Nuclear metamorphosis in mercury

Abstract

The conditions of local Lorentz invariance (LLI) breakdown, obtained during neutron emission from a sonicated cylindrical bar of AISI 304 steel, were reproduced in a system made of a mole of mercury. After 3 min, a part of the liquid transformed into solid state material, in which isotopes were found with both higher and lower atomic mass with respect to the starting material. Changes in the atomic weight without production of gamma radiation and radionuclides are made possible by deformed space–time reactions.

Full text

I
nte
rn
at
i
onal
Jo
urna
l
of
Modern
Ph
ysics
B
Vol.
29
(2015) 15502
39
(13 p
ages)
©
World
Scientific
Publishing
Company
D
Ol
: 10.1142
/S
0217979215502392
\\b
World Scientific
~~
ww
w.
wor
ldsc
i
en
ti
fi
c.com
Nucl
e
ar
me
tamorp
hos
is
in
me
rcury
F.
Card
o
ne
1•2,
G.
Al
bert in i3•*,
D.
Bassa
ni4,
G.
Ch
er
ub in i5•6,
E.
Gue
rr
ie
ro
7,
R.
Migna
ni2•8, M.
Mont
i9, A.
Petrucci
10
, F . R
ido
l
fi
11
, A. R
osada
10
,
F.
Roset
to5, V.
Sala
9, E.
Sa
n
tor
o
10
an
d
G.
Spera
12
1
Istituto
per lo
Studio
dei Materiali
Nanostrutturoti
(I
SMN
-
CNR),
Via dei Taurini, 00185
Roma,
Italy
2
GNFM,
I
stituto
Nazionale di
Alta
Matematica "F.
Severi",
Cittd Universitaria, P.le A . Moro
2,
00185
Roma,
Italy
3 Universita Politecnica delle Marche
(UNIVPM)
and Consorzio Nazionale
Interuniversitario
per le
Scienze
fisiche della
Materia
(CNISM)
Ancona
Unit,
Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
4
SIDOM
S.A
.S.,
Via
Volta 34, 12010 Cervasca CN, Italy
5 A
RPA
Radiation
and
Chemical Laborotories, Via Montezebio,
01100 Viterbo,
Italy
6 Facolta di Medicina, Universita degli
Studi
La Sapienza,
P.le
A.
Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
7
CNR,
Area
Ricerca
Roma
1, Montelibretti
Roma,
Italy
8 Universita degli
Studi
"Roma
Tre
",
Dipartimento
di
Matematica
e Fisica -
Sezione
di Fisica,
Via
della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
9
STARTEC
Srl, Via Libero Grassi, 1 -23875 Osnago
LC,
Italy
10
Agenzia Nazionale
per
le nuove Tecnologie,
l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico sostenibile
(ENEA),
Via
Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Roma, Italy
11
Dipartimento
di
Scienze
della
Term,
della Vita e
dell'Ambiente
DISTEVA,
Universita degli
Studi
di Urbino "Carlo
Bo"
UNIURB,
Campus
Scientifico "Enrico Mattei",
Via
CO.
Le Suore 2, 61029 Urbino,
It
aly
12
CRA-
I
S.Pa.
Ve., Chemical Section,
Via
C.
G. Bertero, 22, 00156 Roma, Italy
• alber
td
om@vodafone.
it
Rece
i
ved
5
Ju
ly 2015
Revised
20
September
2015
Accepted
30
Se
p
tember
2015
P ub l
ished
4
December
2015
Th
e
conditions
of
lo
ca
l
Lore
n
tz
in
variance
(LLI) b
reakdow
n,
obtai
n
ed
du
ring
neut
ro
n
em
i
ssion
from
a
son
i
ca
ted cylin
dr
i
ca
l
ba
r of
AISI
304
steel,
were
re
p
rod
u
ced
in a
system
made
of
a mole of
me
r
cury
. Af
ter
3
mi
n, a
pa
rt
of
the
liquid
tra
nsf
ormed
i
nto
so
lid
state
materia
l, in which i
soto
p
es
were found with
bot
h
hig
h
er
and
lower
ato
mic
mass
wi
th
*Cor
r
es
pon
di
ng au th
or.
1550239-1

