No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
How to identify mushrooms to genus III: Microscopic features
... Colour codes were designated according to Kornerup & Wanscher (1978). All anatomical details were observed from dried samples by making freehand sections which were mounted in either 5% KOH, 1 % Phloxine or 1 % Congo Red (Largent et al. 1977) and examined under an Olympus CH20i compound microscope. Micro-morphological features such as shape and size of basidiospores, basidia, and elements of pileus were observed using a light microscope and were drawn with a Camera lucida at 2000× magnification. ...
... Photomicrographs of the various elements were captured with a digital camera attached to an Olympus CX33 compound microscope. 60 basidiospores were measured from each of the three specimens in Melzer's Reagent (Largent et al. 1977). Basidiospore measurements are represented as minimum-mean-maximum length × minimum-mean-maximum width and Q = length/width ratio with Q m, the average Q of all basidiospores. ...
Gomphus indicus is proposed here as a new species based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer and large subunit of the rDNA region. The combination of morphological and molecular data confirmed the novelty of the species and its infrageneric placement within the genus Gomphus Pers. This species was found in association with Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don and Abies pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle and is characterized by infundibuliform to flabelliform pileus with wavy irregular margins, greyish yellow to light yellow, wrinkled rugose pileus surface, cylindrical to bacilliform large basidiospores (15–21.5 × 6–8 µm) with irregular isolated warts, the absence of hymenial cystidia, and pileipellis composed of thin-walled, loosely interwoven hyphae. A detailed description, illustrations, and comparisons with morphologically similar and related taxa are provided here. Additionally, a worldwide key to the globally known species of Gomphus is also provided.
... The samplings were carried out from May to November 2022 together with people with the highest knowledge on wild mushrooms in each studied locality. The samples were macromorphologically described when fresh [43,44], and the microscopic descriptions were made from small fragments placed in 5% KOH, Melzer's reagent and 5% Red Congo [45,46]. Specimens were identified using photos, taxonomic keys, and mycological guides [45,[47][48][49][50][51][52]. ...
... The samples were macromorphologically described when fresh [43,44], and the microscopic descriptions were made from small fragments placed in 5% KOH, Melzer's reagent and 5% Red Congo [45,46]. Specimens were identified using photos, taxonomic keys, and mycological guides [45,[47][48][49][50][51][52]. ...
Background
For centuries, wild mushrooms have been a forest resource of significant cultural value in several ethnic groups worldwide. In Mexico, extensive traditional knowledge on the use of fungal resources has been developed and deeply rooted. Mexico is the second country in the world in which the most species of wild mushroom are consumed, and it is considered a pioneer in ethnomycology. Nonetheless, there are still many indigenous groups in this country that have not been studied from an ethnomycological approach. The present study aimed to record the traditional knowledge on wild mushrooms in three indigenous groups of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, and assess the variation in this knowledge within and across the studied groups.
Methods
The data were recorded from April to October 2022 within three communities belonging to the indigenous groups Chatino, Chontal, and Chinanteco. Through 84 interviews, information related to their knowledge of wild mushrooms was obtained. The cultural significance index of wild edible mushrooms was calculated for each community. Regression analyses, analysis of variance and covariance, t test, and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis were performed to assess the distribution of traditional knowledge in the communities.
Results
A total of 32 culturally important mushroom species were recorded for the three indigenous groups (30 edible, 2 medicinal); 23 used by Chatinos, 16 by Chontales, and 6 by Chinantecos. Only Chatinos and Chinantecos use wild mushrooms in medicine. The cultural significance of wild edible mushrooms differed among groups. Traditional knowledge about wild mushrooms declines when the level of schooling increases and age decreases, especially in the Chatino group. This knowledge distributes more homogeneously in the Chontal and Chinanteco groups. Their age determines the difference in knowledge between men and women.
Conclusion
Documenting how traditional knowledge differs among ethnic groups is relevant for preserving cultural and biological diversity. Factors such as level of schooling and age can affect traditional knowledge of wild mushrooms, but the effects of these factors vary within and across communities. Conducting studies encompassing a broader range of variables is of interest for a better understanding of the human–mushroom relationship.
... Se tomaron datos y fotografías in situ. Los esporomas fueron secados para su preservación y fueron caracterizados según técnicas convencionales en micología (Cifuentes et al., 1986;Largent et al., 1977). Para los caracteres microscópicos se realizaron preparaciones con KOH al 10%, reactivo de Melzer y azul de algodón y se observaron y midieron en un microscopio óptico (MO) Carl Zeiss. ...
... Para los caracteres microscópicos se realizaron preparaciones con KOH al 10%, reactivo de Melzer y azul de algodón y se observaron y midieron en un microscopio óptico (MO) Carl Zeiss. Para la identificación se usaron claves genéricas y claves específicas de cada género (Arora, 1986;Cavender, 1995;Guzmán y Pérez-Petrarca, 1972;Kobayasi, 1982;Largent et al., 1977;Lowy, 1971Lowy, , 1980Martin y Alexopoulos, 1969;Rodríguez-Gutiérrez et al., 2022;Salazar-Márquez et al., 2014;San Martin y Lavín, 1997;Sierra et al., 2016;Sunhede, 1989;Trierveiler-Pereira et al., 2011). Los nombres y la clasificación de los taxones se basan en Index Fungorum (2023). ...
La diversidad fúngica de Colima, México ha sido escasamente estudiada con solo 80 especies de hongos
macroscópicos no liquenizados y 2 especies de mixomicetos reportadas. La mayoría de los registros corresponden
al siglo pasado y se han enfocado en las zonas templadas del estado. Se presenta un estudio de la diversidad de
hongos macroscópicos y mixomicetos en Colima, México, con registros nuevos. Se llevaron a cabo muestreos en 8
localidades de 6 municipios, incluyendo zonas urbanas. Se adicionan 38 registros nuevos, de los cuales 5 pertenecen
a Ascomycota, 21 a Basidiomycota y 12 a mixomicetos. Los géneros mejor representados en los muestreos fueron
Geastrum (5 especies) y Didymium (3 especies). Geastrum chamelense e Itajahya galericulata corresponden al
segundo y tercer registro nacional, respectivamente. Se aumenta a 106 el número de registros de especies de hongos
y a 14 el de mixomicetos, dando un total de 120 taxones. Se sugiere realizar muestreos más extensos en zonas no
exploradas, con énfasis en los grupos de hongos menos estudiados, tales como ascomicetos y basidiomicetos como
hongos ramarioides, gasteroides y gelatinosos, así como cultivos en cámara húmeda para mixomicetos.
... Taxonomic identification of the collected specimens was based on macro-and microscopic morphological characteristics according to Moser (1983) and Pegler (1983), among other specialized literature. Microscopic observations were made on dry material mounted with 3% KOH, 1% Congo red aqueous solution and Melzer's solution (Largent et al., 1977). ...
... La identificación taxonómica de los especímenes recolectados se basó en características morfológicas macro-y microscópicas de acuerdo con Moser (1983) y Pegler (1983, entre otra literatura especializada. Las observaciones microscópicas se realizaron sobre material seco montado con KOH al 3 %, solución acuosa de rojo Congo al 1 % y solución de Melzer (Largent et al., 1977). ...
The mesophytic mountain forest is one of the most biodiverse ecosystems in Mexico, in which there is a diverse mycobiota of which many aspects of its biology and properties are unknown. Pseudomarasmius nidus-avis is a recently discovered and described fungus that forms rhizomorphs used in the nesting habits of birds of the family Tyrannidae (Mionectes oleagineus and Tolmomyias sulfurescens). In this work, the bioactive properties of P. nidus-avis, seven basidiomycetes and two wild ascomycetes from the mesophytic mountain forest of central Veracruz state, Mexico, were evaluated in terms of their effect against phytopathogenic fungal (PF) species such as Fusarium oxysporum (ATCC-417 and CBF-185), Sclerotium cepivorum (CBF-414) and Leptosphaerulina australis (CBF-433), which generate important economic losses in several crops. In vitro confrontation tests of mycelium isolated from the macrofungi against the PFs were developed, where 50 % of the wild fungi, including P. nidus-avis, showed effect on the phytopathogens. Furthermore, the crude extract obtained from the mycelium and supernatant of P. nidus-avis was evaluated against PF, showing an inhibition of 16.08 % against F. oxysporum (ATCC-417). These results show that P. nidus-avis has bioactive properties with potential for use in the control of some PF diseases of agricultural and forestry importance.
