]. The Aleppo pine is of general interest in the Mediterranean basin because of its ecological characteristics, such as its wide distribution in addition to soil protection in areas where other species could not survive or the carbon sink properties even in areas of low site quality [5]. ...
... The Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) has a wide geographical distribution ranging from Morocco and Spain in the western Mediterranean basin to Lebanon, Syria and Jordan to the East [16]. In North Africa, it is the most widespread pine, and it is particularly well represented in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, covering about 1.3 million hectares [4]. Natural forests of Aleppo pine grow in North Africa at altitudes ranging from about 250 m above sea level in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia to 2000 m in Morocco [17]. ...
The Aleppo pine is a species of socio-economic value thanks to its seeds called ‘Zgougou’ in Tunisia. The objective of this study is the quantification of the seed production in the Aleppo pine forests in North-eastern Tunisia. The seeds have a socio-economic and cultural role. The results show that seed production can reach 335.4 kg ha⁻¹. The harvesting of Aleppo pine seeds provides employment for the local population in areas where the Aleppo pine flourishes. Reforestation of degraded areas should focus on Aleppo pine for these reasons.
... Pinus brutia is one of the main pine trees growing in the east Mediterranean region today, where populations are regarded by some authors as relicts of past climatic change. According to Nahal (1962), changes of climate in the eastern part of the Mediterranean area at the end of the Tertiary and the beginning of the Quaternary favoured P. brutia as being more resistant to cold, while the climate in the west favoured Pinus halepensis. According to Panestsos (1981) the present distribution of the two species is the outcome of the past geological history of the Mediterranean area and of the climatic conditions that prevailed during the Quaternary period. ...
... The taxonomic position and the distribution of these two Mediterranean pines have been dealt with in numerous publications during the last century (Komarov et al. , 1934(Komarov et al. , -1964Czecott, 1954;Feinbrun, 1958;Nahal, 1962;Critchfield and Little, 1966;Mirov, 1967;Mirov and Hasbourck, 1976;Panetsos, 1981;Klaus, 1989). P. brutia shows great similarity in its morphology to P. halepensis but differs in some characteristics. ...
... Pinus brutia is one of the main pine trees growing in the east Mediterranean region today, where populations are regarded by some authors as relicts of past climatic change. According to Nahal (1962), changes of climate in the eastern part of the Mediterranean area at the end of the Tertiary and the beginning of the Quaternary favoured P. brutia as being more resistant to cold, while the climate in the west favoured Pinus halepensis. According to Panestsos (1981) the present distribution of the two species is the outcome of the past geological history of the Mediterranean area and of the climatic conditions that prevailed during the Quaternary period. ...
... The taxonomic position and the distribution of these two Mediterranean pines have been dealt with in numerous publications during the last century (Komarov et al. , 1934(Komarov et al. , -1964Czecott, 1954;Feinbrun, 1958;Nahal, 1962;Critchfield and Little, 1966;Mirov, 1967;Mirov and Hasbourck, 1976;Panetsos, 1981;Klaus, 1989). P. brutia shows great similarity in its morphology to P. halepensis but differs in some characteristics. ...
The distribution area of Pinus brutia today covers mainly the eastern region of the Mediterranean. Dendrohistorical research, based on the analysis of wood remains from archaeological sites and historical buildings in Israel, indicates that during ancient times P. brutia was absent from the natural vegetation landscape of Israel and may have been much less important in the eastern Mediterranean region as a whole. However, it was very common in the vegetational landscape of the Eastern Mediterranean from the nineteenth century onwards. This points to changes which have taken place only during the last few hundred years, influenced mainly by human activities rather than by changes in climatic conditions.
... Pinus brutia is one of the main pine trees growing in the east Mediterranean region today, where populations are regarded by some authors as relicts of past climatic change. According to Nahal (1962), changes of climate in the eastern part of the Mediterranean area at the end of the Tertiary and the beginning of the Quaternary favoured P. brutia as being more resistant to cold, while the climate in the west favoured Pinus halepensis. According to Panestsos (1981) the present distribution of the two species is the outcome of the past geological history of the Mediterranean area and of the climatic conditions that prevailed during the Quaternary period. ...
... The taxonomic position and the distribution of these two Mediterranean pines have been dealt with in numerous publications during the last century (Komarov et al. , 1934(Komarov et al. , -1964Czecott, 1954;Feinbrun, 1958;Nahal, 1962;Critchfield and Little, 1966;Mirov, 1967;Mirov and Hasbourck, 1976;Panetsos, 1981;Klaus, 1989). P. brutia shows great similarity in its morphology to P. halepensis but differs in some characteristics. ...
a reassessment for the distribution of Pinus Brutia based on dendroarchaeological and dendrohistorical evidence fro Israel
... Il paraît s'adapter à toutes les conditions écologiques, même les plus contraignantes. C'est, avec le pin sylvestre, le résineux le plus abondant en région méditerranéenne française Son écologie, sa croissance en volume, et son traitement sylvicole ont été étudiés par les forestiers et les scientifiques (PARDÉ, 1957 ;NAHAL, 1962 ;ABBAS et al, 1985 ;DOUHERET, 1992 ;COUHERT et DUPLAT, 1992), mais les connaissances de son autécologie et de sa croissance en hauteur demeuraient limitées. Cet arbre était laissé un peu pour compte en raison de sa grande plasticité et de sa frugalité. ...
... The tree is adapted to growth on marly and calcareous marly limestone, schists and micaschists [16]. This conifer can live up to 150 years with an important biomass and a length of 25 m [17]. Its leaves in the form of needles of 6-12 cm, the cones of ovoid conical shape of 8 to 12 cm long [18] carrying consumable seeds. ...
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Pinus halepensis inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal
fungi spores belonging to Scleroderma in phytoremediation of polymetallic soil. Tailings were collected
in the Kettara polymetallic abandoned mine in southern Morocco and diluted with sand in the following
proportions, 10%, 25%, 50% and 75%. The pots experiment was conducted for six months under
greenhouse conditions. The results show that the studied plant reveals a great tolerance even at high
proportion of contaminated soil (75%). The average length and biomass of the aerial and root parts
of both inoculated and non-inoculated seedlings decreased with the increase of the proportion of the
polluted soil. The inoculated seedlings have shown higher length and biomass than non-inoculated
seedlings. The symbiotic association between Pinus halepensis and the fungus Scleroderma could be
proposed as an ultimate solution for the phytoremediation of polluted soils.
