No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae) 4(1). Sections 7. Roscyna to 9. Hypericum sensu lato (part 1)
... According to our initial ethnobotanical survey on the traditional knowledge of Hypericum species in China, there are 64 Hypericum species, and more than 30 of them have been used as ethnomedicines, ornamentals, and herbal teas (Jin et al., 2018;Zhang et al., 2020). In the current study, seven herbaceous Hypericum species from three sections were investigated: Elodeoida (section 9d) H. hengshanense W.T. Wang (Robson, 2001). Distributions of dark glands on bracts, leaves, sepals, stems, and petals are the main monographic differences between the studied Hypericum species and St. John's wort. ...
... Distributions of dark glands on bracts, leaves, sepals, stems, and petals are the main monographic differences between the studied Hypericum species and St. John's wort. Dark glands are absent in H. japonicum, usually present and often confined to lines in H. perforatum, and usually present at fringe of bracts, leaves, and sepals in the other six species from sections Elodeoida and Monanthema (Robson, 2001). Notably, the dark secretory glands found in Hypericum species have been correlated with the presence of hypericin (Kusari et al., 2015). ...
... yunnanense, and H. seniawinii are also used to treat inflammatory diseases in ethnomedicines . Two other relatives of H. wightianum, H. daliense and H. himalaicum, are of limited distribution in the Himalayas at an altitude of 2400-3500 m (Robson, 2001). Since Hypericum species are used regularly as medicinal plants in China and throughout the world, there is an important public health need to better understand their traditional uses, chemical profiles, and biological activities. ...
Many Hypericum species have been used as medicinal plants, herbal teas, and dietary supplements around the world. A previous ethnobotanical survey found that seven Hypericum species in southern China (H. daliense, H. hengshanense, H. himalaicum, H. japonicum, H. petiolulatum subsp. yunnanense, H. seniawinii, and H. wightianum) have been used traditionally to treat inflammation and infectious diseases, but studies on the chemical compositions and bioactivities of these folk medicines are limited. The current study aimed to characterize bioactive marker compounds correlated with two in vitro bioassays for cytotoxicity and anti-inflammation. Methanolic extracts of these species were chemically profiled using UPLC-QTof-MS metabolomics, characterizing the 52 major components from these Hypericum species. To chemically differentiate these seven species, 112 chemical features were characterized as potential chemotaxonomic markers, out of which 89 were tentatively identified. Using a chemometric approach, antiproliferative activity was tracked with chemical markers. H. japonicum showed antiproliferative effects on SMMC-7721 human hepatocarcinoma cell line with an IC50 value of 59.8 μg/mL. Comparison of H. japonicum to six other Hypericum species revealed that betulinic acid, isojacareubin, and taxifolin are potential antiproliferative compounds. In addition, a primary in vitro anti-inflammatory assay revealed that all the seven extracts inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells at 100 μg/mL, indicating that anti-inflammatory compounds may exist in all the seven species. Out of the 52 major components identified from these species, 11 have been previously reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. These findings provide a scientific rationale for traditional uses of the seven Hypericum species in China and merit further study for the development of new medicinal products.
... Knowledge of the chromosome number and mode of reproduction was limited, and molecular data are at present completely lacking. Our results on genome size and mode of reproduction fit very well into the phylogenetic framework that was recently specified for some critical sections of Hypericum (Robson 2001Robson , 2002). One apomictic species of the genus, H. perforatum, is used as a model species for apomixis research (Matzk et al. 2001) and represents a new crop plant with economic relevance. ...
... We have now identified 16 species with inherent apomixis. Our results on mode of reproduction, C-values and chromosome numbers have been incorporated into the genealogical tree proposed byRobson (1981Robson ( , 2001) represented in Fig. 1. With one exception, the apomictic species were found within sections 3 (Ascyreia) and 9 (Hypericum). ...
... The phylogenetic framework of Hypericum constructed byRobson (1977Robson ( , 1981) is based on the relationship of more than 15 key characters with defined primitive and derived status. After an infrageneric classification, considering the geographical distribution and migration/ spreading of the various species/sections in specific habitats, as well as the theory of plate tectonics and climatic change, the following plausible scenario of evolution within the genus Hypericum was postulated (Robson 1985Robson , 2001Robson , 2002): a direct lineage evolved from the basic (most primitive) section 1 (Campylosporus: ten species, trees or shrubs, evergreen, 1-to 9-flowered, with or without glands) via sections 3 (Ascyreia: shrubs or shrublets, evergreen or deciduous, 1-to 25-flowered, without dark glands) and 7 (Roscyna: perennial herbs, 35- flowered, without dark glands) to section 9 (Hypericum: perennial herbs or very rarely suffrutices, 70-flowered, black glands). The dominating sections Ascyreia and Hypericum, each with more than 40 species, are connected with the small intermediate section Roscyna (2 species). ...
... Relationships of genera within the three tribes -Cratoxyleae, Vismieae, and Hypericeae -are ambiguous and under investigation. For example, within Hypericeae Robson (1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 2001 recognized five genera: Hypericum, Triadenum, Thornea, Lianthus, and Santomasia. Ruhfel et al. (2011) proposed a revised classification and merged the four genera into Hypericum (Ruhfel et al., 2011;see below). ...
... Ruhfel et al. (2011) proposed a revised classification and merged the four genera into Hypericum (Ruhfel et al., 2011;see below). Unless otherwise stated, we use the circumscriptions of Robson (1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 2001 for all genera and infrageneric categories, although we agree with Ruhfel et al. (2011) that several of these genera belong in Hypericum. Robson (1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 1987Robson ( , 1990Robson ( , 2001Robson ( , 2010b recognized 36 sections within Hypericum. ...
... Unless otherwise stated, we use the circumscriptions of Robson (1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 2001 for all genera and infrageneric categories, although we agree with Ruhfel et al. (2011) that several of these genera belong in Hypericum. Robson (1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 1987Robson ( , 1990Robson ( , 2001Robson ( , 2010b recognized 36 sections within Hypericum. Based on evolutionary trends for several morphological characters (Robson, 1977: 306 ff), relationships between the sections were hypothesized and presented in a network-like genealogical scheme (Robson, 1981: Fig. 2). ...
... Relationships of genera within the three tribes -Cratoxyleae, Vismieae, and Hypericeae -are ambiguous and under investigation. For example, within Hypericeae Robson (1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 2001 recognized five genera: Hypericum, Triadenum, Thornea, Lianthus, and Santomasia. Ruhfel et al. (2011) proposed a revised classification and merged the four genera into Hypericum (Ruhfel et al., 2011;see below). ...
... Ruhfel et al. (2011) proposed a revised classification and merged the four genera into Hypericum (Ruhfel et al., 2011;see below). Unless otherwise stated, we use the circumscriptions of Robson (1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 2001 for all genera and infrageneric categories, although we agree with Ruhfel et al. (2011) that several of these genera belong in Hypericum. Robson (1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 1987Robson ( , 1990Robson ( , 2001Robson ( , 2010b recognized 36 sections within Hypericum. ...
... Unless otherwise stated, we use the circumscriptions of Robson (1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 2001 for all genera and infrageneric categories, although we agree with Ruhfel et al. (2011) that several of these genera belong in Hypericum. Robson (1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 1987Robson ( , 1990Robson ( , 2001Robson ( , 2010b recognized 36 sections within Hypericum. Based on evolutionary trends for several morphological characters (Robson, 1977: 306 ff), relationships between the sections were hypothesized and presented in a network-like genealogical scheme (Robson, 1981: Fig. 2). ...
