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44 Accepted by T. Chesser: 1 May 2012; published: 8 Jun. 2012
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press
Zootaxa 3340: 44–58 (2012)
www.mapress.com/zootaxa/Article
An assessment of three little-noticed papers on avian nomenclature
by G. N. Kashin during 1978–1982
STEVEN M. S. GREGORY & EDWARD C. DICKINSON
Steven M.S. Gregory, 35 Monarch Road, Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN2 6EH, U.K.
Edward C. Dickinson, Flat 3, 19 Bolsover Road, Eastbourne, East Susses, BN20 7JG, U.K.
Abstract
Overlooked and unanswered nomenclatural observations from 30 years ago, mostly based on perceived shortcomings in the
Check-list of Birds of the World by J. L. Peters and his successors, are examined. Many are rebutted, a number endorsed and
recommended.
Key words: Original spellings, authorship, dates of publication, citations
Introduction
G. N. Kashin published three papers on avian nomenclature, in Russian, from 1978 to 1982. These have been
largely ignored due primarily to difficulties in both distribution and translation, but they should not have been
because they contain a variety of proposed corrections, mainly to generic names in those volumes of the Check-list
of Birds of the World by J. L. Peters and his successors published prior to 1978.
Here we examine and confirm or reject Kashin’s conclusions on matters of simple priority, of homonymy and
of authorship.
Kashin dealt with the content of the volumes from the Check-list in the order in which they appeared in each
volume; we retain his sequence but rather than mention Kashin in every paragraph we have sometimes left it to the
reader to infer that ‘he’ refers to Kashin or that we otherwise refer to him. In general we accept Kashin’s views
unless we say otherwise.
Kashin’s 1978 paper
Peters Vol. I.
(1) The generic name Tinamus: Peters (1931: 12) gave the author as Latham, 1790. Kashin (1978) pointed out
that Tinamus Hermann, 1783 had priority. Blake (1979: 12) made the change to Hermann.
(2) In his discussion Kashin noted that Crypturus Illiger, 1811, had many years priority over Crypturellus Bra-
bourne & Chubb, 1914. Although true, the name Crypturus is based on two species of the genus Tinamus,
neither of which fall within the currently defined genus Crypturellus. Blake made no change or comment.
(3) The dual existence of the family name Hydrobatidae was discussed. This has been resolved by Opinion
1696 (ICZN 1992), which conserved that of Mathews (1912) based on Hydrobates Boie, 1822, and sup-
pressed that of Degland, 1849, based on Hydrobata Vieillot, 1816.
(4) Kashin drew attention to the apparent availability of Nyctherodius Reichenbach, 1852, a prior name for
Nyctanassa Stejneger, 1887. Nyctanassa was introduced as a new name on the grounds of presumed hom-
onymy of Nyctherodius with Nycterodius MacGillivray, 1842, but due to the one letter difference this is
not now considered a homonym. MacGillivray’s name is an objective synonym of Nycticorax T. Forster,
1817. Since Kashin (1978), the fourth edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
(ICZN 1999: hereafter ‘the Code’), Art. 23.9, would allow the retention of Nyctanassa if Reichenbach’s
Zootaxa 3340 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 45
KASHIN'S SUGGESTED AVIAN NOMENCLATURE
name has not been used since 1899. Our search showed that the name was used by Studer (1903), so argu-
ably the name Nyctanassa Stejneger, 1887 should be replaced by Nyctherodius Reichenbach, 1852. Studer
(1903) is not a fresh work but an edition of a work first issued in the 1880s when Studer listed Jasper, the
artist, as if he were a co-author. By 1903 the title page refers to Studer alone. Casey Wood (1931: 586)
listed some of the many editions. In the interests of stability we conclude, without the ability to check this,
that the content of the 1903 edition, the only dated edition after 1899, is carried forward unchanged. Art.
23.9.3 of the Code requires those desirous of continuing to use the younger name to draw to the attention
of the Commission the details of the case. This, at least initially, is a matter for American ornithologists to
decide: they have the choice of re-adopting the older name Nyctherodius based on this single evidence of
usage (where it may have been simply left unchanged from previous editions) or to take the matter to the
Commission while continuing to use Nyctanassa.
(5) The date of the generic name Balaeniceps Gould had been corrected to 1850 by Opinion 67 (ICZN 1916),
but this had been overlooked by Peters (1931: 125). Kahl (1979) made the correction.
(6) The name Sphenorhynchus Lichtenstein, 1823, used by Peters (1931: 128), should have been spelled with-
out the middle ‘h’ to comply with the spelling on the “Official List of Generic Names in Zoology” (ICZN
1958: hereafter “Official List”). This error was continued by Kahl (1979). This name is usually seen as a
subjective synonym of Ciconia.
(7) Kashin noted that Guara Reichenbach, 1853, a name used as valid by Peters (1931: 137), was a junior
objective synonym of Eudocimus Wagler, 1832. Steinbacher (1979) made the correction.
