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... The use of molecular markers for diversity analysis can also serve as a tool to discriminate between closely related individuals from different breeding sources (Lombard et al. 2000) and may help to eliminate redundancy in phenotype base germplasm collections. To probe into the genetic relationships among elephant grass cultivars, including some new lines, the RAPD molecular marker technique was employed ( Xie and Lu 2005;Chen et al. 2007). Recently, a new marker system, sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) was developed by Li and Quiros (2001), which aimed at the amplification of open reading frames (ORFs). ...
... Several studies demonstrated considerable differences among elephant grass cultivars at DNA level ( Daher et al. 2002;Xie and Lu 2005;Chen et al. 2007), but no study has been conducted on the genetic variation within cultivars. In this study, the SRAP markers were used for the first time to study both within-cultivar and between-cultivar variations. ...
... The PPB was 72.8% at species level in this study, showing a high genetic diversity, similar to that obtained by RAPD markers (Xie and Lu 2005;Chen et al. 2007). In this total genetic variation, however, the proportion of within cultivars was 44.8%, leaving 55.2% of the diversity between cultivars. ...
Genetic variability and relationships among elephant grass cultivars were estimated by the SRAP (sequence-related amplified polymorphism) assay. A total of 60 individuals collected from five cultivars in China were analysed. Sixty-two selected primer combinations generated 1395 bands, with an average of 22.5 per primer combination. The average value of percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 72.8% at species level. The PPB was from 15.2% to 75%, with an average of 39.6% at cultivar level. H
POP
, within-cultivar Shannon’s index was 1.738 at cultivar level; at species level, the Shannon’s index (H
SP
) was 3.880. An assessment of diversity between cultivars [(H
SP
− H
POP
)/H
SP
] indicated that most of the diversity (55.2%) was detected among cultivars, and only 44.8% was within cultivars in total genetic variation. According to UPGMA dendrogram, the five cultivars were clustered into three main groups. One group included MT-1 and Mott with a bootstrap support of 100%, another consisted of Huanan and N51 with a bootstrap support of 81%, and last one was only Guimu-1. The results indicate that the MT-1 and Mott have a closest genetic relationship; Huanan and N51 possess a relatively close relationship, and Guimu-1 is the most distinct from the other four cultivars.
... The clustering of the 35 accessions differed from with those by Xie and Lu (2005) and Yao, Hong, and Zeng (2013), which can be attributed to several causes. First, Xie and Lu (2005) and Yao et al. (2013) generated the dendrograms based on RAPD and sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, while we used EST-SSR for analysis. ...
... The clustering of the 35 accessions differed from with those by Xie and Lu (2005) and Yao, Hong, and Zeng (2013), which can be attributed to several causes. First, Xie and Lu (2005) and Yao et al. (2013) generated the dendrograms based on RAPD and sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, while we used EST-SSR for analysis. The marker systems employed may affect the level of polymorphism detected, which reinforces again the importance of appropriately selecting the loci and covering the complete genome in order to obtain a reliable estimation of the genetic diversity (Ye, Yu, Kong, Wu, & Wang, 2005). ...
Expressed sequence tag‐simple sequence repeat (EST‐SSR) markers are widely applied in plant molecular genetics studies due to their abundance in the genome, codominant nature, and high repeatability. To study the genetic diversity of 35 accessions and transferability of EST‐SSR markers in cross‐species applications, 21 primer pairs previously developed in Hemarthria were amplified across Pennisetum species. A total of 148 polymorphisms were generated with an average of 7.05 bands per locus. The mean values of the genetic parameters polymorphism information content, number of bands, effective number of bands, Nei's gene diversity, and Shannon's information index were 0.8430, 2.0000, 1.7640, 0.4247 and 0.6132, respectively. Cluster analysis of 35 accessions divided them into three clusters, which were consistent with dendrograms of 14 species. The among‐population component explained most of the genetic diversity (66%); the remaining variation (34%) occurred within populations. This study will provide more available EST‐SSR markers for Pennisetum species, and facilitate studies on germplasm collection and utilization of Pennisetum species.
... The EST-SSR markers developed in this study were used to examine the taxonomic relationship between 17 different Penn isetum accessions. P. purpureum , P. americanum, and P. americanum × P. purpureum were not found to be distinctly separate, which corroborates the findings of Yao et al. (2013) and Xie and Lu (2005). In addition, these results demonstrate the close relationship of P. purpureum, P. americanum, and their hybrids. ...