... Use of Hypericum species have increased in the past few years due to the antidepressant and antiviral activities found in the extracts of those plants. The genus Hypericum is the type genus of Hypericaceae, now usually included as a subfamily (Hypericoideae) in the Clusiaceae ( ¼ Guttiferae), and comprises more than 450 species divided in 36 sections (Robson 2001). Hypericum species grown in the temperate regions of bushes and shrubbery areas (Campbell & Delfosse 1984). ...
... Use of Hypericum species have increased in the past few years due to the antidepressant and antiviral activities found in the extracts of those plants. The genus Hypericum is the type genus of Hypericaceae, now usually included as a subfamily (Hypericoideae) in the Clusiaceae ( ¼ Guttiferae), and comprises more than 450 species divided in 36 sections (Robson 2001). ...
This study was conducted to increase total phenolics, flavonoids and hypericin accumulation in in vitro cultures of Hypericum retusum Aucher to determine the appropriate time of UV radiations. Proliferation of plantlets on Murashige-Skoog medium containing 0.5 mg L(- 1)N-6-benzylaminopurine was achieved under in vitro conditions. Then, the plantlets were exposed to UV-B radiation for different periods (15, 30, 45 and 60 min). The highest total phenolics, flavonoids and hypericin accumulation (43.17 ± 0.8; 35.09 ± 0.8; 2.7 ± 0.05 mg g(- 1), respectively) was achieved at 45 minutes of exposure to UV-B radiation when compared with the contents of naturally growing plants (23.33 ± 0.9, 18.62 ± 0.3 and 1.6 ± 0.01 mg g(- 1), respectively) and control groups (control group was not subjected to UV-B radiation).
... Hance historically has been treated as a member of section Drosocarpium (Hance, 1865; Kimura, 1951 ) because of its dot-shaped glandular trichomes on the capsule valves. However, Robson (1977) placed this species in section Hypericum but was later placed in a new section, Sampsonia, which consisted of two species, H. sampsonii and H. assamicum S. N. Biswas (Robson, 2001). Both species are rare plants that occur in relatively restricted areas, from southern Japan and southern China to northern Vietnam and eastern India. ...
... However, our ITS data suggest that section Trigynobrathys is a monophyletic group, strongly supported by high statistical values (Fig. 1). In addition, the Korean and Japanese species of section Trigynobrathys (Robson, 2001) are of single origin. ...
As part of our ongoing phylogenetic study of genusHypericum, nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences were analyzed for 36 species ofHypericum as ingroup and two species ofThornea as outgroup. This sampling included most of the previously described species from both Korea and Japan. The ITS phylogeny
suggested that the surveyedHypericum species belong to a monophyletic section,Trigynobrathys, and a polyphyletic section,Hypericum. In addition, two monotypic sections,Sampsonia andRoscyna, were identified. Members of sectionHypericum occur in four different lineages worldwide, which imply at least four independent origins. The Korean and Japanese species
of sectionHypericum form a monophyletic group, except forH. vulcanicum. Instead, that particular species belongs to a distinct monophyletic group withH. scoreri andH. formosa from other geographic areas, and is a sister to sectionTrigynobrathys. The Korean and Japanese species of sectionTrigynobrathys show a monophyletic origin.H. sampsonii is now recognized as a distinct section rather than being a member of sectionsHypericum orDrosocarpium, as had been indicated previously. Our results differ somewhat from those of recent morphological and cytological studies.
The phylogenetic relationships among Korean and Japanese species have now been mostly resolved via ITS phylogeny.
... The genus Hypericum L. is a large group of herbs or shrubs consisting of approximately 450 species in 36 sections.[6] Hypericum species have been known for their antidepressant, analgesic, spasmolytic, antiviral and wound healing effects for many years.[78] ...
... its. The anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, and cardioprotective effects of phenolic compounds are reported to be generally associated with their antioxidant properties of eliminating free radicals and alleviating lipid peroxidation. [5] The genus Hypericum L. is a large group of herbs or shrubs consisting of approximately 450 species in 36 sections. [6] Hypericum species have been known for their antidepressant, analgesic, spasmolytic, antiviral and wound healing effects for many years. [7,8] Phytochemical investigations have shown the presence of naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin, [9] tannins, flavonoids, xanthones, benzophenones.101112 Numerous substances have been sug ...
Thirteen Hypericum species growing in Bulgaria were investigated for free radical-scavenging activity, antioxidant activity, total tannins and total flavonoids contents. Methanolic extracts from the Hypericum species were analyzed for radical scavenging and antioxidant activities using DPPH-, ABTS- free radicals, total antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method. Butylated hydroxytoluene and ascorbic acid were used as positive controls. Methanolic extracts from H. cerastoides, H. perforatum and H. maculatum demonstrate the highest antioxidant activities and are potential sources of natural antioxidant compounds. The quantification of tannins and flavanoids were determined in Hypericum species using Folin-Chiocalteu reagent and AlCl3, respectively. The amounts of the tannins ranged from 1.30 +/- 0.01 mg/100 g dw in H. elegans to 8.67 +/- 0.02 g/100 g dw in H. perforatum. The highest concentration of flavonoids was found in H. cerastoides (1.22 +/- 0.02 g/100g dw), and the lowest amount was established in H. olympicum (0.20 +/- 0.03 g/100g dw).
... Hypericum cinsine ait bitki türleri bünyelerinde bol miktarda uçucu yağ bulundurmakta ve flavonoid olarak hiperisin içermektedir. Bu cins yaygın olarak kırmızı veya siyah renklere sahip çalı ya da otlardan oluşan bir cinstir (Robson, 2001). Türkiye'de Hypericum cinsi 119 tür ile temsil edilir. ...
Bitkilerden elde edilen biyolojik aktif bileşenlerin incelenmesi son zamanlarda en çok araştırılan konular arasındadır. Türkiye florasının çok zengin bir yapıya sahip olması, bu coğrafyada yetişen bitkilerin araştırılmasının önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, kimyasal bileşen olarak eski ve yaygın bir kullanım alanına sahip olan aynı zamanda önemli bir tıbbi bitki olan Hypericum cinsine ait 3 taksondan elde edilen uçucu yağlar antibakteriyel etkileri yönüyle araştırılmıştır. Hypericum spectabile Jaub. & Spach (endemik tür), H. scabrum L., H. venustum Fenzl. türlerinin uçucu yağları distilasyon yöntemi kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen bu yağların antibakteriyel etkileri, in vitro olarak birçok ilaca direnç gösterdiği bilinen; Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13075), Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) ve Serratia marcescens (ATCC 13880) patojen bakterileri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Türlerin farklı uçucu yağları, çeşitli mikroorganizmalara karşı antibakteriyel aktivite için oyuk agar testi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Tüm uçucu yağların test edilen tüm patojen strainlerine karşı değişen oranlarda (4,80±0,87-27,73±1,27 mm) aktivite gösterdiği gözlenmiştir. Bu türler, literatürde antibakteriyel aktivite açısından yeni değerlendirilen türler arasında gösterilebilir.
... Hypericum hengshanense W. T. Wang is a botanical relative to St. John's Wort from the Hypericum sect. Elodeoida and endemic to China (Robson, 2001). ...
Hypericum species (Hypericaceae) are a group of important plants with medicinal, edible, and ornamental values. A phytochemical study on the whole plants of H. hengshanense W. T. Wang, a species endemic to China, led to the isolation and elucidation of 25 monoterpenoid acylphloroglucinols (MAPs). Among them, 10 are undescribed compounds, namely hyphengshanols A–D, (+)-empetrilatinol A, (−)-empetrilatinol B, (−)-hyperjovinol A, (9S,2′S)-dauphinol F, and (8R,2′S)-empetrikathiforin. In addition, the absolute configurations of other six compounds were firstly determined in the current study. The structures were established by ultraviolet (UV), high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrum (HR-ESI-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) data. The absolute configurations were determined by experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data analyses. Cytotoxicity assays on five human cell lines HL-60, A549, SMMC-7721, MDA-MB-231, and SW480 revealed that 16 compounds exhibited broad-spectrum antiproliferative activities with IC50 ranging from 7.54 to 45.70 μM.