(8) Kashin also noted that if subgenera were needed in the scoter genus Melanitta then Pelionetta Kaup, 1829,
is a junior objective synonym of Macroramphus Lesson, 1828. This was probably motivated by Kashin’s
awareness that where the spelling differed by only one letter a new rule had made that an acceptable differ-
ence. In this case the one-letter difference had been with Macrorhamphus Fischer, 1813—a name in
Pisces; so Lesson’s name was not now to be considered preoccupied. However, Lesson’s name then seems
to be a junior homonym of Macroramphus Bonaparte, 1825, but deeper enquiry shows that Bonaparte here
introduced an incorrect subsequent spelling of Macrorhamphus—this being shown by his reference to the
use of this name by Leach, 1817. An incorrect subsequent spelling is not an available name and does not
enter into homonymy (ICZN 1999; Art. 33.3) so that Lesson’s name is available and has one year prece-
dence over Pelionetta—listed by AOU (1998: 79)—and is the available monotypic generic or subgeneric
name for the scoter species perspicillatus. The citation for Lesson’s name should be:
Macroramphus Lesson, 1828
Manuel d'Ornithologie, ed. 2, 2, p. 414.
Type by original designation Anas perspicillata Linnaeus, 1758
Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758)
(9) Kashin observed that the name Coragyps should be attributed to Le Maout (1853) rather than to Geoffroy
Saint-Hilaire in Le Maout but this was not acted upon by Stresemann & Amadon (1979). It was indepen-
dently reported by Gregory (1998) and is correct in Dickinson (2003). The correct citation is:
Coragyps Le Maout, 1853
Hist. Nat. Oiseaux Classif. I. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, pp. 57, 66.
Type by monotypy Coragyps urubu "d'Isid. Geoffroy" = Vultur atratus Bechstein, 1793.
Coragyps atratus (Bechstein, 1793)
(10) He pointed out that Peters (1931: 269) had misspelled the name Melanaetus Roberts, 1922 – a subjective
synonym of Circaetus Vieillot, 1816. The name is not given in Stresemann & Amadon (1979).
Peters Vol. II.
(1) Kashin suggested that the name Chalcurus originated in Gray (1855) and was wrongly attributed to
Bonaparte, 1856. We concur. Its earlier usage by Bonaparte (1854) was a nomen nudum. The correct
citation is therefore:
GREGORY & DICKINSON
46 · Zootaxa 3340 © 2012 Magnolia Press
Chalcurus G.R. Gray, 1855
Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 103.
Type by original designation & virtual tautonymy
Polyplectron chalcurum "Temminck" = Polyplectrum chalcurum Lesson, 1831
Polyplectron chalcurum (Lesson, 1831)
(2) He noted too that Numida Linnaeus dated not from 1766 as given by Peters (1934) but from 1764 as given
in Opinion 67 (ICZN 1916). The correct citation is thus:
Numida Linnaeus, 1764
Mus. Adolphi Friderici, 2, Prodromus, p. 27.
Type by monotypy Phasianus meleagris Linnaeus, 1758
Numida meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758)
(3) Kashin considered Sarothrura Heine, 1890 (introduced as a new name for Corethrura Reichenbach, 1849),
to be preoccupied by Sarothrura Hasselt, 1823 [Pisces], and proposed the use of Saurothrura Sharpe,
1894, instead. This has proved an unnecessary action, as Maurice Kottelat (pers. comm.), in his paper
(1987: 369) on names introduced by Hasselt, has shown that ‘Sarothrura’ was introduced not at generic
level but at species level, and moreover spelt ‘sarothura’.
(4) He found Choriotis Gray, 1855, used as valid by Peters (1934: 219), to be a junior synonym of Ardeotis Le
Maout, 1853. The latter name was used by Mackworth-Praed & Grant (1962), although no author was
mentioned. This was addressed by Gregory (1998) but Dickinson (2003) misspelled Le Maout as Mahout.
This name should be cited as:
Ardeotis Le Maout, 1853
Hist. Nat. Oiseaux Classif. I. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, pp. 339, 340.
Type by monotypy Otis arabs Linnaeus, 1758
Ardeotis arabs (Linnaeus, 1758)
(5) Kashin pointed out from Peters (1934: 236) that the author of the name Hemiparra ‘Salvadori’, 1865,
should be De Filippi—who was reporting on work not yet published by Salvadori (1865: 270); however,
the Code (ICZN 1999: 52) Article 50.2, now allows that the person responsible for the name, and not the
Secretary or reporter of the meeting, is the author of the name. Thus Salvadori should stand as the author
of Hemiparra. Later on in the same work (1865: 373), Salvadori introduced Defilippia as the generic name
for the same species, but this is an objective junior synonym of Hemiparra Salvadori loc. cit., and a junior
homonym of Defilippia Lioy, 1864 [Diptera]. Although Hemiparra is currently a name in synonymy, ana-
tomical studies of the Vanellinae (Livezey, 2010) suggest that Vanellus is polyphyletic, so the name Hemi-
parra may return to use. The correct citation is:
Hemiparra Salvadori, 1865
Atti della Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Milano, 8, p. 270.
Type by monotypy Chettusia crassirostris "De Filippi" = Chettusia crassirostris Hartlaub, 1855
Vanellus crassirostris (Hartlaub, 1855)
(6) Kashin observed that the name Philohela Gray, 1841, used as valid by Peters (1934: 279), is a junior syn-
onym of Microptera Nuttall, 1834, which Kashin considered was not preoccupied by Micropterus
Lacepède, 1802 in Pisces. Philohela was used as a subgeneric name by AOU (1998: 178). We suggest that
Kashin’s point be considered by the AOU.