F.
Cardone
et
al.
respect
to
the
starting
material.
Changes
in
the
atomic
weight
without
pro
duc
tion
of
gam
ma
radiation
and
radionucl
i
des
are
made
possible
by defo
rmed
spac
e-
time
reactions.
Keywords: L
ocal
Lor
e
ntz
invar
ian
ce
breakdown;
local
Loren
tz
in
va
rianc
e
violation;
de
form
ed
space-t
i
me
react
ions;
pie
zo-
nu
clear
r
eact
ions,
ul
t
ra
so
und
;
nuclear
reactions;
matte
r
tr
a
nsformations;
transmutations;
so
lidification;
second
law
of
thermodynamics.
PACS
number:
24.90.+d
1.
Introduction
A new
type
of nuclear reactions, called piezo-nuclear reactions, was sugges
ted
to
occur
in
ultrasound-induced
cav
it
at
ion
phenomena
1 when t
he
variations
of
energy
dens
it
y
correspond
to
a breakdown
of
local Lorentz invariance (h
erea
fter
LLI
or
"Loren
tz
invariance
")
.
2
Pie
zo
-nuclear
reactions
are
a
particular
case
among
the
reactions occurring
in
defor
med
space- t
im
e conditions (DST-reactions).
The
theoretical basic principles
of
these
phenomena
were developed
in
the
pio-
neering work of
Petrucci
et
al.
3 while
the
subsequent
experimental
data
were
the
start
in
g
point
for
the
precursor work
of
Mignani
et
al.,4 which
pr
edicts
that
the
course
of
the
whole
Aston
-
Bohr
-
Wh
eeler
"n
uclear curve" (see e.g., Refs. 4
and
5)
is
open
in
both
directions.
The
main
ste
ps
of
these investigations, looking for
the
LLI breakdown,
concern
the
energy thresholds
of
the
fundamen
ta
l
interact
i
ons
for s
pac
e-t
ime
deforma
tions,2 the correspond
in
g
energy
density
inside the "Ridolfi cavities"
of
metallic
material
s,6'7
in
particular
consi
dering
the
l
eptonic
and
h
adronic
inter
ac
-
tions a
nd
fina
ll
y
the
energy
rate
or
"t
ime density"
of
energy,
as
discussed
in
Ref. 2,
where t
he
transformations
of
t
im
e intervals in h
adronic
interactions
are
consid-
ered. Ani
sot
ropy
of
hadronic
interactions is a consequence
of
the
anisotropy
of
the
hadronic
metric
and
its
var
i
at
i
ons
with
energy.8
In
orde
r to check
this
anisotropy, a dedi
cated
experiment
was
de
sig
ned
and
realized
in
Rome (Italy)
in
20129:
the
angular
distribution
of
neutron
s
produced
by
DST-reaction
s in a
stee
l
bar
s
ubjected
to
ultrasound
irr
ad
i
ation
was
re
gi
ste
red.
The
ex
periment
is
ba
sed
on
the re
su
lt
s previously
obtained
in M
il
an
(Italy)
and
Caglia
ri
(Ita
l
y)
in
2010.
10 12
The
cr
ucia
l
point
in
these
experiments
is
the
compa
ri
son
of
angular
distributions
wit
h those
obtained
in
1999
in
electromagnetic
systems
testing
LLI viol
at
i
on
.13
A fur
ther
step
of
t he
path
is r
eported
in
thi
s
pape
r. In fact, the res
ult
s from
the
previ
ous
experiments
are
exploited
to
reach
the
conditions
of
LLI
br
eakdown
and
th
us
to
induce nuclear
trans
for
matio
ns
in
mercury.
The
Rome
exper
iment9 was
de
signed
to
st
udy
the
spat
ial
dist
r
ibut
i
on
of
the
neutron
energy
produced
by
mean
s
of
D
ST-
r
eact
i
ons
.
It
is based
on
previous ex-
per
im
ents
realized
in
Mil
an
and
Turin
, which con
cerned
the
piezo-nuclear
neut
r
on
em
issions fr
om
steel,
fe
rr itic
iron
a
nd
b
asa
lt
s
ubmitted
to
ultrasounds.
10
,
12
In
the
Rom
e experiment, a cylindrical
ba
r
of
AISI 304 steel - having 9
cm
he
ight
, 2
cm
diam
et
er
and 180 g
mass
-was
irradiat
ed
for 3 min by
ultra
so
und
s
1550239
-2

Nuclear
metamorphosis
in
mercury
Steel
bar
(1
cm
radius}
Fig.
1.
Geom
e
try
of
th
e
experiment
in
Rom
e
(see
Ref. 9): a
stee
l b
ar
of
2
cm
diam
ete
r, s
urround
ed
by 2
cm
thick
PTFE
calorimeter,
is
irr
adi
ated
by
20
kH
z ult
rasound
s. Six
teen
neutron
d
etecto
rs
made
of
PADC
pol
y
carbonate
are
set
all
around
t he
PTFE
casing .
Th
e 16 (
horizontal
)
direction
s
norm
al
to
the
d
etect
or
s
urfa
ces
(f
rom
DOl
to
D16
)
are
rep
orted
in figure.
with frequency 20
kH
z.
The
samp
le was held
vert
i
ca
l a
nd
it
s
lateral
surface was
s
urrounded
by 2 cm thick
PTFE
of
188 g mass. Sixteen
neutron
detectors
made
of
PADC
polycarbonate
and
each one
immer
sed in boric acid were set all
around
this
PTFE
calorimeter, in
order
to
register t
he
intensity di
st
ribution in a horizo
ntal
pl
ane
, normal
to
the axis
of
the
sa
mple (
Fig
. 1).
The
images
obtained
from these
detector
s were cal
ibra
ted
by
compar
ison
with
those
obtained
after
exposition to a
neutron
b
eam
of
known
inten
s
ity
from
the
ch
anne
l
of
a nuclear
reactor
making
use
of
94% enriched Ur
an
iumY
Durin
g 3
min
of
ultra
s
ound
irradia
tion,
the
st
eel
bar
temperature
rai
sed from
20°C
to
92
°C,
wh
il
e
the
PTFE
melted (
it
s melting
temperature
is 327°
C)
and
was
also
loca
lly
ca
rb
onized. From these facts, the energy supplied to
the
st
eel
bar
was
evalu
ated
about
6
kJ
, while t
he
energy deposited in
the
PTFE
ca
l
orimeter
was
more
than
60
kJ.
After this evaluation,
about
6
kJ
was
assumed as
the
energy supplied
to
the
bar
by
th
e ul
trasound
gene
rator
, while
th
e much larger energy
tran
sferred
at
higher
temp
e
rature
to
the
ca
lorimeter was a
ss
umed
as
depo
si
ted
from
the
emit-
ted
neutron
s.
The
distribution
of
energy
tran
sfe
rred
by
the
ne
utron
s along a horizontal plane
was
obtained
from
the
ima
ges
of
th
e 16
PADC
det
ec
tors
and is re
port
ed in
Fi
g.
2:
the
resulting dis
tribution
is very
an
is
otropic
and
asymmetr
ic.
The
directi
ons
of
maximum
int
ens
it
y,
correspo
ndin
g
to
25 + 22
f.LSV
(detec
tor
D10
and
D02)
an
d
minimum
int
ens
ity
, correspo
ndin
g
to
0 + 0
f.LSv
(detector
s D06
and
D14)
are
mu-
tually
perpendicular.
1550239-3

