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... It has odd flowers with long yellow radiating anthers [2]. The morphological characteristics of the herb are given below: Rhizomes Detumescent, demulcent, anti-febrile, alexipharmic [16] Rhizomes Reducing swelling, relieving pain, sore throat, snake bites and bruises [17] Rhizomes Tumor, hemostasis and inflammation counteraction [18] China Rhizomes Immunity adjustment, analgesia, and anti-inflammation [19] while maintaining similar temperatures and at similar altitudes. Plants that lack inflorescence are usually shorter in height. ...
... The Indian tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim have been using it as folk medicines, albeit some ethnic communities are not very conscious about its remarkable medicinal potential [10]. The various uses of the plant are indicated in Table 2 [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. ...
... , Paris saponin III, polyphyllin VI and polyphyllin VII [18]. Steroid saponins from P. polyphylla are classified into two main groups: diosgenin (Dio) glycosides and pennogenin glycosides. ...
Background
Paris polyphylla has been traditionally used in China, India and Nepal to relieve various ailments such as antidote for snake bites, insect poison, relieving wounds, sore throat, etc. P. polyphylla like many plants in nature contains numerous potential bioactive compounds. Such bioactive compounds of the herb that have significant biological activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral need to be validated and augmented with many assays.
Objective
The objective of this paper is to compile the major research works of the herb and updates information on its developments and approaches that have been rapidly taking place in recent years, so that further novel research can be envisaged.
Methods
The published reviews act as the first catalyst and initiator to delve on the studies done so far about this medicinal herb. The research about the plant such as classification, micropropagation, phytochemisty, and bioactivity was investigated from papers that were reported from index journals
Results
New compounds such as paristenosides A and B are being added to the existing known compounds. There are new high-throughput approaches in the classification of the plant and micropropagation. The traditional uses of the herb are being validated through different bioactivity assays.
Conclusion
The continuous research that is being carried out on this herb implies that the depth of knowledge about the plant is gradually consolidated and the mechanism of the bioactive compounds derived is slowly comprehended.
... Compound 6 exhibited a stronger lethality effect to the artemia in the concentration of 10 μg/mL, with the fatality rate which exceeded fifty percent. Compounds 5 and 6 exhibited weak inhibitory activity against cell B16F10 with an IC 50 value of 50.18 and 67.25 μM, respectively [14]. A number of anthraquinones were isolated from Morinda elliptica Ridl. ...
... 2-Hydroxymethyl-1-methoxy-9,10-anthraquinone (14) [21], 6-hydroxy-1, 8-dimethoxy-2-(phenylmethoxy)-9, 10anthracenedione (15) [22], 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methyl-9, 10-anthraquinone (16) [23], 2-methoxy-3-oxyhydroxymethyl-9, 10-anthraquinone (17) [26]. A new monohydroxyanthraquinone, 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-2-(2-oxopropyl)-9, 10-anthraquinone (21), was isolated from Plocama pendula root cultures transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes [11]. ...
Rubiaceae family belongs to the Gentianales, it contains 650 genera and 13,000 species and is worldwide distribution, which makes it the fourth largest angiosperms. Rubiaceae contains a large amount of anthraquinone compounds, especially in the roots. Anthraquinones are very important natural products with various bioactivities, including antibacterial, antiviral, cytotoxic and antitumor, which makes it plays an important role in recent research. In previous study, many researchers have reported anthraquinones from Rubiaceae in different aspects. The present paper provide an overview of bioactive properties of new naturally occurring anthraquinones and its structural diversity that have been isolated from Rubiaceae family in recent years. The article covers the literature from 2007 to 2018, overall 95 new anthraquinones.
... Paris Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1753: 367) is the largest genus within Melanthiaceae, with more than 27 species (The Plant List 2013, Wang et al. 2017). It is widely distributed in the regions of southwestern China, especially Yunnan, Guizhou and other plateau provinces (Li 1998, Wu et al. 2004, Zhang et al. 2007, Huang et al. 2012. The genus Paris has 22 species in China, of which 14 are distributed in Yunnan (Li 1998) and five species are endemic to Yunnan; therefore, their species diversity ranks first in China (Zhao et al. 2016). ...
... The genus Paris has 22 species in China, of which 14 are distributed in Yunnan (Li 1998) and five species are endemic to Yunnan; therefore, their species diversity ranks first in China (Zhao et al. 2016). Most species of Paris with a thick rhizome have been widely used in China for a long time to treat tumors, chronic bronchitis, for traumatic injuries, and as antimicrobial agent, achieving significant effect (Wu et al. 2004). ...
Paris Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1753: 367) is the largest genus within Melanthiaceae, with more than 27 species (The Plant List 2013, Wang et al. 2017). It is widely distributed in the regions of southwestern China, especially Yunnan, Guizhou and other plateau provinces (Li 1998, Wu et al. 2004, Zhang et al. 2007, Huang et al. 2012). The genus Paris has 22 species in China, of which 14 are distributed in Yunnan (Li 1998) and five species are endemic to Yunnan; therefore, their species diversity ranks first in China (Zhao et al. 2016). Most species of Paris with a thick rhizome have been widely used in China for a long time to treat tumors, chronic bronchitis, for traumatic injuries, and as antimicrobial agent, achieving significant effect (Wu et al. 2004).
... This medicine is the main ingredient of the hemostatic prescription "Yunnan Baiyao". It has important clinical effects in treating snake bites, fractures, mumps, tumors, analgesia and other aspects [5]. In recent years, pharmacological studies have shown that P. polyphylla has various pharmacological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities [6]. ...
Root rot of Paris polyphylla has received widespread attention due to its threat to yield and leads to serious economic losses. However, the relationship among the rhizosphere microbial community, metabolites and root rot disease remained largely unexplored. Herein, we used integrated 16S rRNA, ITS, RNA sequencing and UPLC-MS/MS to systematically investigate the differences between healthy and diseased P. polyphylla. We found that root rot reduced the microbial diversity in the diseased P. polyphylla compared with the healthy control. The relative abundance of the bacterial phylum Actinobacteria increased in the diseased rhizome of P. polyphylla. For the fungal community, root rot disease contributed to an increased relative abundance of Ascomycota and decreased Glomeromycota at the phylum level. The transcriptomic results showed that the differently expressed genes were significantly enriched in the “Biosynthesis of various alkaloids”, “flavonoid biosynthesis” and “isoflavonoid biosynthesis” and “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” was dramatically enriched in healthy P. polyphylla compared with that in diseased P. polyphylla. Likewise, the metabolomic results showed that the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and metabolic pathways was found to be significantly enriched by differential metabolites. Taken together, the study of combining metabolomics with microbiomes can help us enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of plant resistance to root rot disease, thereby discovering specific metabolites and microorganisms that can resist pathogen infection in P. polyphylla.
... All the plants belonging to the genus Paris are known for a variety of medicinal properties and can be used as medicine (Li et al., 2015) such as relieving pain, detoxification, reducing swelling, and calming the liver. Steroidal saponin is the most important bioactive compound discovered in the P. polyphylla rhizome, and it accounts for 80% of the total phytoconstituents (diosgenin with their glycosyl derivatives) with numerous medicinal and pharmaceutical potential (Wu et al., 2004;Guan et al., 2018). ...
Paris polyphylla Smith (Melanthiaceae) family, which is native to the Himalayan region, has received a lot of attention recently due to its extensive history of usage in traditional medicine. The production of steroidal saponin from callus suspension cultures of P. polyphylla was observed in the current study. The current study attempted to develop a P. polyphylla plant callus suspension culture through optimization of cultivation technique for callus suspension, quantification of total phenolic components and estimation of the extract’s antioxidant activity. A light-yellow callus was formed within six weeks of cultivating rhizomes on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with Thidiazuron (TDZ). Furthermore, the effect of TDZ, Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA), and Yeast Extract (YE) on callus growth, steroidal saponin (dioscin and diosgenin), total phenolic content, total flavonoids, total tannin, and total antioxidant activity was also measured. The medium containing 0.5 μM TDZ depicted the maximum callus biomass (2.98 g fresh weight). Significantly high phenolic and tannin content was observed in the MS medium containing 50 μM MeJA, whereas, no significant increase was observed in total tannin production in any treatment. Three in vitro assays, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid)) and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential) and FC (Folin-Ciocalteu), were used to assess antioxidant potential of callus. Maximum antioxidant analysis reported in 1.0 μM TDZ (6.89 mM AAE/100 g) containing medium followed by 50 μM MeJA (6.44 mM AAE/100 g). The HPLC analysis showed a high presence of dioscin and diosgenin (5.43% and 21.09%, respectively) compared to the wild sample (2.56% and 15.05%, respectively). According to the results, callus produced on media supplemented with 50 μM MeJA have significant phenolic contents and elevated antioxidant activity; nevertheless, callus growth was greater in the presence of 0.5 μM TDZ. The findings of the current study have commercial implications since greater biomass production will result in active phytochemicals that the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors are in need desperately.