... It is a widespread species in the Mediterranean region, where its range has been defined by many authors (Nahal, 1962). It is a common species, especially in the western Mediterranean region, however, it is also found in various parts of the eastern Mediterranean basin. ...
The present study focuses on an analysis of the evolution of plant biodiversity dynamics in a steppic zone from a phytoecological standpoint, concentrating on a set of reforested species in the Sidi Bel Abbes region (Cas de Ras El Ma). The research work is based on geographical, physiological, biometric and clima c aspects. The results obtained from this study include the botanical and biological aspects of each species selected. The comparison of the di erent biological, morphological and biogeographical spectra reveals the importance of therophytes, which is consistent with a signi cant degeneration accented by stressors during the recent decades, with the presence of strong therophy za on which eliminates sylva c forma ons at the level of these steppic ecosystems. Despite the presence of a shrub layer, which can present an illusion to the contrary, it is no longer a forest ecosystem, but a pre-forest ecosystem transforming into a sca ered matorral characterized by a oris c diversity of seed plants. The distribution of families in the study area is heterogeneous, with Fabaceae domina ng at (13.46%), followed by Poaceae (11.54%), Lamiaceae with (7.69%), Ranunculaceae, Asteraceae, Lili- aceae, Cistaceae, Cupressaceae, Carphyllaceae, Papaveraceae, Pinaceae, Fagaceae and Brassicaceae with (3.85%). The ac ons of the management plans enabled us to determine the various factors that in uence the development and the distribution of the plant species in the region of Sidi Bel Abbes and the strategy of protec on and preservation for a sustainable development.
... The P. halepensis species grows in dry, arid areas, at an altitude ranging between 1050 and 1250 m where the annual rainfall is between 167 mm and 215 mm, with a mean minimum temperature ranging from 0 °C to 2 °C. (Nahal, 1962;Quézel, 1980) mention that at the Mediterranean level P. halepensis grows in areas where the rainfall is high-er than 200 mm (arid zones of Algeria and Tunisia). (Rathgeber, 2000) deduced that P. halepensis grows within areas where the annual rainfall is between 200 and 1500 mm. ...
Pinus halepensis Mill. (Aleppo pine) is a forest species. Since the 1970s thisspecies has been used in the reforestation of Naâma region (South-WestAlgeria) for the restoration of supposedly degraded lands and to fight againstsilting. Our study focused on the growth of this taxon and some environmental descriptors. Climatic analyses classify the study area in the arid bioclimatic stage. A clear setback of the selected stations was observed on theEmberger diagrams, and this consequently allowed us to deduce the accentuation of the pejorative effects of climate on the dynamics of the vegetationcover in place, and that P. halepensis can develop in arid climates. The results of the physicochemical analyses of the studied soils revealed silt-sandyand sandy-loam textures, with a pH ranging from 7.1 to 8.08. The measurement of the electrical conductivity allowed deducing that the soils of thestudied stations were unsalted. The total carbonate content was high; thishigh grade was related to the nature of the bedrock, which is often limestone. The recorded values of the organic matter were low and ranged from0.3% to 1.7%. The average heights of the trees sampled in the reference stations were very contrasting; they generally oscillated between 2.3 and 16.4m. The CPA based statistical combinations highlighted the importance of thesoil depth and that of the texture on P. halepensis growth. Despite an aridclimate (low rainfall, high temperature) and poor and shallow soils, Pinushalepensis stands can develop in pre-steppe areas. This species has a remarkable ecological plasticity and is resistant to changes in the region ofNaâma (south-west Algeria).
... Più attendibile appare la proposta che fa derivare sapinus da sapa o sap = succo, linfa, resina, attestato da Hofmann (1698), il quale indica sapa = umore degli alberi degli antichi latini, e da Quattrocchi (2000), il quale, con riferimento a sapinus, riporta il gallico sap (secrezione da un tronco lesionato) aggiunto a pinus da cui sappinus = resina-pino o pece-pino. Nel Medioevo si sarebbe diffuso, come indicazione generica, il termine sappinus e successivamente za(p)pino, (Nahal 1963, Allegri 1973. Nell'isola di Pantelleria esistono 930 ha di pinete spontanee, di cui 830 ha di pino marittimo e 100 ha di pino d'Aleppo, da considerarsi relitti di antiche e più estese fitocenosi (Agostini 1972). ...
The plant name “zappino” most certainly comes from Latin, from Sap(p)inus = zappino, which is cited by many classic Latin authors such as Pliny, Virgil, Vitruvius, etc. The first vernacular attestations date back to the year 978. Just like the Romans gave sap(p)inus various meanings (pine tree, pine or spruce trunk, pine cone), today the name zappino is given to many different species: Aleppo pine tree, black pine, larch pine, cluster pine, local pine, spruce, larch. The word zappino has also been included in local toponomastics in areas with abundant resinous species; the toponym has been preserved until modern times, also in districts where the species no longer exist and local people have long since lost the memory of them. The attribution of zappino to the Fontegreca (Caserta, southern Italy) cypress tree does not appear to be sufficiently documented and semantically correct. It is likely that the word origin (with various contaminations) is an animal name, deriving from a Balcanic dialect (=billy goat, kid, goat, plots of land or mountains, streams or road networks), associated with the presence of little goats that have nothing to do with the cypress tree; a similar etymology could be applied to toponyms of sites where pine trees or spruce trees have never existed.
... Le pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.) est une espèce forestière rustique, très présente dans la plupart des variantes bioclimatiques du bassin méditerranéen (PARDE 1957, QUEZEL 1986, MEZALI 2003. Son amplitude écologique est très vaste (NAHAL 1962). Même si c'est entre 350 et 700 mm de précipitations annuelles que l'espèce présente son développement maximal (QUEZEL 1980), la pluviométrie ne semble pas être un facteur déterminant pour sa répartition puisqu'elle pousse dans des zones où les précipitations annuelles sont comprises entre 200 et 1 500 mm (RATHGEBER 2002). ...
Une expérimentation multi-sites a été conduite en Tunisie pour étudier les performances génotypiques de 41 provenances du pin d’Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.), plantées en 1964 et 1965. Sur base de cinq critères morphologiques, des analyses statistiques (Wricke’s ecovalence, Hühn’s stability) ont mis en évidence une interaction entre les provenances et les conditions du milieu pour finalement en recommander quatre à savoir Selloum, Semmama, Berino et Mellègue.
