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Chaînes opératoires: Un outil pour le préhistorien
... Smaller specimens were classified as chips (metrical, not technological), and only raw material type was specified for them. Lithic studies were based on the chaîne opératoire conceptual framework (Pelegrin, Karlin, and Bodu 1988;Sellet 1993;Shott 2003). This approach aims to reconstruct technological behaviors, from raw material procurement to discarding used tools, and studying lithic materials related to respective stages of the operation sequence (Pelegrin, Karlin, and Bodu 1988;Shott 2003;Tixier 2012). ...
... Lithic studies were based on the chaîne opératoire conceptual framework (Pelegrin, Karlin, and Bodu 1988;Sellet 1993;Shott 2003). This approach aims to reconstruct technological behaviors, from raw material procurement to discarding used tools, and studying lithic materials related to respective stages of the operation sequence (Pelegrin, Karlin, and Bodu 1988;Shott 2003;Tixier 2012). Moreover, it allows the analysis of different aspects of the raw material economy at the site. ...
This article presents the results of research carried out at two previously unreported Eastern Desert Atbara River project (EDAR) Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites-EDAR 134 and EDAR 155. Luminescence dating results indicate human activity in this area during the Marine Isotope Stage 5 period (MIS 5), approximately 90 kya. Discussion concerning the affiliation of both analyzed inventories will be provided, including another MSA site from the EDAR area, where an assemblage dated to MIS 6/5e does not have technological features known from other technocomplexes in the eastern Sahara region (EDAR 135). Microscopic analysis of traces of tool use for the EDAR 155 assemblage shows the high impact of post-depositional (aeolian) processes on the state of preservation of lithic material. Sites EDAR 134 and 155 provide evidence for hominin activity during the late Pleistocene within an area only episodically accessible, due to arid conditions prevailing in the Saharan deserts. ARTICLE HISTORY
... En este contexto, desde una perspectiva tecnológica, se sostiene que la producción práctica de pensamientos humanos siempre sigue una secuencia lógica durante el proceso de producción de artefactos, la cual se materializa en la cadena operativa (David, 2014;Leroi-Gourhan, 1988). Esta se ve como una lógica de operaciones que llevan a transformar una materia prima (en este caso, los huesos de cualquier animal) en piezas específicas fabricadas, incluyendo eventos de uso/reparación, hasta el descarte final (Pelegrin et al., 1988). Reconstruir la transformación física de una materia prima en etapas técnicas permite redescubrir la intención del proyecto (Balfet, 1991;David, 2014), por lo tanto, para comprender el proceso tecnológico es necesario el estudio sistemático de artefactos con grados de diseño y complejidad de manufactura variable, así como artefactos en los distintos momentos de su historia de vidaincluyendo soportes y desechos- (Holtorf, 2002). ...
Las investigaciones arqueológicas en diferentes sectores de la Patagonia demostraron la importancia del hueso como materia prima para las sociedades del pasado, aún desde los primeros poblamientos regionales. En un trabajo previo propusimos que, desde los inicios de la ocupación humana en el Macizo del Deseado, el uso tecnológico del hueso habría sido eficiente y planificado en términos de diseño. Sin embargo, hasta el momento, no hemos profundizado en la descripción morfológica ni funcional de estos artefactos. Por tal motivo, aquí nos proponemos avanzar, desde una perspectiva tecnológica, en el estudio de los artefactos óseos del sitio Cueva Maripe. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es definir los grupos morfológicos de artefactos representados en el sitio, evaluar la selección de soportes y módulos para su elaboración y discutir la variabilidad artefactual en relación al grado de diseño aplicado. Para ello trabajamos en los ejes analíticos descriptivos, morfométricos, funcionales y distribucionales de los materiales, y realizamos observaciones a diferentes escalas de magnificación que van desde el ojo desnudo hasta el uso de lupa binocular (20x). Los resultados permitieron reconocer distintos grupos morfológicos de artefactos, así como diferentes etapas de las cadenas operativas que evidencian el conocimiento, la destreza y la gestión del hueso como materia prima. Asimismo, en base al diseño de las piezas analizadas, proponemos una escala relativa del trabajo invertido en su manufactura. El artículo contribuye al conocimiento de las formas de producción, uso y descarte de artefactos de hueso, y aporta nueva información acerca de la diversidad de actividades desarrolladas por las sociedades cazadoras recolectoras que habitaron Cueva Maripe durante el Holoceno.