... Este material se recolectó en una región geográfica con características de bosque tropical, a 495 m.s.n.m., situada en el noroeste del estado de Veracruz, México (18 • 25 00 N 95 • 07 00 O), en la vertiente del golfo. La muestra biológica fue transportada al laboratorio, en donde se realizó una caracterización morfológica preliminar empleando claves taxonómicas 25 . De manera complementaria, se caracterizó molecularmente a la cepa, para lo cual se hicieron cortes de fragmentos del estroma previamente desinfectados en su superficie con NaClO. ...
... Empleando claves morfológicas 25 , se llevó a cabo la identificación taxonómica preliminar de una cepa fúngica que fue aislada de un fruto de caoba en proceso de descomposición. Se observaron peritecios semiclaros, con algunas áreas punteadas ennegrecidas que contenían ascosporas. ...
Endophytic fungi inhabit plant tissues internally and asymptomatically, and many of them are involved in the synthesis of bioactive metabolites of antifungal and therapeutic nature, as well as other compounds of biotechnological importance including indole derivatives, among many others. Ecologically, they provide some benefits to plants including protection against phytopathogens and promotion of root growth. In this sense, Xylaria sp. is a cellulose-decomposing fungus with biotechnological potential. It is worth mentioning that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) also plays an extremely important role in plant-micro-organism interactions, as it is essential for physiology and proper plant morphological development. It is known that nitrile-hydrolytic enzymes (nitrilases) are involved in the synthesis of plant indole compounds; however, relatively little information is available concerning the nature of these enzymes in the fungal kingdom. In view of the above, through a biochemical and molecular-genetic approach, it has been demonstrated for the first time that Xylaria sp. carries out nitrile-hydrolytic enzyme activity using nitrogen and carbon-rich compounds as substrate. The studied strain increased its relative gene expression levels and showed mycelial growth, both in the presence of chemical compounds such as cyanobenzene and KCN. Thus, the results of this work suggest that the micro-organism is capable of degrading complex nitrogenous molecules. On the other hand, through fungal biofertilization, it was observed that Xylaria sp. promotes the development of the root system of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, in addition to synthesizing IAA.
... Descriptive terms follow Corner (1947), Largent et al. (1977), and Vellinga & Noordeloos (2001). All microscopic structures were observed in slides mounted with water, 3 % potassium hydroxide, Melzer's solution, phloxine, or Congo Red. ...
... Qav refers to the mean value of the basidiospore length/width ratio, while Q refers to the ratio range. To observe the presence and distribution of hyphal pigmentation, sections of dried basidiomata were treated in an alcoholwater solution (Largent et al. 1977) and mounted in water and 5 % potassium hydroxide. Descriptions are based on all collections studied. ...
A new species of Clavulina (Clavulinaceae, Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) is proposed from the Atlantic Forest of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Clavulina junduensis fits the generic concept of Clavulina in having coralloid, branched basidiomata and basidia with two cornute sterigmata. This species is characterized by purplish-gray basidiomata, brownish-orange stipe, and context with abundant gloeopleurous hyphae with refringent content and bulbous swellings. We provide a detailed morphological description of the species and illustrations of the basidiomata as well as a comparison with morphologically similar taxa. Phylogenetic analyses of Clavulina junduensis and related species were carried out based on the sequences of internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nrITS). The phylogenetic results support the placement of our specimens within the genus Clavulina and confirm its distinctiveness from morphologically similar species. A key to Clavulina species from Brazil is also provided.
... Fresh sporocarps of the macrofungus were photographed in the field using a Canon EOS 1200D (Canon, India) digital camera. Standard protocols of (Largent et al., 1977) for the morphological and ecological description of the collected specimen were followed. The Methuen Handbook of colour was referred to for terminology and colour codes (Kornerup and Wanscher, 1978). ...
The present study describes a new record of Coniolepiota spongodes from India. Coniolepiota spon�godes is a monotypic taxon of the genus Coniolepiota and is characterized by a white to purplish white pileus;
stipe with powdery coverings; free lamellae with smooth margins appearing cream to pale yellowish in colour;
pungent odour; ellipsoid to oblong basidiospores measuring 4.0–6.0 × 2.5–4.1 μm; irregular cylindrical
squamules cells on the pileus and stipe surface. A comprehensive morphological description, photographs,
and molecular sequence-based phylogenetic analyses of the present collections are provided.
... ellipsoid (length/width ratio = 1.3-1.6), and elongated (length/width ratio = 1.6-2). The abbreviation masl means meters above sea level [33]. ...
Species of the genus Thelephora (Thelephorales, Thelephoraceae) are ectomycorrhizal symbionts of coniferous and broad-leaved plants, and some of them are well-known edible mushrooms, making it an exceptionally important group ecologically and economically. However, the diversity of the species from China has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses, along with morphological observations of this genus. Four new species from China are proposed, viz., T. dactyliophora, T. lacunosa, T. petaloides, and T. pinnatifida. In addition, T. sikkimensis originally described from India is reported for the first time from China. Thelephora dactyliophora, T. pinnatifida, and T. sikkimensis are distributed in subtropical forests and mainly associated with plants of the families Fagaceae and Pinaceae. Thelephora lacunosa and T. petaloides are distributed in tropical to subtropical forests. Thelephora lacunosa is mainly associated with plants of the families Fagaceae and Pinaceae, while T. petaloides is mainly associated with plants of the family Fagaceae. Line drawings of microstructures, color pictures of fresh basidiomes, and detailed descriptions of these five species are provided.
... Para la recolección y descripción morfológica de los carpóforos se siguió el método descrito por Cifuentes et al. (1986). Una vez herborizados los ejemplares se continuó con el estudio micromorfológico siguiendo la técnica propuesta por Largent et al. (1977) para esta labor se utilizó un microscopio óptico (Primo Star HD cam, Hal/LED, full Köhler, 100X marca Carl Zeiss), se registró la presencia o ausencias de estructuras microscópicas con valor diagnóstico y se realizaron mediciones de al menos 30 esporas. Para la identificación de los ejemplares se consultaron guías taxonómicas y literatura de cada grupo taxonómico, como Guzmán y Pérez-Patraca (1972), Gómez (1996), Valenzuela et al. (1996), Sarnari (2007), Ryvarden (2010), Hernández-Navarro et al. (2013), Landeros y Guzmán-Dávalos (2013), Montañez (2013), Barajas (2015aBarajas ( , 2015b, Mack et al. (2021), entre otras, y páginas web especializadas (UNAM, 2021;Kuo, 2023;Tulloss y Yang, 2023;). ...
La Estación Biológica Agua Zarca (EBAZ) resguarda parte de la biodiversidad de Aguascalientes (México); sin embargo, no existían registros específicos de los macromicetes del lugar. La importancia de este estudio fue descubrir y conocer la riqueza de los hongos macroscópicos de la EBAZ. Durante la temporada de lluvia de 2021 y 2022 se realizaron recolectas en el sitio, obteniendo resultados similares a los de anteriores investigaciones. El bosque de encino fue la comunidad vegetal de mayor incidencia para la recolección de macromicetes en contraste con el matorral espinoso. Se identificaron 87 especies, de las cuales 76 corresponden a Basidiomycota, 10 a Ascomycota y una a Amoebozoa. Agaricales fue el orden más diverso en familias y especies, seguido de Russulales, Boletales y Polyporales. Astraeus hygrometricus, Lentinus arcularius, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Russula mexicana y Stereum ostrea fueron las especies más frecuentes. Se elaboró un listado taxonómico de las especies identificadas y se agregaron 19 registros nuevos a la funga de Aguascalientes.