F.
Cardone
et
al.
D09
D15
D16
DOl
DOl
DOS
D0
4
D02 D03
Dim:tkmof
EMrgy
Minimum
Fig.
2. N
eut
ron
ene
rgy
di
strib
ut i
on
in
th
e
Rom
e experi
ment
(a
f
ter
Ref
. 9).
Th
e l
ength
of the
cent
ra
l li
nes
is p
ro
por
tio
nal
to
the
reported
dose
(J.LSv)
reg
ist
ered
in
th
e
corre
s
pondin
g
de
t
ector
.
The
eval
ua
ted
in
cer
titud
e varies
between
0.2
J.LSV
(at
0
11-Sv)
and
3
11-Sv
(at
26
11-Sv
). A p
ossible
ca
li
bra
ti
on
erro
r on
ly
indu
ces a
sys
tema
ti
c
fa
c
tor.
The
di
rectio
n
of
the
loca
l
te
r
restrial
m
ag
n
et
ic
fi
eld is also re
por
ted
.
A reference frame was considered having a
main
axis in the dir
ect
i
on
of
t
he
local
terrestr
ial m
agnet
ic field,
in
order
to
compa
re these resul
ts
wi
th
the
anisotropic
b
ehav
ior observed
in
the
el
ect
rom
agnet
ic
exper
imen
ts
of 1999,
13
whi
ch
are
the
bases
of
the
deformed special rel
at
ivity
and
the
geom
et
ri
ca
l
repre
se
nt
at
ion
of
the
interactions
with
energy dep
en
de
nt
m
et
ric.2•8
In
those
pre
vious experiments, the Loren
tz
in
va
rian
ce
bre
ak
down was observed
when the
in
vestigated dir
ect
i
on
formed a clockwise angle
of
about
5n
/ 4
rad
w
ith
the
North
dir
ect
ion
of
t
he
terre
st
rial
ma
gn
etic
field.
In
t
he
Rome experimen
t,
this
angle lies between t
he
D09
and
DlO d
etecto
rs, which is the region of
maximum
in
te
nsi
ty
(F
ig. 2).
This
coincide
nc
e
of
the
LLI
breakdown
dir
ect
ion
with
t
he
dir
ect
ion
of
maximum
em
i
tte
d e
ner
gy
was considered a
st
ron
g
su
pport
to
the
suggestion
that
t
he
neutr
on
em
i
ss
ion
and
th
e co
rr
espon
din
g nucl
ea
r reactions
occur
in co
nditi
on
of
L
orentz
in
va
rian
ce breakdown,
thu
s also including
it
s asy
mm
etry
.
AH
th
ese
tak
en
into
acco
unt
an
d also
cons
id
er
in
g
th
at
DST-r
eac
tion
s
ha
ve b
ee
n
r
epo
rt
ed
both
in
fe
rriti
c liquids a
nd
in
ferrite
bars
after
sonication,
10•15
we
designed
an
expe
rime
nta
l a
pp
a
ratu
s aiming
to
obtain
tr
ans
forma
tion
s
of
the m
at
ter
by
sup-
plying ener
gy
in
cond
i
tion
of
Lorentz in
va
rian
ce
br
ea
kdown,
as
deduced after R ome
expe
rim
ent
(
Fi
g. 2).
The
co
rr
espon
din
g in
st
rum
en
tal device was build
up
by
Startec
Ultrasuoni
Ltd
.
makin
g use
of
the
Startec
patents
re
port
ed
in
Ref. 16.
Th
e r
es
ult
s
of
th
e expe
rim
e
nt
are re
port
ed
in
th
e n
ex
t
paragraph.
1550239-4