... IX. Hypericum 8 (Robson 1981) 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x (Robson 1981(Robson , 2001 H. elegans 16 (Chattaway 1926;Matzk et al., 2003) 16 2x 32 (Chattaway 1926) H. maculatum 16 (Nielsen 1924;Winge 1925;Chattaway 1926;Noack 1939;Sorsa 1962;Robson 1957Robson , 1958Robson , 1981Robson and Adams 1968) 16 2x 32 (Robson 1957(Robson , 1958) XIX. Coridium 9 (Contandriopoulos and Lanzalavi 1968;Reynaud, 1981) 2x (Contandriopoulos and Lanzalavi 1968;Reynaud 1980bReynaud , 1981 H. empetrifolium 18 (Matzk et al., 2003) 18 2x XX. ...
In the present study, we performed phytochemical profiling of several under-exploited Hypericum representatives taxonomically belonging to the sections Ascyreia, Androsaemum, Inodora, Hypericum, Coridium, Myriandra, and Adenosepalum. The authenticity of the starting plant material was confirmed using the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer as a molecular marker, DNA content and chromosome number. Phenolic constituents were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography to complement species-specific metabolic profiles. In several Hypericum representatives, the pharmacologically important compounds, including naphthodianthrones; phloroglucinol derivatives; chlorogenic acid; and some classes of flavonoids, particularly the flavonols rutin and hyperoside, flavanol catechin, and flavanones naringenin and naringin, were reported for the first time. Comparative multivariate analysis of chemometric data for seedlings cultured in vitro and acclimated to the outdoor conditions revealed a strong genetically predetermined interspecific variability in phenolic compound content. In addition to hypericins, which are the most abundant chemomarkers for the genus Hypericum, rarely employed phenolic metabolites, including phloroglucinol derivatives, chlorogenic acid, catechin, naringenin, naringin, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, were shown to be useful for discriminating between closely related species. Given the increasing interest in natural products of the genus Hypericum, knowledge of the spectrum of phenolic compounds in shoot cultures is a prerequisite for future biotechnological applications. In addition, phytochemical profiling should be considered as an additional part of the integrated plant authentication system, which predominantly relies upon genetic markers.
... Plants of the genus Hypericum are qualified by different types of secretory vesicles, namely translucent glands, black nodules, and secretory canals (Lotocka & Osinska, 2010). Among Hypericum metabolites, hypericin was reported to accumulate only in the dark glands of plant aerial parts ( Fig. 1; Lu et al., 2001;Robson, 2001). In our previous research, we have detected a positive correlation between dark glands number and hypericin content in the leaves of H. perforatum, H. aviculariifolium Jaup. ...
The genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) consists of 484 species from 36 sections with worldwide distribution in different areas. Turkey is considered as hot spot for diversity of Hypericum genus. Despite numerous publications, Hypericum species still attracted considerable scientific interest due to pharmaceutically relevant secondary metabolites: naphthodianthrones, acylphloroglucinol derivatives, phenolic acids, flavonoid glycosides, biflavonoids, and some other valuable constituents. Phytochemical investigations carried out on different Hypericum species provided highly heterogeneous results. The content of bioactive compounds varies significantly due to many internal and external factors, including plant organs, phenological stage, genetic profile, environmental abiotic and biotic factors, such as growing site, light, temperature, radiation, soil drought and salinity, pathogens, and herbivores attack. The variations in content of bioactive compounds in plants are regarded as the main problem in the standardization of Hypericum-derived pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements. The review discusses the main factors contributing to the variations of bioactive compounds and what kind of modulations can increase quality of Hypericum raw material.
... Moreover, the chemical profile of H. elatoides could provide chemotaxonomical information for verifying the systematic position of H. elatoides in the genus Hypericum. Based on morphological character analyses, H. elatoides was classified as either section Roscyna (Spach) R. Keller (Robson, 1977) or section Ascyreia Choisy (Robson, 2001). Molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that H. elatoides was closely related to H. ascyron L. (a member of section Roscyna), while section Roscyna nested with the large section Ascyreia (Meseguer et al., 2013;Nürk et al., 2013). ...
... It is mainly distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, but also in high-altitude tropical and subtropical areas, and in a large variety of ecosystems (Meseguer et al. 2013). Robson has prepared a detailed taxonomic treatment of the genus in a series of monographs (Robson 1977(Robson , 1981(Robson , 1985(Robson , 1987(Robson , 1990(Robson , 1996(Robson , 2001(Robson , 2002(Robson , 2006(Robson , 2010a(Robson , b, 2012. In these, the main diagnostic characters for the classification of the genus were identified, numerous new species were described and an infra-generic classification into 36 sections was proposed. ...
Hypericum cycladicum Trigas sp. nov. (Hypericaceae) from the Cyclades Islands (Greece) is described and illustrated. It belongs to H. sect. Drosocarpium and its closest relatives appears to be the Cretan endemic H. trichocaulon and the widespread Mediterranean H. perfoliatum. The new species is currently known from Andros, Paros and Naxos islands, but probably has a wider distribution within the Cyclades island group.
... The revisional studies of the genus at both sectional and species levels were conducted by N.K.B. Robson (1967Robson ( , 1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 1985Robson ( , 1987Robson ( , 1988Robson ( , 1990Robson ( , 1993Robson ( , 1996Robson ( , 2001Robson ( , 2002Robson ( , 2003Robson ( , 2006Robson ( , 2010aRobson ( , 2010bRobson ( , 2012Robson ( , and 2016. The taxonomic (Stevens 2007, Crockett and Robson 2011, Robson 2012, Alonso et al. 2013), morphogenetic (Çırak et al. 2006, Ayan et al. 2007), paleobiologic (Meseguer & Sanmartín 2012), and phylogenetic (Meseguer et al. 2013, Nürk et al. 2013) studies on Hypericum were conducted by different authors. ...
Hypericum bilgehan-bilgilii is here described and illustrated as a new species of section Triadenioides, from the Southern Anatolia, Turkey. Distribution map, habitat and ecology, etymology, the Turkish name for the new species, and dichotomous key are given. The new species is compared with morphologically close species, H. ternatum and H. pallens.
... However, it was validly published by Linnaeus (1753Linnaeus ( , 1754.The first treatment of the whole genus was done by Choisy (1821), whose synaptic monograph of the "Hypericineae" contained seven genera, of which three (Androsaemum, Ascyrum and Hypericum) together represent Hypericum in its current sense, except that Choisy included the species placed by Robson (1977) in Triadenum. Robson (1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 1985Robson ( , 1987Robson ( , 1990Robson ( , 1996Robson ( , 2001Robson ( , 2002Robson ( , 2010 has published in eight parts the most comprehensive monograph of Hypericum currently available. The monograph includes a revised infrageneric classification and a review of previously published classifications of the genus (Spach, 1836a(Spach, -1836bJaubert & Spach, 1842-1843Keller, 1895Keller, -1925Kimura, 1951). ...
The phylogenetic relationships of Drosanthe section of Hypericum genus (Hypericaceae) were analyzed by using non-coding chloroplast DNA region (trnL 3’-trnF) for 58 individuals. The section is represented by 23 taxa and nine of which are endemic to Turkey. The chloroplast phylogeny suggested that the members of this section belonged to a polyphyletic group, which imply at least two independent origins. The individuals of this section clearly formed two main clades. One clade included all members of this section except H. amblysepalum, H. spectabile, H. lysimachioides var. spathulatum and H. sorgerae. Our current phylogenetic results supported the morphological grouping in the Drosanthe section.
