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Bibliography of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs
... Malus classifications differ primarily in the taxonomic level at which infrageneric groupings of species are recognised. Rehder345 proposed a classification system which is now accepted by later authors. Newer reports divided the genus Malus in six [6] or even in seven sections [7]. ...
... hybrids, altogether 256 accessions (different individuals) were collected from trees in the orchard of the Malus gene bank of the Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops in Dresden, Saxony, Germany. Species concept and definition of higher rank taxa were based on the works of Rheder [5] and Langenfelds [14]. Seven diploid and four triploid Malus ×domestica cultivars were included. ...
... Each ploidy level was analysed separately. Classification was based on the works of Rehder [5] and Langenfelds [14] nuclear DNA content over all ploidy levels (di-, tri-, tetraploids and higher 5x-6x) ranged from 1.245 to 4.286 pg per nucleus (Table 2: 1Cx-values ( * Median) of Malus species demonstrating different ploidy levels. For statistical analysis, differences among the levels were tested by non-parametric tests: either by the Mann-Whitney Test (in case of 2 levels) or by the the Kruskal-Wallis Test together with Dunn's Multiple Test (in case of more than 2 levels). ...
The sectional classification of the genus Malus should correctly read Eumalus (Malus).
In the Introduction section, the third paragraph should read “Most species are diploid () and cross-pollinated, but Way et al. [10] list Malus coronaria from the American section Chloromeles as apomictic and either triploid or tetraploid. They also note deviations from the normal type in section Eumalus and Sorbomalus: M. sikkimensis, M. hupehensis and M. toringoides (apomictic and triploid), M. sargenti (apomictic and tetraploid), and M. spectabilis and M. baccata (nonapomictic and either diploid or tetraploid),” while the sixth paragraph in the Discussion section should be written as “Harris et al. [30] analysed nuclear rDNA and chloroplast DNA sequences and placed Malus trilobata and Malus florentina in the same cluster. The present measurement of the DNA content would support the results of Harris et al. [30]. Qian et al. [7] characterized Malus florentina as a new section Florentinae. 25 species including 17 hybrid species demonstrated 1Cx DNA contents in the interval between −5% and +5% of the median of the diploid species. All species belong to the section Eumalus and Sorbomalus, series Sieboldianae and Kansuenses, and have native distribution in Asia and Europe with the exception of the species M. fusca spread on the West coast of North America.” Finally, the word Euromalus should be changed into Eumalus in all the occasions mentioned in Table 1 as well.
... The taxonomy of Malus has been revised several times (e.g., Koehne 1890;Zabel 1903;Koidzumi 1934b;Rehder 1949;Yu & Yen 1956;Chen 1959;Langenfeld 1991;Robertson et al. 1991;Li 1996;Qian 2005;Christenhusz et al. 2018). Morphological characteristics such as habit, sepals, leaf form, bud folding form, and stone cells have been mostly used in morphological classifications of Malus, but different researchers disagree on the categories, the taxonomic ranks, and the placement of some species. ...
... In addition, the leaf shape of M. tschonoskii is more similar to that of the members of Group C, whereas this species has a smaller leaf size. Traditionally, botanists often classified species into series and sections (Koidzumi 1934b;Rehder 1949;Yu & Yen 1956;Chen 1959;Langenfeld 1991;Phipps et al. 1990;Lagenfeld 1991;Li 1996;Qian 2005); however, neither our study nor the previous phylogenetic studies support these classifications. ...
A revision of the wild species in the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae) is presented based on numerical analyses and specimens from herbaria around the world, while cultivated species such as Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. are not included because of their complicated domestication history. Infra- and interspecific morphological variation and species delimitation are clarified based on Principal Component Analyses (PCA) and Cluster Analyses (UPGMA). We found that several morphological characters traditionally used to distinguish species have limited taxonomic value because of high phenotypic variation or plasticity. There is a substantial conflict between traditional morphological and genetic taxonomic concepts, and as a result species lineages are often morphologically indistinguishable. None of the analyses supports the recognition of infraspecific categories in Malus transitoria (Batalin) C.K.Schneid. and interspecific categories between Malus doumeri (Bois) A.Chev. and Malus leiocalyca S.Z.Huang. Based on our analyses, we recognize 26 wild species in the genus, and propose seven new synonymies.
... The genus is distributed mainly in the northern hemisphere with c. 100 species (Robertson et al. 1991;Mabberley 2008). Various intrageneric classifications have been proposed for the genus (Boissier 1872;Wenzig 1883;Hedlund 1901;Rehder 1949;Gabrieljan 1978;Sennikov & Kurtto 2017). The sections accepted by Gabrieljan, Sorbus sect. ...