(7) The authorship of Lymnocryptes was also discussed. Use of this name by Kaup, 1829, referred to by Peters
(1934: 279) was, Kashin said, preceded by usage by Boie, 1826. This observation seems to have led to the
use of Boie as author of the name by van Gils & Wiersma (1996) and Dickinson (2003). But Kashin
added that Boie’s name was a synonym of Gallinago Koch, 1816 (now suppressed—see Direction 39
Zootaxa 3340 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 47
KASHIN'S SUGGESTED AVIAN NOMENCLATURE
(ICZN 1956a)—in favour of Gallinago Brisson, 1760); however, he appears to have been wrong in this.
Reference to Boie (1826) reveals that his monotypic type species was Lymnocryptes gallinula [Die kleine
Beccassine] = Scolopax gallinula Linnaeus, 1766 = Scolopax minima Brünnich, 1764, the same type as
that of Lymnocryptes Kaup 1829. We therefore conclude that Lymnocryptes Boie, 1826 is the correct cita-
tion, which in full should be cited as:
Lymnocryptes Boie, 1826
in, Ornis Brehm, 2, p. 127.
Type by monotypy Lymnocryptes gallinula [Linnaeus, 1766] = "Die kleine Beccassine" = Scolopax min-
ima Brünnich, 1764
Lymnocryptes minimus (Brünnich, 1764).
(8) Kashin recorded that the use of the name Plautus Gunnerus, 1761, by Peters (1934: 350) had been disal-
lowed by Opinion 999 (ICZN 1973) and that the name Alle should have been used. That opinion gave the
authorship as Link, 1807, and this date is repeated in ICZN (1987). However, both the Richmond Index,
published as Richmond (1992), and Sherborn (1923a: 217) dated this 1806.
Peters Vol. III.
(1) Peters (1937: 147) employed the name Trichoglossus Vigors & Horsfield “1827 (1826)”. Raphael (1970)
showed that this issue of the Transactions of the Linnean Society appeared in 1827. Kashin pointed out that
Opinion 67 (ICZN 1916) had given priority to Stephens, 1826. This was missed by Collar (1997) and
Dickinson (2003), but correctly given by Schodde & Mason (1997). Thus, this should be cited as:
Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826
in, Shaw and Stephens, General Zoology, 14, pt. 1, p. 129.
Type by subsequent designation Lesson, 1828, Manuel d'Ornithologie, 2, p. 147.
Psittacus haematodus Linnaeus, 1771
Trichoglossus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1771)
(2) Kashin found a prior name for Prosopeia Bonaparte, 1854, a name used as valid by Peters (1937: 250).
Kashin’s prior name, Pyrrhulopsis Reichenbach, 1850, was introduced as generic details only, and the type
was established by subsequent monotypy by Gray (1855: 85) as Coracopsis? personata G.R. Gray, 1848.
Kashin pointed out that Sharpe (1900: 33) included both the type species and those listed in Prosopeia by
Bonaparte in 1854. We therefore agree with Kashin that Pyrrhulopsis Reichenbach, 1850 should be used.
Thus, this should be cited as:
Pyrrhulopsis Reichenbach, 1850
Avium Syst. Nat., pl. lxxxii.
Type by subsequent monotypy G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 85.
Coracopsis? personata G.R. Gray, 1848
Pyrrhulopsis personata (G.R. Gray, 1848)
Peters Vol. V.
(1) Kashin considered Colibri Spix, 1824, used as valid by Peters (1945: 22), to be an objective synonym of
Trochilus Linnaeus, 1758, and thus unavailable. Kashin pointed out that Peters footnoted this as “Replaces
Petasophora G.R. Gray, 1840, of Sharpe’s hand-list”, and that if Colibri Spix, 1824 is considered to be a
junior homonym, then Gray’s name should be used. Statius Muller (1773: 262) used ‘Colibri’ as a vernac-
ular name for Trochilus; however on p. 263, ‘Colibri’ appears as the generic name for the first species of
Trochilus, i.e., Colibri Paradiseus = Trochilus paradiseus Linnaeus 1758. The second and all subsequent
names in Statius Muller’s list begin with Trochilus. Sherborn (1902) did not list this use, and Neave
(1939a: 797) stated ‘err. pro Trochilus L. 1758’. Following Kashin’s reasoning Statius Muller created a
genus Colibri that was monotypic; thus, for the name to be an objective synonym of Trochilus, whatever
GREGORY & DICKINSON
48 · Zootaxa 3340 © 2012 Magnolia Press
Linnaeus called ‘paradiseus’ would have to have been applied to a taxon re-identified with Trochilus
polytmus. However, the name Trochilus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758 is not in use and is both unidentified
and probably unidentifiable (Michael Walters pers. comm.). We think that it is better to agree with Neave
and so see the curious usage of ‘Colibri’ in 1773 as a lapsus calami.
Peters Vol. VI.