... Systematical research of the Hypericum species growing in Europe was carried out by several authors. In some more recent and comprehensive investigations of taxonomy of Hypericum (Robson, 1996Robson, , 2001Robson, , 2002), this genus is divided into 30 sections. In flora of Serbia, 19 species are present (Stjepanovic-Veselicic, 1972). ...
... The genus Hypericum is the type genus of Hypericaceae, now usually included as a subfamily (Hypericoideae) in the Clusiaceae (= Guttiferae), and comprises more than 450 species divided in 36 sections (Robson 2001 ). The first important studies were carried out in France by Mathis and Ourissons (1964) with the investigation of several fresh Hypericum spp. ...
... The genus Hypericum is the type genus of Hypericaceae, now usually included as a subfamily (Hypericoideae) in the Clusiaceae (= Guttiferae), and comprises more than 450 species divided in 36 sections (Robson 2001 ). The first important studies were carried out in France by Mathis and Ourissons (1964) with the investigation of several fresh Hypericum spp. ...
Since ancient times, the essential oils (EOs) of many aromatic plants have been used as bioactive ingredients in drug, food and cosmetic formulations all over the world. Significant biological properties have also been attributed to Hypericum EOs. Hypericum is a genus of about 450 species in the Guttiferae family, formerly often treated separately in their own Hypericaceae family. Despite the large number of species, only Hypericum perforatum has been studied in depth by the pharmaceutical industry to control the content of its well known bioactive constituents hypericins, hyperforins and flavonoids in the flowering aerial parts. As a consequence, efficient commercial products based on the hydroalcoholic extracts or oil of H. perforatum are already commercially available as antidepressive agents or to treat skin burns. However, only a few studies have been performed on the EO constituents of H. perforatum and other members of this species. In the last few years some papers have been published on Hypericum EOs, but the number of these studies is still limited and the results are not homogenous enough to justify the use of Hypericum EOs as phytomedicines or dietary supplements. The present study is an overview of the production of EOs from Hypericum species. A summary of the typical EO constituents found in wild or cultivated plants, as well as their biological activities, is provided to point out the most significant Hypericum species, valuable as potential sources of EOs and bioactive ingredients.
... The monograph of Hypericum [31,32,42,[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] was used for data on species richness and distribution (for Hypericum sensu Robson 2012). Stevens [34] lists information for the remaining taxa of Hypericeae Choisy (Triadenum Raf., Thornea Breedlove & E.M.McClint., and Lianthus N.Robson; included in Hypericum in Ruhfel et al. [33]), as well as the tropical genera of the family Hypericaceae. ...
Our aim is to understand the evolution of species-rich plant groups that shifted from tropical into cold/temperate biomes. It is well known that climate affects evolutionary processes, such as how fast species diversify, species range shifts, and species distributions. Many plant lineages may have gone extinct in the Northern Hemisphere due to Late Eocene climate cooling, while some tropical lineages may have adapted to temperate conditions and radiated; the hyper-diverse and geographically widespread genus Hypericum is one of these.
To investigate the effect of macroecological niche shifts on evolutionary success we combine historical biogeography with analyses of diversification dynamics and climatic niche shifts in a phylogenetic framework. Hypericum evolved cold tolerance c. 30 million years ago, and successfully colonized all ice-free continents, where today ~500 species exist. The other members of Hypericaceae stayed in their tropical habitats and evolved into ~120 species. We identified a 15-20 million year lag between the initial change in temperature preference in Hypericum and subsequent diversification rate shifts in the Miocene.
Contrary to the dramatic niche shift early in the evolution of Hypericum most extant species occur in temperate climates including high elevations in the tropics. These cold/temperate niches are a distinctive characteristic of Hypericum. We conclude that the initial release from an evolutionary constraint (from tropical to temperate climates) is an important novelty in Hypericum. However, the initial shift in the adaptive landscape into colder climates appears to be a precondition, and may not be directly related to increased diversification rates. Instead, subsequent events of mountain formation and further climate cooling may better explain distribution patterns and species-richness in Hypericum. These findings exemplify important macroevolutionary patterns of plant diversification during large-scale global climate change.
... The remaining 10% of the Hypericum species native to the New World, which are classified sensuRobson (1985Robson ( , 2001Robson ( , 2002Robson ( , 2006 in sects. Umbraculoides (1 spec.), ...
The páramos, high-elevation Andean grasslands ranging from ca. 2800 m to the snow line, harbor one of the fastest evolving biomes worldwide since their appearance in the northern Andes 3–5 million years (Ma) ago. Hypericum (St. John's wort), with over 65% of its Neotropical species, has a center of diversity in these high Mountain ecosystems. Using nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of a broad sample of New World Hypericum species we investigate phylogenetic patterns, estimate divergence times, and provide the first insights into diversification rates within the genus in the Neotropics. Two lineages appear to have independently dispersed into South America around 3.5 Ma ago, one of which has radiated in the páramos (Brathys). We find strong support for the polyphyly of section Trigynobrathys, several species of which group within Brathys, while others are found in temperate lowland South America (Trigynobrathys s.str.). All páramo species of Hypericum group in one clade. Within these páramo Hypericum species enormous phenotypic evolution has taken place (life forms from arborescent to prostrate shrubs) evidently in a short time frame. We hypothesize multiple mechanisms to be responsible for the low differentiation in the ITS region contrary to the high morphological diversity found in Hypericum in the páramos. Amongst these may be ongoing hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting, as well as the putative adaptive radiation, which can explain the contrast between phenotypic diversity and the close phylogenetic relationships.
... Hypericum is one of few large genera with an almost complete taxonomic treatment. Robson (Robson, 1977Robson, , 1981Robson, , 1985Robson, , 1987Robson, , 1990Robson, , 1996Robson, , 2001Robson, , 2002Robson, , 2006Robson, , 2010aRobson, , 2010bRobson, , 2012) published a series of monographs in which he described numerous species and defined the main diagnostic characters for the taxonomy of the genus. Robson divided the genus into 36 sections (see Nürk and Blattner (2010) for a synthesis of Robson's classification), and proposed relationships between sections based on the evolutionary direction of certain traits, such as the habit form, presence of dark glands, corolla shape, or the number of stamen fascicles. ...
... The taxonomy of the genus is complicated; as currently circumscribed, it is subdivided into 30 sections (Robson 2003). According to the original monographer of the genus, Hypericum dubium Leers was delimited as a tetraploid taxon belonging to the section Hypericum (Robson 2001Robson , 2002). However, Robson evaluated it only at subspecies level as H. maculatum subsp. ...
New data on the taxonomy, karyology, reproductive biology and secondary metabolites of Hypericum dubium Leers (=H. maculatum subsp. obtusiusculum (Tourlet) Hayek) are given. The neotypification of the name H. dubium by plants from the locus classicus near the town of Herborn in Germany is presented. Hypericum dubium is characterized by stems with slightly conspicuous subsidiary lines, sepals with a finely denticulate or rarely entire apex,
petals with pale and black, linear to striiform laminar glands. Karyological data confirm that the taxon is tetraploid (2n = 32). Reproduction by facultative apomixis was discovered using a flow cytometric seed screen. In the spectrum of secondary
metabolites, flavonoids, naphtodianthrones and phloroglucinol derivatives were found. The previously described taxon H. carpaticum Mártonfi is reclassified here to the level of nothospecies as H. dubium × H. maculatum. For the epitheton balcanicum a new combination Hypericum ×carinthiacum nothosubsp. balcanicum (N. Robson) Mártonfi is proposed. Finally, this paper provides a revised scheme of relationships among taxa of the H. maculatum group.