... Chamaemespilus is characterised by pink flowers and most authors treat it as part of section Aria. While some authors (Wenzig 1883;Rehder 1949) accept these species groups as sections of the genus Sorbus, others accept them as separate genera because of their morphological differences (Robertson et al. 1991) or basing their conclusions on both morphological and molecular data (Campbell et al. 2007;Lo & Donoghue 2012;. Lo & Donoghue (2012) proposed that the taxa Aria, Chamaemespilus, Cormus, Micromeles, Sorbus and Torminalis should be separate genera as a result of an analysis of 11 chloroplast regions plus nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence data. ...
Sorbus has an extensive speciation in Turkey and among its species, an unusually distinctive population was discovered in the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region. Specimens of the population are closely related to S. aucuparia with several important distinctive characteristics: the outline of the leaves, shape of terminal leaflets, numbers of flowers, fruits per infructescence, fruit size and genome size. Based on the distinguishing morphological characters and the genomic data, the population is described as a new species with the name Sorbus erzincanica. Measurements of the nuclear DNA content of the proposed new species, closely related taxa (S. aucuparia, S. roopiana) and the other Sorbus species which occur in the same habitat (S. umbellata and S. kuznetzovii) are presented for the first time. The micromorphology of leaves and seed surfaces of the new species were investigated using SEM. A morphometric study using twenty characters from twelve specimens was carried out using principal coordinate analysis. The leaf architecture of S. erzincanica is very similar to that of the British local endemic S. pseudomeinichii, an autopolyploid apomictic species generated from several parents.
... Indeed, it is common to find multiple names used for the same willow taxon in botanic gardens and plant nurseries due to the misapplication of names or misidentification. The authors of some publications interpret the names related to Salix alba, S. euxina, S. × fragilis and S. vitellina differently (Rehder, 1949;Snarskis, 1954;Rechinger, 1964Rechinger, , 1981Jalas and Suominen, 1976;Chmelař and Meusel, 1976;Neumann, 1981;Skvortsov and Edmondson, 1982;Chmelař, 1983;Krüssman, 1984;Meikle, 1984;Meikle, 1985;Clarke, 1988;Santamour and McArdle, 1988;Newsholm, 1992;Blanco, 1993;Rechinger and Akeroyd, 1993;Lautenschlager-Fleury and Lautenschlager, 1994;Skvortsov, 1999;Belyaeva et al., 1999;Berg and Christensen, 2000;Hörandl et al., 2002;Fischer et al., 2005;Belyaeva, 2009;Stace, 2010;Mabbett, 2012;Hillier and Lancaster, 2014;Stace et al., 2015: Marchenko, 2017Schulz, 2018;Sell, 2018). However, there are only three accepted scientific names recognised by the authors of the current paper that apply to willows with twigs whose bark is both vitellinous (egg-yolk coloured) and sanguineous ( All cultivars attributable to these three names are easily propagated vegetatively. ...
... Bright stem coloration constitutes an important ornamental characteristic for basketry and for landscape specimens and, because of this, numerous upright and weeping cultivars have been named during the last 150 years. They were listed in prominent horticultural references, such as Bailey (1924), Rehder (1927Rehder ( , 1940Rehder ( , 1949, Späth (1930), Bailey and Bailey (1976), Krüssman (1978Krüssman ( , 1984 and Bean (1980), in most cases without detailed information regarding their origin. Many yellow, orange and red basket selections were developed by K.G.Stott from Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol, U.K., and described as cultivars of S. × basfordiana and S. × sanguinea and listed as hybrids of S. alba vitellina and S. × fragilis (Stott, 2001). ...
The nomenclature and taxonomy of the taxa related to S. vitellina L. are clarified. Two new combinations, Salix × fragilis L. f. vitellina (L.) I.V.Belyaeva and S. × pendulina f. salamonii (Carrière) I.V.Belyaeva, are made and one new form, S. × pendulina f. erythroflexuosa I.V.Belyaeva, is described. Twenty-seven names are synonymised to the three accepted names including seven as new synonyms. Eleven new typifications are made. Fifty-one existing cultivars are assigned to the three taxa accepted by the authors and brief descriptions of them are provided.