Pennisetum purpureum belongs to the Pennisetum Rich genus in the family Poaceae. It is widely grown in subtropical and tropical regions as one of the most economically important cereal crops. Despite its importance, there is limited genomic data available for P. purpureum, which restricts genetic and breeding studies in this species. In the present study, the transcriptome of P. purpureum was assembled de novo and used to characterize two important P. purpureum cultivars: P. purpureum Schumab cv. Purple and P. purpureum cv. Mott. After assembly, a total of 197,466 unigenes were obtained for ‘Purple’ and ‘Mott’ and 103,454 of these unigenes were successfully annotated. From ‘Purple’ and ‘Mott,’ 214,648 SNPs and 21,213 EST-SSRs were identified in 40,259 unigenes and 18,587 unigenes respectively. Moreover, 50 EST-SSR primers and 6 SNP primers were designed to validate the identified markers. The transcriptomic data of present study from the two P. purpureum cultivars provides an abundant amount of available genomic information for Pennisetum. In addition, the identified SNPs and EST-SSRs will facilitate genetic and molecular studies within the Pennisetum genus.
... Particularly, cultivars possessing similar morphological features can be well distinguished using molecular markers (Zhang et al. 2014a). In recent years, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Yang et al. 2001;Zhong et al. 2003;Xie and Lu 2005;Chen et al. 2007;de Lima et al. 2011), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) (Wanjala et al. 2013), sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) (Xie et al. 2009;Yao et al. 2013), intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) (de Lima et al. 2011), and simple sequence repeat (SSR) (Mariac et al. 2006;Azevedo et al. 2012) markers have been used to either evaluate the genetic diversity among Pennisetum populations or identify the transferability of these markers. However, the application of these molecular markers for the identification and classification of Pennisetum species is scarce. ...
Pennisetum species are widely used as ornamental grasses and may be a valuable genetic resource for their breeding to broaden its genetic basis. At present, new ornamental Pennisetum cultivars are primarily bred via somaclone, which increases the number of variants. It is difficult to estimate whether the suspected variants are authentic in genetic features by morphological traits because of their many limitations. Moreover, although the phylogenetic classification of the Pennisetum genus has been approved in some morphological and cytological studies, genetic evidence is lacking. In the present study, we developed 15 specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with a large amount of polymorphisms and strong distinguishing abilities for Pennisetum ornamental grasses using magnetic bead enrichment. These markers, together with the other 11 reported polymorphic SSRs, were further used for the identification of a broad collection of 55 Pennisetum samples, including nine original taxa and 46 suspected variants. After comparing the genetic characteristics between each variant and its corresponding original taxon, we verified 20 suspected variants that possess the potential to become new, commercially desirable cultivars. The nine original taxa and the 20 verified variants were identified based on the polymorphisms of six core loci, and unique molecular identities with 15 denary digits for each taxon were further established. The rationality of the traditional phylogenetic classification system of the Pennisetum genus was further verified using 147 polymorphic alleles. The present study promotes the protection, registration, breeding, and international communication of Pennisetum ornamental grasses.
... It may be explained by the fact that the lignification is enhanced with time. Similar results have been observed by Xie et al. [26][27][28]. ...
Five elephant grass cultivars, P. purpureum. cv. Huanan (Huanan), P. purpureum. cv. N51 (N51), P. purpureum. cv. Sumu No. 2 (Sumu-2), (P. americanum × P. purpureum) × P. purpureum cv. Guimu No. 1 (Guimu-1) and P. americanum cv. Tift23A × P. purpureum cv. Tift N51 (Hybrid Pennisetum), at three harvest stages were studied. With dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis, it is found that cellulose conversion of the five elephant grass cultivars harvested in August and September is higher than that harvested in October. The cellulose conversion for elephant grass cultivars harvested in August and September follows an order of Hybrid Pennisetum > Sumu-2 > Huanan > Guimu-1 > N51. This may be explained by the fact that lignification is gradually strengthened with time, inhibiting degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose. Moreover, cellulose conversions of Hybrid Pennisetum, Sumu-2 and Huanan harvested in August and September are higher based on hierarchical clustering results.