... All species belonging to the "Euhypericum" basal polytomy, which have been the subject of phytochemical study, have been shown to produce simple anthrones, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides and biflavones. Section Hypericum (9): As explained in Robson (2001), section 9 has been shown to encompass seven taxa, identified respectively as subsections and, within subsection 1, series. Several species belonging to subsection 1, series 1 (see detailed account in Robson 2002) have part or all of their distributions in the Mediterranean Basin. ...
The genus Hypericum L. (St. John's wort, Hypericaceae) includes more than 450 species that occur in temperature or tropical mountain regions of the world. Monographic work on the genus has resulted in the recognition and description of 36 taxonomic sections, delineated by specific combinations of morphological characteristics and biogeographic distribution. The Mediterranean Basin has been recognized as a hot spot of diversity for the genus Hypericum, and as such is a region in which many endemic species occur. Species belonging to sections distributed in this area of the world display considerable morphological and phytochemical diversity. Results of a cladistic analysis, based on 89 morphological characters that were considered phylogenetically informative, are given here. In addition, a brief overview of morphological characteristics and the distribution of pharmaceutically relevant secondary metabolites for species native to this region of the world are presented.
... Systematical research of the Hypericum species growing in Europe was carried out by several authors. In some more recent and comprehensive investigations of taxonomy of Hypericum (Robson, 1996Robson, , 2001Robson, , 2002), this genus is divided into 30 sections. In flora of Serbia, 19 species are present (Stjepanovic-Veselicic, 1972). ...
The volatile composition of six Hypericum species has been studied. The essential oils were obtained by steam distillation in 500 mL H2O for 2 h in a modified Clevenger apparatus with a water-cooled oil receiver to reduce hydrodistillation over-heating artifacts, and their analyses were performed by GC and GC–MS. Identification of the substances was made by comparison of mass spectra and retention indices with literature records. A total of 100 different compounds were identified. The main constituents of the investigated populations of each taxon have been revealed as follows: Hypericum alpinum: (−)-β-pinene, γ-terpinene, (−)-(E)-caryophyllene; Hypericum barbatum: (−)-α-pinene, (−)-β-pinene, (−)-limonene, (−)-(E)-caryophyllene, (−)-caryophyllene oxide; Hypericum rumeliacum: (−)-α-pinene, (−)-β-pinene, (−)-limonene, Hypericum hirsutum: nonane, undecane, (−)-(E)-caryophyllene, (−)-caryophyllene oxide; Hypericum maculatum: spathulenol, globulol; Hypericum perforatum: (−)-α-pinene, (Z)-β-farnesene, germacrene D; Monoterpene hydrocarbons were shown to be the main group of the taxa belonging to the section Drosocarpium, while the taxa of section Hypericum were more rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.
... The genus Hypericum belongs to the Clusiaceae (Guttiferae) family and encompasses approximately 450 species accommodated in 36 sections (Robson, 2001). Many species of the genus have interesting biological activities. ...
The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Tunisian endemic Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra (Clusiaceae) was analyzed using GC and GC-MS. One hundred and nine compounds consisting of 92.2% of total detected constituents were identified. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the main constituents (59.37%), Alpha-humulene, cis-calamenene, delta-cadinene, bicyclogermacrene, eremophilene, betacaryophyllene and (E)-gamma-bisabolene were found as the main ones. Alpha-pinene (10.33%) was detected as the main monoterpene hydrocarbons (12.19%). The oxygenated sesquiterpenes constituted (9.33%); caryophyllene oxide (1.38%) was reported as the main constituent of this fraction. The oxygenated monoterpenes were weakly represented (4.62%) and consisted of constituents in low percentages (<1%).
Hypericum liboense M.T.An & T.R.Wu, sp. nov. (Hypericaceae) is a newly described species found in the Maolan National Nature Reserve of Guizhou Province, where it grows in rocky habitats without soil on karst mountain tops. In this study, key morphological characters were compared between the new species and the other known Hypericum species of Hypericaceae. DNA sequences were extracted from the leaves of the new species, with nuclear gene sequences (ITS) generated to reconstruct phylogenetic trees and describe its phylogenetic position in relation to other species of Hypericum . Our results show that the proposed new species has the typical characteristics of the genus Hypericum in morphology being similar to Hypericum monogynum , but differing in its sessile and semi-clasped leaves, long elliptical to long circular leaf blades, thickly papery to thinly leathery, with entire and wavy leaf margins. The abaxial side of the leaves is covered with white powder, giving them a grey-white appearance. The main lateral veins of the leaves are 8–15-paired, and the midvein on both sides is convex. The main lateral veins and midvein branch are conspicuous, with tertiary venation forming a network on the leaf surface and appearing prominently sunken. The inflorescences are 1–3-flowered, with a large calyx and conspicuous veins. The molecular phylogenetic analysis (PP = 1.00) provided substantial evidence for the proposition of H. liboense as a new species within Hypericum . Morphological and molecular evidence is presented, corroborating the proposition of the new species, including a comprehensive account of the distinctive morphological attributes of H. liboense , along with its key distinguishing features from similar species.
The seed morphology of 40 taxa within the genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) from China, representing 9 sections of the genus, was examined using both Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy to evaluate the taxonomic relevance of macro‐ and micro‐morphological features. Details articulating variation in seed size, color, shape, appendages, and seed coat ornamentation are described, illustrated, and compared, and their taxonomic importance is discussed. Seeds were generally brown in color and cylindric‐ellipsoid to prolonged cylindric in shape. Seed size displayed wide variation, ranging from 0.37–1.91 mm in length and 0.12–0.75 mm in width. Seed appendages were observed as a characteristic morphological feature. Seed surface ornamentation has high phenotypic plasticity, and four types (reticulate, foveolate, papillose, and ribbed) can be recognized. In general, seed color and shape have limited taxonomic significance. However, some other features represent informative characters that can be used efficiently in distinguishing the studied taxa at the section and/or species levels. The findings illustrate that considerable taxonomic knowledge can be obtained by investigating the seed features of Hypericum , and the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy can reveal inconspicuous morphological affinities among species and play a role in taxonomic and systematic studies of the genus Hypericum .
Research Highlights
Macro‐ and micro‐morphological features of seeds of 40 Hypericum taxa from China were examined using Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy, providing the first broad study regarding seed morphology for Hypericum from China.
Details and variations of seed size, shape, color, surface ornamentation, and appendages are fully presented.
Seed features and their variation have important taxonomic significance at the section and/or species levels within Hypericum .
Knowledge of Carex L. (true sedges) and Hypericum L. (St. John's wort) in the Neotropics is fragmentary.
As a result of a fieldwork campaign in Ecuador and revision of herbarium collections (K, QCA and QCNE), we present here relevant records of twelve Carex (Cyperaceae) and four Hypericum (Hypericaceae) species. Regarding Carex , we present the novel report for South America of C. aztecica , as well as the first Ecuadorian records for C. brehmeri , C. collumanthus , C. fecunda , C. melanocystis and C. punicola . The three later records have additional biogeographical significance, as they represent the new northern limit of these species. We also include observations for another five species included in the Ecuadorian Red List of Endemic Plants. As a result, the list of native Carex reported for Ecuador would now include 52 taxa. With regard to Hypericum , we include the new report of H. sprucei for the province of Bolívar, and the confirmation of the presence of three rare species ( H. acostanum , H. matangense , H. prietoi ) in their type localities, although with extremely low population sizes. We discuss their conservation status and implications.