... P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis has anticancer and antibacterial effects (Li et al., 2014;Wen et al., 2015) and is currently the main ingredient of some important Chinese patent medicines, such as Yunnan Baiyao, Gonghening capsules, and Sichuan Baiyao (Wu et al., 2004). Steroidal saponins are the main active medicinal ingredients of bryophyllum, including polyphyllin I, polyphyllin II, polyphyllin VI, polyphyllin VII, polyphyllin D, and polyphyllin H (Zhao et al., 2009;Zhao et al., 2017). ...
Pairs polyphylla var. yunnanensis is a perennial herb, and its rhizomes are used as medicine to invigorate blood circulation, dissipate blood stasis, relieve swelling and pain, clear heat and detoxify the body. However, due to its slow growth, most of the saponin content is low, while the content of saponins is higher in Paris fargesii Franch of the same genus. The isolation and screening of strains from P. fargesii Franch that promote the accumulation of saponin content in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis is important to improve the growth rate of artificially cultivated P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and increase its medicinal activity. Plant symbiotic strains are biologically active microorganisms that can promote the growth and development of host plants through direct probiotic effects and indirect disease resistance mechanisms. Here, we isolated four strains of symbiotes, including two bacteria, Bacillus cereus (LgD2) and Bacillus thuringiensis (LgD10), and two fungi, Aspergillus tamari (TPD11) and Fusarium oxysporum (TPB). All of them promoted the biomass, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis seedlings to different degrees and effectively stimulated the accumulation of saponin content in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis seedlings to improve the expression of saponin synthesis pathway genes. The symbiotes also promoted the enzymatic activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine aminolase (PAL), improved the physiological indicators of tobacco plants (plant height, crown width, leaf length and leaf width), reduced the incidence of tobacco black shank, and improved the growth and resistance-related genes of tobacco. In conclusion, the four symbiotic strains TPD11, TPB, LgD10 and LgD2 play an important role in regulating the growth, promoting saponin accumulation, and disease resistance of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.
... yunnanensis (Franch) Hand.-Mazz. is a traditional Chinese herb with antipyretic and detoxicating property in the treatment of tumors. 15 The dried rhizomes of P. polyphylla (also known as Rhizoma Paridis) has been widely prescribed by folks and Rhizoma Paridis saponins (RPS) had been identified as the main ingredients responsible for the anticancer activities of this herb. 16 For example, RPS possess strong anti-tumor and anti-metastasis property in different studies. ...
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly metastatic bone cancer that usually affects children. Rhizoma Paridis saponins (RPS) have been identified to show a broad-spectrum anti-tumor activity. Our previous study has identified vasculogenic mimicry (VM) as an indicator of poor prognosis for OS. Rhizoma Paridis ethanol extract exhibits potent anti-OS property. However, the anti-metastatic effect of RPS on OS and the detailed mechanisms remain unknown. RPS was characterized by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/Q-TOF/MS) analysis. The anti-OS, anti-metastasis and anti-VM activities of RPS were investigated using in vitro biological assays and a xenograft mouse model. Western blot, qRT-PCR, ELISA, Phalloidin staining and immunohistochemistry assays were conducted to investigate the molecular mechanism of RPS. A total of 34 phytochemicals from RPS were identified by LC/Q-TOF/MS. RPS dose-dependently suppressed the OS cell proliferation, metastasis and VM formation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, we found that RPS downregulated migration-inducing gene 7 (MIG-7) expression, resulting in inhibition of the PI3K/MMPs/Ln-5γ2 pathway and cell protrusion formation. Additionally, we confirmed that RPS downregulated MIG-7 by upregulating miR-520d-3p expression. Our results suggests that RPS inhibits the VM formation and metastasis of OS by modulating the miR-520d-3p/MIG-7 signaling axis.
... Various important bioactives like spirostanol saponins, and diosgenin glyco- Sharma et al., 2015;Yun et al., 2007;Lee et al., 2005;Wu et al., 2004;Singh et al. 2008;Yan et al., 2009). ...
... Researches have shown that 0.35 g/kg ig has a significant protective effect on the guinea pig with tracheal spasm caused by histamine spray. It was proved that the water extract of Rhizome Paridis could partly antagonize the sudden death of mice caused by endothelin (ET), and had an endothelium-dependent vasodilatation function of rat aortic rings caused by ET (Wu et al., 2004). Shen et al. investigated the antifertility effect of the saponins from P. polyphylla var. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Paris L. (Liliaceae) consisted of 33 species, of which the study focused on Paris polyphylla Smith, P. polyphylla var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara, and P. polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand. -Mazz. Due of course to the good effects of analgesia and hemostasis, it was traditionally used to treat trauma by folk herbalists.
Aim of this review
This study summarized the traditional uses, distributions, phytochemical components, pharmacological properties, and toxicity evaluation of the genus Paris, and reviewed the economic value of cultivate P. polyphylla. This aim was that of providing a new and comprehensive recognition of these medicinal plants for the further utilization of Paris plants.
Materials and methods
The literature about traditional and folk uses of genus Paris was obtained from Duxiu Search, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The other literature about genus Paris was searched online on Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Scifinder database, and Springer research. The Scientific Database of China Plant Species (DCP) (http://db.kib.ac.cn/Default.aspx) databases were used to check the scientific names and provide species, varieties, and distribution of genus Paris. The botany studies information of genus Paris was available online from Plant Plus of China (www.iplant.cn). All the molecular structures of chemical compounds displayed in the text were produced by ChemBioDraw Ultra 14.0.
Results
The plants of genus Paris, containing about 33 species and 15 varieties, are mainly distributed in Southwest China (Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou provinces). More than 320 chemical components have been isolated from genus Paris since 2020, including steroidal saponins, C-21 steroids, phytosterols, insect hormones, pentacyclic triterpenes, flavonoids, and other compounds. Arrays of pharmacological investigations revealed that compounds and extracts of Paris species possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, such as antitumor, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antifungal, hemostatic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The studies about toxicity evaluation suggested that Rhizome Paridis had slight liver toxicity.
Conclusions
The dried rhizomes of P. polyphylla, P. polyphylla var. chinensis, and P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were used to treat wound, bleeding, and stomachache, etc. in folk medicine. Phytochemistry researches showed that different species had pretty similarities especially in terms of chemical constituents. Pharmacological studies witnessed that Rhizome Paridis has various activities. Among these activities, steroidal saponins were the main active ingredients. Furthermore, an important aspect responsible for increasing interest in genus Paris is the use of antifertility-nonhormonal contraceptives by women. Also, the development of TCM (Traditional Chinese medicine) planting industry can improve the income of ethnic minorities and promote economic development.
... It has several documented ethnobotanical uses including as a hemostatic, detumescent, alexipharmic, and analgesic. It is used to treat traumatic injuries, parotitis, mastitis, bone fractures, tumours, fever, swelling, pain, sore throat, immune disorders, inflammation, snake bites and bruises (Lee et al. 2005, The Pharmacopoeia Committee of China 2010, Wu et al. 2004). In Nepal, the rhizomes of the species are used for the treatment of snake and insect venom, wounds, pain, headache, fever, vomiting and food poisoning. ...
Paris polyphylla is a long-lived perennial plant of temperate forests native to China, the Indian subcontinent, and the Indochina region. It has an estimated generation length between 14 and 22 years.The commercial collection of the species has drastically increased since 2010. Harvesting from the wild in an unsustainable manner has resulted in the loss of several known subpopulations of the species. The species is also threatened by forest degradation, fragmentation of suitable habitat, and recovery is limited by its slow-growing nature. The current population and trade trends show a continuous decline and more than 30% of all known subpopulations have been destroyed over the past ten years. Given the suspected rate of decline, and expected continued demand for rhizomes in the future, a population decline of more than 30% is expected to occur between 2010 and 2070 (a period of three generations including the most recent suspected population trends). Population declines may exceed 50% over this time, but additional population monitoring will be crucial to confirm this trend. The species is listed as Vulnerable under A4cd supported by continuous population reduction over the last 10 years, long life cycle, slow-growing nature, specific habitat requirement, reproductive constraints, and volatile market demand. The species may qualify for listing as Endangered under criterion A2cd but data documenting population size, rate of population decline, harvesting, and other anthropogenic pressures, market demand, and potential for recovery need better characterization before reaching this conclusion.