... In contrast to morphological traits, which can be infl uenced by temperature, soil type, nutrients, insects, etc., the use of molecular markers can provide new insights to better understand the genetic variation within the germplasm collection (Harris et al., 2009). Diff erent molecular markers such as isozymes, RAPD, sequence related amplifi ed polymorphism, and AFLPs have been used to help the characterization of Napier grass (Daher et al., 2002; Lowe et al., 2003; Xie and Lu 2005; Pereira et al., 2008; Harris et al., 2009). All these initiatives were able to successfully discriminate Napier grass genotypes on the basis of molecular marker information, but data comparison between labs is still diffi cult since many diff erent multiloci markers were used. ...
Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is an important forage crop in tropical areas although little is known about its genome information, and few molecular markers have been developed for this species. This work aimed to check the viability of cross‐species amplification of microsatellite markers between pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and Napier grass and to evaluate the genetic diversity among Napier grass germplasm accessions. Fifty‐four microsatellite markers previously described in pearl millet were tested against Napier grass, and 30 markers (55.5%) showed successful cross‐amplification. From them, 18 microsatellite markers were selected to study the genetic diversity in the Embrapa Active Germplasm Bank of Napier Grass (Embrapa‐BAGCE). A total of 180 alleles were identified by these selected microsatellite markers in 107 Napier grass accessions and four pearl millet samples. The average similarity coefficient (Dice) calculated among the Embrapa‐BAGCE accessions was 0.651, ranging from 0.254 to 1.0. Some accessions showed similarity coefficients equal to one, indicating that they have common progenitors or that they might be the same accessions with different denomination. To our knowledge, this work is the first to describe microsatellite markers in Napier grass and represents a significant advance regarding the use of molecular markers in this species.
Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) is an allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 28) and has a genome formula of A'A'BB, where A'A' is homologous to the AA genome of pearl millet (2n = 2 x = 14) Pennisetum glaucum (L). It is the dominant livestock fodder in all stall feeding systems in Kenya and has numerous other applications. Candidate clones for Napier stunt disease resistance need to be diverse in order to increase the probability of having resistant genes within a given population. In this study, the diversity of Napier grass was assessed in relation to Napier stunt disease using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers derived from other related plants in the Pennisetum genus which included pearl millet, sorghum and maize. A total of 96 samples were studied using 25 selected SSR markers. The results showed that 90% of the molecular variation in Napier grass populations exists among individuals within a given population, while 1% is encountered between populations. There was no distinct population structuring in the five populations studied. This study recommends increasing the level of diversity in the Western Kenya Napier grass germplasm through introductions of new Napier clones and proper selection to increase the chances of getting resistant genes to Napier stunt disease.
Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi Guérin-Méneville 1855 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), is a traditional edible insect in China and is considered the edible insect with the highest potential. Information on the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the first modern improved strain of this silkworm, Qinghuang_1, is currently unavailable. Here, we determine the mitogenome of Qinghuang_1 by long PCR amplification followed by Illumina sequencing and then compare the resulting mitogenome with the five available mitogenomes of this species. The mitogenome of Qinghuang_1 is 15,573 bp in length and exhibits an identical gene organisation to known A. pernyi mitogenomes. The base A content of this mitogenome is higher than those of the other four strains but lower than that of the wild type. Sequence comparisons identified 200 single-nucleotide variants (1.28%) and 32 amino acid changes among the five inbred strains, indicating a considerable degree of nucleotide diversity in the mitogenomes of A. pernyi germplasm resources. The 3’ end of ND1 was identified as a hotspot in the A. pernyi mitogenome. Ka/Ks analysis indicated that all protein-coding genes evolved under negative selection except for ND5, which presented values larger than 1, suggesting that positive selection may act on this gene. The phylogenetic analyses confirmed the basal position of Qinghuang_1 among the inbred strains of A. pernyi. Our results indicated that the mitogenome is helpful for understanding the intraspecific phylogenetic relationships of A. pernyi and for its genetic improvement.