N u
clear
met
am
orphosis
in
mercury
2.
Transformations
of
Mercury
In
pr
ev
ious experimen
ts
,6'7'9'
10
,
15
DS
T-rea
ct
ions were sugge
st
ed
to
produ
ce nuclear
t
ran
sformations in m
eta
l-
containing materials, in particular if
iron
was
pre
s
ent
.
Sta
rtin
g from this
point
, we
aim
ed
at
produ
cing DS
T-rea
ctions in merc
ur
y.
In
fact:
•
Th
e nucle
ar
energy density
of
mercury is
about
8 Me V / nucleon, which is
not
far
from
th
e c
orr
esponding
va
lue in iron: 8
.9
Me V / nucleon.
Thu
s, s
om
e
minut
es
or
at
mo
st a
bout
10 min were evaluated
to
be
th
e
tim
e necess
ar
y for r
ea
ching
th
e
DST-r
eactions
thr
eshold (
to
be compared w
ith
th
e 3 min
of
th
e e
xp
e
rimen
t in
Rome re
port
ed in
th
e
pr
evious par
ag
raph
).
•
Th
e
ma
ss
dens
it
y
of
merc
ur
y a
nd
its
th
e
rmod
ynamic
prop
e
rtie
s allow a
pow
er
be
tw
een
10
a
nd
103 Wa
tt
/mole
to
be supplied.
Thi
s
ran
ge was characteris
ti
c
of
th
e
pr
evious piezo-nucl
ea
r e
xp
erime
nt
s a
nd
was c
on
sidered an
"e
nergy rate" (
or
be
tt
er an "
En
ergy density in
Tim
e") suitable for violating
th
e Lorentz invari-
an
ce.2
• Mer cur
y,
like
oth
er metals, is considered suitable
to
produc
e a remarkable high
numb
er
of
differe
nt
eleme
nt
s in a detectable
amount
after
DST-r
eac
tion
s.
In
particular , we aimed at re
produ
c
in
g the conditions
of
Lorentz asymm
et
r
y,
alre
ad
y a
ss
um
ed to occur in
th
e
pr
evious e
xp
e
rim
ents, also in
th
e case of mercury.
Th
e
corr
esponding modifi
cat
ions of
th
e devices a
nd
systems are c
ont
ained in p
ate
nt
s
of S
ta
rt
ec16 a
nd
were used in the
pr
esent experime
nt
.
Oth
er differe
nt
conditions were also used t
hr
ee times, in
ord
er
to
avoid n
ot
necessary res
tr
ictions to the whole a
pp
ar
at
us:
as
it will be re
por
te
d below, different
results
we
re
ob
t
ain
ed in
th
ese three cases a
nd
we
at
tr
ibut
ed the difference
to
n
ot
at
ta
in
ed conditions
of
Lorentz asy
mm
e
tr
y.
2.1.
Instruments
and
methods
We us
ed
the
Star
tec rea
ct
ion syst
em
considered optimal to
produ
ce DST
-r
eac
tions
a
nd
the related Lorentz asy
mm
e
tr
y.16
Durin
g one y
ear
(
bet
we
en
2012 a
nd
2013)
the optimi
ze
d
syst
em
was used 10 t
im
es, while nonoptimi
ze
d systems
we
re used
3
time
s.
E
ac
h e
xp
eriment l
as
ted 3 minutes
and
made use
of
on
e mole
of
mercury (0.2 kg
we
ig
ht
).
Thi
s a
mount
of
m
ate
rial h
as
been taken from a pool
th
at w
as
ke
pt
in
th
e l
abor
a
tor
y:
thu
s
an
y difference be
tw
een
tr
ea
ted
and
no
ntr
ea
ted mat erial is n
ot
a
ttribut
able
to
c
han
ges of
th
e laborat ory environme
nt
, which was
th
e
sa
me for
both.
In
all
th
e 10 optimized cases,
th
e st a
rting
room te
mp
era
tur
e of
th
e s
ampl
e
was 20 ± 2° C,
as
meas
ur
ed by infrared
th
e
rmom
e
tr
y (Fluke 69
IR
Th
e
rmom
eter
);
after 3 min, a p
ar
t
of
th
e merc
ur
y
tr
ansformed into solid material a
nd
th
e final
te
mp
era
tur
e was 260 ± 2°C. A pic
tur
e of
th
e s
tartin
g material is re
port
ed in
Fi
g. 3
while
Fi
g. 4 shows
th
e solid
mat
erial
obt
ained at
th
e e
nd
of
the
tr
ansformation.
1550239-5

F.
Cardone
et
al.
Fig
. 3 .
Exper
im
ent
in
Milan: pic
tur
e of
me
rc
ur
y bef
ore
tr
eat
me
nt.
Fig
. 4.
Exper
i
ment
in Mil
an
: p i
ct
u
re
of
the
so
lid
mate
ria l ob
ta
ined
after
180 s of tr
eatment.
No visible amount
of
solid material was
obta
ined in
th
e
th
ree cases when
th
e
o
ptim
al conditions
we
re not used.16 The final pro
du
cts o
bt
ained in such conditions
are no longer considered in
th
e paper.
In o
rd
er
to
inves
ti
ga
te the e
ff
ects of
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
nt
in o
ptim
al conditions, also
the reac
ti
on vessel and
th
e pa
rt
s of
th
e device close to merc
ur
y
we
re analyzed,
beside
th
e sta
rtin
g and
th
e resulting materials.
In particular,
bot
h
part
s of
th
e device
in
c
on
tac
t and n
ot
in
co
nt
act w
ith
merc
ur
y
we
re analyzed se
par
ately.
Th
e fo
rm
ers
beca
me da
rk
, while
th
e la
tt
ers ma
intain
ed
their original color.
Th
e
st
udied
sa
mples are:
(a) Solid materia l found in
th
e vessel after
tr
eatment in
opt
i
ma
l conditions.
(b) Non
tr
ea
ted merc
ur
y (from
th
e same pool of
tr
ea
ted merc
ur
y).
1550239-6