... Aleppo pine wood has similar physical and mechanical properties of other most used softwoods such as spruce, fir and Douglas fir (Langbour et al. 2011). It was described as a fairly lightweight material with densities between 0.532 and 0.866 (Nahal 1962). ...
Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica Manetti), thuya (Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters), Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster var atlantica Ait) are among important Mediterranean coniferous species that provide softwood round timber. Atlas cedar and thuya are well known for their noble timber used in ebinestry and marquetry while those of the two pines are mainly used as wood service. The natural durability is an important property of wood regarding performance and service life. The present work is conducted to assess the natural durability of these woods against wood destroying fungi, in laboratory test, according to the methods described in the European standards, CEN/TS 15083-1 and NF EN 350-1. Mass losses of wood specimens, after 16 weeks of exposure to fungi attack, showed that C. atlantica and T. articulata woods are very durable to durable against wood-decay fungi attack. Such natural durability allows these woods to access the risk classes of biological attacks 4 and 5 (high risk) for end-use without preservative treatment, while P. halepensis and P. pinaster var atlantica woods, classified as less to none durable, must be treated before use at high risk classes circumstances.
... בע"פ(. זהבי, )עמי ברוטיה מאורן יותר בעת ישראל בארץ ירושלים אורן של התפוצה שדגם מכיוון )ליפשיץ החדשה ובעת (Liphschitz & Biger 2001 1934-1963Czeott, 1954;Feinbrun, 1953;Nahal 1962;Critchfield & Little, 1966;Mirov, 1967;Mirov & Hasbourck, 1967;Panetsos, 1981;Klaus, 1989 ...
... Pour rendre leur utilisation plus large, les tables de production élaborées peuvent être accompagnées par des tables complémentaires de Introduction Le pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.) est une espèce forestière rustique, très présente dans la plupart des variantes bioclimatiques du bassin méditerranéen (Pardé 1957 ;Quezel 1986 ;Mezali 2003). C'est l'une des essences méditerranéennes qui possède l'amplitude écologique la plus vaste (Nahal 1962). Même si c'est entre 350 et 700 mm de précipitation annuelle que l'espèce présente son développement maximal (Quezel 1980), la pluviométrie ne semble pas être un facteur déterminant de sa répartition puisqu'elle pousse dans des zones où les précipitations annuelles sont comprises entre 200 et 1 500 mm (Rathgeber TAHAR SGHAIER, YOUSSEF AMMARI 2002). ...
Growth and yield models for Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) stands in Tunisia were adjusted from data obtained in 348 temporary plots. Four site quality of 13,5 ; 10,5 ; 7,5 et 4,5 were obtained from site index model adjusted with polymorphic difference equation derived from the Lundqvist-Korf function. The site index was defined as dominant height at 50 years of age. Thanks to this site index model and other developed sub-models, two types of yield tables were elaborated and compared. The first tables were developed using the average observed silviculture and the seconds using a simulation with the Hart-Becking index. With increments and total volume comparable, tables resulting from simulation with Hart-Becking index, give stems with much more significant sizes at the end of the rotation fixed at 80 years. For a broad use of the elaborated yield tables, these tables can be accompanied by complementary tables which present the distribution of trees and volumes by diameter classes. These last tables can be simulated by using the model of stems distribution by diameter classes, adjusted within the framework of the same study.
... Ces résultats ont montré que les peuplements à base P. brutia sont particulièrement attractifs et plus sensibles aux attaques de la chenille processionnaire de pin en comparaison avec P. halepensis. Cette attractivité peut être due à la teneur en composés organiques volatils produits par les deux espèces, selon NAHAL (1962), la teneur en térébenthine chez le pin d'Alep est supérieur à celle chez le pin brutia lui confère un effet répulsif des insectes ravageurs [7]. Le même auteur a déterminé une teneur de cette substance de l'ordre de 24% chez le P. halepensis par rapport à 15% chez P. brutia. ...
... Son écologie, sa croissance en volume, et son traitement sylvicole ont été étudiés par les forestiers et les scientifiques (PARDÉ, 1957 ;NAHAL, 1962 ;ABBAS et al, 1985 ;DOUHERET, 1992 ;COUHERT et DUPLAT, 1992), mais les connaissances de son autécologie et de sa croissance en hauteur demeuraient limitées. Cet arbre était laissé un peu pour compte en raison de sa grande plasticité et de sa frugalité. ...
Une étude autécologique du pin d'Alep a été réalisée en Provence calcaire.Le domaine d'étude couvre 500 000 ha dont 95 000 ha sont occupés par les forêts à pin d'Alep. Un échantillonnage stratifié selon 4 facteurs principaux essaye de prendre en compte au maximum les variation du milieu. Une modélisation de la croissance en hauteur du pin d'Alep permet d'élaborer un indice de fertilité, définissant 5 classes de productivité. Les relations entre cet indice et les facteurs du milieu naturel sont étudiés. On abouti à une clé autécologique, outil simple d'évaluation de la productivité du pin d'Alep pour les forestiers de terrain.Cette étude met en exergue les bonnes dispositions du pin d'Alep sur les stations à bilan hydrique élevé et température moyenne annuelle chaude. Elle confirme qu'il a peu de concurrents pour la croissance sur les sites arides et dégradés de la Provence. Les températures fraîches sont limitantes, ce qui explique sa disparition au dessus de 700 mètres.
... Depuis plus de cinquante ans, le pin d'Alep (Pin us halepensis Mill.) fait l'objet, en France comme à l'étranger, de publications relatives à sa biologie, à son écologie et à sa productivité (de Carmantrand 1940;Oppenheimer 1945;Francini 1953;Messeri 1953;Pardé 1957;Nahal 1963;Devaux et al. 1975;Abbas et al. 1985;Liphschitz et Lev-Yadun 1986;Liphschitz et Mendel 1987;Liphschitz et al. 1984; Grunwald et Schiller 1988;Attolini et al. 1990. Se reporter aussi à la rubrique "Kiosque" de ce numéro. ...
... This has resulted in an emphasis towards restoration of P. halepensis forests to avoid wildfires, to re-establish stands and to promote associated wildlife (Sirois 2000, Bladé and Vallejo 2008, Moya et al. 2008. The Aleppo pine is the most abundant Pinus species in eastern Spain, northern Algeria and Tunisia, but is dominated by other coniferous species in other areas of the Mediterranean region (Nahal 1962, Quezel 2000. This species (P. ...