... rhizome of Paris polyphylla which accounts for 80% of the total phytoconstituents that possesses several therapeutic and pharmacological potential (Guan et al., 2018;Wu et al., 2004). Among them, diosgenin possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunoregulatory and anticancer properties but also reported as potent cytotoxicity ability on a variety of cancer cell lines (Hou et al., 2004;Lee et al., 2005;Li et al., 2010;Moalic et al., 2001). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicinal plants have gained attention as a potential therapeutic agent to combat cancer and inflammation. Diosgenin rich fresh extracts of Paris polyphylla rhizome from Indian Himalaya is traditionally used as wound healing, anti-bleeding, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent by the folk healers. Aim of the study: Present study was aimed to prepare two types of extracts from Paris polyphylla rhizome of Indian Himalayan landraces-1. ethanolic extract of Paris polyphylla rhizome (EEPPR) and 2. Diosgenin enriched Paris polyphylla rhizome extract (DPPE), quantification of diosgenin content, and to evaluate their in vitro anti-oxidant, in vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-cancer activities of the DPPE. Materials and methods: Diosgenin content of EEPPR was quantified through GC-MS while diosgenin content of DPPE was quantified through HPTLC, and the diosgenin yield from EEPPR and DPPE were compared. In vitro antioxidant activities of DPPE were performed using DPPH, NOD, RP and SOD assay while in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of DPPE were evaluated in dextran induced hind paw edema in rats. In vitro cytotox-icity and anti-cancer activities of DPPE were evaluated in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231), cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa) and Hep-2 cell lines. Results: EEPPR obtained through cold extraction method using 70% ethanol showed maximum diosgenin content of 17.90% quantified through GC-MS while similar compounds pennogenin (3.29%), 7β-Dehydrodiosgenin (1.90%), 7-Ketodiosgenin acetate (1.14%), and 7 β-hydroxydiosgenin (0.55%) were detected in low concentration , and thus confirmed diosgenin as major and lead phytochemical. However, DPPE obtained through both cold and repeated hot extraction with the same solvent (70% ethanol) showed diosgenin content of 60.29% which is significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the diosgenin content in EEPPR. DPPE demonstrated significant in vitro antioxidant activities by dose-dependently quenched (p < 0.001) SOD free radicals by 76.66%, followed by DPPH (71.43%), NOD (67.35%), and RP (63.74%) at a max concentration of 2 μg/μl of ascorbic acid and test drugs with remarkable IC 50 values (p < 0.01). Further, DPPE also showed potent anti-inflammatory activities by dose-dependently suppressed dextran induced paw edema in rats (p < 0.01) from 2 h to 4 h. DPPE suppressed the proliferation of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, Hep-2 and HeLa cell lines. Maximum activity was observed in MCF-7 cells. The DPPE also induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cell lines as measured by AO/PI and DAPI staining, as well as DNA laddering, cell cycle analysis and phosphatidylserine externalization assay. The growth-inhibitory effect of DPPE 2 on MCF-7 breast cancer cells was further confirmed from the colony-formation assay. DPPE upregulated expression of Bax and downregulated Bcl-2 and survivin mRNA transcripts. Conclusion: DPPE obtained through both cold and repeated hot extraction using ethanol showed significantly higher content of diosgenin than the diosgenin content detected in EEPPR. However, diosgenin yield of both the extracts (EEPPR & DPPE) clearly confirmed diosgenin as major and lead phytochemical of Paris polyphylla rhizome of Indian Himalayan landraces. Further, DPPE also demonstrated potent in vitro anti-oxidative and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities and showed in vitro cytotoxicity and significant anti-cancer (apoptosis) effects in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
... rhizome of Paris polyphylla which accounts for 80% of the total phytoconstituents that possesses several therapeutic and pharmacological potential (Guan et al., 2018;Wu et al., 2004). Among them, diosgenin possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunoregulatory and anticancer properties but also reported as potent cytotoxicity ability on a variety of cancer cell lines (Hou et al., 2004;Lee et al., 2005;Li et al., 2010;Moalic et al., 2001). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Traditional medicinal plants have gained attention as a potential therapeutic agent to combat cancer and inflammation. Diosgenin rich fresh extracts of Paris polyphylla rhizome from Indian Himalaya is traditionally used as wound healing, anti-bleeding, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent by the folk healers.
Aim of the study
Present study was aimed to prepare two types of extracts from Paris polyphylla rhizome of Indian Himalayan landraces – 1. ethanolic extract of Paris polyphylla rhizome (EEPPR) and 2. Diosgenin enriched Paris polyphylla rhizome extract (DPPE), quantification of diosgenin content, and to evaluate their in vitro anti-oxidant, in vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-cancer activities of the DPPE.
Materials and methods
Diosgenin content of EEPPR was quantified through GC-MS while diosgenin content of DPPE was quantified through HPTLC, and the diosgenin yield from EEPPR and DPPE were compared. In vitro antioxidant activities of DPPE were performed using DPPH, NOD, RP and SOD assay while in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of DPPE were evaluated in dextran induced hind paw edema in rats. In vitro cytotoxicity and anti-cancer activities of DPPE were evaluated in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231), cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa) and Hep-2 cell lines.
Results
EEPPR obtained through cold extraction method using 70% ethanol showed maximum diosgenin content of 17.90% quantified through GC-MS while similar compounds pennogenin (3.29%), 7β-Dehydrodiosgenin (1.90%), 7-Ketodiosgenin acetate (1.14%), and 7 β-hydroxydiosgenin (0.55%) were detected in low concentration, and thus confirmed diosgenin as major and lead phytochemical. However, DPPE obtained through both cold and repeated hot extraction with the same solvent (70% ethanol) showed diosgenin content of 60.29% which is significantly higher (p<0.001) than the diosgenin content in EEPPR. DPPE demonstrated significant in vitro antioxidant activities by dose-dependently quenched (p<0.001) SOD free radicals by 76.66%, followed by DPPH (71.43%), NOD (67.35%), and RP (63.74%) at a max concentration of 2 μg/μl of ascorbic acid and test drugs with remarkable IC50 values (p<0.01). Further, DPPE also showed potent anti-inflammatory activities by dose-dependently suppressed dextran induced paw edema in rats (p<0.01) from 2 h to 4 h. DPPE suppressed the proliferation of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, Hep-2 and HeLa cell lines. Maximum activity was observed in MCF-7 cells. The DPPE also induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cell lines as measured by AO/PI and DAPI staining, as well as DNA laddering, cell cycle analysis and phosphatidylserine externalization assay. The growth-inhibitory effect of DPPE on MCF-7 breast cancer cells was further confirmed from the colony-formation assay. DPPE upregulated expression of Bax and downregulated Bcl-2 and survivin mRNA transcripts.
Conclusion
DPPE obtained through both cold and repeated hot extraction using ethanol showed significantly higher content of diosgenin than the diosgenin content detected in EEPPR. However, diosgenin yield of both the extracts (EEPPR & DPPE) clearly confirmed diosgenin as major and lead phytochemical of Paris polyphylla rhizome of Indian Himalayan landraces. Further, DPPE also demonstrated potent in vitro anti-oxidative and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities and showed in vitro cytotoxicity and significant anti-cancer (apoptosis) effects in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
... Paris saponins which account for more than 80% of the total compounds play a vital role in many treatments. It has a potential anti-cancerous property [5]. The anticancer activity of paris saponins is mostly assayed for its cytotoxicity, morphological changes (cytopathology, histopathology), and apoptosis as indicated in fig 1.This review attempts to analyze the active chemical constituents of P.polyphylla to treat cancer as a potential alternative drug. ...
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. There are many synthetic drugs available for cancer treatment, but not without side effects. Medicinal plants such as Paris Polyphylla Smith present an alternative therapeutic drug which is comparatively less toxic. This review aims to critically analyze the various types of cancer that use the bioactive compounds of the herb for potential treatment. It investigates the types of mechanism, that these bioactive compounds inhibit cancer cell lines or nude mice. The article could offer a significant scope for future researchers to dedicate more studies for many known and unknown compounds of the herb. These unknown compounds could be effective to treat other types of cancer that have not been assessed. The data from the review provide evidence that steroidal saponins such as polyphyllin VI, polyphyllin VII, polyphyllin D, Rhizoma paridis saponins (RPS) as the main bioactive compounds that exhibits cytotoxicity and arrest cell cycle either in S or G2/M phase or both. They trigger apoptosis mainly via mitochondrial-mediated pathway (intrinsic pathway) and death receptor-mediated pathway (extrinsic pathway). KEYWORDS: Paris polyphylla, apoptosis, cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, steroidal saponins.
... It is widely distributed in the temperate and tropical regions of Eurasia, mainly in southwest China [1]. It is an important medicinal plant and the main raw material for many Chinese patent medicines [2]. Due to its exploitation and long natural growth cycle, Paris polyphylla var. ...