(1) Kashin observed that the name Colaptes, attributed by Peters (1948: 100) to Vigors (1826)—more cor-
rectly 1825 as shown by Raphael (1970)—had been attributed in Opinion 67 (ICZN 1916) to the same
page but with Swainson as the author. This, presumably, Kashin drew from the Official List, which he
listed in his references. This is repeated by ICZN (1987: 71), but both are at variance with the opinion
itself, in which it is made clear that Swainson’s name was just a manuscript name. See also ICZN (1999:
52), where Art. 50.1.1 does not validate Swainson. The citation in AOU (1998: 343) is correct.
Peters Vol. VII.
(1) In relation to the spinetail binomen ‘Sylviorthorhynchus Desmursii’ and the generic name Sylviortho-
rhynchus, Kashin noted that Peters (1951: 72) listed Des Murs in Gay (1847) as the author of this name,
but Kashin gave Sylviorthorhyncus as the original spelling (although Neave 1940: 359 used the spelling
employed by Peters). Because Kashin did not identify his source for the name Sylviorthorhyncus, two
issues must be resolved: (1) the possible source of the spelling used by Kashin, and (2) the publication to
which priority attaches.
Gay's Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Zoologia is many volumes long. The first of the Zoology vol-
umes, which includes the birds, is dated 1847, with a Preface dated January. Here (on p. 315) the author of
Sylviorthorhynchus is not stated so the name would have to be attributed to Des Murs as author of the text,
unless the name appeared earlier. The plate depicted and named the species Sylviorthorhynchus desmurii
Gay—not desmuri as given by Sherborn (1925b: 1885)—and the text (p. 316) uses the same spelling and
adds Gay, ‘Icon.’ Thus, Kashin did not draw his spelling from here.
Kashin’s potential alternative source was the Iconographie Ornithologique of Des Murs. Des Murs, in
livraison 8, also dated 1847, in support of his plate XLV, included text on the genus and text about the spe-
cies. In the former he used the spelling Sylviorthorhyncus but in the species account he used Sylviortho-
rhynchus, so the generic text here, in abstraction of the species text and plate, could have been Kashin’s
source.
In the ‘Iconographie’ the texts on the genus and the species are both dated February, 1847, but other
accounts in the same livraison are dated March 1847. Gay’s 1847 volume, despite its Preface date, should
probably be dated from 31 December 1847 (I.C.Z.N, 1999; Art. 21.3. No information is known to us that
suggests that this volume of text appeared in parts. However, the plates were intended for an ‘Atlas’ vol-
ume and here there is evidence that these did not all appear at once.
Zimmer (1926: 237) wrote: “The date of the plates is open to question. All the zoological plates occur in
the complete work, in Vol. II of the atlas, but they were issued at widely different times. Those in the pres-
ent set (comprising all of the mammals and birds) are accompanied by an original wrapper dated 1848. ...
There is nothing to show, however, that it appeared with any of the plates which are now associated with
it”. Dickinson et al. (2011: 93) reported a similar wrapper but that one was dated 1849. Zimmer (1926, p.
238) continued “Des Murs, in his ‘Iconographie Ornithologique’ 1845-49 (q.v.) gave good evidence that
some of the plates preceded the text. In Livr. 1 in the discussion of the genus Merganetta ... he said “Dès la
même année [= 1844], M. Gay l’a également fait figurer dans l’Atlas de son immense ouvrage sur le Chili
... et lui a donné le nom de Raphipterus” [“From the same year [= 1844] Monsieur Gay had this depicted in
the Atlas of his immense work on Chile ... and gave it the name Raphipterus”]. So here we have evidence
that the duck that Des Murs depicted in plate V had been depicted by Gay in 1844, which is in agreement
with Sherborn (1925a: 1231). Zimmer then wrote “In Livraison 8 of the ‘Iconographie’, in the discussion
of the genus Sylviorthorhynchus (in the last paragraph), he says “Nous avons établi ce Genre particulier ...
sur une jolie Espèce qu’a decouverte M. Gay, et que ce savant Voyageur nous avoit confiée pour en joindre
la description à la figure qu’il en a publiée dans san Grand Ouvrage sur le Chili.” [Here, Des Murs’ French
is slightly ambiguous but reads “We have based this particular genus ... on an attractive species discovered
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KASHIN'S SUGGESTED AVIAN NOMENCLATURE
by Monsieur Gay of which this scholarly traveller sent us the description that he had published in his great
work on Chile to join to the picture ...” (referring to the plate in the Iconographie); a comparison of the
wording of the two descriptions shows that the Latin diagnoses are identical, and indeed Des Murs attrib-
uted this diagnosis to Gay.] And in the next page where Des Murs provides the title for the species account
one finds “Sylviorthorhynchus desmurii. Gay. Historica fisica y politica de Chile, por Claudio Gay. 1844”.
Confirming this Zimmer went on to say “In the text to pll. 5 and 45, Raphypternus chilensis Gay and Syl-
viorthorhynchus desmurii are quoted from Gay’s ‘Historia fisica y politica de Chile,’ 1844”. So the evi-
dence demonstrates that Des Murs believed that the plates of both these species were published in 1844.