The most interesting factors associated with seed and cone production of Aleppo pine were largely reviewed to identify broad
patterns and potential effectiveness of reforestation efforts and planning. Aleppo pine cone production and seed yields are
relatively variable, with differences between spatial and temporal influences. These differences are considered, mainly between
(i) year, (ii) stand characteristics and (iii) individual tree measurements. Annual variability among populations was recorded
for cone production per tree, based on influencing factors such as genetic characteristics, wetness, nutrient availability,
insect pests and disease. In addition, some factors may affect Aleppo pine tree growth directly but may be affecting seed
and cone production indirectly. Therefore, reduced stand density results in less competition among Aleppo pine trees and accompanying
understory flora, which subsequently increases the stem diameter and other tree dimensions, including seed production. This
review suggests that reforestation planning, particularly thinning, will result in improved tree morphology that will increase
Aleppo pine seed and cone crops. Wildfire intensity and stand conditions such as light and soil nutrient status are also examined.
... Pour rendre leur utilisation plus large, les tables de production élaborées peuvent être accompagnées par des tables complémentaires de Introduction Le pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.) est une espèce forestière rustique, très présente dans la plupart des variantes bioclimatiques du bassin méditerranéen (Pardé 1957 ;Quezel 1986 ;Mezali 2003). C'est l'une des essences méditerranéennes qui possède l'amplitude écologique la plus vaste (Nahal 1962). Même si c'est entre 350 et 700 mm de précipitation annuelle que l'espèce présente son développement maximal (Quezel 1980), la pluviométrie ne semble pas être un facteur déterminant de sa répartition puisqu'elle pousse dans des zones où les précipitations annuelles sont comprises entre 200 et 1 500 mm (Rathgeber TAHAR SGHAIER, YOUSSEF AMMARI 2002). ...
Growth and yield models for Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) stands in Tunisia were adjusted from data obtained in 348 temporary plots. Four site quality of 13,5; 10,5; 7,5 et 4,5 were obtained from site index model adjusted with polymorphic difference equation derived from the Lundqvist-Korf function. The site index was
defined as dominant height at 50 years of age. Thanks to this site index model and other developed sub-models, two types of yield tables were elaborated and compared. The first tables were developed using the average observed silviculture and the seconds using a simulation with the Hart-Becking index. With ncrements and total volume comparable, tables resulting from simulation with Hart-Becking index, give stems
with much more significant sizes at the end of the rotation fixed at 80 years. For a broad use of the elaborated yield tables, these tables can be accompanied by complementary tables which present the distribution of trees and volumes by diameter classes. These last tables can be simulated by using the model of stems distribution
by diameter classes, adjusted within the framework of the same study.
... Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests are widely distributed around the Mediterranean sea (CRITCHFIELD & LITTLE 1966). Present area of distribution is the result of geomorphological and climatic changes in the Tertiary and Quaternary (NAHAL 1962;PANETSOS 198 1) and probably, to some extent, also due to human activity (%HILLER & BRUNORI 1992;SCHILLER & MENDEL 1995). ...
Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes extracted from the megagametophytes of germinated Aleppo pine (Pin~rs halepensis Mill.) seeds showed that alleles which are unique to the East Mediterranean group, i.e., Cat-2 allele tno and Aapl allele two, appear also in the Jordanian populations. Mean expected heterozygosity of the Israeli and the Jordanian Aleppo pine groups was 0.143 and 0.140 respectively. Mean genetic identity between these two groups of Aleppo pine populations is 0.991+0.001 in comparison with the mean genetic identity among the eight Israeli Aleppo pine relict populations (0.994=0.005), or between the Israeli and other circum Mediterranean Aleppo pine populations (O.977*0.015). Mean Hs \vas 0.143 and mean H, was 0.149, mean G,,, ie., proportion of total diversity among populations was relatively low - 0.05. Mean genetic distance \vas 0.006 \vhich is similar to the genetic distance among native Israeli populations. The results show that most of the genetic diversity in I? halepensis lies within populations and onlb, a little among the two groups of populations namely the Israeli and Jordanian group. These results confirm a previous hypothesis about the genetic identity of Pinus halepensis populations in Israel and Jordan.
... Aleppo pine stands are frequently isolated from each other, causing them to develop complex models of genetic variations (Schiller et al., 1986). Because it is highly resistant to drought and unfavorable soil, Aleppo pine is very useful in Mediterranean region reafforestation programs (Nahal, 1962). The greatest hindrance to its spread is frost, particularly since it has a very light winter dormancy and readily resumes physiological activity and growth (Bernetti, 1995). ...
The paper investigates frost hardening and resistance in two-year-old seedlings of three Aleppo pine provenances (Litorale tarantino, Eubea, Kassandra). Starting in early autumn, field-raised seedlings were sampled fortnightly and subjected to temperatures of +4, -6, -12, and -17 °C. Electrolyte release was measured before and after boiling of the samples, separated according to organ type. Conductivity values were converted into damage index It. The findings were then correlated to mean climate data (maximum, minimum, and mean temperature, theoretical sunshine duration) recorded over the 2-12 days prior to sampling. Acquired frost resistance increased gradually from the first sampling till January, as the day length and air temperature decreased. Subsequent hardening-dehardening fluctuations indicated that frost resistance in Aleppo pine is strongly dependent on microclimate conditions. Provenance Kassandra displayed the greatest frost resistance. The differences between the 3 provenances were not marked. Aleppo pine is considered a thermophilic species. From our data, however, it appears capable of tolerating winter temperatures as low as-12 °C. Damage index at -12 °C (I-12) showed the greatest fluctuations from November to March and correlated best with the climate parameters. The most significant correlation coefficient was provided by the mean temperature of the 10 days prior to sampling.
... The hypothesis was tested that even under extreme drought no runaway xylem embolism ± sensu Tyree and Sperry (1988) ± and no irreversible xylem disfunction may occur, due to the control of transpiration by the adjustment of stomatal aperture or carbon allocation. Pinus halepensis is an important tree species of the Mediterranean basin (Nahal 1962). ...
The present study was carried out to elucidate the response mechanisms of 50-year-old Pinus halepensis Mill. trees to a long-term and severe drought. The amount of water available to trees was artificially restricted for 12 months by covering the soil with a plastic roof. Over the short term a direct and rapid impact of drought was evident on the water relations and gas exchanges of trees: as the soil dried out in the Spring, there was a concurrent decrease of predawn water potential; transpiration was strongly reduced by stomatal closure. Seasonal changes in the water volume fractions of twig and stem xylem were observed and interpreted as the result of cavitation and refilling in the xylem. When droughted trees recovered to a more favourable water status, refilling of embolized xylem was observed; twig predawn water potentials were still negative in the period when the embolism was reversed in the twig xylem. A few months after the removal of the covering, no differences in whole plant hydraulic resistance were observed between droughted and control trees. Needle and shoot elongation and stem radial growth were considerably reduced in droughted trees; no strategy of trees to allocate carbon preferentially to the stem conducting tissues was apparent throughout the experiment. An after-effect of the drought on growth was observed.