Nuclear
metamorphosis
in
mercury
(c)
Part
s
of
the device
16
in
contact
with mercury
(dark
color).
(d)
Part
s
of
device
16
not
in
contact
with
mercury.
(e)
Portion
s of reaction vessel.
The
following
analytica
l
and
inve
st
igation techniques
ha
ve been used:
(A) Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
at
UN
IVPM.
In
st
rument: Perkin
Elmer
optical emission spectrometer
OPTIMA
8300.
(B) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS)
at
CNR-Rome. In-
strumen
t:
Thermo
Fi
sher X series II.
(C) ICP-MS
at
CN
R-Rome.
In
st
rum
ent: Pe
rkin
Elmer
OPT
IMA 2100 DV.
(D) ICP-MS
at
CN
R-Rome.
In
str
ument: Agilent 7005C octopole reaction system.
(E) Environmental sca
nnin
g e
le
ctro
n mic
ro
scopy (ESEM) with energy dispersive
spect
roscopy
(E
DS)
at
UNIURB.
In
stru
ment:
FEI
Quanta
200.
(F)
ESEM
with
EDS
at
UNIROMAL
In
st
rum
ent:
LEO
1450
VP
LAIKA
Ca
m-
br
idge.
(G) Scanning electr
on
microscopy (SEM)
with
EDS
at
UNIVPM.
Instrum
en
t:
FEI
x120
with
EDAX
ECON
4 EDS.
(H)
SEM
at
ENEA-Rome.
Instrum
en
t:
SEM
Cambr
idge Stereoscan 250 MK3.
(I) X-ray fluorescence (X
RF)
at
CN
R-Rom
e.
In
strume
nt: Spectro x-Lab2000.
(J)
In
st
rum
ental n
eut
ron
act
ivation analysis (INAA)
at
ENEA-Casaccia.
In
str
u-
ment:
Gamma
detector
with
hi
gh
purity
Ge by
ORTEC
(
HPGe
ORTEC)
at
nucl
ea
r r
eact
ror
TRIGA
Mark II-up
grade
.
2.2.
Results
By
means
of
these techniques, labeled from A
to
J, 27 different elements were
fo
und
in
the
solid
material
obtained
after
the
treatment
of
mercury.
This
solid
material
corre
sponds
to
the
letter
"a" in the list of samples reported in Sec. 2.1.
In
order
to
evaluate a lower limit for
the
numb
er
of
elements produced during
the
process, all those t
ha
t
are
also present in t
he
pool of mercury (letter "b" in
the
list
of
samp
les) and
in
the expe
rim
en
ta
l
apparatus
(letters "c", "d"
and
"e" in
the
li
st
of
samp
les) were excluded from t he li
st
of
produced elements.
This
cut
is
very drastic, as
an
element is excluded
on
the
basis
of
the
atomic
numb
er
Z,
even
if
the
isotope detected after
tran
sformation is different. More detailed
ana
lyses
of
the
different isotopes
are
left
to
forthcoming papers.
The
elements found in
the
original
mercury
(samples
of
the
type
"b")
are
re-
ported
in T
ab
le 1. Those found in
the
exper
i
menta
l
apparatus
(samples
of
the
type
"c", "d"
and
"e") are reported in Table
2.
After eliminating a
ll
the
elements
reported
in T
ab
les 1
and
2 (these tables were
assum
ed
also containing possible elements
of
l
aborato
ry environme
nt
,
as
all
the
in-
vestigated
parts
we
re in co
nt
act
with
the
common environm
ent
of
the
laboratory),
we
considered
as
unquestionable
products
of
th
e transformation only those elem
en
ts
1550239
-7

F.
Cardone
et al.
Table
1.
El
ements
not
cons
idered
as
product
of
the
transformation
because
the
y
have
been found
in
the
origina
l
mer
cu
ry
pool
(s
ample
ub").
Eleme
nts
found in
the
ori
ginal
me
rcury
(Letter
"b" in
the
l
ist
of
sa
mpl
es)
El
e
ment
/ Is
otope
Th
e
isotop
e
numb
er is r
eporte
d if
id
entified by
I
CP-MS
or
I
NAA
techniques
("
B",
"
C"
, "D"
and
"
J"
in
the
l
ist
of
techniques)
As 75
Ba
1
30
Sm
1
44
Tb
159
w 182
Hg
196
Hg
19
8
Hg 202
Pb
206
Pb
208
Bi 209
Atomic
number
Z
33
56
62
65
74
80
80
80
82
82
83
Ta
b
le
2. El
ements
not
c
on
sidered
as
product
of
the
transformation
becaus
e th
ey
ar
e p
resent
in
the
experime
nt
al
apparatus.
El
ements
found
in
the
transformation
system
(L
et
ter
"c",
"d"
and
"e"
in
t
he
li
st
of
s
ampl
es)
Element
/ I
sotope
The
isotope
number
is r
eported
if
identified
by
I
CP
-
MS
or
INAA
techniqu
es
("
B",
"C",
"D"
and
"
J"
in
the
li
st
of
tec
h
niques)
B
Na
Mg
24
Al27
Si
Cr
52
Mn
55
Fe
Cu 65
Zn 66
Ag
107
Atomic
number
Z
5
11
12
13
14
24
25
26
29
30
47
detect
ed by more
than
one of
the
used techniques.
Th
ey are listed in
Tab
le 3 to-
gether with the corresponding maximum concentration detected and t he techniques
used
to
detect them.
Beside t he products reported in T
ab
le 3, which
we
re detected by more
than
one
technique, U-238 was also detec
ted
by I
CP-OES
(technique "A").
The
ot
her 16 elements identified by
on
ly one technique will
be
presented
and
discussed in f
ort
hcoming papers.
1550239
-8