... Para la recolección y descripción morfológica de los carpóforos se siguió el método descrito por Cifuentes et al. (1986). Una vez herborizados los ejemplares se continuó con el estudio micromorfológico siguiendo la técnica propuesta por Largent et al. (1977) para esta labor se utilizó un microscopio óptico (Primo Star HD cam, Hal/LED, full Köhler, 100X marca Carl Zeiss), se registró la presencia o ausencias de estructuras microscópicas con valor diagnóstico y se realizaron mediciones de al menos 30 esporas. Para la identificación de los ejemplares se consultaron guías taxonómicas y literatura de cada grupo taxonómico, como Guzmán y Pérez-Patraca (1972), Gómez (1996), Valenzuela et al. (1996), Sarnari (2007), Ryvarden (2010), Hernández-Navarro et al. (2013), Landeros y Guzmán-Dávalos (2013), Montañez (2013), Barajas (2015aBarajas ( , 2015b, Mack et al. (2021), entre otras, y páginas web especializadas (UNAM, 2021;Kuo, 2023;Tulloss y Yang, 2023;). ...
La Estación Biológica Agua Zarca (EBAZ) resguarda parte de la biodiversidad de Aguascalientes (México); sin embargo, no existían registros específicos de los macromicetes del lugar. La importancia de este estudio fue descubrir y conocer la riqueza de los hongos macroscópicos de la EBAZ. Durante la temporada de lluvia de 2021 y 2022 se realizaron recolectas en el sitio, obteniendo resultados similares a los de anteriores investigaciones. El bosque de encino fue la comunidad vegetal de mayor incidencia para la recolección de macromicetes en contraste con el matorral espinoso. Se identificaron 87 especies, de las cuales 76 corresponden a Basidiomycota, 10 a Ascomycota y una a Amoebozoa. Agaricales fue el orden más diverso en familias y especies, seguido de Russulales, Boletales y Polyporales. Astraeus hygrometricus, Lentinus arcularius, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Russula mexicana y Stereum ostrea fueron las especies más frecuentes. Se elaboró un listado taxonómico de las especies identificadas y se agregaron 19 registros nuevos a la funga de Aguascalientes.
... Photomicrographs of the various elements were taken with a digital camera attached to an Olympus CH20i and an Olympus CX33 compound microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Sixty basidiospores were measured from each of the three specimens in Melzer's reagent (Largent et al. 1977). Biometric variables followed Yang (1997) and Cui et al. (2018). ...
2024): Amanita indovagi-nata, a new species from tropical Sal forest in India.-Czech Mycol. 76(1): 1-15. Macrofungal explorations conducted in several Sal (Shorea robusta)-dominated tropical forests in West Bengal and Jharkhand, India, unveiled a noteworthy and previously unknown member of Amanita sect. Vaginatae, here proposed as Amanita indovaginata. This newly discovered species is substantiated by both morphological characteristics and sequence data from three genes (ITS, LSU, and tef 1-a). A comprehensive morphological description, complemented by illustrations, is provided to enhance the understanding of this novel species.2024): Amanita indovagi-nata, nový druh ze sálového lesa v Indii.-Czech Mycol. 76(1): 1-15. V rámci výzkumu makromycetů, uskutečněného v několika tropických lesích s převahou dama-rovníku (sál, Shorea robusta) v indických státech Džhárkhand a Západní Bengálsko, byl odhalen po-zoruhodný a dosud neznámý zástupce muchomůrek ze sekce Vaginatae, pro který je zde navrženo jméno Amanita indovaginata. Identita nového druhu je podložena jak morfologickou charakteristi-kou, tak sekvenčními daty ze tří genů (ITS, LSU a tef 1-a). Pro jeho dobré poznání je uveden obsáhlý morfologický popis, doplněný ilustracemi stěžejních znaků.
... For micromorphological observations, free-hand sections of dried basidiocarps were prepared under stereomicroscope (Motic SMZ 168 series). Microscopic characters were observed on dried specimens rehydrated in in 5% KOH for 30-60 s and stained in Congo red when necessary under the compound light microscope (Olympus IX71, Tokyo, Japan) (Largent et al. 1977). All microstructure line drawings were made based on these rehydrated materials by hand under microscope with phase contrast objective (×1000). ...
The genus Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales) is an important ectomycorrhizal symbiont of a broad range of host plants. Laccaria guizhouensis was collected from a subtropical mixed forest dominated by Fagaceae in Southwest China and described based on morphological characteristics and molecular data. Laccaria guizhouensis is characterised by its medium-sized basidiocarps and strong striate or sulcatus, flesh-coloured to brown pileus, flesh-coloured to brown lamellae, 2-to 4-spored basidia, globose to obellipsoid, hyaline, moderately echinulate basidiospores, and 1-1.5 μm-long echinulate. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences (HMAS352265 and HMAS352266) indicated that L. guizhouensis represented a new species separated from all other Laccaria species.
... Basidiospores were measured in lateral view, with a minimum of 20 basidiospores for each basidioma. The terminology used to describe the basidiospore shapes follows Largent et al. (1977). The Q value represents the length-to-width quotient interval for all measured basidiospores; Qm represents the average of all calculated Q values for all measured basidiospores, while Lm and Wm represent the average lengths and widths of all measured basidiospores, respectively. ...
The genus Panus and many of its species have a wide geographic distribution, and in-depth up-to-date taxonomic review is needed that includes critical review of type materials within a phylogenetic frame. In order to recover the phylogenetic relationships within Panus species and their morphological boundaries and to critically analyze the diversity recorded for Brazil, we carried out fieldwork in poorly explored areas in the country and morphological and literature revisions of fungarium specimens, including several type materials. We present a comprehensive phylogeny of Panus and discuss several taxonomic and nomenclatural implications in order to achieve stability for species of the genus. Four new species are proposed, P. capelariae, P. pachysporus, P. speciosus, and P. stiptonotatus. Panus campinensis and P. thailandicus (an endophytic species) are proposed as new combinations in the genus, based on a morphological revision and phylogenetic evidence of their types, respectively. Additionally, Endopandanicola is synonymized within Panus, and P. parvus is synonymized within P. strigellus. The occurrence of P. conchatus, P. convivalis, P. fulvus, P. similis, and P. tephroleucus in Brazil is rejected due to morphological and phylogenetic evidences. For P. conchatus and P. similis, we present bases for the recognition of its sensu stricto status. We also discuss nomenclatural issues surrounding the Lentinus velutinus complex that include the basionym elucidation, its sensu stricto delimitation, and an epitypification based on a new sequenced specimen from the type locality. Our comprehensive assessment of Panus in Brazil has led to the confirmation of ten species supported by morphological and/or molecular data, which are critically discussed, and an identification key is presented.
... Specimens were recorded and taxonomically analyzed according to macro-and microscopic characteristics. [25][26][27][28] Several publications and taxonomic keys of polypores have also been applied. [29][30][31][32][33][34] Collections are deposited in XAL Herbarium, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México. ...
Polyporoid fungi represent a vast source of bioactive compounds with potential pharmacological applications. The importance of polyporoid fungi in traditional Chinese medicine has led to an extensive use of some species of Ganoderma for promoting health and longevity because their consumption is associated with several bioactivities. Nevertheless, bioactivity of some other members of the Polyporaceae family has also been reported. This work reports the antiproliferative and antibacterial activity of crude extracts obtained from fruiting bodies of polypore fungi collected from the central region of Veracruz, Mexico, aimed at understanding the diversity of polypore species with potential pharmacological applications. 29 collections were identified macro- and microscopically in 19 species of polyporoid fungi, belonging to 13 genera. The antiproliferative activity screening of extracts against solid tumor cell lines (A549, SW1573, HeLa, HBL-100, T-47D, WiDr) allow us to identify four extracts with strong bioactivity [half-maximal growth inhibition (GI<sub>50</sub>) ≤ 50 μg/mL]. After this, a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from the ITS region obtained from bioactive specimens allowed us to identify three extracts as Pycnoporus sanguineus (GI<sub>50</sub> = ≤ 10 μg/mL) and the fourth bioactive extract as Ganoderma oerstedii (GI<sub>50</sub> = < 50 μg/mL. Likewise, extracts from P. sanguineus showed mild or moderate antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Xanthomonas albilineas . Bioprospecting studies of polyporoid fungi add to the knowledge of the diversity of macrofungi in Mexico and allow us to select one of the bioactive P. sanguineus to continue the pursuit of bioactive compounds through mycochemical studies.