The complete genome sequence of a novel potyvirus, tentatively named “paris virus 1” (ParV1, GenBank accession no. MN549985), infecting Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis was determined in this study. A single large open reading frame (nt 96-9818) encoding a 3240-aa polyprotein that is predicted to be cleaved into 10 mature proteins was detected in the ParV1 genome. Comparative analysis of the ParV1 genome sequence with those of other potyviruses identified nine cleavage sites and conserved motifs that are typical features of potyviruses. Pairwise sequence comparisons showed that the ParV1 polyprotein shares 49.6-65.1% nucleotide and 47.1-68.9% amino acid sequence identity with viruses of the genus Potyvirus. BLAST analysis revealed that ParV1 shares 65.1% nucleotide and 68.9% amino acid sequence identity with Thunberg fritillary mosaic virus (TFMV, accession no. CAI59123), its closest known relative. These results suggest that paris virus 1 (ParV1) is a new member of the genus Potyvirus.
... Rhizoma Paridis is a traditional Chinese herb that widely used for antifebrile, alexipharmic, detumescent, demulcent, hemostatic and the treatment of hepatopathy (Wu et al., 2004). Modern pharmacology studies have further expanded its application in cancer treatments, and steroidal saponins were reported to be its main anticancer components (Sun et al., 2007). ...
The morbidity and mortality of primary liver cancer is one of the highest among all the cancers. Deficiency of effective treatment and characteristics of cancer metastasis are believed to be responsible for this situation, thus a great demand is required for new agents developing. Polyphyllin II (PP2), an important steroidal saponin extracted from Rhizoma Paris, has emerged as a potential anticancer agent, but the effects of PP2 in liver cancers and its underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. In our study, we found that PP2 could remarkable suppress the proliferation of two liver cancer cell lines--HepG2 and BEL7402 cells, resulting from significant cell death. Besides, low dose of PP2 has displayed the property to inhibit cellular motility and invasion of liver cancer cells. In addition, we have found that PP2-mediated cofilin activity suppression was implicated in the inhibition of liver cancer cells motility. And, decreased expressions of two major hydrolytic enzymes (MMP2/MMP9), through the AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway, may be also responsible for this process. Rescue experiment either done with non-phosphorylatable mutant cofilin-1 (S3A) transfection or an activator of AKT pathway significantly reversed the inhibition effects of PP2 on liver cancer cells. Taken together, we reported a potential agent for liver cancer treatment and revealed its underlying mechanism.
... P. polyphylla which is known in English as love apple belongs to the family of Melanthiaceae (Long et al., 2003). It has many medicinal properties and widely used for its anticancer properties (Wu et al., 2004). This has led to the rampant harvesting of the herb from the wild sources due to market demands. ...
Paris polyphylla belongs to the family of Melanthiaceae. The herb has many medicinal properties like anticancer, antibacterial,
and antifungal bioactivities. This has led to an unsustainable collection of rhizomes from the wild and pushed the herb to the
edge of vulnerability. Therefore, innovative and efficient propagation both in vivo and in vitro is urgent for conservation. The
paper illustrates an effective and simple method of sprouting and fruiting formation for conservation of this species through
vegetative propagation using various plant growth hormones such as indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic
acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), combination of BAP and NAA at different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 mg/l),
propagation in the wild, and in the polyhouse using decayed wood, black soil and sand in the ratio 2:2:1. Results of the
combination of 100 mg/l BAP and 100 mg/l NAA showed the highest percentage of sprouting (93.33%) and fruiting (53.33%).
The cultivation in the polyhouse demonstrated a significant percentage of sprouting (93.46%) and fruiting of this species
(83.56%).
... The wild Paris was on the verge of exhaustion due to illegal and immoderate exploitation coupled with environmental pollution. In order to alleviate resource pressure, the overall similarity of composition-activity of different kinds of Paridis Rhizoma have been studied and Paris mairei can be considered as alternative sources (Wu et al. 2004). Chloroplast genome has found extensive applications in plant phylogeny (Xue et al. 2012;Dong, Xu, Cheng, Lin, et al. 2013a), genome evolution (Dong, Xu, Cheng, Zhou 2013b), high-resolution DNA barcode Dong et al. 2014). ...
The genus Paris (Liliaceae) has been used for traditional medicine in China. The wild Paris was on the verge of exhaustion due to illegal and immoderate exploitation coupled with environmental pollution. In order to alleviate resource pressure, Paris mairei can be considered as alternative sources. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome of Paris mairei. The genome is 162,736 bp in length including a small single-copy region (SSC, 12,908 bp) and a large single-copy region (LSC, 84,286 bp) separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs; 32,771 bp). The genome contained 113 genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 4 ribosomal RNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes. Among these genes, 16 harboured a single intron, and 2 contained a couple of introns. The overall G + C content of the cpDNA is 37.1%, while the corresponding values of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 35.7, 32.1, and 39.9%, respectively. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Paris mairei will provide a useful resource for the conservation genetics of this species as well as for the phylogenetic studies for the genus Paris.
... Studies have shown that polyphyllins have strong pharmacological effects, including antitumor activity (Man et al., 2011;Yan et al., 2009), immuno-stimulating properties (Zhang et al., 2007), anthelmintic activity (Wang et al., 2010) antimicrobial activity (Qin et al., 2012) and protective effects on ethanol-or indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions (Matsuda et al., 2003). The Chinese medicine "Yunnan BaiYao", "GongXueNing" and "ReDuQing", which are made from the plant's rhizome as the main raw material have clinically significant effects in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding, neurodermatitis, surgical inflammation and tumors, giving it extremely high economic value and great market prospects (Wu et al., 2004). At present, the wild plant is the only source of Paridis Rhizoma. ...
Polyphyllins are the major steroidal saponin components of Paris polyphylla, the main source plant of the common Chinese herbal medicine Paridis Rhizoma with strong pharmacological activity and extremely high economic value and great market prospects. However, the production of polyphyllins in plants is limited, and their biosynthesis pathway has not been reported. The downstream hydroxylation step was particularly unclear. To clarify the enzymes and intermediates involved in the downstream steps of polyphyllin biosynthesis, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis and discovered a cytochrome P450 gene that encodes a protein with monooxygenase activity. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrated that it encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol from cholesterol. The relative gene expression measured by RT-PCR and polyphyllin contents measured by HPLC in P. polyphylla roots at different ages confirmed that this gene is involved in polyphyllin biosynthesis. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on the cloning of a CYP450 enzyme gene from the steroidal saponin pathway of higher plants.
... This species contains a large number of bioactive compounds such as steroidal saponins, polyphyllin D, dioscin and balanitin 7 (Deng et al., 1999;Gao et al., 2011;Li et al., 2001;Yuen-Nei Cheung et al., 2005), which found wide application as natural surfactant, food preservative (Cheok et al., 2014) and as antioxidant (Xiao T et al., 2014). Moreover, the whole plant extract of P. polyphylla have been tested and proven to be effective as antitumor (Lee et al., 2005;Man et al., 2009;Sun et al., 2007;Wu et al., 2004), antifungal (Deng et al., 2008), antihelmintic (Devkota et al., 2007;Wang et al., 2010), antimutagenic (Lee and Lin, 1988) and in the treatment of urinary tract infection (Fu et al., 2008). However, polyphenolics compounds and its antioxidant activity in P. polyphylla leaves have not been investigated, which can add more metabolic and functional value and be an alternative source of the active compounds. ...
... These compounds, among them, major part is played by diosgenin. Paris saponin II (diosgenin3-O-α-rha-(1-4)-α-L-rha-(1-4)-[α-L-rha-(1-2)]-β-Dglu), Paris saponin III, diosgenin and C22-methoxy-protodioscin, C22-hydroxyprotodioscin, C22methoxy-protopolyphyllin I, C22-hydroxyprotopolyphyllin I, C22-methoxy-protopolyphyllin II (Wu, 2004), polyphyllin VI, and polyphyllin VII are other important compounds found in this plant along with Paris saponin I (diosgenin 3-O-α-L-rha-(1-2)-[α-L-arab-(1-4)]-β-D-glu) (Sharma, 2015). ...
India, consisting of 15 agro climatic zones, has got a rich heritage of medicinal plants, being used in various folk and other systems of medicine, like Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathy. However, in growing world herbal market India’s share is negligible mainly because of inadequate investment in this sector in terms of research and validation of our old heritage knowledge in the light of modern science. Paris polyphylla Smith, a significant species of the genus, has been called as ‘jack of all trades’ owing its properties of curing a number of diseases from diarrhoea to cancer. The present paper reviews the folk and traditional uses of the numerous varieties Paris polyphylla along with the pharmacological value. This may help the researchers especially in India to think about the efficacy and potency of this wonder herb. Due to the importance at commercial level, the rhizomes of this herb are illegally traded out of Indian borders. This illegal exploitation of the species poses a grave danger of extinction of its population if proper steps are not taken for its conservation. Both in situ and ex situ effective conservation strategies may help the protection of this species as it is at the brink of its extinction.