Nuclear
met
a
morphos
is
in
mercury
T
ab
le 3. Elem
ents
identified
by
m
ore
t
han
one
tech
niq ue
as
pr
od
u
ct
of
the trans-
fo
rma
ti
on
. T
he
dete
ct
i
on
an
d a
na
lysis
tec
hni
ques
are
also r
ep
o
rte
d t
oget
h
er
with
t he high
est
m
easure
d con
ce
ntr
at
io
n.
Det
e
ction
High
est
Ato
mic
an
d
analysis
c
on
cent
r
at
i
on
Element / I
soto
pe nu
mb
er Z
tec
hniq
ues
meas
ur
ed
Li 7 3 ICP
-OES
/ I CP
-MS
0.0
40
± 0.
00
5 ppb*
Ti
47 22 ICP -O
ES
/
ESEM
/ I
CP-MS
7800 ± 800 ppm
Ni 58 28 ICP-
OES
/ XR F / IN
AA
186
± 20
ppm
Ga
69 31 X
RF
/
IC
P-
MS
84 ±
10
ppm
Se 82 34 X
RF
/ IC P
-MS
240 ± 25 ppm
Br 79
35
XRF
/
ESEM/
I
NAA
77000 ± 5000 p
pm
Sn
124 50 XRF / I
NAA
6.0 ± 0 .6
ppm
Hf 177 72 X
RF
/ I
NAA
45
0 ± 50 p
pm
Au 197 79
IC
P
-MS
/ I
NAA
0.07 ± 0.01 pp b*
T h 232 90 X
RF
/ I
NAA
35 ± 5
ppm
*
Th
ese low
va
lu
es
refer
to
t he high dil
utio
n d
uri
ng
the
ana
lysis and
are
al
so
in
fl
u-
enced
by
t
he
low
homoge
nei
ty
of t he
sa
mple.
3.
D i
scussion
A
macr
oscopic viol
at
i
on
of the second law
of
ther
mo
dyna
mi
cs seems to occur
in
the a
bo
ve
-d
escr
ib
ed transform
at
i
ons
of
merc
ur
y.
In
fact, a liquid
syste
m receiving
energy f
rom
an
exte
rn
al device a
nd
in
cr
eas
in
g i
ts
te
mp
er
at
ur
e to 240°C, par
tia
lly
tra
n
sf
orm
ed i
nt
o a solid
state
syste
m, m
ade
of
different elements,
at
a
te
mp
er
at
ur
e
more
th
an 300°C higher than the solidi
fi
cat
ion
te
mp
er
at
ur
e of the
sta
rt
in
g liq
uid
m
ater
ia
l.
In
ot
her wo
rd
s,
th
e degrees
of
freedom
of
the
system
decreased
in
the
tra
nsition from liquid
to
solid, while
its
te
mp
erat
ur
e
in
creased.
Th
e seco
nd
law
of
ther
mo
dynamics is n
ot
viol
ate
d,
on
th
e
ot
her ha
nd
, if one
ta
kes
in
to account the
mi
cr
oscopic n
on
th
e
rm
odynami
ca
l n
at
ur
e of the
occu
rr
in
g
r
eact
ion
s, 17 which are of nucl
ea
r, n
ot
che
mi
ca
l, typ
e.
A nucl
ea
r s
our
ce
of
free energy
mak
es
th
e systems an
ope
n system, while th
er
modynamics descr ibes the
pr
operties
of
the entire en
sem
ble n
ot
of
a specific par
t.
Th
e Loren
tz
invariance b
rea
kdown,
und
e
rl
y
in
g this m
ac
roscop
ic
transfo
rm
at
ion
from li
quid
in
to
so
lid
at
mi
cr
oscopic level, is a f
ur
ther r
eason
fo
r the a
pp
arent vio-
l
at
ion
of
the seco
nd
law.
In
f
act
,
in
pr
evious works reporting the LLI
br
ea
kd
ow
n in
electrom
ag
netic systems, the Claus
iu
s p
ost
ul
ate
for electr
ic
charge d
ist
ribu
tion was
viol
ate
d and
thu
s the Clausius e
nun
cia
ti
on of t
he
seco
nd
law of
th
er
mody
na mics.
13
(Also discussed
in
"
En
er
gy
a
nd
Geometry" ,2 p. 107).
Thi
s
pape
r aims to p
ut
in evi
de
nce
th
at nonconventional nuclear r
eact
ions do
occ
ur
if c
on
d
it
ions
of
Lor
en
tz i
nva
riance
br
ea
kdown are
at
ta
in
ed.
Th
is is a
qu
a
l-
it
at
i
ve
b
ut
fun
da
me
nt
al sen
te
nce. In pa
rti
cular ,
th
e exp
er
imen
ta
l e
rr
ors rep
or
ted
above refer
to
the
sa
mpl
es
we
analyzed.
Th
ey do not
mea
n
to
r
ep
resent the ranges
of
va
r
iat
ions exp
ecte
d for any fut
ur
e case. In f
ac
t, different experime
nt
s
can
p
ro
duce
different amou
nt
of
pr
oducts,
as
we
ob
served by analyz
in
g
th
e r
eact
ion pr
od
ucts
after different
run
s.
1550239-9