Additional evidence to be weighed is that Gay’s plate of Sylviorthorhynchus is dated 1845 and Des Murs
(1853) in a later work referred to that date. Sherborn was silent here; it seems he picked up the case of
Merganetta but not the spinetail. Des Murs appears not to have known of this much before February 1847
because his plate XLV in the ‘Iconographie’ is captioned “Sylviorthorhynchus maluroides (O. des Murs)”
which demonstrates that the caption was engraved before the text was finalised.
Hellmayr (1925: 55) attributed the name desmurii to Des Murs in Gay, 1847, citing p. 316 and pl. 3 [= 5]
but apparently was unaware that the plate and text may have appeared at different times.
In conclusion, it seems either that Kashin misread Gay’s work or that he lacked access to it and took his
spelling of the generic name from that used by Des Murs (1847) in the text in the ‘Iconographie’. In doing
so he ignored the differing spelling (Sylviorthorhynchus) used with the species text and in the plate cap-
tion. Gay’s plate is dated 1845 and the evidence proves that it may well have appeared in 1844: engraving
dates can antedate or postdate publication. We judge the conservative and correct citation for both the
generic and the specific names must be to Gay, 1845, Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Atlas 2, pl. 5. Ref-
erence to the later text should be separated.
Peters Vol. IX.
(1) Kashin noted that Neave (1939a: 352) listed Atticora Boie, 1844 as a swift and Atticora Gould, 1842 as a
swallow—although the Richmond Index has no card for this name. Peters (1960: 90), in contrast to Neave,
used Atticora Boie for a swallow, not a swift, and gave Hirundo fasciata J.F. Gmelin, 1789, a South Amer-
ican species, as the type species. In examining Gould (1842) we find that he at no point claimed to be
introducing a new generic name; instead, he stated that he was placing the Australian species in Atticora.
Gould then stated that the type of the genus was Hirundo fasciata ‘of authors’—during the 19th century
Gmelin's new names were often not acknowledged. Boie (1844) considered Atticora to be new in his paper
on the Hirundinidae, and in this case his genus consisted of swifts and swallows, which were often con-
fused at that period. Boie’s (1844) Atticora is therefore an objective junior homonym, as indicated by
Kashin, and cannot be used. Thus, Gould (1842) is the earliest published use, and the point of introduction,
of Atticora as a genus of swallow. This should be cited as:
Atticora Gould, 1842
Birds of Australia, 2, text to pt. 9, pl. 12.
Type by original designation Hirundo fasciata auctorum = Hirundo fasciata J.F. Gmelin, 1789
Atticora fasciata (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)
(2) Kashin observed that Rand (1960: 367) footnoted Artamia of Sharpe’s ‘Hand-list’ (not of Lafresnaye) as
being included in Leptopterus, Bonaparte, 1854, and in a further footnote stated that Artamia leucocephala
of Sharpe’s ‘Hand-list’ was a synonym of Leptopterus viridis (Statius Muller, 1776). Some confusion then
seems to have arisen because of the erroneous date (1832) given by Gadow (1883: 106), for the Diction-
naire Universel d’Histoire Naturelle vol. 2, which is in fact clearly dated 1842. Thus, there is no priority
conflict between Lafresnaye (1842), who used Artamia in the dictionary, and the introduction of that name
by I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1832: 389). In 1832, Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire clearly stated that he was
‘dismembering’ the genus Ocypterus and he established Artamia with Ocypterus sanguinolentus, Tem-
minck, Planches Coloriées, pl. 499 (1830), as the type, by monotypy and original designation. This name
is now a synonym of Oriolus cruentus (Wagler, 1827). I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire is accepted as the author
of Artamia by Sherborn (1923b: 483) and Neave (1939a: 305), and Artamia I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,
GREGORY & DICKINSON
50 · Zootaxa 3340 © 2012 Magnolia Press
1832 is therefore a subjective junior synonym of Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766. Lafresnaye, when using Artamia
in 1842, seemed to confirm the type as the ‘Langreyen sanguinolent’ of Temminck while adding further
species, including Buffon’s ‘Tchachert’ and ‘Schetbé’, now Leptopterus chabert (Statius Muller, 1776)
and Schetba rufa (Linnaeus, 1766), respectively. Leptopterus, Bonaparte, 1854 Comptes Rendus Hebdo-
modaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, as cited by Rand (1960: 367) is first a nomen
nudum on p. 387 in Bonaparte’s table, but is validly introduced later on p. 538, where the type is nomi-
nated. Bonaparte based this generic name on Artamus viridis of Gmelin (= Lanius chabert Statius Muller,
1776) saying “[this species] me donne le genre Leptopterus qui n’est autre que le Leptopteryx Wagl.,
auquel, pour pouvoir l’adopter en ce sens restreint, je fais subit cette légère modification”. It is clear that
Bonaparte deliberately coined a different name with an associated species, which can therefore stand. The
correct citation for Leptopterus is thus:
Leptopterus Bonaparte, 1854
Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, pp. 387, 538.