Bu çalışmada ülkemizin biyolojik zenginliklerinin önemli bir parçası olan ve doğal habitatlarından toplanan Hypericum L. cinsine ait Hypericum uniglandosum Hausskn. ex Bornm., Hypericum microcalycinum Boiss. & Heldr. ve Hypericum scabroides N. Robson & Poulter türleri uçucu yağ bileşenleri yönünden araştırılmıştır. Bu türlerden Hypericum uniglandosum ve Hypericum scabroides türleri endemik türdür. Çalışmada kullanılan bitkiler temmuz- ağustos ayında çiçekli dönemde iken toplanarak uçucu yağ bileşenleri yönünden araştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre 14 farklı bileşen tespit edilmiştir. Bitki örnekleri ile yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre en çok bulunan bileşen; H. uniglandosum’ da; % 90.25, H. microcalycinum’ da; % 91.46 ve H. scabroides’te; % 91.77 olarak alpha-pinene olmuştur. Bu bileşenden başka değişik oranlar olmakla birlikte beta-pinene, beta-myrcene, limonene, cymene gibi çeşitli bileşenler de analiz sonuçlarına göre rapor edilmiştir. Çalışma materyalimizi oluşturan bitkiler üzerinde farklı oranlarda, farklı bileşenler tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmamızı oluşturan H. uniglandosum ve H. scabroides türleri endemik tür olduğu için uçucu yağ analizlerinin belirlenmesinin önem arz ettiği düşünülmektedir.
In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the changes in Hypericum secondary metabolism induced by biotic/abiotic stressors. It is known that the extreme environmental conditions activate signaling pathways leading to triggering of enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems, which stimulate production of secondary metabolites with antioxidant and protective effects. Due to several groups of bioactive compounds including naphthodianthrones, acylphloroglucinols, flavonoids, and phenylpropanes, the world-wide Hypericum perforatum represents a high-value medicinal crop of Hypericum genus, which belongs to the most diverse genera within flowering plants. The summary of the up-to-date knowledge reveals a relationship between the level of defense-related phenolic compounds and interspecific differences in the stress tolerance. The chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids, namely the amentoflavone, quercetin or kaempferol glycosides have been reported as the most defense-related metabolites associated with plant tolerance against stressful environment including temperature, light, and drought, in association with the biotic stimuli resulting from plant-microbe interactions. As an example, the species-specific cold-induced phenolics profiles of 10 Hypericum representatives of different provenances cultured in vitro are illustrated in the case-study. Principal component analysis revealed a relationship between the level of defense-related phenolic compounds and interspecific differences in the stress tolerance indicating a link between the provenance of Hypericum species and inherent mechanisms of cold tolerance. The underlying metabolome alterations along with the changes in the activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes, and non-enzymatic physiological markers are discussed. Given these data it can be anticipated that some Hypericum species native to divergent habitats, with interesting high-value secondary metabolite composition and predicted high tolerance to biotic/abiotic stresses would attract the attention as valuable sources of bioactive compounds for many medicinal purposes.
Hypericum is a worldwide‐distributed genus with almost 500 species, including the medically used, facultative apomictic species H. perforatum. It is one of the few large plant genera for which alpha taxonomy has been completed and most species have been described. To conduct a formal cladistic analysis of the genus, we coded 89 morphological characters for all described taxa and analyzed the data for the species using parsimony and Bayesian methods. The obtained trees indicate that Hypericum is monophyletic if the monotypic genus Santomasia is included, and that Lianthus is its sister. The arrangement of the remaining genera of Hypericaceae included in the analysis is in congruence with molecular phylogenies. Within Hypericum the cladistic analysis revealed a basal grade containing Mediterranean species and three big clades containing most of the diversity of the genus. In contrast to earlier assumptions, we found no indication for an African origin of Hypericum, but assume that the genus evolved in what today is the Mediterranean area. Our phylogenies indicate a shrubby habit to be the ancestral state within Hypericum from which species with tree‐like and herbaceous habit evolved, and that apomixis originated at least three times independently within the genus.
Plants of the genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) are used in folk medicine all over the world, H. perforatum being the most well-known species. Standardized extracts of this plant are commercially-available to treat mild to moderate depression cases. The present review summarizes the literature published up to 2016 concerning the phloroglucinol derivatives isolated from Hypericum species, together with their structural features and biological activities. These phytochemical studies led to the isolation of 101 prenylated phloroglucinols, chromanes and chromenes, 35 dimeric acylphloroglucinols, 235 polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols, 25 simple benzophenones and 33 phloroglucinol-terpene adducts. These compounds show a diverse range of biological activities, such as antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antinociceptive and antidepressant-like effects.
Many national and international projects to prepare floristic treatments for Asian countries are in progress throughout the world. Amongst these are a number of projects focusing on the Himalayan region. The Flora of Bhutan, of which the first part was published in 1983, was completed when volume 3, part 2, dealing with the Orchidaceae, was published in 2002. The completion of the Flora of Bhutan marked the start of a new epoch in floristic research on the Himalayan region following the last major work for the area, Hooker’s The Flora of British India (1872–1897). This major achievement was brought about by the late Andrew J. C. Grierson and his successor, David G. Long, of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, and other botanists. In Sikkim, now a part of India, a flora project was begun by the Botanical Survey of India after the establishment of the Sikkim Himalayan Circle of the Botanical Survey of India at Gangtok in 1979. In 1996, the first volume of that flora was published. For the western Himalaya, Karakorum and Kashmir have been treated as a part of the Flora of Pakistan compiled first by E. Nasir and S.I. Ali, and later by S.I. Ali and M. Qaiser since 1970.
Two undescribed species of Hypericum (Clusiaceae) have been found during floristic research in Korea. Hypericum chejuense S.-J. Park & K.-J. Kim and H. jeongjocksanense S.-J. Park & K.-J. Kim are described and illustrated from Cheju Island in southern Korea and Jeongjock Mountain in southeastern Korea, respectively. Hypericum chejuense and H. jeongjocksanense are easily distinguished from the closely related H. erectum Thunberg ex Murray and H. laxum (Blume) Koidzumi, respectively, by their habit, petal and sepal size, inflorescence type, style length, stylar hair distribution, leaf base shape, stem branching pattern, sepal size, and DNA sequence from the nuclear ITS regions.
With about 470 species Hypericum Linnaeus (1753) is one of the 100 large angiosperm genera that collectively comprise an estimated 22% of angiosperm diversity (Scotland, 2000). The size of such genera means that complete monographic treatments to account for species diversity are time-consuming, costly and labour-intensive. Consequently, the species-level taxonomy of most such groups is poorly known (Frodin 2004, Scotland & Sanderson 2004). This presents a substantial barrier both to the goal of completing the global inventory and to understanding the evolution of the diversity they contain.
Biosynthesis of the hypericins that accumulate in the dark glands of some members of the genus Hypericum is poorly understood. The gene named hyp-1, isolated from Hypericum perforatum L. has been proposed as playing an important role in the final steps of hypericin biosynthesis. To study the role of this candidate gene in relation to the production of hypericins, the expression of this gene was studied in 15 Hypericum species with varying ability to synthesise hypericin. While the accumulation of hypericins and emodin, an intermediate in the respective pathway, was associated with the dark glands in the hypericin-producing species, the hyp-1 gene was expressed in all studied species regardless of whether hypericins and emodin were detected in the plants. The coding sequences of hyp-1 cDNA were isolated from all species and showed more than 86% similarity to each other. Although, in general, an increased level of the hyp-1 gene transcript was detected in hypericin-producing species, several of the hypericin-lacking species expressed comparable levels as well. Our results question the role of the hyp-1 gene product as a key enzyme responsible for biosynthesis of hypericins in the genus Hypericum. The function of the hyp-1 gene may not be restricted to hypericin biosynthesis only, or some additional factors are necessary for completion of hypericin biosynthesis.