... In the Mediterranean basin, where Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Miller) is naturally widespread (Nahal 1962), the population dynamics of plant species is often influenced by the occurrence of natural fires (Naveh 1975;Di Castri et al. 1981). Some adaptive traits developed by P. halepensis to couple with fire-induced disturbances are known: large storage of seed in the crown, requiring great allocation of assimilates to reproductive processes (El Aouni 1980), and abundant seed release after fire, providing natural regeneration (Trabaud et al. 1985). ...
Seed density, seed colour and the number of seed damaged by birds were monitored for several months, after a late-spring fire, in two Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Miller) stands growing in South Italy. In one stand (S(1)) the trees were completely burned ('charred), in the other one (S(2)) the trees were only scorched, with a crown in part still alive after fire. 37% and 61% of seeds were released during the first month, respectively in S(1) and S(2). Damaged seeds accounted for 43% and 23% of seeds collected in the whole period, respectively in the charred and in the scorched stand. In both stands the percentage of empty seeds increased in late-dispersed seed lots. The colour of released seeds changed with time: dark grey-brown seeds were released at first, whereas late-dispersed seeds showed a yellowish colour. The principal component analysis performed on the categorical colour variables produced a good discrimination between seed lots collected at different dates. Seed dispersal and the characteristics of released seeds have been discussed in relation to the post-fire recruitment process and, in particular, to the possibility that the predation risk by granivorous birds may be reduced by a mimicry effect of seeds to the underlying soil.
Background
Species distributions and abundances are undergoing rapid changes worldwide. This highlights the significance of reliable, integrated information for guiding and assessing actions and policies aimed at managing and sustaining the many functions and benefits of species. Mapping and monitoring of forest extent is a common requirement of regional forest inventories and public land natural resource management which requires generation of an accurate database on spatial forest structure distribution and environmental variables. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology is an effective tool in modern management programs for forest ecosystems. The environmental factors which probably affect in the natural regeneration of Cedrus libani A. Richard in its natural distribution forest in Slenfeh, Syria, were modeled using the binary logistic regression (BLR) model. The effect of environmental factors (spatial and forest structure factors, topographic factors, and spectral indicators) was studied, each one as single set and then their combined effect with each other on the probability of the presence of C. libani seedlings in Slenfeh.ResultsThe accuracy of the model was clearly improved by studying the effect of environmental factors combined together (84%), while the accuracy of the other studied models did not exceed 70%.Conclusion
The results showed that the forest cover (Cedrus libani, broad leaved except oaks, mixed) is considered a good condition for natural regeneration of C. libani, while the lack of soil moisture in summer was a negative factor in the possibility of the presence of C. libani seedlings in Slenfeh.
The protected area contains various elements of Mediterranean flora and some Irano-Turanian elements. Few species occur of the hot variant of Mediterranean bio-climate zones, and most of these are threatened. Ceratonia siliqua, Olea europaea and Myrtus communis are major representatives of this category. Species found in the Eu-Mediterranean zone are: Pistacia palaestina, Quercus calliprinos, Laurus nobilis, Spartium junceum, Acer syriacum and Juniperus oxycedrus.
The importance of ABU QUBEIS protected area comes from its geological, geo-morphological and biological structures. The number of plant species in the protected area flora is estimated at 350 with six endemic species. The site supports as many as 25 rare or endangered species, though these figures are somewhat uncomfirmed. ABU-QUBIES was declared a forest protected area by the Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform (MAAR) Ministerial decision 17/T of 18 May 1999. The initial total area designated by this decision was 11,000 ha. However, the national team survey concluded that the area actually designated is only 5,000 ha. The previous declaration decision did not specify the type of the protected area. However, it clearly banned all activities including trespassing over the site and imposed heavy penalties for violations. Ongoing threats include: Overgrazing, woodcutting charcoal making, Hunting and Fire.
In the context of recent climate changes and their impact on the vegetation cover in the southern shore of the Mediterranean, this paper deals with the potential distribution in the present and the future of the Aleppo pine in the north‐east of Algeria. Accordingly, this study focuses on modelling of the spatiotemporal distribution of the Aurasian Aleppo pine, by means of MaxEnt program. The models developed with MaxEnt showed good predictivity with AUC > 0.80 for the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios projected, respectively, for 2055 and 2085. The results showed that the annual thermal amplitude followed by altitude appear to be the main factors of the spatiotemporal distribution of Aleppo pine in the study area. Under current conditions, only 20% of the territory seems favourable to the presence of the Aleppo pine. However, future predictions expect an extension of the areas classified as “moderately favourable” to the Aleppo pine. In response to climate changes, the Aurasian Aleppo pine may display two contrasted tendencies: a progressive evolution in the north, and a regressive evolution in the south of the Aurès region as well as a displacement of suitable areas for Aleppo pine to the north.
Le travail abordé dans le cadre de cette étude concerne l’évaluation et l’étude de production et la
sylviculture des principales essences de reboisement au Maroc, à savoir le pin maritime (Pinus pinaster)
et le pin d’Alep (Pinus halepensis).
Vu leur contribution économique non négligeable et leur importance en matière de reboisement, le pin
maritime et le pin d’Alep, ont fait l’objet de plusieurs études. Cette étude a montré que :
- la variabilité des milieux de point de vue écologique, édaphique et topographique influence la
capacité de production ;
- le pin maritime de montagne est plus productif dans un bioclimat humide que dans des bioclimats
sub-humide et semi-aride;
- les plantations du pin maritime de plaine ne réussie que sur le littoral atlantique où les températures
estivales sont atténuées et où l’hygrométrie de l’air est relativement forte.
La comparaison des résultats de productivité des différentes études sur le pin maritime de plaine avec
celle de montagne, a montré que la variété de plaine plantée au Maroc sur le littoral atlantique est plus
productive que la variété de montagne. On peut ainsi conclure et préconiser le reboisement de la variété
landaise (atlantica) sur la frange atlantique et la variété maghrebiana à l’intérieur du pays.