... The lithic industries are described below following the various phases of the lithic chaîne opératoire previously described by J. Pélegrin, C. Karlin and P. Bodu (1988). ...
The Rhine, while separating West and Central Europe, also formed a major corridor not only for the movement of people but also of ideas during the Paleolithic. This volume by a group of researchers working along both sides of the Rhine explores both of these premises.
... The lithic set from the level 8 of Grotta Grande was studied with a technological approach, aimed to reconstruct the lithic reduction sequences present in the site (e.g., Boëda, 2013;Geneste, 2010;Inizan et al., 1995;Pelegrin et al., 1988). Each item was individually studied, recording its technological and taphonomic data in an Access® database. ...
The Mousterian of the Grotta Grande (Southern Italy) is here subject to new dating, which provide a surprisingly high-resolution on the stratigraphic sequence. Overall, the deposit in the Trench F appears framed in the MIS 5, into a brief chronological time span immediately after the Last Interglacial, between ∼116 ka and 109 ka.
Significant archaeological evidence has been found in this sector on the cave, consisting in two high-resolution archaeological records (layers 8 and 6) with evidence of anthropic organization of the space, involving possible constructed features, use of fire and, possibly, different activity areas. Here we focus on the layer 8, excavated for 10.5 m2, which returned an intriguing entanglement of human and carnivore evidence.
An interdisciplinary approach based on the pivotal role of spatial taphonomy, as meeting point of zooarchaeology, lithic technology, lithic traceology and spatial archaeology, has been applied. Beyond the recognition of the two main components in the formation of the context (the human and carnivore agency), the results allow to recognize its very good preservation state. Moreover, the reciprocal interaction between Neandertal and spotted hyena has been hypothesized, reconstructing the meaning of their presence at the site. More specifically, a Neandertal camp would have been followed, immediately after its abandonment, by scavenging activities of the spotted hyena, profiteering of resources with food interest for its diet left in the site. This human/carnivore sequence contribute to shed new light on the taphonomy issues on Quaternary sites.
... The lithic assemblages are stored in Athens, Greece, at the Ephoreia of Palaeoanthropology-Speleology, Greece (Ministry of Culture and Sports), and were analysed following a techno-typological approach (Andrefsky 1998;Débenath & Dibble 1994), aiming to infer the type of chaînes opératoires (Geneste 1991;Inizan et al. 1999;Leroi-Gourhan 1964;Pelegrin 1995;Pelegrin et al. 1988;Tixier 1978), as well as the technological behaviour of the prehistoric knappers that occupied the Megalopolis basin. Flakes, blades and bladelets were distinguished based on standard metric attributes (e.g., bladelets: length <50 mm, width <15 mm); debris includes pieces that lack flake traits, usually have more than four surfaces and are blocky in shape ('chunks') or they are sharp with irregular edges ('shatter'). ...
An intensive, target-oriented surface survey conducted in the Megalopolis basin during 2012-2013 led to the discovery of several Palaeolithic sites and findspots with lithics and faunal remains, including Marathousa-1, a Lower Palaeolithic open-air elephant-butchering site, dated to ca. 400-500 ka BP. This study presents the results from the techno-typological analysis of 413 lithic artefacts collected as surface or stratified finds during the survey research. The aim of the work is to evaluate the diachronic occupation of the area in relation to the lithic technologies used, the typology of the artefacts, and the raw materials exploited. It was possible to provide a chrono-cultural attribution of 167 artefacts, ranging from the Lower Palaeolithic to the Holocene, with a significant component of the collection attributed to the Middle Palaeolithic. Several diagnostic retouched tools allow us to infer that the open-air sites were occupied comparatively more intensively during the Middle Palaeolithic period. We also provide a detailed account of the lithic assemblage from Kavia cave, a previously unstudied site identified during the survey. The high frequency of artefacts pertaining to the Upper Palaeolithic in Kavia is in line with previously identified settlement and mobility patterns of the Peloponnese, where the occupation of caves becomes more intensive from the Upper Palaeolithic onward, as attested at the sites of Klissoura, Kephalari, and Franchthi. The Upper Palaeolithic component from Kavia Cave adds new data to a meagre sample of known sites from this period. The results from the typological and technological analysis of the lithic assemblages collected during the survey in Megalopolis support the conclusions of the basin's long-term and ongoing research, indicating a relatively continuous hominin presence during the Pleistocene.