Type by monotypy
[Lanius] viridis J.F. Gmelin, 1788 = Lanius chabert Statius Muller, 1776
Leptopterus chabert (Statius Muller, 1776)
(3) Kashin dealt with Ptilogonys Swainson—the spelling adopted by Greenway (1960: 371)—and, based on a
decision as to the priority between two of Swainson’s papers rendered in Opinion 30 (ICZN 1911), argued
that because Swainson’s work on Mexican birds was not known to be extant, and because the spelling in
that was known only by the subsequent evidence of Swainson, priority as to the spelling must flow from
the decision in Opinion 30 between the two papers in 1827. On this basis he argued that the prior spelling
was Ptiliogonys, the spelling used in the Philosophical Magazine. Thus the subfamily name must be Ptili-
ogonidinae. This is paralleled by the conclusion reached independently by Browning (1989). An emenda-
tion to Ptilogonys would require some explicit statement of intention such as reference to ‘feathered knees’
as the meaning of the epithet (ICZN 1999: Art. 33.2.1). The AOU (1983: 582) used the Mexican work of
1824 as its citation; but AOU (1998: 531) adopted 1827 and cited the Philosophical Magazine (n.s.) 1: 268
[sic in errore for 368] which is where the spelling Ptiliogonys was used. Given the existence of the ruling
in Opinion 30, and the fact that Ptiliogonys is not an original spelling that requires correction, the spelling
Ptilogonys is an incorrect subsequent spelling.
(4) Kashin regretted that Bechstein’s use of the generic name Accentor for the dipper did not appear in Green-
way (1960: 374) and suggested that there was some evidence that p. 47 in the second ‘hundert’ of Bech-
stein’s Getreue Abbildungen ... appeared in 1796—which is not inconsistent with the report of Mey (2011).
Kashin, however, did not suggest change here, and because the ornithological community has settled on
using Cinclus Borkhausen, 1797 (April), believing Accentor Bechstein to date from September, 1797, it
seems wise not to make changes. However, in the context of any List of Available Names this issue may
have to be resolved by means of an application to suppress Bechstein’s name and conserve the status quo.
Peters Vol. X.
(1) Deignan (1964: 286) attributed the name Napothera to G.R. Gray, 1842, mentioning a usage by Boie, 1832,
but inferring that it was then no more than a nomen nudum. Kashin suggested that Gray’s name was junior
to Nopothera S. Müller, ‘1835’ = 1836—for date correction see Richmond (1926). This name was intro-
duced on p. 331 of Müller’s work with the included species pyrhoptera, allotrius, flavipennis [sic] and aer-
obarbus [sic]. These four names are all MS names of Boie. Allotrius Temminck, 1836, became a generic
name that is a synonym of Pteruthius Swainson, 1832, and aenobarbus was introduced at the same time as
the specific name of Temminck’s type species. Pyrhoptera seems not to have been formally described until
Bonaparte 1850 named it pyrrhoptera and this is considered a species of Alcippe. Finally flavipennis
seems to have become Allotrius flaviscapis Temminck 1835. Because all these names were MS names and
none was described by Müller, i.e. all four are nomina nuda, the name Nopothera must be seen as a nomen
nudum. None of the above four taxa was circumscribed within the name Napothera as used by Deignan,
whereas Gray’s type species, epilepidota, was included. Thus, Napothera Gray is a different name. Müller
used the spelling Napothera on page 334 but that is no more valid than the name on page 331.
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(2) Kashin commented on the validity of the name Crocias. He considered the rejection of Laniellus by Deig-
nan (1964: 415), who suggested that no species were associated with its introduction, and that the name
was somehow ‘preoccupied’ by a later homonym (Laniellus Blyth, 1833), as being incorrect. It would
appear that Laniellus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, 1832 (p. 481), was validly introduced with a
type species Lanius leucogrammicus ‘Reinwardt’ = Laniellus leucogrammicus Swainson, now Crocias
albonotatus (Lesson, 1832), by original designation and monotypy. Laniellus has been used as valid on a
number of occasions since 1899, notably by Sharpe (1903) and Salvadori (1913), and would seem to
demand the replacement of the name Crocias. The correct citation for Laniellus Swainson is:
Laniellus Swainson, 1832
in, Swainson & Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 2 ('1831'), p. 481.
Type by original designation & monotypy
Lanius leucogrammicus "Reinwardt" = Laniellus leucogrammicus Swainson, 1832 = Lanius albonotatus
Lesson, 1831
Laniellus albonotatus (Lesson, 1831)
(3) Deignan (1964: 431) employed the name Conostoma Hodgson, 1841-42. Kashin stated that this was preoc-
cupied by Conostoma Rudolphi, 1801, in Diptera; however, Neave, 1939a: 823) considered this as an error
for Conosoma and indeed the spelling used by Rudolphi is not in use. The spelling Conostoma was one of
dual original spellings (Conostoma and Conostama): this has been discussed by David et al. (2009) who
showed that Hodgson (1844) acted as First Reviser and selected Conostoma. The date of original publica-
tion has been determined as 1841 by Dickinson & Pittie (2006: 118). The correct citation for the selected
spelling Conostoma is:
Conostoma Hodgson, 1841
Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 10, pt. 2, p. 856, pl. 857 [p. 857, Conostama].
Type by original designation & monotypy
Conostama (sic) oemodius (sic) Hodgson, 1841
Conostoma aemodium Hodgson, 1841
Hodgson (1844: 84) used Conostoma and is the First Reviser (Article 24.2.4).