... Indeed, it is common to find multiple names used for the same willow taxon in botanic gardens and plant nurseries due to the misapplication of names or misidentification. The authors of some publications interpret the names related to Salix alba, S. euxina, S. × fragilis and S. vitellina differently (Rehder, 1949;Snarskis, 1954;Rechinger, 1964Rechinger, , 1981Jalas and Suominen, 1976;Chmelař and Meusel, 1976;Neumann, 1981;Skvortsov and Edmondson, 1982;Chmelař, 1983;Krüssman, 1984;Meikle, 1984;Meikle, 1985;Clarke, 1988;Santamour and McArdle, 1988;Newsholm, 1992;Blanco, 1993;Rechinger and Akeroyd, 1993;Lautenschlager-Fleury and Lautenschlager, 1994;Skvortsov, 1999;Belyaeva et al., 1999;Berg and Christensen, 2000;Hörandl et al., 2002;Fischer et al., 2005;Belyaeva, 2009;Stace, 2010;Mabbett, 2012;Hillier and Lancaster, 2014;Stace et al., 2015: Marchenko, 2017Schulz, 2018;Sell, 2018). However, there are only three accepted scientific names recognised by the authors of the current paper that apply to willows with twigs whose bark is both vitellinous (egg-yolk coloured) and sanguineous ( All cultivars attributable to these three names are easily propagated vegetatively. ...
... Bright stem coloration constitutes an important ornamental characteristic for basketry and for landscape specimens and, because of this, numerous upright and weeping cultivars have been named during the last 150 years. They were listed in prominent horticultural references, such as Bailey (1924), Rehder (1927Rehder ( , 1940Rehder ( , 1949, Späth (1930), Bailey and Bailey (1976), Krüssman (1978Krüssman ( , 1984 and Bean (1980), in most cases without detailed information regarding their origin. Many yellow, orange and red basket selections were developed by K.G.Stott from Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol, U.K., and described as cultivars of S. × basfordiana and S. × sanguinea and listed as hybrids of S. alba vitellina and S. × fragilis (Stott, 2001). ...
The nomenclature and taxonomy of the taxa related to S. vitellina L. are clarified. Two new
combinations, Salix × fragilis L. f. vitellina (L.) I.V.Belyaeva and S. × pendulina f. salamonii
(Carrière) I.V.Belyaeva, are made and one new form, S. × pendulina f. erythroflexuosa
I.V.Belyaeva, is described. Twenty-seven names are synonymised to the three accepted names
including seven as new synonyms. Eleven new typifications are made. Fifty-one existing
cultivars are assigned to the three taxa accepted by the authors and brief descriptions of them
are provided.
... In 40 years of studying plants in much of southwestern Manitoba, I have seen no Crataegus with black or purple fruits except in cultivation. Rehder (1949) points out that C. macracantha, a species similar to C. succulenta, had been misidentified as C. douglasii by Macoun in 1883. This would seem a probable origin for listing C. douglasii in Manitoba. ...
... alba vitellina Nova". Rehder [40] listed "S. alba var. ...
Salix vitellina L., or golden willow, was described by C. Linnaeus in 1753. It was later considered to be affiliated with S. alba, and its taxonomic rank has been changed to variety, subspecies, and form. A recent proposal designated it as a form of S. alba × S. fragilis. The goal of this study was to verify the taxonomic designation of S. vitellina using morphological characteristics including ovule number. A few specimens of S. vitellina from Europe and North America, including the lectotype LINN1158.13, were analyzed. It was recorded that S. vitellina has an ovule index of 6–10, with most valves with four and five ovules and less than 50% of valves with five ovules. These ovule parameters were similar to those of S. alba. The other floral characteristics also indicated that S. vitellina is associated with S. alba. No signs of androgyny or flower aberrations, commonly occurring in willow hybrids, were found in the specimens of S. vitellina. Thus, the analyses did not corroborate the hybrid origin of S. vitellina. The ovule analysis also confirmed that f. chermesina with orange–red stems is also a taxon of S. alba, which differs from f. vitellina by a greater ovule index of 12–16.
... It was listed as a plant with leaves glaucous underneath, with the common name Wisconsin weeping willow, with a note that this plant is hardy farther north. Bailey [38] referred to it as a synonym of S. blanda, a suggested hybrid of S. babylonica and S. fragilis, and this placement was followed by Rehder [39]. ...
Salix babylonica, S. alba and S. fragilis are closely related species characterized by the lanceolate, acuminate and serrulate leaves. The boundaries between them are defined by relatively few diagnostic characters, and their identification is not fully solved. Recent studies have demonstrated that the number of ovules present in the ovaries of the willow flower can assist in the identification of the species. The detailed ovule data, characteristic for flowers of each species, S. babylonica, S. alba and S. fragilis, and variation in the number of ovules per ovary were documented using many representatives of these species from various geographic regions. The data included the minimum and maximum number of ovules per valve and per ovary and the percentages of valves with a specific number of ovules in a catkin. Some intermediate genotypes and clusters with similar ovule indexes were observed. The important character for the identification of S. babylonica was the presence of valves with 1 or 2 ovules in the ovaries; S. fragilis had valves with 3 ovules while S. alba had the greater number (4–12).
