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Geopolymer cement to minimize carbon-dioxde greenhouse-warming

Authors:
Joseph Davidovits at Geopolymer Institute, Saint-Quentin France
Joseph Davidovits
  • Geopolymer Institute, Saint-Quentin France
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Abstract

If society continues to ignore the huge amount of carbon-dioxide released during chemical reactions, the cernent CO2 emission based on the calcination of limestone could reachBaU (Business as Usual) value of 1800 million tonnes in year 2000, or 9% of today's world total CO2 emissions, and 3500 million tonnes in the year 2015, or 17.5% of today's world total CO2 emissions (energy + transportation + industry). Introducing low-CO2 geopolymeric cements, not only for environmental uses, but also in construction and civil engineering, can reduce carbon dioxide emission caused by the cernent industry by a magnitude of 80 to 90%. The European Communities Commission, seeking to limit carbon-dioxide emissions linked to global warming, recommended on September 25, 1991, that member States adopt a new energy and fuel tax. Yet, the tax is based on energy and fuel consumption, not on actual carbon-dioxide emission measured at the chimneys. Chemical reactions which produce carbon dioxide -chemical-CO2 as opposed to the carbon-dioxide which results from the combustion of carbon-fuel- are not taken into account, even though chemical-CO2 emissions could represent, in the near future, 15% to 20% of today's total carbon-dioxide emissions. This is particularly the case for cement manufacturing, and very few papers are dealing with this issue . In 1990, the US D.O.E. (Depart. ofEnergy's Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center) endorsing the validity of chemical-CO2 emissions provided data which included carbon-dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel burning and cement production. The topic was also discussed at a recent Portland Cernent Association Conference with supplementary world statistics and technical data.
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     
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GEOPOLER CEMENTS TO MINIMIZE
CON-DIOXIDE GREENHOUSE-WMING
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37(1):165
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Ceramic Transactions 37(1):165-182
Ceramic Transactions 37(1):165-182
Ceramic Transactions 37(1):165-182
Ceramic Transactions 37(1):165-182
Ceramic Transactions 37(1):165-182
... According to published reports, 5-7% of CO 2 emissions are caused by OPC manufacturing industries due to the carbon embodied in the cement manufacturing process [1]. It is necessary to establish OPC alternatives to reduce the harmful effects of CO 2 emissions on the environment [2]. On the other hand, wastes generated from various industrial activities, such as fly ash (FA) from thermal power plants, red mud from the alumina industry, slag from the iron industry, and mine residues from the mineral industry, have increased significantly. ...
... Studies have shown that upon partially replacing OPC with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and FA, the resulting mixture exhibits enhanced physical and durability characteristics compared to OPC paste alone [2,10,11]. However, the complete substitution of OPC with the mentioned materials is not suitable for concrete formulations based on their mechanical properties and economic cost. ...
... However, the complete substitution of OPC with the mentioned materials is not suitable for concrete formulations based on their mechanical properties and economic cost. Davidovits [2] indicated that using aluminosilicate-rich inorganic polymers, such as geopolymers, is a viable solution for OPC concrete. Geopolymer is an inorganic polymer that is formed through the alkaline activation of aluminosilicate-rich base materials [12,13]. ...
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... Therefore, cement production responsibilities for around 5% of worldwide CO 2 emissions (Aliabdo et al. 2019). Accordingly, researchers found a new form of geopolymer made of alkali to give its full name, which produces concrete with only Si-and Al-rich materials without using portland cement (Davidovits 1993). Fly ash forms a polymeric reaction between granulated blast furnace slag, silica fumes, and natural pozzolan, rice husk, and alkaline liquids. ...
Self-Cleaning Performance of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced GGBS-Based Geopolymer Mortar Containing Nano TiO 2
Article
  • May 2024
  • J MATER CIVIL ENG
This study examined the self-cleaning and mechanical properties of basalt fiber-reinforced ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)-based geopolymer mortar containing nano TiO 2. The nano TiO 2 and basalt fiber in mixtures were used at 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% by weight of GGBS. The cubes (50 × 50 × 50 mm) and prisms (40 × 40 × 160 mm) samples containing nano TiO 2 and basalt fiber were produced and cured in the oven for 24 h at 60°C. Then, these samples were kept at room temperature at 23°C AE 2°C for 28 days. Lastly, the compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, capillary water absorption, and self-cleaning tests of GGBS-based geopolymer mortars were carried out. In this study, the Rhodamine-B test was used to determine self-cleaning. This study showed that the compressive strength, flexural strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity values of the GGBS-based geopolymer mortars increased as the nano TiO 2 and basalt fiber ratios increased, but their capillary water absorption coefficient decreased. Also, this study found that the self-cleaning rate of GGBS-based geopolymer mortars containing 1% nano TiO 2 was obtained as 50.62% at 28 days.
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... Previous studies indicated that the amounts of carbon dioxide released from the production of geopolymer concrete are lower by 5-6 times when compared to ordinary concrete. [15,16]. Therefore, geopolymer concrete is considered one of the environmentally friendly materials, as it significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions. ...