Peters Vol. XII.
(1) Kashin suggested that the name Colluricincla Vigors & Horsfield must date, not from 1827 as used by
Mayr (1967: 36), but from 1826 following Opinion 67 (ICZN 1916). In fact, Raphael (1970) has shown
that the first part of this volume did not appear before February 1827, and this was followed by Dickinson
(2003). Thus, the correct citation is:
Colluricincla Vigors & Horsfield, 1827
Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 15 (1826), pt. 1, p. 213.
Type by monotypy
Colluricincla cinerea Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 = Turdus harmonicus Latham, 1801
Colluricincla harmonica (Latham, 1801)
(2) Rand (1967: 222) used the generic name Hypogramma Reichenbach, 1853, for a distinctive Asian sunbird,
now thought to be a spiderhunter (Moyle et al., 2011). Kashin discovered prior use of this name in Lepi-
doptera by Guennée in 1852. Investigation shows that the name is in use in Lepidoptera and so Kashin’s
substitute name Kurochkinegramma must be used, unless placed in the synonymy of Arachnothera Tem-
minck, 1826. The citation for Kurochkinegramma is:
Kurochkinegramma Kashin, 1978
in, Sudilovskaya & Flint, [Research fauna Soviet Union. Birds and reptiles], p. 173.
nomen novum for Hypogramma Reichenbach, 1853, preoccupied by Hypogramma Guennée, 1852
GREGORY & DICKINSON
52 · Zootaxa 3340 © 2012 Magnolia Press
[Lepidoptera].
Type by monotypy
Anthreptes nuchalis Blyth, 1843
Kurochkinegramma hypogrammicum nuchale (Blyth, 1843)
(3) Salomonsen (1967: 435-6) used the spelling ‘Xanthomyza’ Swainson, 1837, for a lone honeyeater,
acknowledging that this had been emended and footnoting an Application to the ICZN to accept this spell-
ing, which he termed the ‘correct transliteration’. According to Kashin the original spelling used by
Swainson, 1837 was Zanthomiza. This is correct. A fresh application (Case 3357 duly announced in the
Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature) was submitted to the Commission, noting that both the original
spelling and Salomonsen's choice have been widely used and that without an evident prevailing usage the
choice should fall on the original spelling. The Commission Secretariat followed current practice and
sought preliminary opinions from several Commissioners; they agreed that this case should not proceed as
no Commission decision is necessary. We interpret this to mean that priority should prevail and that the
original spelling should be maintained.
Peters Vol. XIII.
(1) Paynter (1970: 115) used the spelling Piezorhina, which had also been used by Agassiz (1846) and Hell-
mayr (1938), but Kashin noted that the original spelling by Lafresnaye was Piezorina and thought that
there were no grounds for this emendation. We agree with Kashin. Piezorina should be cited as:
Piezorina Lafresnaye, 1843
Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 5, livr. 2, p. 1, pl. 30.
Type by original designation
Guiraca cinerea Lafresnaye, 1843
Piezorina cinerea (Lafresnaye, 1843)
(2) Kashin noted that the name Neothraupis—used as valid by Storer (1970: 249)—was preoccupied and pro-
posed Flintthraupis as a nomen novum. Unaware, at this time, of Kashin’s work, Gregory submitted a pro-
posal to the Commission to conserve the name Neothraupis Hellmayr, 1936, and this was agreed in
Opinion 2004 (ICZN 2002).
Peters Vol. XIV.
(1) Kashin believed that the generic name Verm ivora—used as valid by Lowery & Monroe (1968: 4)—had
been first used by Linnaeus (1766), and that citation to Swainson, 1827, was erroneous. We have been
quite unable to find use of this name in Linnaeus (1766), including the ‘Index Universalis’ and Errata of
1767. If perchance Kashin meant ‘1776’ the relevant catalogue by Edwards, in which Linnaeus proposed
new names, has been suppressed: see ICZN (1956b).
(2) He addressed the authorship of the name Dives, which Blake (1968: 186) gave as Deppe, 1830, and stated
correctly that Cassin, 1866, must be taken as the author. Neave (1939b: 32) had already cited Cassin and
the point was also made by Stresemann (1954). The AOU (1983 and 1998), however, retained Deppe, but
Chesser et al. (2009) corrected this attribution using the corrected date 1867. Thus, this should be cited as:
Dives Cassin, 1867
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18 (1866), 5, p. 413.
Type by tautonymy
Lampropsar dives Bonaparte, 1850 = Icterus dives Deppe, 1830
Dives dives (Deppe, 1830)
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KASHIN'S SUGGESTED AVIAN NOMENCLATURE
Peters Vol. XV.
(1) Kashin referred to Opinion 48 (ICZN 1912) as grounds for citing the name Montifringilla from Brehm,
1831, rather than Brehm, 1828, to whom it was attributed by Greenway in Moreau & Greenway (1962:
26). He was correct. Montifringilla should be cited as:
Montifringilla C.L. Brehm, 1831
Handb. Nat. Vögel Deutsch., p. 269.