Five spirocyclic acylphloroglucinol derivatives (1-5) have been isolated from a hexanes extract of the leaves of Hypericum pyramidatum. Pyramidatones A-D (1-3, 5) are new, and chipericumin C (4) has been previously reported. The acylphloroglucinols were characterized based on spectroscopic (NMR, IR, UV-VIS) and mass spectrometric data.
Premise of research. The clusioid clade is a member of the large rosid order Malpighiales and contains ∼1900 species in five families: Bonnetiaceae, Calophyllaceae, Clusiaceae sensu stricto (s.s.), Hypericaceae, and Podostemaceae. Despite recent efforts to clarify their phylogenetic relationships using molecular data, no such data are available for several critical taxa, including especially Hypericum ellipticifolium (previously recognized in Lianthus), Lebrunia, Neotatea, Thysanostemon, and the second-oldest rosid fossil (∼90 Ma), Paleoclusia chevalieri. Here, we (i) assess congruence between phylogenies inferred from morphological and molecular data, (ii) analyze morphological and molecular data simultaneously to place taxa lacking molecular data, and (iii) use ancestral state reconstructions (ASRs) to examine the evolution of traits that have been important for circumscribing clusioid taxa and to explore the placement of Paleoclusia.
Methodology. We constructed a morphological data set including 69 characters and 81 clusioid species (or species groups). These data were analyzed individually and in combination with a previously published molecular data set of four genes (plastid matK, ndhF, and rbcL and mitochondrial matR) using parsimony, maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference. We used ML ASRs to infer the evolution of morphological characters.
Pivotal results. Our phylogeny inferred from morphology alone was poorly supported but largely in agreement with molecular data. Moreover, our combined analyses were much better supported and largely confirm taxonomic hypotheses regarding relationships of extant taxa newly included here. The extinct Paleoclusia was placed as a member of stem group Clusiaceae s.s. or within crown group Clusiaceae s.s. as sister to one of its two major subclades.
Conclusions. Despite poor overall bootstrap support for the placement of Paleoclusia, ancestral character state reconstructions are generally in agreement with our placements. Our recommendation is that Paleoclusia be treated as either a minimum stem group or a crown group age constraint of Clusiaceae s.s.
Background and AimsHypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) is a widespread Eurasian perennial plant species with remarkable variation in its morphology, ploidy and breeding system, which ranges from sex to apomixis. Here, hypotheses on the evolutionary origin of St. John's wort are tested and contrasted with the subsequent history of interspecific gene flow.Methods
Extensive field collections were analysed for quantitative morphological variation, ploidy, chromosome numbers and genetic diversity using nuclear (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and plastid (trnL-trnF) markers. The mode of reproduction was analysed by FCSS (flow cytometric seed screen).Key ResultsIt is demonstrated that H. perforatum is not of hybrid origin, and for the first time wild diploid populations are documented. Pseudogamous facultative apomictic reproduction is prevalent in the polyploids, whereas diploids are predominantly sexual, a phenomenon which also characterizes its sister species H. maculatum. Both molecular markers characterize identical major gene pools, distinguishing H. perforatum from H. maculatum and two genetic groups in H. perforatum. All three gene pools are in close geographical contact. Extensive gene flow and hybridization throughout Europe within and between gene pools and species is exemplified by the molecular data and confirmed by morphometric analyses.Conclusions
Hypericum perforatum is of a single evolutionary origin and later split into two major gene pools. Subsequently, independent and recurrent polyploidization occurred in all lineages and was accompanied by substantial gene flow within and between H. perforatum and H. maculatum. These processes are highly influenced by the reproductive system in both species, with a switch to predominantly apomictic reproduction in polyploids, irrespective of their origin.
Part 9 concludes this monographic series of papers on the genus Hypericum. The first chapter contains: (i) extended additions to, revisions of, and comments on the systematic parts (Parts 3–8), including a detailed revision of the larger part of Sect. 3. Ascyreia with a revised key; (ii) shorter additions and corrections to all parts; (iii) a detailed enumeration of the sections of the genus with their perceived interrelationships, and (iv) a revised key to these sections.
In the second chapter, some of the characters treated in Part 2 are reconsidered, but not chemotaxonomy, which is discussed in an appendix contributed by Sara Crockett. The relationships within and between sections of each of the three groups of the genus are then considered, followed by an interpretation of them in terms of distribution, leading to a description of the disjunctions in distribution thereby revealed. This is followed by a discussion.of the various means of dispersal that may have brought about these distribution patterns. In the final section on the evolution of the genus, Santomasia is re-incorporated in Hypericum, but Lianthus and Triadenum continue to be excluded. A consideration of the relationships of the Hypericaceae to the rest of the Clusioid clade leads to a description of the probable characters of the primitive Hypericum.
New taxa and names appearing in this Part are: Sect. 1a: Hypericum sect. Santomasia. Sect. 1: H. smithii. Sect. 3: H. reptans subsp. ogisui; H. rotundifolium; H. oxyphyllum; H. calycinum forma luteum; H. fanjingense; H. hookerianum ‘Rodgersii’; H. lagarocaule. Sect. 5: H. × inodorum ‘Limpsfield’. Sect. 14: H. × caesariense. Sect. 18: H. linarioides Bosse subsp. alpestre. Sect. 28: Hypericum sect. Tripentas. Sect. 29: H. monroi; H. graciliforme; H. marahuacanum subsp. compactum.
Part 4(3) of this monographic series of papers on the genus Hypericum is prefaced by an introduction to the genus and a summary of the aims and methods of the project. This is followed by treatments of the remaining parts of sect. 9. Hypericum sensu stricto and the last segregate section from the original sect. Hypericum, sect. 9b. Graveolentia. Both hitherto untreated parts of the reduced sect. Hypericum are mainly Japanese, but some species extend in distribution as far as Kamchatka, eastern Siberia, central China, and Sabah (Mt. Kinabalu). Sect. Graveolentia is North and Central American. Sect. Hypericum subsect. Hypericum series Senanensia contains seven species from northern Japan and adjacent areas, including H.
pibairense (Miyabe & Y. Kimura) N. Robson, stat. nov., H.
nakaii subsp. miyabei (Y. Kimura) N. Robson, comb. et stat. nov., H.
nakaii subsp. tatewakii (S. Watanabe) N. Robson, comb. et stat. nov. and H.
senanense subsp. mutiloides (R. Keller) N. Robson, comb. et stat. nov. Sect. Hypericum subsect. Erecta contains 23 species and one hybrid from Japan, Korea, central China, Taiwan, Luzon, Sabah and Sumatera, including H.
kawaranum N. Robson, stat. et nom. nov., H.
watanabei N. Robson, stat. et nom. nov., H.
kimurae N. Robson, stat. et nom. nov., H.
pseudoerectum stat. et nom. nov., H.
kitamense (Y. Kimura) N. Robson, stat. nov., H.
kurodakeanum N. Robson, stat. et nom. nov., H.
furusei N. Robson, sp. nov., H.
nuporoense N. Robson, sp. nov. and H.
ovalifolium subsp. hisauchii (Y. Kimura) N. Robson, stat. nov. Sect. Graveolentia contains nine species and one hybrid from southeastern Canada, the eastern half of the United States, Mexico and western Guatemala, including H.
oaxacanum subsp. veracrucense N. Robson, subsp. nov. and H.
macvaughii N. Robson, sp. nov.