... Specimens were photographed under natural conditions using a Canon Powershot SX10 IS digital camera. Microscopic structures were described following Largent et al. (1977). Observations of microscopic characters were conducted on freehand sections of dried basidiocarps, which were mounted in 3% KOH. ...
Thelephora is a genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi distributed in angiosperm and gymnosperm forests around the world. In this study, we describe Thelephora pacifica, a new species associated with tropical oak forests in Mexico. Phylogenetically, it is the sister group of T. pseudoganbajun from China. Morphologically, it corresponds to T. vialis previously reported in Mexico. Thelephora pacifica has a flabelliform basidiocarp with a hymenophore of grayish-brown color with pinkish tinges contrasting with the yellowish-olive margin. It is distributed in the Pacific forests of Mexico, an area with a high potential for endemism.
... The Quotient (Q) for basidiospores was calculated by dividing the length by the width of each individual basidiospore, and Q m was obtained by taking the average of these Q values from all the measured basidiospores ± standard deviation. The terminology of Largent et al. [34] was used to describe microscopic features. ...
A new edible wild mushroom species, described herein as Panus sribuabanensis, was collected from local markets and natural forests located in northern Thailand. This species is characterized by its medium to large-sized basidiomata, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid-shaped basidiospores, dimitic hyphal system, and the absence of hyphal pegs. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of combined the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (nrLSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences supported the monophyly of P. sribuabanensis as a distinct lineage within the genus Panus. Full description, illustrations, color photographs, and a phylogenetic tree to show the placement of P. sribuabanensis are provided. The dried mushroom showed a nutritional composition within the range of 2.58%–2.67% for fat content, 27.10%–27.98% for protein, and 43.97%–44.10% for carbohydrates. The ethanolic extracts from this mushroom exhibited a total phenolic content ranging from 0.66 to 0.74 mg GAE/g dry weight (dw). Moreover, the antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (0.90–1.08 mg TE/g dw) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.93–1.08 mg TE/g dw) assays demonstrate higher activity compared to the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay (0.44–0.51 mg TE/g dw). The outcomes of this study provide significant information on the nutritional value, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity potential of this new mushroom species discovered in northern Thailand.
... Todos los ejemplares fueron recolectados en la zona del Parque Nacional del Cofre de Perote, ubicado en la parte central del estado de Veracruz (México) y se encuentran depositados en la Colección Micológica "Gastón Guzmán" del Herbario XAL del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., en Xalapa (México). La identificación de los ejemplares se llevó a cabo de acuerdo con los criterios de Mata (1999), y Miller y Miller (2006), siguiendo las técnicas rutinarias en micología (Largent et al., 1977), lo cual consiste en hacer preparaciones temporales montadas en KOH 5%, azul de algodón en lactofenol, floxina y rojo Congo. ...
En México, los hongos ectomicorrizógenos silvestres (HEcM) son un importante recurso forestal no maderable y son aprovechados tradicionalmente para su autoconsumo y venta. La conservación in vitro de cepas de HEcM es más compleja que en especies saprófitas, debido a las relaciones fisiológicas existentes con sus hospederos. En este trabajo se presenta un método de crioconservación de cepas de HEcM utilizando vectores no convencionales y la posterior evaluación de su viabilidad in vitro. Para ello, cinco cepas de HEcM (Boletus aff. edulis, Boletus sp., Helvella sp. y Lactarius indigo [2]) fueron criogenizadas (-196 °C) durante 30 días, utilizando como vectores acículas de pino y semillas de mijo estériles. Posteriormente, se determinó la capacidad de dos de las cepas recuperadas para formar morfotipos de ectomicorrizas in vitro inoculados en plántulas de Pinus montezumae. Los resultados de la primera etapa mostraron altos porcentajes de recuperación de los micelios criogenizados en ambos vectores (98% - 100%). En cuanto a la micorrización in vitro, las plántulas no micorrizadas (control) no sobrevivieron, mientras que las micorrizadas mostraron valores de sobrevivencia entre 33% y 100%, con incremento de la longitud de sus tallos. Además, se observó la formación de morfotipos dicotómicos de color ocre oscuro, así como el desarrollo del manto fúngico en las raíces micorrizadas después de cuatro meses de inoculación. El método empleado para la criogenización de las cepas de HEcM posibilita la conservación de los micelios por períodos prolongados, manteniendo activa su capacidad de micorrización.
... Mushrooms were collected in Jalisco state. Species identification was made through macroscopic and microscopic characteristics (Largent, 1986;Largent et al., 1977), and consulting specialized literature. All specimens used in this study were deposited in the Mycological Collection of the Herbarium of the Instituto de Botánica "Luz María Villarreal de Puga", Universidad de Guadalajara (IBUG). ...
Consumption of wild mushrooms has increased in recent years; however, not all of them are edible and there is no precise information on those that may cause poisoning. Therefore, studies to obtain data about their toxicity are needed. For this purpose, we used the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, a crustacean employed in toxicity tests and with wide application in the toxin detection, including mycotoxins. Mushrooms were collected in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, with which aqueous extracts were prepared. Dilutions of the stock solution of each extract were made to final concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL. Potassium dichromate (PD) was used as positive control and artificial seawater as negative control. The median lethal dose (LD50) of extracts on nauplii of A. franciscana was calculated. The aqueous extracts obtained from Amanita amerivirosa, A. muscaria, Chlorophyllum molybdites, and Leucopaxillus amarus showed a LD50 < 70 µg/mL, similar to PD (LD50 = 37 µg/mL). This is the first indication of the probable toxicity of Leucopaxillus amarus in humans. Cantharellus cibarius and Scleroderma texense caused the lower toxicity to the nauplii. The brine shrimp bioassay was effective in evaluating the toxicity of Basidiomycota. Scleroderma texense has been reported to be toxic, but it was not for this crustacean nauplii, and probably not to humans either, as recent literature has reported.
... Microscopic features were examined from dried material following Largent's methodology (Largent, 1986: Largent et al., 1977. For the observations, thin sections were made and revived in 5% KOH. ...
Data on the species diversity of the genus Micropsalliota in Vietnam is still insufficient. In the current paper, three new species with small basidiomata (M. appendiculata, M. inflata, and M. suricatoides) are collected from Dong Nai and Gia Lai provinces of Vietnam, and identified based on morphological and molecular data. Micropsalliota appendiculata is characterized by an appendiculate margin of pileus, M. inflata – by red pileus and inflated pileipellis hyphae cells, and M. suricatoides possesses beige pileus with brown fibrils and stipitipellis hyphae with capitate apices. The study is provided with photographs of basidiomata, illustrations, descriptions of macro- and micromorphological features, and phylogenetic trees to show the position of the three new species. Discussion on similar taxa is also given.
... For preparing morphological descriptions of the collected specimen, standard procedures were followed. 21 Methuen handbook of color was consulted for color terminology. 22 The collected specimens were dried at a temperature of 50-60°C using a field drier. ...
In humans, a wide range of health disorders have been induced due to an imbalanced metabolism and an excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Different biological properties found in mushrooms seem to be the reason for their customary use as a favourite delicacy. Therefore, exploration of wild edible mushrooms as a source of various biological compounds is gaining much importance today. Amanita konajensis , one of the underutilized macrofungi popularly consumed in Eastern India, demands a systematic study of its medicinal values. The study aims to explore the myco-chemical contents of A. konajensis ethanolic extract (EtAK1) and screen their antioxidant potency through various in vitro assays. GC-MS analysis identified the chemical components of EtAK1. Further, structure-based virtual screening of the identified compounds was analysed for drug-like properties and molecular docking with the human p38 MAPK protein, a potent targeting pathway for human lung cancer. The morpho-molecular features proved the authenticity of the collected mushroom. The screening assays showed that EtAK1 was abundant in flavonoids, followed by phenolics, β-carotene, and lycopene, and had strong antioxidant activity with EC<sub>50</sub> values of 640-710 μg/mL. The GC-MS analyses of EtAK1 identified the occurrence of 19 bioactive compounds in the mushroom. In silico analysis revealed that anthraergostatetraenol p-chlorobenzoate, one of the compounds identified, displayed high binding affinity (ΔG = -10.6 kcal/mol) with human p38 MAPK. The outcome of this study will pave the way for the invention of myco-medicine using A. konajensis , which may lead to a novel drug for human lung cancer.