Les efforts de reboisement, en matière de production de bois d’oeuvre et d’industrie aussi bien en
qualité qu’en quantité, restent tributaires de l’application de méthodes sylvicoles adéquates (élagages,
éclaircie).
Mots clés : Pin maritime (Pinus pinaster), Pin d’Alep (Pinus halepensis), reboisement, production,
élagages, éclaircies.
The objective of this study focuses on determining the mechanical and physical characteristics on the principal Algerian woods namely: Aleppo pine (Pinus helepensis), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Holm oak (Quercus ilex), zeen oak (Quercus faginea) and the cork oak (Quercus suber) that form the Algerian forest panorama. From each wood studied, specimens packed in accordance with the standards NF B-51, were fired from two trees and subject to qualification tests. Aleppo pine, maritime pine and oak have a middle coefficient of total volumetric retractibility. The same coefficient is low in the case of the oak zeen and strong in the cork oak. The green oak and oak zeen have a density of 0.92 and 0.90 kg/dm3, respectively, qualified as "heavy". The cork oak and Aleppo pine are "midheavy", maritime pine has a density of 0.43 kg/dm3 qualified as "soft wood". In hardness, the woods tested belong to the category of mid- hard wood". The woods of oak and Aleppo pine are characterized by their "great resistance" in static bending, but for mines and ties, the woods of oak zeen, through its high rear resistance is the most suitable. In the mobile uses defined by the test of impact resistance, wood oak zeen stands out. The traction resistance perpendicular to the plane, except cork wood, all other woods are qualified of "middle resistance". The study of the physical and mechanical properties permit to identify and to expand the spectrum of use and lead to a new dynamic in the forest management of 3, 700, 000 ha occupied by the cited species.
The morphological variability of Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinea L. cones and seeds was studied as a function of the geographic conditions of the various sites. A variance analysis of the morphological parameters considered for both species indicates highly significant inter-site differences, which largely reflect the influence of site conditions on the morphology of cones and nuts and on fruit yield. The Aleppo Pine stands with the highest yield are those located at higher elevations with an arid climate. One of the Stone Pine stands noticeably outscores the others for the parameters examined.
In Algeria, Pinus halepensis covers about 850 000 ha in coastal and inland areas where populations are subjected to various selection pressures. A few studies have shown a substantial difference between population variation in phenotypes for adaptive traits and morphology suggesting geographic and ecotypic differentiation within the species. The present work, which is based on 49 open pollinated families of eight stands of Aleppo pine from the western coastal region of Algiers, is intended for getting information on within-population variation. There were small differences between stands for most traits suggesting that little genetic differentiation between stands exists within the studied region. Parameters as size and location of stands may play a role in shaping genetic variation within stands. This variation was generally of lesser importance in small and/or coastal stands. Given the size of the studied area, it was not expected to find marked links between traits and geographic variables such as altitude or longitude; nevertheless, it was observed west-east clines of variation for 100-seed weight and wing width, parallels with an increase in annual rainfall from western to eastern parts of the zone. As a direct implication for selection, it may not be of interest to retain for seed use purposes stands or restricted areas when prospecting at a local scale; rather, priority should be given to selecting families and/or individuals. And, at the whole population level, because of the weak level of differentiation among stands, it would be sufficient to preserve only a few of stands for ensuring efficient gene conservation.
Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) is a species threatened by anthropogenic overexploitation due to climate change. To contribute to its conservation, we evaluate the structure and the genetic diversity of the natural pine populations. We studied the genetic diversity of 14 populations (Rif, Middle Atlas, eastern Morocco and High Atlas) using an isoenzymatic marker. The results of the analysis indicated that the genetic variation of pine in Morocco is modest in comparison with other Mediterranean provenances. However, the study revealed a high coefficient of differentiation among populations (Fst = 9.5%). Two main population groups were identified based on genetic distances: South-West and North-East.
The analysis of uniparentally inherited genomes can provide a deep insight into the evolutionary histories of populations. Molecular lineages are not perturbed as a consequence of the absence of recombination and relationships among them can be ascertained on the basis of their phylogenetic divergence (1). Sequence analysis of the hypervariable mitochondrial control region (see Chapter 21.5, for example) has made possible the study of the dynamics, relationships and history of populations in many animal species, including humans (2). Such a tool has not been available for the analysis of plant populations because of the unstable structure of mitochondrial plant genomes and the high degree of sequence conservation of chloroplast genomes.
Variability in chemical composition and antioxidant activities of Pinus halepensis Mill. essential oils, collected from ten different bioclimatic areas in Algeria was investigated. The impact of geographic variation and environmental conditions on this variability was studied by using canonical correspondence analysis. GC and GC–MS analyses showed that α-pinene (7.6–22.3%), myrcene (10.5–24.1%), p-cymene (8.7–14.6%), (Z)-β-caryophyllene (15.6–27.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (0–12.5%) are the major components. Hierarchical cluster, principal component and canonical correspondence analyses showed that the investigated provenances essential oils are divided into three groups. The first group (S1–S5) was characterized by caryophyllene oxide, related to elevated areas in dolomitic soils that are wet during summer and being strongly dependent on continentality index. The second group (S6, S7) was characterized by p-cymene and occupied areas in limestone soils that are relatively dry during summer. The third group of provenances (S8–S10) was characterized by α-pinene and was strongly related to the bioclimatic factors affecting hydric balance in plants and soils. Based on the four DPPH, reducing power, β-carotene bleaching and chelating ability tests, the investigated essential oils highlighted important antioxidant activities. The highest antioxidant activities were exhibited by the first group (S1-–S5). P. halepensis essential oil can be used as an alternative additive in foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic preparations instead of the toxic synthetic antioxidants, taking into account the importance of geographical origin of the provenances and the growing conditions, which significantly affect the essential oil composition and their antioxidant activities.
This book provides an overview of geographic patterns in the distribution of plant secondary metabolites in natural populations. Examples include most common natural product classes: acetylenic derivatives; alkaloids; carotenoids; cyanogenic glycosides; flavonoids; terpenes of various sizes; as well as other structural types less easily categorized. By comparison, earlier reports in the literature on 'chemical races' focused either on individual classes of compounds, on specific taxa, or on a particular geographic region. Following an introduction that includes definitions of phytochemical and biogeographic ideas, information is presented in five loosely defined geographic trans-oceanic categories: examples within continents; after the ice; intercontinental disjunctions; oceanic islands; and polar disjunctions. It has often been said that natural variation is the essence of evolution. It seems reasonable to suggest that this is as true with plant secondary metabolites as with any other feature that confers an advantage to one set of individuals over antiherbivore or antifungal activity of plants as they colonize new habitats, and thus meet new challenges; or subtle changes in floral pigmentation and patterning that would affect behavior of pollinators. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. All rights reserved.