... Pyrus decipiens (= Sorbus decipiens (BECHSTEIN) KIRCHN.). Volgens REHDER (1949) gebruikte BECHSTEIN deze naam al in de eerste druk van zijn 'Forstbotanik' (1810), maar deze druk is in Nederland niet te raadplegen. Uit de uitvoerige beschrijving door BECHSTEIN blijkt duidelijk, dat het om een tussenvorm tussen S. aria en S. torminalis ging; onder de synoniemen vermeldt hij zelfs (onder voorbehoud) de hem nog onbekende S. latifolia (LAM.) ...
... cordata. Among them, P. pyraster is occasionally regarded by some authors [Rehder 1949;Kurtto 2009] at a variety or subspecies rank under P. communis. However, recently a molecular study demonstrated that P. communis is more closely related to P. caucasica and P. nivalis, rather than to P. pyraster [Zheng et al., 2014]. ...
... cordata. Among them, P. pyraster is occasionally regarded by some authors [Rehder 1949;Kurtto 2009] at a variety or subspecies rank under P. communis. However, recently a molecular study demonstrated that P. communis is more closely related to P. caucasica and P. nivalis, rather than to P. pyraster [Zheng et al., 2014]. ...
Species of the genus Pyrus distributed in Eu-rope include P. communis L., P. pyraster, P. nivalis Jacq., and P. cordata Desv. subsp. cordata. Pyrus pyraster is occasionally regarded as a variety or subspecies of P. communis. However, a molecular study has recently demonstrated that P. communis is more closely related to P. caucasica and P. nivalis, rather than to P. pyraster. In this study, Pyrus pyraster is reported from Turkey for the first time. Pyrus vallis-demonis, a species recently described from Italy, is here reduced to a synonym of Pyrus pashia based on morphology. Also, we discuss seed ornamentation of Pyrus pashia and a closely related taxon, P. cordata subsp. boissieriana, to achieve a better understanding of taxonomy in the group.
... Malus classifications differ primarily in the taxonomic level at which infrageneric groupings of species are recognized. Rehder (1920Rehder ( , 1927Rehder ( , and 1949) proposed a classification system which is nowadays well accepted [2][3][4]. Newer reports divided the genus Malus in six [5] or even in seven sections [6]. ...
Apple is cultivated in most of the temperate regions due to the fruit’s
quality, its easiness to propagate, and its natural aptitude to bear. Malus classifications differ primarily
in the taxonomic level at which infrageneric groupings of species are
recognized. Object of the study was oriental apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk) from Azerbaijan flora which was
introduced to Absheron. The conducted experiments showed that the first sprouts
of the seeds of the Malus orientalis
sown in autumn were observed in the third decade of March. The first embryo
roots which gives start to the main roots begin growth in germinal period
before the ontogenesis. Thus, experiments have shown that Malus orientalis
specie have normal growth in the ontogenesis initial development - germinal
stage and it can be used as a perspective species for greening of Absheron.
... In order to compare the individual taxa even with other historical sources and works dealing with the history of introduction, the Internet portals the Plant List, The International Plant Names Index (IPNI), and others were used to determine the current correct name. Fundamental to the study were the publications from Rehder (1940Rehder ( , 1949, and Krüssmann (1972Krüssmann ( , 1976Krüssmann ( -1978. Latin names did not always contain the authors' names, which complicated their identification. ...
The activities of the Dendrological Society in Průhonice have significantly influenced the introduction of woody plants into the territory of today‘s Czech Republic. This is evidenced by a significant handwritten document – The Register of plants of the Dendrological Society that records the introduction period between 1909 and 1924 (10,050 items). The collections of seeds (plants) from E. Taquet, H. Shirasawa and J. Unger played an important role in the introduction of woody plants to Průhonice with over 157 taxa of woody plants from their collections being introduced between 1909 and 1912. From the total number of 157 taxa, 80 items were introduced to Průhonice before anywhere in the Czech lands. This work aims to provide a new knowledge acquired from studying the above-mentioned document, about the time and place of these introductions. A significant part of this work is a detailed overview of the particular woody species introduced to Průhonice.
... Most horticultural references from the 20th and 21st centuries (Bailey, 1924;Bailey and Bailey, 1976;Bean, 1981;Hillier, 2014;Krussmann, 1978Krussmann, , 1984Rehder, 1927Rehder, , 1940Rehder, , 1949Walter et al., 1989) did not list S. chaenomeloides among cultivated plants. ...