... Basidiospores and hyphae were measured using Zenlite and Image J software (Schneider et al. 2012). The spore quotient Qm was calculated representing the ratio of spore length vs spore width; the range of measurements, and their average (x ± SD, n = 25) are included (Largent et al. 1977). Identifications are based on descriptions by Dring (1980), Miller andMiller (1988), and Sandoval-Leiva et al. (2014). ...
In July 2022, we collected three groups of Clathrus columnatus Bosc (Clathraceae) specimens (four mature and eight immature basidiomata) from Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. We report these specimens as the first confirmed records of this species from the Galapagos Archipelago and Ecuador. We hypothesize that C. columnatus constitutes a recent introduction to the islands. We provide macro- and microscopic descriptions, including photographs of fresh and fluid-preserved basidiomata, and comments on the species’ taxonomy, ecology, and distribution.
... Conventional morphology-based taxonomic methods and DNA-based molecular phylogenetic techniques were employed in this study. The terminology used to describe the various macro-and micro-morphological characteristics was adopted from Largent (1973), Largent et al. (1977), and Vellinga (1988). The color of the various parts of the basidiocarps was recorded with the aid of Kornerup & Wanscher (1978) (e.g., 8F8) and the Online Auction Color Chart (Anonymous 2004) (e.g., OAC635). ...
Pseudosperma indicum sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India, based on morphology and DNA-based multigene phylogenetic analyses. A comprehensive description of this new species, including both macro- and microscopic characteristics, photographs of both the basidiocarps and the microscopic structures, line drawings of macro- and microscopic structures, and a phylogram, is provided, and its relationship with previously described species of Pseudosperma is also discussed.
... Morphology Fresh basidiocarps were digitally photographed in the field with the aid of a Canon EOS 1200D (Canon, India) camera. Standard procedures for the preparation of morphological and ecological descriptions of the collected specimen were followed (Largent et al., 1977). Colour codes and terminology were given following Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). ...
A new fungus of Lepiota sect. Ovisporae, growing on leaf litter, is described based on macro-micromorphological and molecular evidence. It is distinguished macroscopically by a yellowish-white cap covered with brownish squamules forming a disc, a cylindrical stipe with a non-persistent double-edged annulus, and microscopically by ellipsoid to cylindrical basidiospores.
... Various chemical spot tests (10% KOH, phenol and guaiacol) for color reactions on fresh specimens were performed on the pileus surface, stipe surface, and context. All anatomical details were observed from dried samples by making freehand sections which were mounted in 5% KOH, 1% Phloxine and 1% Congo Red (Largent et al., 1977) and examined under an Olympus CH20i compound microscope. Micromorphological elements were drawn with a Camera lucida at 2000× magnification. ...
The genus Lactarius is cosmopolitan in distribution and forms an ectomycorrhizal association with varied host plants. In the present study, samples of Lactarius badiosanguineus were collected during a fungal survey from different regions of Jammu province, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Identification was carried out through combined morpho-anatomical and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis that confirmed its position as Lactarius badiosanguineus. This taxon is reported here for the first record from India. Detailed morphological descriptions, color photographs, line drawings, and molecular phylogeny are provided.
... Material was collected and examined between October 2019 and April 2021. Genera were identified through general identification literature, namely those by Largent & al. (1977), Boccardo & al. (2008), McAdam (2009), La Chiusa (2014. Specific monographs were then consulted to determine the species as indicated in each species diagnosis given in the results. ...
Mifsud, S. & Mifsud, D.: The macrofungi of Gozo (Maltese Islands): an annotated checklist.-Borziana 4: 51-94. 2023.-ISSN: 2724-5020 online. Records of macrofungi from Gozo are few and underrepresented when compared to those found in mainland Malta. An investigation on the macrofungi occurring on Gozo has been carried out to narrow this knowledge gap. During the present study, 147 samples were collected from Gozo between October 2019 and April 2021. From this sampling effort, 70 different species of macro-fungi were identified, of which 61 were new records for Gozo and 45 were new records for the Maltese Islands. Five of these new records (one new to science) were already published during the progress of this work, whereas the remaining 40 new records are reported for the first time in this account. This investigation elevated the number of macrofungi in Gozo from 36 (prior to the onset of this work) to 97 species. For each of the 40 new records, a detailed account of the examined material, ecology, macro-and micro-morphology, and notes related to the taxon-omy and closely related species are provided. An annotated checklist of all the 97 species occurring in Gozo is given, and details on the locations of each collection are also included. The main threats that local macrofungi are currently facing in Malta and Gozo are for the first time exposed, and conservation measures are discussed.
... The studied specimens were deposited in the fungal collection of the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany at the University of Guadalajara (IBUG), with isotypes also deposited at XAL (herbarium abbreviations according to Thiers [33]). The macroscopy terminology followed Maas Geesteranus [21], while microscopic features were based on Largent et al. [34] and Vellinga [35]. Color codes in the descriptions were referenced from Kornerup and Wanscher [36]. ...
Mycena section Calodontes is macromorphologically distinguished by the collybioid or mycenoid basidiome, which is pink, purple, or violet, and, rarely, reddish-brown or yellowish. It is further characterized by the presence of oxalate crystals in the basal mycelium. The section comprises approximately 40 taxa, of which only five species and one variety exhibit bioluminescence. As part of an extensive study on Mycena sect. Calodontes in Mexico, specimens belonging to this section were collected and subjected to morphological analysis. Sequences from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, RNA polymerase II large subunit Rpb1 (rpb1), and translation elongation factor-1α (Tef-1α) were generated to infer the relationships within Mycena sect. Calodontes using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The phylogenetic evidence, along with the macro- and micromorphological features, supported the recognition of five new bioluminescent species within Mycena sect. Calodontes. Detailed macro- and micromorphological descriptions, line-drawing illustrations, and light and dark photographs of the new species are provided.
... Para la visualización microscópica de las distintas estructuras que caracterizan a las especies, de forma manual se hicieron cortes finos a navaja. Estos se montaron en reactivo de KOH (5 %) y Melzer a fin de observar el contraste de las estructuras con mayor claridad (Largent et al., 1977). ...
Los matorrales ocupan grandes extensiones en el Noreste de México, pero en ellos pocas especies de macrohongos han sido citadas. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer su diversidad asociada a matorrales. Los resultados demostraron una diversidad de 218 taxa de hongos pertenecientes a 145 géneros y 62 familias. En los estados de Nuevo León y Tamaulipas se distribuyeron 186 especies, 23 solo en Tamaulipas y nueve únicamente en Nuevo León. De ellos, 34 son nuevos registros para el Noreste de México. Los basidiomicetos son los más diversos con 187 especies, 125 géneros y 50 familias, le siguen los ascomicetos con 23 especies, 13 géneros y siete familias. Los mixomicetos (antes considerados hongos) son menos abundantes, con ocho especies, siete géneros y cinco familias. En cuanto a los géneros con mayor riqueza: Xylaria está representado por 14 taxones, Amanita con 10, Lactarius y Lentinus con seis, Ganoderma, Phellinus y Geastrum por cuatro, Boletus con tres y el resto menos de tres. Con respecto a la comestibilidad de los taxones, se registraron 175 no comestibles, 18 comestibles y 25 tóxicas. En relación al hábito de crecimiento, 62 son micorrícicos, 117 saprobios, 31 parásitos y ocho fagotróficos. La distribución altitudinal de 94 taxa se ubicó entre 100 y 500 m, 124 especies en un intervalo de 500 a 700 m. Los hongos micorrícicos y parásitos se asociaron a 41 especies de plantas.