The amount of forest cover in Jordan is estimated at about one percent of the country's land area. Land-use pressures and altered disturbance regimes have generated concern for the conservation of forests. In this context, Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) is a valuable forest type diminished from its historic extent. Accordingly, to gather information for conservation planning, we used systematic vegetation sampling to evaluate the composition and structure of Aleppo pine communities at the Dibeen Forest Reserve in Jordan. Permanent plot centers were established on a 200-m grid, and 72 of the grid points were selected randomly for an initial sampling of the reserve. An inventory of all live and dead trees was taken on circular plots. Due to their conservation value and growing pattern, the plot size for live Aleppo pine was enlarged to capture additional diameter samples. Relative species abundance, as determined by basal area estimates, ranged from < 1 m2/ha for five of seven tree species captured in our inventory and up to 4.6 m2/ha for P. halepensis. The majority of basal area (41.2%) occurred in diameter classes between 5 and 20 cm. Not counting recruitment trees under 5 cm in diameter, tree density ranged from 0.7 trees per hectare (TPH) for Azarole hawthorn (Crataegus azawlus L. Azarole.) to 504.5 TPH for Palestine oak (Quercus coccifera ssp. calliprinos Holmboe (syn. Quercus calliprinos Webb)). Given the importance of P. halepensis in determining the structure of Dibeen communities, basal area values were further stratified by diameter for the species, over 70% of which were concentrated in diameter classes between 20 and 55 cm. To assess succession and recruitment patterns in the pine, stem density was also stratified by diameter class and ranged from 68.9 TPH in the smallest class to 0.1 in the largest measured class, 140+ cm. The distribution of stem densities among diameter cohorts implies a selfsustaining population of P. halepensis at the reserve. Low recruitment of other seral species suggests a need to further monitor tree recruitment and consider conservation strategies.
Needle flavonoids were used to study the geographical variability of Pinus halepensis Mill. Particular importance was attached to the influence of environment on the expression of these polyphenols in this species. In all trees two proanthocyanins: prodelphinidin and procyanidin, and six flavonols: myricetin, quercetin, larycitrin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and syringetin, were detected and measured by HPLC. Trees from the same provenance grown at two different experimental plots were found to have similar flavonoid composition. Significant differences however, were observed between individuals harvested in experimental stands and those collected in natural populations. Nevertheless, in experimental stands flavonoid expression was sufficiently stable to allow comparison between trees of different geographical origins. In this context, relative proanthocyanin contents remained constant from one population to another while average myricetin concentrations separated Pinus halepensis into three geographical groups: Greek, North African/Western European and Southern European. The groupings obtained with flavonoid markers were compared with those determined by other genetic traits, namely needle morphology, terpenes and isozymes. The divergence between the population groups was explained on the basis of late tertiary glaciations on the European continent.
At the beginning of the 21st century we thought it would be interesting to take stock of the situation after 80 years of publication in the field of forestry science in France. The "Annals of Forest Science" is rooted in a long history of forest science publications, which began at the beginning of the 20th century with the Annales de l'École Nationale des Eaux et Forêts. Various changes taking the evolution of science and the international scientific context into account have allowed this journal to remain present in 2001. At present, in spite of the creation of new specialised journals, either in basic scientific disciplines (physiology, biology, genetics) or in more general fields concerning the environment or global change, the Annals of Forest Science, indexed in most of the large international data bases, still aims to be a specialised and efficient journal bringing together articles concerning trees, wood quality and forest ecosystems in one publication.
Sapling densities may greatly increase in Pinus halepensis forest stands after fire. This study examines the effects of different post-fire silvicultural treatments on Aleppo pine forests at sites of different quality in Spain: dry (good) (Yeste, Albacete) and semiarid (worse) (Calasparra, Murcia) by monitoring permanent plots from 1999 to 2001. Changes occurring as a consequence of thinning (to a constant density of 1600trees/ha), full scrubbing and pruning (to one-half to total height) practices were examined measuring diameter and total height of the trees in a 2-year interval. The growth (except on relative diameter increment) of Aleppo pine from Yeste was greater than from Calasparra, probably as a result of its better site quality. Thinning in the good quality site, and thinning plus scrubbing, in the worse quality one, were the treatments that most improved pine growth. Pruning, in contrast should not be carried out in any site, at least under the conditions of this study. The different response in total growth between plots for the same treatment was caused by differences in initial characteristics of the plots: micro-site quality (dominant height by plot) was important in the good quality site, whereas initial density (saplings/ha) was important in the worse quality one. Regarding fructification, treatments that included thinning plus scrubbing improved, 22 months later, the probability of cone production by a factor of 2.07 in relation to control.
To determine the effect of burnt tree removal on post-fire natural regeneration of Pinus halepensis, two 2 500m2 areas were selected six months after the fire in a totally destroyed mature (>70 years) pine forest. In one area, all the trees were cut down and removed 10 months after the fire and, in the other, all the trees were left standing (control). In each area, 20 permanent plots of 20m2 each were randomly placed, and all seedlings emerging within them labeled by individual numbered plastic tags. Emergence, mortality, density and growth (height) of 6649 P. halepensis seedlings were monitored during the first four post-fire years. Seedling emergence was concentrated in the first post-fire autumn–winter period. No positive effect on seedling emergence was detected as a consequence of burnt trunk dragging and subsequent turning over of soil. Wood removal produced an immediate average seedling mortality of 33%, and notably increased seedling mortality during the subsequent summer, probably due to increased exposure of seedlings to sunlight and the possible debilitation of many individuals by mechanical contact during burnt wood removal. A negative correlation of pine seedling mortality with height was detected, which increased significantly on wood removal in the third post-fire year. That is, short seedlings (
The recovery of the understorey and litter phytomass of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests was studied in 32 areas where there had been forest fires. These represented a sequence from one year up to thirty years after burning in the region around Montpellier (southern France). Two types of pine forest were identified, according to the species in the understorey, and measurements were carried out taking into account this difference.A destructive method was used; all the vegetation was cut down at ground level, then hand-sorted and separated into woody and herbaceous species; litter was raked and subdivided into woody and foliar litter. All samplings were then weighed as dry matter.Whatever the type of pine forest being considered, three phases could be distinguished in the increase of the understorey phytomass: a first phase with a rapid increase lasting for two years after fire; a second phase with a slower increase, when only shrubs grew; and a third phase, with no increase, when the understorey shrubs reached their adult size. Litter, predominantly woody in the first years after fire, became foliar dominant as stands got older.