... This crude herb has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of parotitis, hemostasis, snakebite, fractures, and abscess for thousands of years [4]. Modern pharmacological research indicates that it has functions of anti-cancer, hemolysis, cytotoxicity, antibiosis, anti-inflammatory, calm, analgesia, anthelmintic action, and immunoregulation [6][7][8][9][10][11]. ...
Paris Polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz (“Dian Chonglou” in Chinese) is a famous herbal medicine in China, which is usually well known for activities of anti-cancer, hemolysis, and cytotoxicity. In this study, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares regression (PLSR) was applied to discriminate samples of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis harvested in different years and determine the content of polyphyllin I, II, VI, and VII in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Meanwhile, ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to study the dynamic changes of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis harvested in different years (4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, and 13 years old). According to the UPLC-MS/MS result, the optimum harvest time of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis is 8 years, due to the highest yield of four active components. By the PCA model, P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis could be exactly discriminated, except that two 8-year-old samples were misclassified as 9-year-old samples. For the prediction of polyphyllin I, II, VI, and VII, the quantitative results are satisfactory, with a high value for the determination coefficient (R²) and low values for the root-mean-square error of estimation (RMSEE), root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), and root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP). In conclusion, FT-IR combined with chemometrics is a promising method to accurately discriminate samples of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis harvested in different years and determine the content of polyphyllin I, II, VI, and VII in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. © 2016 The Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy and Springer Japan
... Recent pharmacological studies have also demonstrated that the plant has hemostatic, antitumor, uterine contractile, analgesic, and sedative effects (Huang et al., 2007;Guo et al., 2008). The main active ingredients of the plant are steroidal saponins (Wu et al., 2004;Zhang, 2007), at least 30 of which have been isolated through phytochemical methods (Liu et al., 2006;Xu et al., 2007;Zhao et al., 2007Zhao et al., , 2009). These saponins have various effects, including cytotoxicity (Zhao et al., 2009). ...
Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. is a rhizomatous, herbaceous, perennial plant that has been used for more than a thousand years in traditional Chinese medicine. It is facing extinction due to overharvesting. Steroids are the major therapeutic components in Paris roots, the commercial value of which increases with age. To date, no genomic data on the species have been available. In this study, transcriptome analysis of an 8-year-old root and a 4–year-old root provided insight into the metabolic pathways that generate the steroids. Using Illumina sequencing technology, we generated a high-quality sequence and demonstrated de novo assembly and annotation of genes in the absence of prior genome information. Approximately 87,577 unique sequences, with an average length of 614 bases, were obtained from the root cells. Using bioinformatics methods, we annotated approximately 65.51% of the unique sequences by conducting a similarity search with known genes in the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s non-redundant database. The unique transcripts were functionally classified using the Gene Ontology hierarchy and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Of 3,082 genes that were identified as significantly differentially expressed between roots of different ages, 1,518 (49.25%) were upregulated and 1,564 (50.75%) were downregulated in the older root. Metabolic pathway analysis predicted that 25 unigenes were responsible for the biosynthesis of the saponins steroids. These data represent a valuable resource for future genomic studies on this endangered species and will be valuable for efforts to genetically engineer P. polyphylla and facilitate saponin-rich plant development.
... yunnanensis or P. polyphylla var. chinensis), one of the major ingredients of well-known Chinese patent medicines such as "Yunnan Baiyao" powder and "Gongxuening" capsules (17)(18)(19)(20). Therefore, the medicinal value of Y. thibetica is receiving more and more attention. ...
A rapid and validated method using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
(UHPLC-QQQ MS) was developed for simultaneous determination of four active steroidal saponins, i.e., dichotomin (1), pennogenin 3-O-α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1→4)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), pennogenin 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (3) and diosgenin 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranosidein (4), in Ypsilandra thibetica Franch. The optimized sample preparation and UHPLC-QQQ MS conditions were chosen for quantitative analysis. The separation
was performed on an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.8 µm) with gradient elution of acetonitrile–0.1% formic acid in water. All calibration curves showed
good linear regression (r> 0.9985) within the test range. The limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.02–4.40 and 0.04–22.0 ng/mL,
respectively. The proposed method was applied to analyze two batches of Y. thibetica samples for target compounds within 10 min. This work promoted the quality control method for raw material or preparations
of Y. thibetica.
... The chemical constituents of Paris polyphylla Sm. are mainly Paris saponins which account for more than 80% of the total compounds of which diosgenin plays the major part. Along and C22-methoxy-protodioscin,C22-hydroxyprotodioscin, C22-methoxy-protopolyphyllin I, C22-hydroxyprotopolyphyllin I, C22-methoxy-protopolyphyllin II, (Wu et al., 2004), polyphyllin VI, and polyphyllin VII are other important compounds found in this plant. ...
Comparative studies have established that the North-Eastern (NE) region of India which is a part of the Eastern Himalayan region is affluent in both traditional knowledge based phytomedicine and biodiversity. About 1953 ethno-medicinal plants are detailed from the NE region of India out of which 1400 species are employed both as food and ethnopharmacological resources. Nearly 70% of species diversity has been reported from the two Indian biodiversity hotspots-The Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas and these hotspots are protected by tribal communities and their ancient traditional knowledge system. Paris polyphylla Smith belongs to the family Melanthiaceae and is a traditional medicinal herb which is known to cure some major ailments such as different types of Cancer, Alzheimer's disease, abnormal uterine bleeding, leishmaniasis etc. The major phytoconstituents are dioscin, polyphyllin D, and balanitin 7. Phylogeny of Paris was inferred from nuclear ITS and plastid psbA-trnH and trnL-trnF DNA sequence data. Results indicated that Paris is monophyletic in all analyses. Rhizoma Paridis, which is the dried rhizome of Paris polyphylla is mainly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine and its mode of action is known for only a few cancer cell lines. The current review determines to sketch an extensive picture of the potency, diversity, distribution and efficacy of Paris polyphylla from the Eastern Himalayan region and the future validation of its phytotherapeutical and molecular attributes by recognizing the Intellectual Property Rights of the Traditional Knowledge holders.
... yunnanensis is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. The herb is well-known for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, most notably as an ingredient of the hemostatic compound "Yunnan Baiyao" (Wu et al., 2004). However, over-exploitation for economic purposes is pushing this species to the brink of extinction. ...
Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant and is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. This medicinal herb is well known for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, most notably as an ingredient of the hemostatic compound "Yunnan Baiyao". However, over-exploitation of the plant for economic purposes is pushing the species to the brink of extinction. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop conservation strategies for this endangered species, for example, through assessment of its genetic structure and diversity. Here, we developed ten novel polymorphic microsatellite loci. The characteristics of these markers were assessed in 60 individuals from South China. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 12, Observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.303 to 0.969 and from 0.790 to 0.976, respectively. These markers will therefore be useful tools for future population genetic studies and for the conservation of genetic resources of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.
... 2003; He et al., 2006). Recently, Paris has got in much attention because of its significant biological activities, such as anti-tumor, analgesia, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal (Wu et al., 2004). In addition, its effect on inhibit ethanol-induced gastric lesions (Matsuda et al., 2003) and immunostimulating activity has also been reported. ...
... One of the important saponin-bearing genus from this family is Paris, that includes over twenty plant species. These species contain mainly pennogenyl and diosgenyl glycosides [2] which are physiologically active compounds [3, 4] and play an important role in the treatment of neoplasms, hemostatic disturbances, inflammation and fungal infection567. In folk medicine, they are beneficial in the treatment of traumatic injuries, snake bite, abscess, parotitis and mastitis. ...
Pennogenyl saponins are the active compounds of large number of plant species and consequently many polyherbal formulations. Hence, great interest has been shown in their characterization and in the investigation of their pharmacological and biological properties, especially anticancer. This present study reports on the evaluation of cytotoxic effects and explanation of the molecular mechanisms of action of the two pennogenyl saponins (PS 1 and PS 2) isolated from Paris quadrifolia L. rhizomes on human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line HeLa. To determine the viability of the cells treated with the compounds we used real-time cell proliferation analysis and found that the pennogenyl saponins PS 1 and PS 2 strongly inhibited the tumor cells growth with IC50 values of 1.11 ± 0.04 μg/ml and 0.87 ± 0.05 μg/ml, respectively. The flow cytometry analysis indicated that the two compounds induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in HeLa c
... These compounds have been used as hemostatic agents and promoters for shrinkage of uterus in clinics. They also exhibit antibiotic and antitumor activity 3,4 . Medicinal plants have been in use from time immemorial and their utility has been increasing day by day in the present world. ...