... ; Leroi-Gourhan, 1964;Pelegrin et al., 1988;Tixier, 1978).Cores are 295 analysed considering the number of flaking surfaces, the presence or not of a hierarchical configuration of 296 the surfaces and the direction of the detachments. The description of S.S.D.A. (Système par surface de 297 débitage alterné, i.e. each platform created by one or more previous removals in turn serves as a striking 298 surface for a new unipolar series of flakes.) ...
... The Trino hill lithic assemblages are studied following the chaîne opératoire approach, including all the technical procedures necessary to satisfy specific needs and implemented by the knappers according to their own skills (Geneste, 1991;Leroi-Gourhan, 1964;Pelegrin et al., 1988;Tixier, 1978). Cores are analysed considering the number of flaking surfaces, the presence or not of a hierarchical configuration of the surfaces and the direction of the detachments. ...
The Trino hill is an isolated relief located in north-western Italy, close to Trino municipality. The hill was subject of multidisciplinary studies during the 1970s, when, because of quarrying and agricultural activities, five concentrations of lithic artefacts were recognized and referred to a Palaeolithic occupation of the area. During the 1980s and the 1990s, surface collections continued, but the lithic finds have never been subject of specific studies. Even if most of the lithic assemblages count a few lithic implements, four collection areas (3, 13 E, 13 W and 14) have significative lithic assemblages, representing the most important evidence of a Palaeolithic frequentation of the Po plain in north-western Italy. The present work, in the limits imposed by a surface and not systematic collection, propose a technological study of the lithic artefacts from the Trino hill, with the aim to define the main features of the technological behaviour of the human groups that occupied the area. The results obtained allow to clearly identify a Middle Palaeolithic occupation of the Trino hill, characterized by the exploitation of vein quartz and other local raw materials; allochthonous varieties of chert were used in the next frequentation phases to produce blades and bladelets. Even if part of the laminar production can be referred to Neolithic, most of that remains of indeterminate chronology and could be the result of both an Upper Palaeolithic and Neolithic human presence. The systematic and inclusive approach to the study of the Paleolithic of the Piedmont region proposed here has made it possible to obtain a first and realistic overview of the Paleolithic of the region. The methods used for the technological study are similar to those used for other sites in the region and have made it possible to link Trino's surface collections with data from sites systematically investigated in recent years.
Lithic use-wear analysis, through defining site function and allowing reconstructing of patterns of human occupation, can contribute to our understanding of archaeological palimpsests. The Ciota Ciara cave represents an excellent case study for this methodology. Multidisciplinary research so far conducted on the materials recovered from the atrial sector of the cave distinguishes three archaeological units from a Middle Palaeolithic occupation of the site: stratigraphic units (SUs) 13, 14, and 15. Each unit is interpreted as referring to a period of numerous, superimposed episodes of human occupation, the characteristics of which we try to reconstruct and present in this work through use-wear studies. The functional analysis of lithic industries from the upper units (13 and 14) has already been published previously; here, we report corresponding new data from the lowest level, SU 15. By comparing the use-wear results from the three units and integrating the findings with data from the geoarchaeological, palaeontological, zooarchaeological, and technological studies, we attempt to reconstruct the different phases of human occupation represented in the site through time, contributing to current interpretations regarding settlement dynamics and human behaviour in the Middle Palaeolithic of north-western Italy.
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