F.
Cardone
et
al.
Here, a system
at
ic investi
gat
ion, performed m
ak
i
ng
use
of
dif
fe
rent
techn
iques
in differ
ent
la
bor
ator
ies a
nd
concerning a
representat
ive case, is r
eported
.
The
re
-
pr
oducib
ili
ty
we
wa
nt
to
r
ema
rk is
that
nuclear reactions
are
obtai
n
ed
in
the
ri
ght
conditions, while no
dra
m
at
ic changes
are
observed in
othe
r con
dit
ions.
Fut
ur
e wo
rk
s
ca
n consi
de
r if elemen
ts
are
present in di
ffe
r
ent
isotopic
states
before
and
after
treatme
nt or if di
ffe
r
ent
am
ou
nt
of
the
same
i
sotope
are
present.
These
aspects, although
of
great
inte
rest, are of seco
nd
ary
im
porta
nce wit h
respect
to
the
core s
ub
ject
of
this
pape
r a
nd
are suggested for fu
ture
investi
gatio
ns.
4. C
onclusi
on
After a comparison between
the
above-describ
ed
Rome experiment9
and
prev
i
ous
results
obtained
by
using Helmhol
tz
coils,
13 we conclude
that
the
same
angu
l
ar
asymmetry
is ch
aracter
i
stic
of
b
oth
el
ectromagnet
ic
and
nuclear
phenomena
in
condition
of
Lorentz invari
ance
breakdown.
After
the
Milan
experiment,
main
subject
of
this p
aper,
we
conclu
de
th
at
the
atomic
weight
of
the
matter
can
change if energy is provided
in
cond
iti
ons
of
Lorentz
invariance
br
e
akdown
and
following i
ts
asymmetry.
We
remark
th
at
no
gamma
radiation
above
the
l
aboratory
background was
de
-
tected
in
all of
the
studied
transformations
,
in
agreement
wi
th
previous results
of D
ST-
r
eact
ions.6,
10
,15 Also,
the
reaction
products
resul
te
d free from
ra
dioactive
em
issions and
the
ir
ga
m
ma
spectrometry
was
com
pat
ible
wit
h the
laborato
ry
bac
k-
grou
nd.
Consideri
ng
all
the
above facts, we conclude t h
at
D
ST
-n
uclear r
eact
ions
are
not
"nuclear tran
smutat
i
ons",
which co
rr
espo
nd to
tra
nsform
at
ions with r
ad
i
at
i
on
,
but
rat
h
er
transform
at
i
on
s of a new
type,
ab
le
to
incr
ea
se
the
atomic
m
ass
by
"nucleo-
synt
hesis"
or
decrease
it
, by "nucleo-lysi
s",
in
a very general way. Th
ey
are
"generalized nucl
ea
r reactions",
as
pre
di
cted
4 in the framework of D
ST
theor
y.
2 In
fact, Fig. 5 shows t h
at
such "m
eta
morphosis"
of
the m
atter
are
obtaine
d in mer-
cury
,
in
agreem
ent
with
the forecast gen
era
li
zed nucl
ea
r
react
ions4:
in
pa
rti
cu
lar ,
s
ta
rt i
ng
fr
om
mer
cury
, b
oth
lower
atomic
mass
isotopes and high
er
mass isotopes
are
obta
ined.
As a
matter
of
fact,
the
transfor
matio
ns p
rod
uced
stab
le isotopes, some of which
hav
in
g
ato
mic
numb
er higher th
an
iron
and
mer
cury
while
ot
her lower
tha
n mer
cury
and
ir
on
.
Th
e
prod
u
ct
i
on
of
nuclei lighter than ir
on
st
art
ing fr
om
h
eav
ier el
ements
is a
rel
eva
nt f
act
,
ma
in
ly
in the wake
of
p
rev
ious results
7 concerning i
ron
after
ul
tra-
sou
nd
ra
di
at
ion. In fact, also in
th
at case, the c
ur
ve of
Fi
g. 5 was run
in
the
oppo
si
te
sense with respect to t he up-to-now
expected
way.
We
thi
nk
that
the resu
lt
s ob
ta
i
ned
in
the
above expe
rim
ents
and in the previ-
ous
th
eoretical
and
exper
i
menta
l
pape
rs are of
hu
ge
importance
both
from the
scient
ifi
c and technological point
of
view. In
pa
r
ticula
r, from
the
tec
hnological
point
of view,
patents
are al
ready
obtained
or
are
pen
di
ng
.
16
T his fact
preve
nts
1550239-10