The following study is designed to determine the anticancer and cytotoxic potential of hydroalcoholic extract from rhizomes of Pa ris polyphylla to produce any cytotoxic effect on human A549 lung cancer cell lines. The hydroalcoholic analysed for spectral analysis through NMR, HPLC - DAD and LC - ESI - MS/MS methods and found to have Diosgenyl and pennogenyl saponins. The test conducted us ing MTT method using hum an lung cancer A549 cell lines as part of the in vitro preclinical characterization of compound and compared against Doxorubicin . More than 97 % increment in cell k illing at a concentration of 500 µ g/ml recorded in the cell line . Th e EC50 for the extract was calculated to be 52.34 ug/ml and at the concentration of 1.8559 ug/ml, doxorubicin exhibited approximately 98 % killing of the cells. The EC50 for the Doxorubicin was calculated to be 0.579 ug/ml . From the study it is concluded t he hydroalcoholic rhizome extracts Paris polyphylla has potential to exhibit anticancer activity.
... Pharmacological and phytochemical investigations revealed that the curative properties are associated with steroidal saponins, present chiefly in the rhizome of the plant (Zhang 2007). The steroidal saponins from P. polyphylla have been shown to have significant biological activities that includes antitumor (Wu et al. 2004;Lee et al. 2005;Sun et al. 2007;Zhao et al. 2009;Man et al. 2013) antifungal (Deng et al. 2008), antihelmintic (Devkota et al. 2007;Wang et al. 2010), antioxidant (Pan et al. 2004), antimutagenic (Lee and Lin 1988), enhancement of phagocytosis (Zhang et al. 2007), inhibition of gastric lesion (Matsuda et al. 2003) and inhibitory activities against abnormal uterine bleeding (Fu et al. 2008). ...
An efficient regeneration protocol for the medicinal plant, Paris polyphylla Sm. was developed through the formation of mini-rhizomes (MRs) using transverse thin cell layer (tTCL) culture technique. MRs were induced from tTCL explants derived from the basal and middle stem portions while apical portion failed to show any kind of response. Highest response percentage (86.6 %) of MRs formation with a maximum fresh weight (1.05 ± 0.08 g) was achieved from basal sections cultured on ½ MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). MRs transferred to plant growth regulator free medium gave rise to shoot buds that eventually regenerated into plantlets and were successfully acclimatized with a survival percentage of more than 95 % under greenhouse conditions. Quantification through reverse-phase HPLC showed 1.41-fold higher content of total steroidal saponins in MRs cultured on medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BAP as compared to the field-grown rhizome. Elicitation of MRs liquid culture with chitosan, salicyclic acid (SA) and yeast extract enhanced the production of steroidal saponins but resulted in reduced growth rate. Highest total steroidal saponins content (87.66 ± 1.66 mg/g DW) was achieved in cultures treated with SA at 50 mg/l after 30 days of elicitation which is 3.6 times higher than the in vivo rhizome. The developed protocol would facilitate the conservation of this valuable medicinal plant and could be used as a ready stock to meet the demands of the pharmaceutical industry for steroidal saponins productions.
... In North East India, P. polyphylla is traditionally used for treating diarrhoea and fever (Kumar 2002). The rhizome of this plant is characterised by the presence of steroidal saponins known for their enormous medicinal properties such as antitumor (Wu et al. 2004;Lee et al. 2005;Sun et al. 2007, Man et al. 2009), antifungal (Deng et al. 2008), antihelminthic (Devkota et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2010), inhibitory activities against abnormal uterine bleeding (Fu et al. 2008). ...
A protocol for induction of direct somatic embryogenesis and subsequent plant regeneration for the medicinally important and endangered plant Paris polyphylla Sm. has been developed for the first time. Immature zygotic embryos (IZEs) were cultured on different media namely Gamborg (B5), A1/2 B5, Murashige and Skoog (MS), A1/2 MS, Chu et al. (N6), A1/2 N6, Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) and A1/2 SH. Highest frequency of somatic embryogenesis (32.6 %) and mean number of somatic embryos (SEs) per explant (28.7 +/- A 1.7) were obtained on A1/2 MS medium directly without an intermediate callus phase. The frequency of SE induction was significantly increased to 40.7 % when A1/2 MS medium was solidified with gelrite compared to agar (32.6 %). Secondary somatic embryos (SSEs) appeared on the primary SEs in a repetitive way on plant growth regulator-free A1/2 MS medium but with a gradual decrease in embryogenic potential during subsequent subcultures. Plasmolyzing pre-treatment of SSEs with 1.0 M mannitol for 12 h effectively maintains its embryogenic capacity. Primary embryos at the elongated dimpled and early cotyledonary stage displayed the highest embryo forming capacity of 26.94 and 27.87, respectively. High frequency of SE germination (94.0 %) occurred on A1/2 MS medium with 0.5 mg/l gibberellic acid. Highest percentage of seedling to plantlet conversion was observed in the medium supplemented with 0.05 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.1 mg/l alpha-naphthalene acetic acid. Regenerated plants displayed morphological characteristics similar to that of the wild plants. Flow cytometry analysis showed ploidy stability of the regenerated plants.
... Although Rhizoma Paridis has been extensively used for cancer therapy in traditional Chinese medicine (Ho et al., 2002), research on the anticancer properties and potential mechanisms of pennogenyl saponins, the characterized constituents of Rhizoma Paridis, is still preliminary mainly due to the limitation of their low contents in plants. In recent years, along with the development of artificial cultivation technology of Rhizoma Paridis, the increasing phytochemical and pharmacological studies have been performing to further identify the effective pennogenyl saponins as potential anticancer agents (Wu et al., 2004;Wang et al., 2007;Man et al., 2011;Chen et al., 2014). The present study showed for the first time that four pennogenyl saponins (PS1-PS4) isolated from Rhizoma Paridis exhibited the different cytotoxicity on a panel of human cancer cells (hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells, prostatic cancer PC-3 cells, and melanoma UACC-257 cells) and normal cell lines (L-02 liver cells and HEK293 kidney cells). ...
... (Chen et al., 1995;Li, 1984;Matsuda et al., 2003;Wang et al., 1990Wang et al., , 1996. Studies have also shown that steroid saponins are the main components in Rhizoma Paridis (Cheunga et al., 2005;Lee et al., 2005;Wu et al., 2004). ...
This study investigates the relationship between the induction of MCF-7 human breast cancer cell apoptosis by Rhizoma Paridis saponins (RPS) and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. We treated MCF-7 cells with RPS at various concentrations and examined the inhibitory effect of RPS on the proliferation of MCF-7 cells using the 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the change in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) using JC-1 staining, and the expression levels of related proteins using western blot. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of RPS against the growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells might be related to the apoptosis induced caspase family and the caspase-3-dependent pathway. The results suggest that RPS has the potential to be a valuable anticancer agent.
... matic injuries, snake bite, abscess, parotitis and mastitis (Huang et al., 2005). In recent years, it has been proved to restrain the growth of some gram positive and negative bacteria (Wu et al., 2004). However, the plant cannot be cultivable so far, and its overexploitation has led it to be one of the endangered species, which prevents it from widely being used (Meng et al., 2005). ...
Eighteen fungal endophytes strains parasitizing the famous Chinese medicinal plant Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand. Mazz were isolated from surface-sterilized plant tissues, such as rhizome, root, stem, leaf and flower. The effect of endophytes on the growth of human pathogenic microbes was evaluated in vitro, using disc diffusion assay. According to the characteristics of cultures and DNA sequences, the WRF7 and WRF7' belonged to the species Penicillium chrysogenum. The extract of WRF7' inhibited a broad range of human-pathogenic bacteria, but that of WRF7 almost had no similar effect. And the metabolites of WRF7' could not stop the growth of test fungus Candida albicans. The study indicates that P. chrysogenum becomes fungal endophyte of Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis and its isolate WRF7' makes metabolites that are inhibitory to all test bacteria in vitro. Therefore, the host plant suppressing pathogens owing to its endophytes and inhibitory mechanisms of endophytes to test bacteria and fungi are different.