Salix gracilistyla Miq., japanese pussy willow or rosegold willow, is an ornamental shrub commonly cultivated for its prominent display of catkins in early spring. Verification of stocks of willows in the North American landscape nursery trade revealed that another name—Salix chaenomeloides Kimura—is associated frequently with plants similar to S. gracilistyla. Morphological analyses conducted during this study have shown that the S. chaenomeloides binomial is misapplied often to S. gracilistyla, its cultivars and hybrids. A comparison of the diagnostic characters of S. gracilistyla and S. chaenomeloides is presented to explain the differences between these taxa and to promote the adoption of the correct names. Five cultivars of S. gracilistyla valued for their early spring catkin displays, variegated foliage, and pendulous habits, and two cultivars of a hybrid origin are summarized. Also, two new ornamental cultivars called Salix ‘Winter Glory’ and Salix ‘Rabbit’s Foot’ are described. © 2016, American Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.
... As all the other elements of the protologue could have come from any of the eight species that Linnaeus included in Atriplex in 1753 (with the one possible exception of the bracteoles, see below), it is evident that A. hastata, in which the pistillate flowers always lack a perianth, is in serious conflict with the protologue. Thus the choice of A. hastata, as type by Hitchcock andGreen (1929, 1935) and, after them, by Rehder (1949) and Phillips (1951), may, perhaps, be superseded. The new (Sydney) wording of Art. 8 specifies, however, that such a lectotypification may be superseded only if "another element is available which is not in conflict with the protologue." ...
In preparing an account of the 22 species of Atriplex L. (Chenopodiaceae) that are native or introduced to Canada (Bassett et al., in press), it proved necessary to investigate in detail the application and typification of several names (including Atriplex itself). An account of the status of A. suckleyi (Torrey) Rydb. has already been published (McNeill et al., 1979), and a proposal to reject the name A. hastata L. is in preparation. This paper describes the results of the other nomenclatural investigations and where necessary reports taxonomic conclusions that bear on the nomenclature being adopted.
... A great deal of interest has been generated since then in the potential o f Malus germ plasm as a source o f diverse and beneficial gene pool. The evaluation and utilization of M a lu s spe cies in various breeding programs around the world reflects the importance of interspecific hybridization in improvement of the cul tivated apple (1,4,57), breeding of new crab apple cultivars (30,49,68), and the development of hybrid M a lu s species (39,50,51). ...
Modem taxonomists classify the genus Malus into 25 to 30 species and several subspecies (9, 25). Most species of this genus intercross freely, since there are no evident physiological and genetic barriers. Moreover, collections of Malus found in arboreta are classified inadequately and usually are grown from seed which is generally a result of interspecific or intraspecific hybrids (9).
... A thorough search of horticultural, botanical, and commercial literature was conducted to find relevant information concerning ornamental and technical cultivars. The literature search included prominent horticultural references of the late 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries (Bailey, 1924;Bailey and Bailey, 1976;Bean, 1980;Dirr, 2009;Hillier, 2014;Krussmann, 1978Krussmann, , 1984Rehder, 1927Rehder, , 1940Rehder, , 1949Spaẗh, 1930, etc.), as well as systematic monographs on Salix (Meikle, 1984;Ohashi, 2000Ohashi, , 2001Skvortsov, 1968Skvortsov, , 1999, and horticultural editions dedicated to Salix (Newsholme, 1992;Stott, 2001;Warren-Wren, 1972). Also, reviewed were horticultural magazines, conference proceedings, nursery catalogs, and various online publications, as well as the two major databases of surveys of names in contemporary nursery catalogs-the List of Names of Woody Plants: International Standard, European Nurserystock Association 2010-15 (Hoffman, 2010) and the Royal Horticultural Society Horticultural Database (2015). ...
The long history of Salix L. cultivation has resulted in selections of cultivars with superior technical and ornamental characteristics. Numerous cultivars have been developed and named over the centuries, but until now, no comprehensive compilation of these records has ever beenmade. With the expanding domestication of the genus Salix and the active selection of new cultivars, it is increasingly important that we have clear and standardized records documenting the cultivars. In 2013, the International Poplar Commission of the Food and Agriculture Organization (IPC FAO) was appointed as the International Cultivar Registration Authority (ICRA) for willows. The Checklist for Cultivars of Salix was compiled as the first step toward the promotion of a standardized registration process and the establishment of a Cultivar Register for Salix. Eight hundred and fifty four cultivar epithets with accompanying information have been included in the Checklist. The largest group of cultivars-more than 200-is represented by basket selections. This is followed by selections for ornamental plantings and biofuel production. The Checklist aims to promote the uniformity and accuracy of cultivar names of Salix, and provides a baseline for new registrations to ensure that each newly developed cultivar receives a unique, authoritative botanical name. © 2015 American Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.