Effect of Aggregate Type and Size on the Fresh Properties of Self- Consolidating Geopolymer Concrete
Article
  • May 2024
The effects of aggregate type and size on the fresh characteristics and strength gains of ambient-cured self-consolidating geopolymer concrete (SCGC) were investigated in the present study. SCGC was made from three different types of aggregates: crushed gravel, crushed marble, and a combination of both. In addition, several aggregate sizes (9 mm, 12 mm, and 16 mm) were also examined. The first group included 100% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), whereas the second group included 50% GGBS and 50% fly ash (FA). Slump flow, L-Box, and V-funnel tests were used to conduct fresh state tests, whereas compressive strength improvements were investigated at ages of 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, and 90 days. The results indicated that, regardless of aggregate type, aggregate size had a significant effect on fresh state characteristics. The optimal size of aggregate was 12 mm and crushed gravel showed optimum performance when compared to other types of aggregate and mixing. However, aggregate had a considerably lower effect on fresh characteristics than basic materials, and using fly ash significantly improved fresh properties. The improvement was about 5/, 10, and 60% respectively for both type/size of aggregate and the use of fly ash. Moreover, the base materials and aggregate types sufficiently affected the compressive strength of SCGC at different ages. The improvement was determined to be 8, 15, and 50% respectively for both the type/size of aggregate and the use of 100% GGBS. It was revealed that the compressive strength of SCGC in an ambient environment had a superior improvement at the age of 90 days in comparison to the age of 7, 14, and 28 days.
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... To reduce the harmful effects of CO 2 emissions on the environment, OPC replacements must be developed. Fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) and silica fume (SF) have all been used frequently in the past to partially replace OPC, and it has been claimed that these alternatives have better durability and physical characteristics than OPC cement paste and also reducing the environment's negative effects from CO 2 emissions (Davidovits, 1993;Wang et al., 2016;Kurda et al., 2017aKurda et al., , 2017b. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) has a rich history that dates back to the groundbreaking work of Joseph Davidovits in 1978. ...
Influence of recycled coarse aggregate on properties of fly ash and slag-based geopolymer concrete cured under oven and ambient temperature
Article
  • Apr 2024
Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the replacement of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with different percentages of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) on properties of low calcium fly ash (FA)-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) cured at oven temperature. Further, this paper aims to study the effect of partial replacement of FA by ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) in GPC made with both NCA and RCA cured under ambient temperature curing. Design/methodology/approach-M25 grade of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete was designed according to IS: 10262-2019 with 100% NCA as control concrete. Since no standard guidelines are available in the literature for GPC, the same mix proportion was adopted for the GPC by replacing the OPC with 100% FA and W/C ratio by alkalinity/binder ratio. All FA-based GPC mixes were prepared with 12 M of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and an alkalinity ratio, i.e. sodium hydroxide to sodium silicate (NaOH:Na 2 SiO 3) of 1:1.5, subjected to 90°C temperature for 48 h of curing. The NCA were replaced with 50% and 100% RCA in both OPC and GPC mixes. Further, FA was partially replaced with 15% GGBS in GPC made with the above percentages of NCA and RCA, and they were given ambient temperature curing with the same molarity of NaOH and alkalinity ratio. Findings-The workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption, density, volume of voids and rebound hammer value of all the mixes were studied. Further, the relationship between compressive strength and other mechanical properties of GPC mixes were established and compared with the well-established relationships available for conventional concrete. From the experimental results, it is found that the compressive strength of GPC under ambient curing condition at 28 days with 100% NCA, 50% RCA and 100% RCA were, respectively, 14.8%, 12.85% and 17.76% higher than those of OPC concrete. Further, it is found that 85% FA and 15% GGBS-based GPC with RCA under ambient curing shown superior performance than OPC concrete and FA-based GPC cured under oven curing. Research limitations/implications-The scope of the present paper is limited to replace the FA by 15% GGBS. Further, only 50% and 100% RCA are used in place of natural aggregate. However, in future study, the replacement of FA by different amounts of GGBS (20%, 25%, 30% and 35%) may be tried to decide the optimum utilisation of GGBS so that the applications of GPC can be widely used in cast in situ applications, i.e. under ambient curing condition. Further, in the present study, the natural aggregate is replaced with only 50% and 100% RCA in GPC. However, further investigations may be carried out by considering different percentages between 50 and 100 with the optimum compositions of FA and GGBS to enhance the use of RCA in GPC applications. The present study is further limited to only the mechanical properties and a few other properties of GPC. For wider use of GPC under ambient curing conditions, the structural performance of GPC needs to be understood. Therefore, the structural performance of GPC subjected to different loadings under ambient curing with RCA to be investigated in future study. Originality/value-The replacement percentage of natural aggregate by RCA may be further enhanced to 50% in GPC under ambient curing condition without compromising on the mechanical properties of concrete. This may be a good alternative for OPC and natural aggregate to reduce pollution and leads sustainability in the construction.
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GEOPOLYMERS OBTAINED BY MECHANICAL ACTIVATION OF ORIGINAL COMPONENTS: REVIEW OF CURRENT TRENDS
Article
  • Mar 2024
The reaction potential of a substance can be significantly increased by thermal, mechanical, and chemical methods. A combined method is also possible, as in the case of developing geopolymers, the technology of which involves treating precursors with chemical reagents. On the other hand, with the increase in the number of publications devoted to the development of geopolymers, research to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions and the cost of geopolymers production becomes relevant. This review examines three generations of geopolymers: 1 – metakaolin based geopolymers, 2 – geopolymers based on rocks, and 3 – fly ash based geopolymers. A comparative analysis of ways to improve the physical and mechanical properties of fly ash based geopolymers by mechanical activation is presented. It has been established that mechanical activation of fly ash, in addition to improving the strength characteristics of geopolymers, makes it possible to synthesize a geopolymer without thermal curing. After this, the focus is on the method of mechanical activation of fly ash and clay minerals, especially kaolinite. The particular interest in metakaolin based geopolymers is due to the high potential for widespread application, since these geopolymer technologies have greater potential to reduce CO2 emissions and, therefore, production costs. Also, the development of protection against heavy metals or radioactive substances requires the implementation of technology exclusively using geopolymers based on metakaolin.
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