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Xin Su Ning (XSN) is a patented multicomponent medicine, which was certified in 2005 by the China State Food and Drug Administration to be produced pharmaceutically and to be used clinically. The XSN capsule was developed from an effective formula composed by Prof. Shuwen Ding of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Through more than 30 years of clinical observation, Prof. Ding concluded that XSN has a significant effect on arrhythmia with phlegm-heat heart-disturbed syndrome according to the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis. XSN, derived from a classical TCM formula Huanglian Wen Dan Decoction, is formulated with 11 Chinese herbal medicines to treat cardiac ventricular arrhythmia. Clinical evidence suggests that it is particularly efficacious for the arrhythmias induced by cardiac ischemia and viral myocarditis without obvious adverse reactions being reported. Cellular electrophysiological studies in ventricular myocytes revealed that XSN prolongs the duration and suppresses the amplitude of the action potential (AP), which is supported by the blockage of sodium and potassium channels indicating the characteristics of class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs. A recently reported double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial of XSN enrolled 861 patients (ChiCTR-TRC-14004180) and showed that XSN significantly inhibited premature ventricular contraction (PVC). The cellular electrophysiological discoveries provided the mechanistic evidence for the clinical efficacy on inhibition of PVC by XSN as demonstrated in the clinical trial. These studies, for the first time, provided exclusive evidence that multicomponent TCM antiarrhythmic medicine can be evaluated using conventional research methods that have been used for antiarrhythmic drug discoveries for decades. We aimed to give a comprehensive review on XSN including its origin with the support of TCM theory, its pre-licensing clinical use and development, and its pharmacological and clinical study discoveries. The review will be summarized with the discoveries reported in a novel network pharmacological study that introduced a weight coefficient, which made it possible to evaluate the pharmacological properties of the TCM formula with regard to its formation based on TCM theory. Limitations regarding XSN’s basic and clinical research and possible future studies are listed. We hope that the advances in how XSN was studied may offer useful guidance on how other TCM could be studied with respect to the integrity of the TCM formulas.
Phytochemical investigations on the roots of Fallopia multiflora var. Ciliinerve led to the isolation of eighteen compounds, including six chromones [2-methyl-5- carboxymethyl-7-hydroxychromone (1), 2-methyl-5-methylcarboxymethyl-7- hydroxychromone (2), 2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone (3), 2-methyl-5-hydroxymeth-yl-7-hydroxychromone (4), 2-methyl-5-carboxylicacid-7-hydroxy-chromone (5), and 2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6)], three lignans [Isolariciresinol (8), 5-[4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dimethylbutyl]-1,3-benzodioxole (9), and isolariciresinol-9-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (10)], four anthraquinones [physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), Rhein (13), and Chrysophanol (14)], three isobenzofurans [5,7-dihydroxy-isobenzofuran (15), 5-methoxy-7-hydroxy-isobenzofuran (16), and 5-methoxy-isobenzofuran-7-O-β-D-glucoside (17)], one phenolic acid [2,5-diacethylhy-droquinone (7)], and one pyran [Zanthopyranone (18)]. Among them, compounds 1, 3, 6, 13 and 14 were reported from F. multiflora var. Ciliinerve for the first time, compounds 2, 8, 10 and 15–17 were isolated from the genus Fallopia for the first time, and compounds 4, 9 and 18 were isolated for the first time from Polygonaceae family. Furthermore, the isolation of compounds 5 and 7 were reported for the first time in plants. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods and compared with those previously published. The chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds has also been discussed.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
"Mutong" (木通 in Chinese, and generally known as Akebiae Caulis), which refers to a group of herbal medicines with different biological origins along history, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years; it is still being frequently used in medicine. In recent decades, Akebiae Caulis has been reported to exhibit apparent toxicity.
Aim of this study
To clarify the plant species used as Akebiae Caulis and its synonyms, and to summarize their phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology.
Methods
Academic search engines (Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, CNKI, Science Direct, Springer Link, SciFinder, PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO), ancient Chinese herbals, and modern medical monographs were used to obtain phytochemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and quality control information. Furthermore, a field survey was conducted to clarify the associated species.
Results
Akebiae Caulis is derived from eight species belonging to two families. In the 2005 Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China, it has been separated into two categories: Akebiae Caulis and Clematidis Armandii Caulis. Traditionally, Akebiae Caulis has been used to treat conditions such as gonorrhea, edema, and tongue sores. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antihypertensive, antibacterial, analgesic, and other properties of Akebiae Caulis. Among the species used, Aristolochiae manshuriensis Kom. (Aristolochiaceae) contains aristolochic acid that has raised concerns globally because of its nephrotoxicity.
Conclusions
Clarifying the biological origin of traditional herbal medicines is critical for their safe and effective use. The present review revealed that the biological origin of Akebiae Caulis is diverse. The traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Akebiae Caulis indicate that it is a useful medical resource. The diversity of its biological and pharmacological activities is associated with the presence of a large number of chemical substances, among which terpenoids are predominant. Systematic reviews on Akebiae Caulis such as this one would provide solid references for its safe use, as well as drug discovery studies in the future.
As one of the medicinal and food homologous plants, Rosa rugosa has great development potential. Rosa rugosa formula granules has the features of easy to dispensing, carry, store and no decocting and so on. However, there is a lack of effective quality standards and quality monitoring system. Therefore, high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) is used in this paper, taking the characteristic spectrum as the control, the correlation between the medicinal materials and the formula granules was evaluated. There were 8 common characteristic peaks in the characteristic spectrum of Rosa rugosa and formula granules, showing good correlation. Among the eight common peaks, rutin was identified. The fingerprint method established in this study has good precision, repeatability, stability, short analysis time and strong specificity, which can provide scientific basis for the quality evaluation and control of Rosa rugosa.
Relevance
Bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBIQ) alkaloids are generally present in plants of Berberidaceae, Monimiaceae and Ranunculaceae families in tropical and subtropical regions. Some species of these families are used in traditional Chinese medicine, with the effects of clearing away heat and detoxification, promoting dampness and defecation, and eliminating sores and swelling. This article offers essential data focusing on 13 representative BBIQ compounds, which are mainly extracted from five plants. The respective botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity are summarized comprehensively. In addition, the ADME prediction of the 13 BBIQ alkaloids is compared and analyzed with the data obtained.
Materials and methods
We have conducted a systematic review of the botanical characteristics, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of BBIQ alkaloids based on literatures collected from PubMed, Web of Science and Elsevier during 1999–2020. ACD/Percepta software was utilized to predict the pharmacokinetic parameters of BBIQ alkaloids and their affinity with enzymes and transporters.
Results
Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetic and toxicity of 13 alkaloids, namely, tetrandrine, dauricine, curine, trilobine, isotrilobine, cepharanthine, daurisoline, thalicarpine, thalidasine, isotetrandrine, liensinine, neferine and isoliensinine, have been summarized in this paper. It can't be denied that these alkaloids are important material basis of pharmacological effects of family Menispermaceae and others, and for traditional and local uses which has been basically reproduced in the current studies. The 13 BBIQ alkaloids in this paper showed strong affinity and inhibitory effect on P-glycoprotein (P-gp), with poor oral absorption and potent binding ability with plasma protein. BBIQ alkaloids represented by tetrandrine play a key role in regulating P-gp or reversing multidrug resistance (MDR) in a variety of tumors. The irrationality of their usage could pose a risk of poisoning in vivo, including renal and liver toxicity, which are related to the formation of quinone methide during metabolism.
Conclusion
Although there is no further clinical evaluation of BBIQ alkaloids as MDR reversal agents, their effects on P-gp should not be ignored. Considering their diverse distribution, pharmacokinetic characteristics and toxicity reported during clinical therapy, the quality standards in different plant species and the drug dosage remain unresolved problems.
Background
Paris polyphylla is a member of the family of Melanthiaceae (earlier Trilliaceae or Liliaceae). It is known as love apple in English. This traditional herbaceous medicinal plant is found mostly in South East Asia.
Objective
To investigate the anti-proliferative activity and apoptosis induction of crude extracts of P. polyphylla on SAS oral cell lines.
Methods
The crude extracts (CE) of P. polyphylla (PP) collected from Rambrai (R), Meghalaya (Northeast India) were prepared by using 70% ethanol (E) and 70% methanol (M) solvents and named as PPR-ECE and PPR-MCE. The anti-proliferative effects of PPR-ECE and PPR-MCE were tested using the MTT assay. The apoptosis was examined by Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining assay.
Results
PPR-ECE significantly (p≤ 0.05) decreased the proliferation of SAS cells up to 3.12% with an IC50 value of 25.84 μg/ml. Whereas, PPR-MCE decreased the survival rate of SAS cells up to 24.67% (p≤ 0.05) with an IC50 value of 425 μg/ml. PPR-ECE demonstrated higher cytotoxicity than PPR-MCE against SAS cells. When SAS cells were treated with PPR-ECE and PPR-MCE for 72 h, the apoptotic cells increased from 0.1% (control) to 28.35% and 34% at 500μg/ml respectively.
Conclusions
The present study revealed that P. polyphylla collected from Meghalaya has an anti-proliferative capacity to inhibit the multiplication of the SAS cells. In comparison to PPR-MCE extract, PPR-ECE was found to be more effective against SAS proliferation. Though the anticancer property of the herb is well documented, this investigation is the first report on the effects of P. polyphylla extracts against SAS oral cancer cells.