... Aby bylo možné srovnávat jednotlivé taxony i s jinými historickými prameny a pracemi týkající se historie introdukce, bylo pro stanovení současného správného jména využito internetových portálů The Plant list, The International Plant Names Index (IPNI), a další. Jako základní byly využity publikace REHDER (1940REHDER ( , 1949, KRÜSSMAN (1976KRÜSSMAN ( -1978. ...
Rhododendrons (Rhododendron) are shrubs whose attractiveness is determined by their multicoloured flowers and evergreen leaves. During the year 2014 rhododendron shrubs were monitored as a part of complex mycoflora in association with health state study of shrubs growing in the Mlyňany Arboretum of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. The material for analysis consisted of leaves and buds of 5 rhododendron genotypes. Seven genera of
microscopic fungi: Cercospora, Coleophoma, Guignardia, Mycosphaerella, Pestalotiopsis,
Phomopsis and Seifertia were found and identified from samples collected during spring
period. Fungi of genera Coleophoma and Mycosphaerella were identified from all examined
samples of rhododendron leaves with high frequency.
... the commercially imponant birches are limited to B. pendula and B. pubescens. According to Rehder (1949). these species are included with B. papyri/era in subsection Albae. ...
The wood anatomy was studied of the four commercially important Nonh American species of birch: Betula alleghaniensis, B. lenta. B. nigra. and B. papyri/era. Although the wood from these species is fairly homo-geneous, it appears that B. papyri/era can be separated from B. nigra; B. alleghaniensis and B. lema. though indistinguishable from each other. can be separated from both B. papyri/era and B. nigra. The diagnostic fea-tures are as follows: ray width, ray and ray cell shape as viewed on the tangentiallongi-tudinal section, average number of bars per perforation plate. and contents of axial paren-chyma cells. In addition to these species. two commen:ia1ly important European species (B. pendula and B. puheseens) and two addi-tional North American tree species (B. oecl· tknlalis and B. populi/alia) were studied. A dichotomous key to all eight species is pre· sented.
... No information is available on this species' light or moisture requirements, but the varied native habitat suggests that it can withstand conditions from full to partial sun and may be drought tolerant. The first record of introduction of this species into the U.S. was made in 1900 (Rehder 1949); I am unaware of any reports of this species escaping cultivation (USDA 2003). Only one mention of S. wilsonii is found in the traditional horticultural references suggesting that it has not yet been widely introduced. ...
... This proposal was not followed by Bornstein (1997) in his Flora of North America. Verdcourt and Polhill (1997), unaware of Wilbur's paper, summarized the most important points of the problem and proposed the conservation of Myrica and Gale following the criteria of Hylander (1945) and Rehder (1949), who considered Myrica cerifera to be the lectotype of Myrica and made the transfer of Myrica gale and Myrica hartwegii to Gale. This proposal required that Myrica gale become Gale belgica Dumort. ...
New combinations in South American Myricaceae. Brittonia 54: 322–326. 2002.—New combinations and lectotypification are made of the South American species formerly of Myrica in the genus Morella. A key and a list of synonyms are presented. Parra-O., C. (Instituto de Ciencias Naturales—Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado Aereo 7495, Bogotá, Colombia; email: carlospa@ciencias.unal.edu.co). New combinations in South American Myricaceae. Brittonia 54: 322–326. 2002.—Se presentan las nuevas combinaciones y las lectotipificaciones necesarias para transferir a Morella las especies suramericanas anteriormente asignadas a Myrica. Además se incluyen una clave y una lista de sinónimos.
... We cannot discuss other Salix systems, e.g., Koch (1828), Fries (1832), Seemen (1903), Schneider (1916), Hao (1936), Rehder (1949), because species treated in their systems were limited, materials used in this study were not comparable, and our results could not resolve the problems at the species level. We should reexamine these systems using more species and using genes that have higher rate of sequence evolution than rbcL. ...
Nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast-encoded rbcL gene were used to examine phylogenetic relationships of the genus Salix together with other allied genera of the family Salicaceae. Phylogenetic analyses of rbcL sequences strongly suggest the monophyly of three commonly recognized genera (Chosenia, Salix, and Toisusu). Two monophyletic groups are recognized within the larger monophyletic group. They do not correspond with any infrageneric taxa proposed so far. With regard to character evolution, it is thought that the reduction of stamen number from more than two stamens to two might occur in at least three lineages and that fused bud scales evolved several times and/or the reverse evolution occurred from fused to free. Some types of pollen surfaces are considered to have evolved independently.