Nuclear
met
a
morphosis
in
mercury
lO
F156 Hg-202
>
Q)
9
~
Ti-4
J t -82
-
"""---1~
.._..
c::
8
0
~
He-47
Ga-
6
~
u S n
-12
4
::1
Ni·S8 Br-
79
Hf
-1
77
Au-
197
c::
....
6
1--
Li
-7' Th·
Z3
2:
Q)
U-
23S
a.
>- 5
CJ')
...
Q)
4
c::
Q)
CJ')
c::
3
15
c::
2
.0
c::
1
~H-2
~
Q)
~
0 20
«)
60
80
100
120
14
0
160
lSO
2
00
22
0 240
M
ass
Numbe
r .A
F ig. 5 .
(Color
on lin
e)
Di
st
ribution of
th
e
produce
d i
soto
p
es,
re
por
ted
in
Tab
le 3,
along
th
e c
ur
ve
re
po
rting
the
average
bind i
ng
en
ergy
per
nu
cl
eon
as
a fun
ction
of
the
mass
number
A . T he lo
west
no
nze
ro
va
l
ue
(H
-2),
the
hi
ghest
value (F
e-56),
the
characte
r
ist
ic kn
ee
(H
e-4)
and
the
ma
in
i
sot
o
pe
of the
sta
r
ti
ng
mate
rial (H
g-20
2)
are
al
so
repo
r
te
d
as
r
eference
poin
ts.
us from desc
ribin
g
pate
n
te
d d
eta
ils
of
the used
in
st
rum
e
nt
at
ion, m
ac
hi
nery
a
nd
d
ev
ices.
On
the o
th
er hand,
th
e re
pr
oducibil
ity
of
th
e resul
ts
is a fundam
enta
l require-
ment for
any
scienti
fi
c subj
ect
. We think that
in
this criti
ca
l situ
at
ion, a
dist
inction
mu
st
be
ma
de between the possibili ty of ve
ri
fy
in
g the results
an
d rep
eat
in
g
th
e
sa
me
expe
riment. C
on
ce
rnin
g the
latte
r
poin
t,
we
rep
eate
d 10 ti
mes
the
ex
peri-
ment in the right condit
ion
s, ob
ta
ining the
sa
me resu
lts
in
l
OO
%
of
cases, while
the no
nop
timal conditions were used thr
ee
times, l
ead
ing neither
to
solid m
ate
rial
nor
to
te
mp
er
at
ur
e increase
in
lOO
%
of
cases. Conce
rnin
g
th
e fo
rm
er
point, on
th
e
ot
her ha
nd
, the
theoret
i
ca
l bases are openly repor
te
d
an
d discussed
in
the
pu
bl
ica
-
tions repo
rt
ed in bibli
og
r
ap
hy:
ind
epe
nd
ent verifi
ca
tions
base
d
on
different d
ev
ice,
in
st
rum
en
ta
ti
on
a
nd
/o
r
exper
imental se
t-up
are exp
ecte
d as well.
Claimi
ng
sci
ent
i
fi
c priority witho
ut
viol
at
ing
int
ell
ect
ual prope
rt
y rel
ate
d to
th
e
pa
ten
ts
(see Re
f.
16) is
th
e aim
of
th
is
paper
. Since t he laws of n
at
ur
e
can
n
ot
be
pa
t
ente
d (P
ate
nt
Conventi
on
Tr
eaty
(P
CT),
Paris 1976 and u
pd
ates),
we
be
li
eve
th
at
th
e
exte
nsive a
nd
well-doc
um
en
te
d bibliogra
ph
y
pr
ov
id
ed in
th
is work allows
one
to
know
th
e laws of
nat
ure (
th
e "know-wh
y")
t
ha
t are f
ou
n
dat
ion of t hese new
r
eac
ti
ons, so
tha
t anyone
ca
n devel
op
his own tec
hn
ology
(t
he "know-how")
an
d
verify
th
e
ph
enomena.
15
50
23
9-
11

F.
Cardone
et
al.
Acknowledgments
It
is a pleasure to
thank
Monica Lammardo (ENEA) for help
in
INAA
data
han-
dling, Corrado Laposta
(M
IUR) for image analysis and useful comments, Amedeo
Manuello (POLITO) for highlights on consequences of the t
ran
sform
at
ion, Waiter
Perconti (ISPRA)
and
Daniele Schito
(E
rgho sr
l.
, Lecce-I) for useful discussions,
and many other persons for proposing
to
Startec Ltd. the experimental activ
ity
on Mer-
cury,
Mar
ia Letizia Ruello (UNIVPM) for her useful contribution in ICP-OES mea-
sur
ements, Daniela Ferro (CNR), Giuseppe Fierro (CNR), Luigi Gobbi (UNIVPM)
and Laura Valentini (UNIURB) for t heir contribution in Electron Microscopy mea-
s
ur
ements and d
ata
handlin
g,
Maria Catrambone (CNR) for her contribution in
XRF measurements, Maria Tomasi (CNR)
and
Domenico Mastroianni (CNR) for
their contribution in ICP-MS measurements.
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