Background:
Rhizoma Paridis (Chonglou) is a commonly used and precious traditional Chinese medicine.Paris polyphyllaSmith var.yunnanensis(Franch.) Hand. -Mazz. andParis polyphyllaSmith var. chinensis(Franch.) Hara are the two main sources of Chonglou under the monograph of Rhizoma Paridis in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In the local marketplace, however, this medicine is prone to be accidentally contaminated, deliberately substituted or admixed with other species that are similar to Rhizoma Paridis in shape and color. Consequently, these adulterations might compromise quality control and result in considerable health concerns for consumers. This study aims to develop a rapid and sensitive method for accurate identification of Rhizoma Paridis and its common adulterants.
Methods:
DNA barcoding coupled with high resolution melting analysis was applied in this research to distinguish Rhizoma Paridis from its adulteration. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) barcode was selected for HRM analysis to produce standard melting profile of the selected species. DNA of the tested herbal medicines was isolated and their melting profiles were generated and compared with the standard melting profile ofP. polyphyllavar.chinensis.
Results:
The results indicate that the ITS2 molecular regions coupled with HRM analysis can effectively differentiate nine herbal species, including two authentic origins of Chonglou and their seven common adulterants. Ten herbal medicines labeled "Chonglou" obtained from a local market were collected and identified with our methods, and their sequence information was analyzed to validate the accuracy of HRM analysis.
Conclusions:
DNA barcoding coupled with HRM analysis is a accurate, reliable, rapid, cost-effective and robust tool, which could contribute to the quality control of Rhizoma Paridis in the supply chain of the natural health product industry (NHP).
To optimize the use of Paris polyphylla resources, a homogenous polysaccharide (PPLP) was obtained from P. polyphylla leaves. Its average molecule weight was 2.95×10(4)Da, and the analysis of monosaccharide composition shown that PPLP consisted of l-arabinose and d-galactose with a molar ratio of 4.2:5.8. Methylation and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy data revealed that the backbone of PPLP was comprised of (1→6)-β-d-galactan, and the branched chains mainly consisted of arabinosyl residues which was linked to backbone via (1→3)-linkages. In addition, the antiaging effect of PPLP was investigated in a d-galactose induced mouse aging model. Compared with model group, the formations of malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly prevented, and the levels of antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were significantly improved in serum and liver in PPLP dose groups. These results demonstrated that PPLP possessed potent antiaging capacity.
Paris polyphylla Smith has drawn much attention in recent years as used in traditional system of medicine since ancient times, one of the important medicinal herbs used in homeostasis, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory infections. The excessive extraction of this species for use in the pharmaceutical industry has resulted in the ruthless destruction of natural populations. Therefore, attempt needs to be taken to adopt urgent conservation steps and develop innovative methods to propagate and cultivate this economically important and high value medicinal herb of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). This study provides information on its medicinal properties, development made so far, and some gaps that are lacking.
Recent studies have shown that the aqueous, ethanolic extracts and a monomer compound of Paris polyphylla exhibit anticancer activity toward several types of cancer cell lines, but the anticancer activity of (3β,17α,25R)-spirost-5-ene-3,17-diol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranoside, a monomer isolated from P. polyphylla (PP), named PP-22, has not been reported previously. In this study, we investigated the effect of PP-22 on human tongue squamous cell carcinoma SCC-15 cells in vitro. MTT assays showed that PP-22 inhibited the growth of SCC-15 cells and had no obvious inhibitory effects on human liver L02 cells. Flow cytometry assays showed that the percentages of apoptotic cells were increased. In addition, cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) could be detected by Western blotting. Flow cytometry also showed that PP-22 triggered S and G2/M phases arrest in SCC-15 cells, and on the other hand, the expression of cyclin A, cyclin E2, cyclin B1, phospho-cell division cycle2 (p-cdc2)(Tyr15), p-Wee1, Myt1, and p53 was upregulated. Moreover, p-p38 levels increased, p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) levels decreased, and cdc25B expression was inhibited. Furthermore, the p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 reversed the increase of the expression level of p38, p-cdc2 (Tyr15), cleaved caspase 3, cleaved PARP, p-p53, and p53 and reversed the decrease in cdc25B expression. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that PP-22 activated p38, inhibited cdc25B, increased p-cdc2 (Tyr15), and triggered S and G2/M phase arrest, as well as activated p53 through the p38-p53 pathway, inhibited the MAPK/ERK pathway, activated the caspase 8/caspase 3 pathway, and triggered the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in SCC-15 cells.
Morus alba L. (Sang in Chinese), a popular medicinal plant that belongs to the Mulberry family (Moraceae), has long been used in traditional systems of medicine. The genus Morus contains approximately sixteen members, about eleven species distributed widely in China. Among these, M.
is the dominant one. Generally, all parts of M.
are used as TCM, including leaves (Sangye), twigs (Sangzhi), root barks (Sangbaipi), and fruits (Sangshen). All of the medicinal parts are recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 (Pharmacopoeia Committee of P. R. China in Pharmacopoeia of People’s Republic of China. Chemical Industry Publishers, Beijing, 2010 [1]).
Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is a perennial medical plant widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. The genome is 157 675 bp in length including a small single-copy region (SSC, 18 319 bp) and a large single-copy region (LSC, 84 108 bp) separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 27 624 bp). The genome contained 115 genes, including 81 protein-coding genes, 4 ribosomal RNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes. Among these genes, 13 harbored a single intron and 2 contained a couple of introns. The overall G + C content of the cpDNA is 37.4%, while the corresponding values of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 35.71%, 31.43%, and 41.87%, respectively. A Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis suggested that genus Trillium, Paris, Fritillaria, and Lilium were strongly supported as monophyletic and the P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis is closely related to Trillium.
The genus Paris, perennial herbs, widely distributed from Europe
to Eastern Asia, comprises 24 species of the Trilliaceae family. For years, some Paris species have been applied in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of hemostasis, snake bite, and abscess. In recent years, studies on the EtOH, H2O, and MeOH extracts of Paris polyphylla revealed antitumor activity against several types of cancer cell lines.The biological properties assigned to to genus Paris prompted us to compile the phytochemical progress. Here, we review the phytochemical and biological research on Paris and list all the compounds isolated over the past few decades, also considering
their biological activities.
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) plays an important role in catalyzing the first committed step of isoprenoids biosynthesis in mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway. Here, we cloned a full-length transcript of Paris fargesii Franch. The full-length cDNA of P. fargesii HMGR (Pf-HMGR, GenBank accession no. JX508638) was 1,973 bp and contained a 1,728 bp ORF encoding 576 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that the deduced Pf-HMGR had high similarity with HMGRs from other plants, including Ricinus communis (77%), Litchi chinensis (76%), Michelia chapensis (75%) and Panax quinquefolius (72%). It had a calculated molecular mass of about 62.13 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.47. It contained two transmembrane domains, two putative HMGR binding sites and two NADP(H)-binding sites. The predicted 3-D structure revealed that Pf-HMGR had a similar spatial structure with other plant HMGRs. Three catalytic regions, including L-domain, N-domain and S-domain were detected by structural modeling of HMGR. Tissue expression analysis revealed that Pf-HMGR was strongly expressed in roots and stems than in leaves. Taken together, our data laid a foundation for further investigation of HMGR's functions and regulatory mechanisms in plants.
Steroidal saponins are the major bioactive constituents in Paris Polyphylla. In the present study, we developed a novel analysis method for separation and characterization of steroidal saponins in Paris Polyphylla extract using high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESITOFMS) and ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/ITMS). A total of 30 steroidal saponins in Paris Polyphylla extract were identified effectively according to their accurate mass measurements, molecular formulae, and various characteristic fragmentation behaviors. It is concluded that the established analysis method is sensitive, rapid, and practical. Additionally, it will provide help for further quality control and pharmacological mechanism study of Paris Polyphylla.
Paris polyphylla J.E. Smith is extensively used in traditional systems of Indian and Chinese medicine mainly for its anticancerous property. The national and international demand for P. polyphylla is constantly increasing and most of the supply comes from wild. Illegal and unscientific exploitation coupled with habitat destruction decreases the natural population of the herb, as a consequence this species comes under vulnerable category. Restoration and conservation of the natural population of this potential herb is prerequisites. This article aims to provide an overview on chemical and biological prospective of P. polyphylla. Secondary metabolites such as daucosterol, polyphyllin D, β-ecdysterone, Paris saponins I, II, V, VI, VII, H, dioscin, oligosaccharides, heptasaccharide, octasaccharide, trigofoenoside A, protogracillin, Paris yunnanosides G-J, padelaoside B, pinnatasterone, formosanin C and 20-hydroxyecdyson saponins have been isolated form P. polyphylla. Several biological activities such as anticancerous, antitumor, cytotoxic, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antiangiogenic, immunostimulating, contractile and hemostatic have also been reported. Consequently, this review will be helpful to the researcher and scientist for further research.
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