... Specimens were dried at 40º C and preserved in zipped plastic bags. Morphological descriptions were conducted following Largent (1986) and Largent et al. (1977). Colour codes are based on the Online Auction Color Chart (Kramer 2004). ...
Humidicutis and Neohygrocybe are genera of wax cap mushrooms closely related to Hygrocybe. This is the first study in Humidicutis and Neohygrocybe from Brazil. We describe two new species, H. pindorama and N. fumosa, based on morphology and ITS rDNA data, and propose a new combination, N. ovinoides. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses were conducted to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the new species and related taxa. The resulting trees suggest that the new species are unique and show significant similarities to existing taxa in their respective genera. We also provide a key to the species of Humidicutis and Neohygrocybe known in the world.
... Microscopic observations of the hymenial elements were made after the wedge of tissue containing many lamellae was removed from pileus, and then a transversal section is performed; they were mounted in 3% KOH, Congo red solution and Melzer's reagent (Largent et al., 1977;Singer, 1986;Pereira & Putzke, 1989). Color codes follow 'OAC' (Online Auction Color, 2004). ...
... All the measurements and colors described here were obtained from material rehydrated in KOH 5%, alcohol 70%, and water, and Congo Red and Melzer Reagent were also used. The preparations were observed with an immersion objective (100×), and structures were described following standardized techniques (Largent et al. 1977;Largent 1986;Largent and Abell-Davis 2011). Measurements of microscopic structures were made using ToupView v. 3.7. ...
Three new records of Agaricales species from the Colombian Caribbean region are presented: Agrocybe pediades (Fr.) Fayod, Macrocybe titans (H.E. Bigelow & Kimbr.) Pegler, Lodge & Nakasone, and Podaxis pistillaris (L.) Fr. Descriptions, photographs, and illustrations of the macroscopic and microscopic features of each species are presented, as well as a brief discussion of their distribution.
... Los carpóforos se identificaron con base en su apariencia morfológica (forma del carpóforo, color, textura del píleo y estípite, presencia o ausencia de cualquier estructura o característica del cuerpo fructífero como escamas, verrugas, pelos, etc.). Las estructuras microscópicas se estudiaron con preparaciones temporales en KOH al 5%, se observaron y midieron las estructuras importantes para su identificación, como son las esporas, basidios, e hifas (Largent, 1986;Largent, Johnson, Watling, 1977). Para las mediciones se usó un microscopio compuesto binocular marca Leica modelo DME, que tiene incluido un micrómetro ocular graduado y un portaobjetos también graduado para su calibración. ...
Podaxis pistillaris s.l. (sensu lato) es un hongo gasteroide distribuido en las regiones áridas y semiáridas del mundo. Es usado en la medicina tradicional para tratar los problemas dermatológicos, como alimento y con fines estéticos por algunas tribus indígenas, sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre su composición proximal y potencial antibacterial es escaso en la literatura. En el presente estudio se determinó la composición proximal, así como la actividad antimicrobiana en Streptococcus agalactiae y Candida albicans a través del método de difusión en disco y Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI); el crecimiento miceliar in vitro en cinco medios de cultivo y tres pH distintos para el crecimiento de P. pistillaris. Los resultados muestran que el carpóforo de la especie es rico en proteínas (15.2%) y en carbohidratos (27.8%) y con bajo contenido lipídico (0.5%). Además, el crecimiento en ambos organismos se inhibió con la técnica de CMI a una concentración de 8.75 mg/mL para C. albicans y 6.25 mg/mL para S. agalactiae. Se obtuvo mejor crecimiento micelial in vitro al usar Agar de Maíz y de Avena en un pH de 7.0. Esta investigación reporta el primer estudio proximal y antimicrobiano de una especie con potencial médico-alimenticio del norte del desierto Chihuahuense.
Palabras clave: Podaxis; hongos comestibles; antimicrobiano
... Photomicrographs of the various elements were captured with a digital camera attached to an Olympus CH20i and an Olympus CX33 compound microscope. Sixty basidiospores were measured from each of the three specimens in Melzer's reagent (Largent et al. 1977). Biometric variables followed Yang (1997) and Cui et al. (2018). ...
Based on morphological evidence and DNA sequencing, we propose three new species of the genus Amanita , namely Amanita aurantialba, A . indovaginata and A. pseudohemibapha from India. Amanita aurantialba , a member of sect. Phalloideae , A . indovaginata a representative of sect. Vaginatae and A . pseudohemibapha belong to sect. Caesareae . Amanita aurantialba was collected from the temperate forests dominated by Quercus species, whereas A . pseudohemibapha and A . indovaginata are associated with tropical forests dominated by Shorea robusta . Photographs, line drawings and detailed morphological descriptions for these species are provided with comparisons against closely-related taxa.
... Posteriormente, se fotografiaron y describieron sus características macromorfológicas. La determinación taxonómica del material fúngico se realizó utilizando las técnicas propuestas por Anderson y Ullrich (1979) y se utilizó bibliografía especializada (e.g., Largent et al. 1980, Guzmán 1983, Torres-Torres et al. 2015, Fang et al. 2021, Herrera et al. 2018, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez et al. 2022. La nomenclatura correcta de los nombres científicos de los hongos se basó en el Index Fungorum (https://indexfungorum. org). ...
Antecedentes: Los estudios etnomicológicos realizados en la región mazateca, al norte del estado de Oaxaca, México,
se han enfocado principalmente a especies del género Psilocybe por su importancia ceremonial y de sanación entre los
mazatecos de la parte alta. En contraste, el conocimiento y las percepciones locales del uso de otras especies con importancia biocultural y vocablos relacionados a las especies fúngicas han recibido escasa atención.
Objetivo: Registrar los vocablos y nomenclatura local relacionada con las especies fúngicas con importancia biocultural
para los habitantes de la comunidad mazateca de Eloxochitlán de Flores Magón, estado de Oaxaca.
Métodos: Se realizaron entrevistas estructuradas, semiestructuradas y no estructuradas, recorridos y recolectas de material fúngico en campo durante la época de lluvia de 2017 al 2021.
Resultados y conclusiones: Se registraron 116 vocablos relacionados con el recurso micológico en la comunidad desde
la cosmovisión mazateca. Dicha nomenclatura se asocia a 27 especies de hongos silvestres con importancia biocultural
en la comunidad de estudio. Este estudio documenta que un rico conocimiento micológico pervive a pesar de los fuertes
procesos de transculturación a los cuales actualmente es sometida la comunidad mazateca.
Background: Ethnomycological studies carried out in the Mazatec region in the north of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico,
have focused mainly on Psilocybe species due to their great ceremonial importance among this ethnic group. In contrast,
the knowledge and local perceptions related to the use of other species with biocultural importance and their vocabulary
so far have been scarcely studied.
Objective: To register the vocabulary and local nomenclature related to the fungal species with biocultural importance
for the inhabitants of the Mazatec community of Eloxochitlán de Flores Magón, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Methods: Structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews, visits and sampling of fungal material in the field were
carried out during the rainy seasons from 2017 to 2021.
Results and conclusions: One hundred and sixteen Mazatec words related to the mycological resource were recorded.
This nomenclature was associated with 27 species of wild fungi with biocultural importance in the study community. This
study documents for the first time that a rich traditional mycological knowledge survives despite the strong transculturation processes to which the Mazatec culture is currently subjected
... For microscopic study, 5% KOH was used for rehydration of gills, pileus and stipe tissues. Congo red was used for staining these tissues; whereas, Melzer's reagent was used to test the amyloid reaction of the basidiospores (Melzer 1924;Dring 1971;Largent et al. 1977). Microscopic structures such as basidia, basidiospores and elements of pileus and stipe were observed under MX4300H compound microscope with Lucida 5X (Meiji Techno Co., Ltd. ...
A new agaric species, Leucoagaricus thallensis, a member of La. sect. Leucoagaricus is described and illustrated from Paki-stan. This species is mainly recognized by the combination of the orange-red fibrillose pileus with a white background, the fibrils on the stipe, and the volva. Data on macromorphology, micromorphology, DNA sequences (nrITS and nrLSU), habitat and comparison with closely related taxa are provided for each. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic differences separate our species from all other known species of Leucoagaricus proving its novelty. This study is the first contemporary taxonomic work on Leucoagaricus species from Noorpur Thal, district Khushab.