Type by monotypy
Fringilla nivalis Linnaeus, 1766
Montifringilla nivalis (Linnaeus, 1766)
Generic names attributed to Cuvier
A number of new generic names from Cuvier (1800) was based on French vernacular names and came quickly into
use and remain so. Of these, most have not been formally conserved and placed on the Official List, although under
Opinion 39 all those with a valid indication through the references in Cuvier’s introduction are to be considered
valid. Kashin implied that some names that we draw from this work are not covered by this, and indeed those come
from Cuvier’s table. We believe his views should be considered in conjunction with future work on a List of Avail-
able Names of avian genera.
Kashin’s 1981 paper
This brief paper treats the generic name Augasma Gould, 1860, which was introduced in the combination Augasma
smaragdineum. Kashin (1981) noted that the name Augasma was preoccupied by Augasma Herrich-Schaeffer,
1853, in Lepidoptera, and proposed the new name Boemesma. Gould’s new genus has the species smaragdineum as
its type by monotypy and the consensus of Peters (1945: 49) and Pinto (1978: 203) is that this name has been
applied to male hybrids known from six specimens, most originating from Bahia although the holotype is from
Nova Friburgo, in the hills north of Rio de Janeiro. This was not considered a hybrid when described, so Art. 17.2
of the Code (ICZN 1999) is relevant, and this states that such a name is not to be considered unavailable due to a
determination that the specimen is a hybrid. However, the name is unavailable due to preoccupation as noted by
Kashin. Should a list now be published that catalogues trochilid hybrids it would seem necessary to abandon the
generic name Augasma, which has been used for other taxa as well (see Peters, 1945: 49), and use Boemesma
Kashin, 1981. This may be cited as:
Boemesma Kashin, 1981
[A new name for Augasma Gould, 1860], Ornitologiya, 16, p. 168.
nomen novum for Augasma Gould, 1860, preoccupied by Augasma Herrich-Schaeffer, 1853 [Lepidoptera].
Type by monotypy
Augasma smaragdineum Gould, 1860
Boemesma smaragdineum (Gould, 1860)
Kashin’s 1982 paper
In this paper, Kashin proposed the generic name Stepaniania nom. nov. to replace Pyrgilauda Verreaux, 1871. He
argued that the name Pyrgilauda was not available for use for a fringillid, or indeed for any avian group except
larks, because it had appeared in Bonaparte (1850: 511) as a synonym of Pyrrhulauda Smith, 1829, under which
name Bonaparte grouped the species that we now treat under the younger generic name Eremopterix Kaup, 1836.
GREGORY & DICKINSON
54 · Zootaxa 3340 © 2012 Magnolia Press
Stepanyan (1990) did not use the name which honoured him, retaining Pyrgilauda. Mlíkovsky (1998) suggested
that although the name Pyrgilauda was available it must be credited to Bonaparte (1850). He argued that Verreaux
had treated it as an available name and adopted it as a taxon. However, Verreaux named a new snow-finch, not a
lark, i.e., he did not ‘adopt’ Bonaparte’s name and the potential availability ceased when Verreaux used it in a
wholly different context. In our view the intent of Article 11.6.1 in the Code (ICZN 1999)—previously Art. 11 (e)
in the 1985 Code—is that the terms ‘adopted as the name of a taxon’ and ‘treated as a senior homonym’ link any
such action to its earlier use as a junior synonym and that these actions must occur in that context. Usage of it as a
generic synonym for a lark rather than a fringillid genus does not qualify. Thus, we agree with the initial reasoning
of Kashin (1982) but do not consider that Bonaparte’s listing of it in synonymy makes it preoccupied and in need of
a new name. We consider, contra Mlíkovsky (1998), that authorship remains with Verreaux and does not attach to
Bonaparte. It was Verreaux’s own MS name, which may or may not have been taken out of context by Bonaparte in
1850, but on actual publication of the name Verreaux (1871), using the name without any reference to Bonaparte or
Bonaparte’s concept of it, certainly did not consider it as a lark.
Verreaux’s paper is often dated 1870. However, the reasons to accept 1871 for this are set out by Dickinson in
Dickinson et al. (2011: 224-225). The fact that Paris may have been in chaos due to the Prussian army’s bombard-
ment demonstrates delay but does not suggest that this issue of the ‘Bulletin’ within the Nouvelles Archives might
have been fragmented and appeared in loose sections.
Acknowledgements
We are extremely grateful to Tony Holcombe for his extensive work translating Kashin’s work into English, and to
Chris Lyal in entomology and Maurice Kottelat in ichthyology for information on the usage of certain names which
Kashin thought had priority. Michael Walters confirmed that Trochilus paradiseus is unidentified and probably
unidentifiable. Alison Harding, at the Natural History Museum, Tring, was extremely helpful with literature, espe-
cially the works dealing with the name Sylviorthorhynchus, as was Mai Qaraman at the American Museum of Nat-
ural History, New York. Alan Peterson kindly drew our attention to the Richmond Index card for the generic name
with the reference to the year-date used by Des Murs in Chenu’s Encyclopédie. This card is a shining example of
the great value of Richmond’s meticulous search for dating information wherever he could find it, and we should
have checked his card index earlier. We also thank Walter Boles, Les Christidis, Normand David, James V. Remsen
and especially Mary LeCroy, who helped us with references, for their comments on a draft of this paper.
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