The article describes the convoluted history of Sargent's Weeping Hemlock, the most famous cultivare of the eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis. It was discovered sometime in the 1850s by Jefferson Horton, a farmer in the Hudson Highlands area of New York state about 60 miles northeast of New York City. The plant became a horticultural sensation in the 1880s and was widely planted throughout the northeast. Today, it is still considered one of the world's great dwarf conifer cultivars in terms of its beauty, longevity and morphological stability.
This bibliographical list, containing more than 3600 publications related to the genus Salix, was compiled by Dr. Argus during his long scientific career.
Two species of Coprosma (Rubiaceae) J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. are described from the island of Maui of the Hawaiian Archipelago. A newly described taxon, Coprosma cordicarpa J.Cantley, Sporck-Koehler, & M.Chau, sp. nov. is locally common in medium to high elevation dry forests and shrublands of leeward East Maui. The second taxon is resurrected from the synonymy of Coprosma foliosa A.Gray as Coprosma stephanocarpa Hillebr. and occurs in mesic to wet rainforests of both East and West Maui. Both taxa are segregated from Coprosma foliosa, with which they share similar morphological characters. A conspicuous and persistent calyx of the fruit and various floral characters most easily differentiate both taxa from other Hawaiian taxa. The newly described Coprosma cordicarpa is further distinguished from Coprosma stephanocarpa by a central constriction of the fruit with a depressed apex, which gives it a characteristic heart shape. Furthermore, the taxa are largely separated phenologically, ecologically, and geographically. Descriptions, conservation status, and specimens examined for the new species are included.
A local population of Pyrus pyraster was studied in dry and warm habitats: xerothermic grasslands Potentillo-Stipetum capillatae and Adonido-Brachypodietum, as well as thermophilous oak forest Quercetum pubescentipetraeae in the forest-steppe Bielinek Reserve (NW Poland). Our aims were to assess: (1) the ability of this species to adapt to extremely dry sites, as a pioneer woody plant; (2) its phytosociological position; and (3) morphological variation and genetic diversity of the local population. The pear trees in Bielinek Reserve seem to reach an optimum in shrub communities of the class Rhamno-Prunetea, but tree age clearly indicates that the grasslands were colonized by wild pear trees already before the shrub communities developed. This indicates that P. pyraster can colonize very dry, eroded sites, such as steep sunny slopes covered by xerothermic grasslands. Wild pear trees form plant communities that are a seral stage followed by forest-shrub communities or thermophilous forests. The species in xerothermic shrub communities of the reserve shows a high constancy. It is also very resistant to extreme temperatures, insolation, drought, and erosion. Its tree-ring width (on average 1.1 mm per year) was strongly related to precipitation and temperature in spring and summer. High precipitation resulted in wider tree rings, while dry years (associated with high air temperature) caused a decrease in tree-ring width. Another significant factor is precipitation in winter, which had a positive influence on tree-ring width. Microsatellite markers revealed a high level of genetic diversity in this population. Our results suggest that wild pear can be recommended for afforestation of areas affected by droughts and disturbed sites in Central Europe. It can be used to increase the heterogeneity of the landscape, e.g. by creation of forest ecotones and for planting along roads and field margins, especially considering the predicted climate change.
A collection of 337 Malus accessions representing 46 species of the Fruit Genebank in Dresden-Pillnitz, Germany, were evaluated for 64 morphological and phenological traits to proof the classification of the accession and to analyze genetic relationships. Morphological characteristics were determined for the whole tree, shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits. Data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), and a dendrogram was constructed to demonstrate morphological relationship. According to PCA the most important variables integrated in the first principal component were mainly fruit descriptors and three traits characterizing pubescence (1 year old shoot, leaf blade, and pedicel). Cluster analysis clearly separated the accessions in Malus series. The results showed the polyphyletic origin of the section Sorbomalus. The North American apple species, M. fusca, was closely related to the species contributing to the East Asian center of the genus origin. The relict species of the European continent (M. trilobata) was grouped in near distance to the North American species belonging to section Chloromeles. The species of Sieversinae and Baccatae dominated in one main cluster indicating their close relatedness. Most of M. xdomestica accessions were grouped with M. sieversii and M. orientalis; this supports the Sievers apple as an ancestor of domesticated apple. The morphological evaluations in this study indicated a high level of phenotypic diversity in the genebank collection. These phenotypical data will increase the feasibility of prioritizing accessions based on the uniqueness of desirable morphological traits.