... The species was identified by its macroscopic and micromorphological features and was confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analyses. For microscopic analysis, free-hand sections of basidiomata were mounted in 2% (w/v) aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) and 1% (w/v) aqueous phloxine and Melzer's reagent per Largent et al. (1977) and Singer (1986). Basidiospores were measured in KOH and phloxine mounts under oil immersion with 100X magnification. ...
... Each microscopic structure's size data were derived from at least 50 measurements using the Tarosoft (R) Imaging Frame Work program. The terminology for microscopic features followed Largent et al. [31] and Bas [32]. Basidiospore statistics are expressed as (a-) b-c (-d), where 'a' and 'd' are the extreme values and 'b-c' is the range comprising 90% of all values. ...
Edible wild mushrooms are extremely popular among consumers and are highly valued for their potential economic benefits in northern Thailand. In this present study, a total of 19 specimens of edible Amanita were collected during investigations of wild edible mushrooms in northern Thailand during the period from 2019 to 2022. Their morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial large subunit (nrLSU) of ribosomal RNA, RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit (rpb2) and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1) indicated that the collected specimens belonged to A. hemibapha, A. pseudoprinceps, A. rubromarginata, A. subhemibapha, and Amanita section Caesareae. This is the first report of A. pseudoprinceps and A. subhemibapha from Thailand. Full descriptions, illustrations and a phylogenetic placement of all specimens collected in this study are provided. Subsequently, the nutritional composition and total phenolic content, as well as the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, of each species were investigated. The results indicate that the protein contents in both A. pseudoprinceps and A. subhemibapha were significantly higher than in A. hemibapha and A. rubromarginata. The highest total phenolic content was found in the extract of A. pseudoprinceps. In terms of antioxidant properties, the extract of A. pseudoprinceps also exhibited significantly high antioxidant activity by 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. However, the extract of A. rubromarginata had the lowest total phenolic content and level of antioxidant activity. Additionally, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity varied for different Amanita species and the highest level of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was found in the extract of A. pseudoprinceps. This study provides valuable information on the nutrient content, phenolic content and the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of edible Amanita species found in northern Thailand.
... The collected isolates were deposited at the Herb ario do Estado Maria Eneyda P. Kaufmann Fidalgo (SP) under the following names CCB001, Pt II, Pt III, and Pt IV and their accession numbers were SP392848, SP392847, SP392849, and SP392850, respectively. The microscopic analysis involved rehydrates the dry material with 70% ethanol, then with 5% KOH reagent [35]. For more morphological characterizations, a consultation was needed from Refs. ...
Pleurotus ostreatus is a common cultivated edible mushroom worldwide. The fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus is a rich source of a $\beta$-glucans polysaccharide. The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of $\beta$-glucans as a natural polysaccharide produced by P. ostreatus as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer. The molecular identification of P. ostreatus isolate was confirmed by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence. The sequence alignment and phylogenetic evolutionary relationship of studied ITS sequence were performed against some deposited sequences in GenBank. The analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well as the result of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has confirmed the presence of $\beta$-glucans polysaccharide in the tested samples. The percentage of antioxidant activity of $\beta$-glucans showed a gradual increase from 8.59% to 12.36, 18.56, 23.69, 44.66 and 80.36% at the concentrations of 31.2, 64.4, 125, 250, 500, and 800 $\mu$g/ml, respectively. In addition, all concentrations of $\beta$-glucans showed higher antioxidant activities when compared with standard antioxidant (Vitamin C). The highest antimicrobial activity of $\beta$-glucans polysaccharide was against P. aeruginosa with a zone of inhibition (45 mm), while the lowest activity was against S. aureus (13 mm) both at 100 mg/mL. The percentage of growth-inhibiting of MCF-7 a humanbreast cancer cell line and normal WRL-68 cell line affected by $\beta$-glucans were determined by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiazol (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT assay).
... The species was identified by its macroscopic and micromorphological features and was confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analyses. For microscopic analysis, free-hand sections of basidiomata were mounted in 2% (w/v) aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) and 1% (w/v) aqueous phloxine and Melzer's reagent per Largent et al. (1977) and Singer (1986). Basidiospores were measured in KOH and phloxine mounts under oil immersion with 100X magnification. ...
In recent decades, mushrooms have been recognized as an important resource and efforts to characterize their potential to aid nutrition and human health have increased. Phlebopus beniensis specimen from a semi-urban community in Paraguay were analyzed for its biochemical properties, nutritional value, and toxicity. The species was identified by morpho-anatomical and molecular tools. Analyses for antioxidants by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) and nutritional content revealed that P. beniensis is a favorable source of antioxidants, proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and fats. Spectrometry through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) further showcased other mycochemicals such as the specific phenolic, antioxidant, and fatty acid compounds that serve important biological roles in human diets. Applying an ethnomycological framework across local Paraguayan populations, we also report accounts of histories, knowledge, and usage of P. beniensis in South America among settlers and Paraguayan people.
... Collected mushrooms were photographed and their macroand micromorphological features were described. Taxonomic identification was performed by using specific literature (Anderson & Ullrich, 1979;Largent et al., 1980;Guzmán, 1983;Torres et al., 2015;Herrera et al., 2018;Fang et al., 2021;Rodríguez et al., 2022). The scientific nomenclature of specimens was based on Index Fungorum (http://www. ...
Aim of study: To document for the first-time the biocultural knowledge related to the use, nomenclature, and classification of wild mushrooms by the Mazatec culture, cradle of the ethnomycology.
Area of study: Municipality of Eloxochitlán de Flores Magón and communities of San José Buena Vista and Agua Ancha, belonging to the state of Oaxaca, in southern Mexico.
Materials and methods: A total of 291 interviews were performed by using numerical ethnomycological methods, during the rainy seasons, between 2017 and 2021. Based on the knowledge of local experts, fungal specimens with biocultural relevance were collected. Socio-demographic information, knowledge of wild mushrooms and their usages, local nomenclature, culinary uses, and transmission of traditional knowledge were documented.
Main results: Paradoxically, this is the first ethnomycological study that addresses a complete study of fungi with biocultural importance in the ethnic group where ethnomycology emerged as a discipline. Previous studies related to mushrooms with Mazatec people focused exclusively on entheogenic mushrooms leaving aside paramount issues related to traditional mycological knowledge of the fungal local resources, including their edibility and cultural relevance. All interviewees consumed mushrooms, indicating high levels of mycophilia. Twenty-seven species, all of them having a native Mazatec name, were identified. Species of Pleurotus, Auricularia, Cantharellus, and Schizophyllum spp. showed the highest cultural value indexes.
Research highlights: Ethnomycological knowledge of Mazatec culture is prolific and related to local natural resources cosmovision, beliefs and traditions. Mycological knowledge is currently preserved among Mazatec people and it is still transmitted to new generations despite strong transculturation processes.
... Various chemical spot tests (10% KOH, phenol and guaiacol) for colour reactions on fresh specimens were performed on the pileus surface, stipe surface and context. All anatomical details were observed from dried samples by making freehand sections which were mounted in 5% KOH, 1% Phloxine and 1% Congo Red (Largent et al. 1977) and examined under a compound microscope). Micromorphological elements were drawn with a Camera lucida at 2000× magnification. ...
Lactarius bhaderwahensis sp. nov. is here described as a new species from coniferous forests of Jammu. Morphological and molecular (nrITS) sequence data placed the new species within Lactarius subg. Plinthogalus. It is characterized by its basidiocarps with brown to cinnamon‐brown to greyish brown pileus, abundant white latex that turns light orange to greyish orange, globose to subglobose basidiospores with winged ornamentations having ridges forming a broken reticulum, trichopalisade pileipellis and occurrence under Abies pindrow. A detailed macro‐ and micro‐morphological description along with anatomical photographs, line drawings, phylogenetic analysis and comparisons with similar species are provided.