Evergreen or sometimes deciduous herbs, shrubs or trees; glands or canals in most parts of the plant; xanthones widespread;
hairs uni- or multicellular, eglandular, colleters common; terminal bud scaly or naked; leaves opposite, occasionally whorled
or alternate, entire, estipulate; in florescences terminal, more or less cymose, rarely axillary or flowers single, flowers
polysymmetric, perfect, usually with prophylls; sepals free, (2-)4-5; petals (3)4-5, free; stamens (9-)∞, freeorvariously
fasciculate or connate, anthers < 1(-1.2)mm long, dithecate, extrose, opening by slits, connective often with glands, staminodes
alternipetalous or 0; nectary absent; ovary superior, 3-5-locular, placentation axile to parietal, ovules 1-∞/carpel, anatropous,
bitegmic, tenuinucellate; stylodia free or basally more or less fused or style single, stigmas more or less expanded, smooth
and sticky or ±punctate and papillate; fruit baccate or capsular, rarely a drupe; seeds small, winged or not, exotegmen lignified,
with sinuous anticlinal walls; embryo straight or rarely curved; endosperm initially nuclear, often absent at maturity; germination
epigeal, phanerocotylar.
Trends concerning coevolution of mode of reproduction and genome size were elucidated by screening both components in 71 species/subspecies of the genus Hypericum. Two independent agamic complexes were identified (sections Ascyreia with ten, and Hypericum with five apomictic species). In the phylogenetically younger section Hypericum, the relative DNA content of apomicts is increased solely by polyploidy. The apomicts of the evolutionarily older section Ascyreia have significantly larger genomes than all other species due to polyploidization and higher DNA content per chromosome. An accumulation of retroelements might be one reason for the larger genomes. The male fertility of the apomicts was reduced compared to sexuals, although all apomicts were facultative pseudogamous, forming reduced male gametes. Another form of apomixis (obligate pseudogamous with unreduced male gametes), probably indicating an escape from interspecific sterility, was found in H. scabrum, the only case of asexual seed formation outside of sections Ascyreia and Hypericum. The described scenario for evolution of apomixis in relation to genome size deserves consideration in harnessing of apomixis.
The genus Hypericum L. (St. John's Wort, Hypericaceae) includes, at the most recent count, 469 species that are either naturally occurring on, or which have been introduced to, every continent in the world, except Antarctica. These species occur as herbs, shrubs, and infrequently trees, and are found in a variety of habitats in temperate regions and in high mountains in the tropics, avoiding only zones of extreme aridity, temperature and/or salinity. Monographic work on the genus has resulted in the recognition and description of 36 taxonomic sections, delineated by specific combinations of morphological characteristics and biogeographic distribution ranges. Hypericum perforatum L. (Common St. John's wort, section Hypericum), one of the best-known members of the genus, is an important medicinal herb of which extracts are taken for their reported activity against mild to moderate depression. Many other species have been incorporated in traditional medicine systems in countries around the world, or are sold as ornamentals. Several classes of interesting bioactive secondary metabolites, including naphthodianthrones (e.g. hypericin and pseudohypericin), flavonol glycosides (e.g. isoquercitrin and hyperoside), biflavonoids (e.g. amentoflavone), phloroglucinol derivatives (e.g. hyperforin and adhyperforin) and xanthones have been identified from members of the genus. A general overview of the taxonomy of the genus and the distribution of relevant secondary metabolites is presented.
Hypericum is a worldwide distributed genus with almost 500 species, including the medically used apomictic species H. perforatum. It is one of the few large plant genera where alpha taxonomy is nearly completed. To conduct a formal cladistic analysis of the genus, we coded 89 morphological characters for all described taxa, and analyzed the data with parsimony and Bayesian methods. The obtained trees indicate Hypericum to be monophyletic, if the monotypic genus Santomasia is included, and Lianthus as the sister group. The arrangement of the remaining genera of Hypericaceae included in the analysis is in congruence with molecular phylogenies. Apomorphic characters supporting the relationships of the genera are pointed out. The cladistic analysis revealed four groups within Hypericum: a basal grade containing Mediterranean species and three big clades containing most of the diversity of the genus. The borders of the Mediterranean Sea as part of the late Tethys Ocean are hypothesized as a probable area of origin for the genus. As indicated in the presented tree, a shrubby habit appears to be the ancestral state within Hypericum from which trees and herbs evolved, and apomixis originated at least three times independently within the genus.
The chemical composition of the essential oils of five populations of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra from Tunisia and their intraspecific variability were analyzed in detail by GC/MS. One hundred seventy-four compounds were identified, representing averages of 87.9 to 98.7% of the oil composition. The components are represented here by homologous series of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, non-terpenic hydrocarbons, and others. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most abundant chemical compounds. Multivariate chemometric techniques, such as cluster analysis (CA) and principal-component analysis (PCA), were used to characterize the samples according to the geographical origin. By statistical analysis, the analyzed populations were classified into four chemotype groups.
We examined the importance of the constitutive terpenoids of five species of Hypericum native to the Greek mainland, Crete Island and the west Aegean. The species studied are Hypericum empetrifolium Willd. (sect. Coridium Spach), Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. subsp. apollinis Robson & Strid, Hypericum perfoliatum L. (sect. Drosocarpium Spach), Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra and Hypericum perforatum L. (sect. Hypericum, subsect. Hypericum [Robson, N.K.B., 2001. Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae). 4 (1). Sections 7. Roscyna to 9. Hypericum sensu lato (part 1). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 31, 37–88]). Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) on 98 of the most abundant terpenoids was found to achieve a separation of species. The performed phylogenetic reconstruction supports the existing divisions of Hypericum in taxonomic sections. Other multivariate techniques were also investigated such as principal coordinate analysis and principal component analysis, but these were found inferior to CDA. These analyses transformed the data in such a way that they did not sufficiently account for the entire terpenoid variation, nor did they delineate species in accepted taxonomic sections.
The clusioid clade includes five families (i.e., Bonnetiaceae, Calophyllaceae, Clusiaceae s.s., Hypericaceae, and Podostemaceae) represented by 94 genera and ≈1900 species. Species in this clade form a conspicuous element of tropical forests worldwide and are important in horticulture, timber production, and pharmacology. We conducted a taxon-rich multigene phylogenetic analysis of the clusioids to clarify phylogenetic relationships in this clade.
We analyzed plastid (matK, ndhF, and rbcL) and mitochondrial (matR) nucleotide sequence data using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. Our combined data set included 194 species representing all major clusioid subclades, plus numerous species spanning the taxonomic, morphological, and biogeographic breadth of the clusioid clade.
Our results indicate that Tovomita (Clusiaceae s.s.), Harungana and Hypericum (Hypericaceae), and Ledermanniella s.s. and Zeylanidium (Podostemaceae) are not monophyletic. In addition, we place four genera that have not been included in any previous molecular study: Ceratolacis, Diamantina, and Griffithella (Podostemaceae), and Santomasia (Hypericaceae). Finally, our results indicate that Lianthus, Santomasia, Thornea, and Triadenum can be safely merged into Hypericum (Hypericaceae).
We present the first well-resolved, taxon-rich phylogeny of the clusioid clade. Taxon sampling and resolution within the clade are greatly improved compared to previous studies and provide a strong basis for improving the classification of the group. In addition, our phylogeny will form the foundation for our future work investigating the biogeography of tropical angiosperms that exhibit Gondwanan distributions.
The leaves of nine populations of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra growing wild in Tunisia were investigated for their fatty acids composition. Although, their low yields, total fatty acids composition showed an appreciable amount of α-linolenic acid (C18:3), linoleic acid (C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitic acid (C16:0). Stearidonic acid (C18:4), an unusual plant fatty acid was also found. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences between studied populations. However, multivariate analysis showed that H. triquetrifolium samples were grouped according to their origin apart from three populations.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.