In this paper, the variability of six Pinus brutia var. brutia populations was analyzed in relation to their needle flavonoid composition. In all trees, two proanthocyanidins: prodelphinidin and procyanidin, and six flavonols: myricetin, quercetin, larycitrin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and syringetin were detected and measured by HPLC. The relative proanthocyanidin composition was remarkably constant from one provenance to another. On the other hand, total proanthocyanidin concentrations as well as relative isorhamnetin contents showed significant differences between the populations studied. Total proanthocyanidin contents distinguished two populations from Crete and Turkey from all the others, whereas relative isorhamnetin contents split the species into two main eastern and western groups in accordance with terpene and isozyme data.
The aim of the study was to compare the genetic variability within F1-progeny populations of Aleppo pine, growing under extreme environmental condition such as drought, with the genetic variability in the parental natural populations. Two different methods were used: Protein polymorphism by means of starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes, and genomic DNA polymorphism by means of the RAPD and PCR methods. The result of isoenzyme analysis showed that the number of alleles per locus (A/L) in populations ranged from 1.3 to 1.7. Percent polymorphic loci (P%) ranged between 12 and 44% in the natural populations and between 40 and 48% in the populations growing under the stressful environment. Mean value P% increases from 31% in natural forests to 44% in the Yatir forest populations and, consequently, the mean observed heterozygosity increased from 0.096 to 0.152. RAPD analysis showed that gene diversity (h) rose from between 0.264 and 0.316 in the natural populations to between 0.406 and 0.431 in Yatir. The calculated linear regression between allozyme heterozygosity and gene diversity resulted in r = 0.690, p < 0.001, n = 5. The Yatir afforestation can be looked upon as peripheral populations under selection pressure that eliminates homozygous and favors heterozygous genomes. This forest should be treated as a biogenetic resource for seed material.
A survey of plantations over 30 years old in the Judean mountains and in the Shephela region was conducted to determine quantitative effects of the bedrock on the growth of Aleppo pine. Site quality was found to be strongly affected by both the lithological and moisture-retaining characters (rather than by the geological age). Mean height growth was lowest on limestone, and highest on marl and chalk, with dolomite occupying an intermediate position.
The range of Matsucoccus josephi Bodenheimer et Harpaz was outlined as related to that of its hosts Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus brutia Ten. Scale population density of, and pine host susceptibility to, M. josephi, were investigated in 53 seed sources of P. halepensis and 4 subspecies of P. brutia. The primary range of M. josephi is eastern Mediterranean and corresponds to that of P. brutia brutia. Pinus brutia brutia is highly resistant to M. josephi. Provenances of P. halepensis from Greece and the Near East are quite resistant, as compared with those of the West Mediterranean. Pinus brutia pithyusa, P. brutia stankewiczii, and P. brutia eldarica are highly susceptible. Speciation of M. josephi could have occurred in the south of the areas between the Black and the Caspian Seas from a progenitor that came into contact with P. brutia brutia after speciation of P. brutia and P. halepensis and the formation and isolation of the four subspecies of the former. The resistance to M. josephi of pines of the subsection Halepenses, viz. P. brutia brutia, is believed to be the result of coevolution.
The two typical Mediterranean pines of Greece (Pinus halepensis Mill. and P. brutia Ten.) show a distinct, natural geographical distribution. However, in sites where they grow in sympatry (mainly due to extended reforestations), their morphological discrimination is not always easy. In the present study, three new morphometric indicators are introduced (at decreasing rank of reliability): (a) seed coat mass fraction, expressed as a percentage of the total seed mass (SM) (overall mean values 27.9 ± 0.5 (n = 160), and 58.0 ± 0.3 (n = 320) from 18 and 16 populations of Aleppo and East Mediterranean pine, respectively), (b) mean SM (16.70 ± 0.26 mg, n = 651, and 42.79 ± 0.61 mg, n = 425 from 18 and 16 populations of each of the two species, respectively) and (c) cone length/width ratio (2.20 ± 0.01, n = 651, and 1.77 ± 0.01, n = 606 from the same 18 and 16 populations, respectively). These three parameters are easily calculated, and constitute a reliable tool for the discrimination of the two pine species on the basis of their reproductive units (cones and seeds), provided that a minimal number of randomly collected samples is used for each indicator: 20 seeds for the measurement of seed coat mass fraction, about 1000 seeds for the estimation of mean SM, and 20 cones for the calculation of the cone length/width ratio. The functional implications of these adaptive traits are discussed.
Pinus
halepensis and P.
brutia hybridize extensively.
The analysis of monoterpenoid and morphological variability of 122 pine trees
at five sites showed that the within-site heterogeneity is high while the
entire provenance diversity is comparable with that of a circum-Mediterranean
scale. Four morphotypes and four chemotypes were recognized. The congruence
between morphological and monoterpenoid classification of pines was high (coefficient
of contingency 89%) while thirteen family groups of genetically closely
related trees were found by means of a specifically designed sampling scheme
of continuous classification – identification and re-sampling. Putative
hybrids contributed substantially to the observed diversity and there is considerable
heterogeneity between sites. Low-altitude sites, presumably susceptible to
sea-level fluctuations, alluvial deposition and human influence, are in general
more diverse at both levels of genetic complexity than inland sites. The hybrid
phenotypes were not merely intermediate forms of parental taxa, and in a multivariate
sense they are located on a parabola in the space of morphological properties.
The arrangement of hybrids in the monoterpenoid space did not reveal any clear-cut
pattern except that three major composite axes can summarize 98.9%
of the entire monoterpenoid variation. The observed pattern of variation was
interpreted as a result of waves of introgressive influence of eastern P.
brutia population on P.
halepensis, which was caused by marine
transgressions in Pliocene and eustatic sea-level fluctuations in Pleistocene.
The human influence on this introgression accelerated the process, and amplified
the resulted pattern, although it blurred in many instances the biogeographic
routes of germplasm mixing. Its bearing on the evolution of pines is discussed,
and it was found that the ‘Eocene refugia hypothesis’ of C.I.
Millar holds by analogy also in central Aegean pines.
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