The present study describes a new record of Coniolepiota spongodes from India. Coniolepiota spon�godes is a monotypic taxon of the genus Coniolepiota and is characterized by a white to purplish white pileus;
stipe with powdery coverings; free lamellae with smooth margins appearing cream to pale yellowish in colour;
pungent odour; ellipsoid to oblong basidiospores measuring 4.0–6.0 × 2.5–4.1 μm; irregular cylindrical
squamules cells on the pileus and stipe surface. A comprehensive morphological description, photographs,
and molecular sequence-based phylogenetic analyses of the present collections are provided.
Nấm bào ngư (Pleurotus spp.) là một trong những loại nấm ăn phổ biến trên thế giới. Tại Việt Nam, nấm bào ngư được trồng rộng rãi, đặc biệt tại phía nam. Định danh giống nấm có vai trò quan trọng trong bảo tồn và phát triển giống nấm. Phương pháp định danh cơ bản là dựa vào các đặc điểm hình thái. Bên cạnh đó việc định danh dựa trên dữ liệu các gen bảo tồn cũng đã được áp dụng rộng rãi; trong đó ITS (internal transcribed spacer) là vùng trình tự đã được sử dụng phổ biến trong định danh nấm. Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện nhằm định danh 15 chủng nấm bào ngư thu thập tại phía nam. Phương pháp định danh được sử dụng là phương pháp phân tích đặc điểm hình thái và giải trình tự vùng ITS. Kết quả phân tích cho thấy 10 chủng nấm thuộc loài P. pulmonarius và 5 chủng nấm thuộc loài P. ostreatus; kết quả định danh bằng ITS hỗ trợ tốt cho định danh bằng đặc điểm hình thái. Trên cây phát sinh loài 10 chủng nấm bào ngư xám thuộc về phân nhánh loài P. pulmonarius với chỉ số bootstrap bằng 88%; 4 chủng bào ngư trắng và chủng bào ngư tiểu yến thuộc về phân nhánh loài Pleurotus cf. floridanus (thuộc loài P. ostreatus) với chỉ số bootstrap bằng 80%. Kết quả của nghiên cứu này bổ sung thêm dữ liệu cơ bản cho các chương trình định danh, bảo tồn nguồn gen giống nấm bào ngư.
The present study aims to find out the edible macrofungi in Borail Reserve Forest of Dima Hasao district of Assam. Survey was carried out between the month of April to September, 2022. A total of 09 edible macrofungi belonging to lignicolous and humicolous habitat were identified belonging under 8 genera and 8 families, i.e. Agaricaceae, Auriculariaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Lyophyllaceae, Phallaceae, Polyporaceae, Schizophyllaceae and Tremellaceae. Among the collected species, Polyporaceae family is found to be the most dominant family and all the edible macrofungi species belongs to Basidiomycota group.
Four species of Agaricus (Agaricaceae, Basidiomycota) belonging to the A. sect. Xanthodermatei of A. subg. Pseudochitonia,
viz. Agaricus punjabensis, A. endoxanthus, A. melanocarpus, and A. xanthodermulus, are described from West Bengal,
India, based on morphological and molecular sequences (nrDNA ITS and LSU rDNA) data. Comprehensive descriptions,
field photographs of the specimens, and comparisons with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related taxa are
provided. Among the four taxa, Agaricus punjabensis, A. melanocarpus, and A. xanthodermulus represent their first records
for India, and Agaricus endoxanthus is newly reported for the state of West Bengal.
[Objetivo] El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la producción indoor de Favolus rugulosus en distintos sustratos y realizar los análisis de composición proximal de los basidiomas cultivados. [Metodología] La especie en estudio fue identificada por análisis morfológicos y filogenéticos basados en el marcador ITS. Se evaluó la capacidad de domesticación de la especie mediante el cultivo en distintos sustratos de fácil acceso, se cuantificó el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales, antioxidantes y se realizó el análisis proximal de los basidiomas obtenidos. [Resultados] La mezcla eucalipto-paja resultó ser el mejor sustrato para la producción de basidiomas, por producir rindes más altos en un tiempo intermedio (45 días); la mayor concentración de compuestos fenólicos (35.6 ± 2.6 mg GAE g-1) y antioxidantes (13.6 ± 1.3 mg AAE g-1) se obtuvo en la fracción de acetato de etilo; en cuanto la composición proximal, F. rugulosus contiene 20 % proteínas, 15,4 % carbohidratos, 25,2 % fibra alimentaria y 5,7 % de grasas. [Conclusiones] Los análisis de composición química y nutricional del basidioma cultivado revelan que F. rugulosus es una fuente rica en proteínas, carbohidratos, fibra alimentaria y ácidos grasos esenciales.
Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis (ITS-rDNA sequence), a new species, Termitomyces assamicus, is described after the Indian state of Assam. Termitomyces assamicus is characterized by a medium-sized pileus, brownish orange to grey or greyish red with a conical, pointed perforatorium; white to pale grey lamellae with a serrated edge; an orange grey to greyish orange stipe measuring 50–100 mm long; absence of annulus; greyish brown to yellowish brown pseudorhiza measuring 70–100 mm long; ellipsoid basidiospores with a mean of 8.3 × 5.0 μm; clavate cheilocystidia measuring 21–36 × 8–16 µm; and broadly clavate to pyriform pleurocystidia (23–32 × 12–23 µm). The new species was compared with closely related taxa using morpho-molecular data. A detailed morphological description with field images, micromorphology illustration, and a phylogenetic tree to show the position of the new species are also provided.
Resumen En los bosques templados se puede encontrar una gran diversidad de relaciones e interacciones como el parasitismo, las cuales tienen impactos económicos, ecológicos y ambientales teniendo que combatir la mayoría de estas especies como los descortezadores o los muérdagos; sin embargo, existen a la vez algunas bajo protección como las orquídeas micoheterótrofas. En la Ciudad de México encontramos dos tipos de suelo, el urbano y el de conservación, en este último se localiza la Comunidad de San Miguel Ajusco con más de 6,000 hectáreas de zonas boscosas, principalmente bosque de Pinus, seguido de Abies religiosa, Alnus y Quercus lo que facilita encontrar una gran diversidad de especies además de las 11 especies de importancia fitosanitaria registradas para la zona. Al realizar un monitoreado del arbolado durante el periodo 2019-2021 se registraron 49 especies, 38 nuevos registros, además de seis que no tienen una relación estrictamente parasitaria pero afectan al establecimiento de nuevas plantas. Asimismo, se registraron 18 organismos con relación parasitaria que afectan a hongos y plantas no maderables las cuales no se contemplan en los trabajos fitosanitarios o que están protegidas bajo las normas oficiales mexicanas, pero es importante señalarlas como parásitos dentro de los ecosistemas.
In order to contribute to the knowledge of Coprinopsis in Southern Brazil, specimens were collected in the Atlantic Forest and Pampa Biomes. Morphological studies and phylogenetic analyses (Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference) of the nucITS, nucLSU, TEF1 and β-tubulin were performed to describe new species and their evolutionary relations. Five Coprinopsis species were found. The molecular and morphological data supported the description of three new species and a new combination in the genus. Detailed descriptions, illustrations of their macro- and microscopic characteristics and a key to identify Coprinopsis species in Brazil are provided.
Xerocomellus perezmorenoi (Boletaceae, Boletales) is described as a new species from Mexico. This species was collected under Abies religiosa in mixed coniferous forest located in three localities (Puebla, Tlaxcala, and State of Mexico) in central Mexico. It is morphologically characterized by its small-sized basidiomata, pileus brown at the center and cream with pink to purple tones at the margin, almost blackish at the center when young, black-brown when mature, pores lilac, peach to salmon when young, yellow citrine at mature; violet or violet-brown color reaction of the context when cut; basidiospores (12–) 15–16 (–17) × 4–5 (–6) µm. Phylogenetic analyses (Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) based on multi-locus sequences confirmed X. perezmorenoi is a new species, with biocultural importance due to edibility. Detailed a description, photographs, analyses of phylogenetics, and taxonomic discussions are presented.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.