In the present study, we investigated the genetic variations in pearl millet (Pennisetum
glaucum) and napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) accessions from Nigeria and India
using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Genomic DNA extraction
was carried out using QIAGEN DNeasy Kit and fragment amplification was performed
by Polymerase Chain Reaction. 60.63% of the amplified loci by 20 markers were
polymorphic while 39.37% were monomorphic and the percentage polymorphism per
primer ranged from 33.33–72.72%. The biplot analysis showed that the markers
effectively separated the accessions into groups based on genetic similarity. Cluster
analysis classified the accessions into two broad groups a group which comprised all
napier grass accessions and the other the pearl millet. The pearl millet group had subclusters
which are mixtures of Nigerian and Indian accessions and were linked to the
napier grass accessions. TAYABI and JALGONE which were sourced from farmer’s
field were genetically similar and distinguished from other pearl millet accessions. The
study revealed intra and inter-specific variations among the accessions and the
occurrence of Nigerian and Indian accessions in a cluster indicated they are genetically
related and possibly from the same progenitor but could have be separated by a
geographical or ecological isolation mechanism.
Somaclonal variation of four flax populations, namely 'Saveh', 'Uromieh', 'Shiraz' and 'Fars, during long-term propagation were evaluated among 3 subcultures. Morphological traits such as length of shoot, number of shoot, number of bud, length and number of root and number of leaves were measured. Our results showed that flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Saveh, Uromieh and Shiraz populations more than (Linum album) Fars population affected somaclonal variations especially regeneration plantlets (for example: length of stem and number of stems, buds and leaves) but Fars population had steady behavior especially length of shoot and number of shoot during several subcultures. Although in all traits fluctuating changes were observed but the most significant traits studied with almost similar vibration in four populations were number of nodes and leaves values. Totally we could not select a specific subculture period for creation of the maximum satisfied morphological changes because it was a suitable increase of leaf and node number in Fars and Saveh populations in the first subculture and it was suitable for Uromieh and Shiraz populations in the second subculture. In order to accomplish the morphological changes in length of shoots, number of stems and enhancement of node in (Linum usitatissimum L.) three of populations and also decrease of number of leaves in (Linum album) Fars population somaclonal variation during three subcultures will be appropriate.
This book begins with a review of the history of biofuel. It contains chapters that are devoted to emerging technologies for biofuel production, cell wall structure and destructing approaches, cellulosic biofuel crops role in phytoremediation, and feedstock pretreatment methods. Detailed discussion on the physiological and genetic research challenges and opportunities for the improvement of biofuel crops at large also constitutes a chapter. The book comprehensively covers taxonomy, genetics, breeding, physiology and biochemistry of algae and different technologies of their conversion to biofuel in view of the future potential of algal biofuel.
Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is a tropical C4 bunchgrass with high rates of growth and biomass production. It has been considered as a new alternative for energy crop in some countries, and expected to provide abundant and sustainable resources of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of solid biofuels. But in addition to cellulose, plant cell walls contain lignin that hinders the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides to simple sugars destined for fermentation to ethanol and biogas. In this paper, five elephant grass cultivars, such as ‘MT-1’ new line (P. purpureum cv. MT-1), ‘Mott’ (P. purpureum cv. Mott), ‘Huanan’ (P. purpureum cv. Huanan), ‘N51’ (P. purpureum cv. N51) and ‘Guimu-1’ ((Pennisetum americanum × P. purpureum) × P. purpureum cv. Guimu No.1) were tested to determine the lignin content using the acetyl bromide method. The lignin contents increased with the growth development for all five cultivars, but the increasing range was different with the difference of cultivar. In particular, the biggest increasing range was between July and August for ‘Huanan’, ‘N51’, ‘Mott’ and ‘MT-1’. At seedling stage, the contents of five cultivars were not significantly different, but the differences were demonstrated at internode elongation stage. At ripening stage, the upper internode of flowering culm had the lowest lignin content, and the basal internode had the highest content for all the five cultivars. The lignin content was very different at different development stage for different cultivars, indicating the differentiations among the five genotypes. As far as the flowering culm (in December) was concerned, the order of lignin content from the highest to the lowest was ‘Huanan’ (22.04% FW) > ‘N51’ (19.65% FW) > ‘Guimu-1’ (17.45% FW) > ‘Mott’ (15.43% FW) ≥ ‘MT-1’ (14.63% FW). In NJ and UPGMA dendrograms, the five cultivars could be divided into two groups, one for ‘MT-1’, ‘Mott’ and ‘Guimu-1’, one for ‘Huanan’ and ‘N51’. This result is consistent with the pedigree relationships among the five cultivars.
A review is made of the achievements in the collection, conservation, and genetic diversity of forage germplasm resources;
methods and goals for forage breeding; and development and utilization of forage in China. The current problems based on the
researches in forage are analyzed, and some suggestions are put forward.
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