The clonal wild-species Malus collection at the Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Germany, comprises 507 accessions of 46 species and represents one of the largest collections in Europe. Cryopreservation was applied to 77 accessions of 31 species and hybrids in the Malus collection using a winter vegetative-bud method. No significant differences were observed in the recovery of the two controls, untreated buds and desiccated buds, however, cryopreservation significantly decreased bud recovery, independent of the rootstock used for chip budding. Data from this investigation showed an effect on recovery of year and genotype between and within species. Of the 77 accessions, 62 had living buds, and recovery was >40 % for 37 and these averaged 68.5 % recovery. The initial moisture content, dehydration time, and morphology of the buds had no significant influence on recovery. The higher percentage of recovery in one experimental year was possibly the result of secondary buds that grew despite lethal injury to the primary meristems. Adaptations to the general protocol and the handling details were successful, and the cryopreservation of dormant buds will now be part of the conservation strategy for Malus genetic resources in Germany.
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of existing sour and duke cherry cultivars provide information for use by breeders in developing cultivars with improved qualities and for germplasm management to optimise the conserved diversity. This study examined 79 sour and duke cherry cultivars of the Fruit Genebank of the Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden-Pillnitz. For morphological analysis, 23 descriptors of the tree, the flower or the fruit, and three phenological characters were recorded to detect similarities and differences among the cultivars. Most of the characteristics exhibited a high degree of variability. Principal component analysis revealed that the first three components were responsible for 48 % of the phenotypic variability. Color descriptors as well as the fruit size and weight, the organoleptic quality and the two descriptors related to the abscission between fruit and stalk were the most effective parameters to discriminate genotypes. The genetic analysis was performed using six microsatellite markers recommended by the European Cooperative Program for Plant Genetic Resources. The average number of the effective alleles was 7.11 and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.78 to 0.89. The highest expected heterozygosity was achieved with the primer pairs EMPaS10 and EMPaS12. The tree comparison (‘bipartition distance’) estimated by the two data sets, morphological and genetic, revealed a tree distance of 0.669. Apparently, more research is needed for combining and jointly interpreting phenotypic and genetic marker data in diversity analysis for plant breeding and germplasm management.
Dispute over the lectotypification of the Linnaean genus Bignonia has resulted in numerous conflicting nomenclatural papers during the past century. Repeated interpretations of the protologue and study of both pre- and post-1753 usage have failed to provide a generally accepted type resulting in considerable nomenclatural confusion. Strict application of the Code, in my opinion, results in the acceptance of Bignonia unguis-cati L. as the generic lectotype as it was the first species explicitly so designated. However, the usage of most current floras and botanists would be best served by conserving Bignonia capreolata L. as the lectotype of the genus Bignonia and this is recommended to the Spermatophyta Committee.
Après avoir décrit les classifications effectuées par dix taxinomistes depuis SHAW (1914), l'auteur disserte sur l'établissement de règles pour diviser et subdiviser un genre de plantes vasculaires aussi complexe que le genre Pinus. Les rangs concernés sont le sous-genre, la section, la sous-section, la série et la sous-série. Contrairement à l'espèce qui ne peut se définir naturellement, ces rangs supraspécifiques, assujettis à des règles de classification simples et sans équivoque, peuvent se conformer au système naturel linnéen dans son essentialité.
براي شناسايي دقيق بيدهاي ايران جمعآوريهاي زيادي در مراحل رويشي و زايشي از رويشگاههاي طبيعي صورت گرفته است. بهطوريكه به همراه نمونهبرداريهاي هرباريومي از همان پاية قلمههايي نيز تهيه شد تا با کشت آنها در خزانه آزمايشي بتوان تغييرات مورفولوژيک آنها را در شرايط يکسان و در مراحل مختلف فازهاي رويشي و زايشي بررسي و مورد توجه قرار داد.
نمونههاي هرباريومي که بهتوسط گياهشناسان ديگر جمعآوري شدهاند و نگهداري ميشوند برخلاف گياهان گلدار ديگر زياد سودمند نميباشند، و تنها ميتوان بدقت آدرس محل رويش را يادداشتبرداري نمود و در فصل رويش، گياه را بطور زنده در طبيعت پيدا نمود و ضمن مشاهده و دقت در صفات رويشي نمونههاي هرباريومي از آن برداشت نمود، بنابراين لازم است که متخصص مربوطه خود به بررسي گونههاي بيد در رويشگاههاي طبيعي بپردازد و ضمن بررسي دقيق نمونه زنده موجود در طبيعت و توجه به شکلهاي رويشي آنها به گوناگونيهاي درون گونهاي توجه داشته و بعد نمونه هرباريومي را انتخاب نمايد. جمعآوري پايههاي نر و ماده بايد به همراه هم انجام شود تا تغييرات پايههاي نر و ماده بدقت مورد توجه قرارگيرد. همزمان با بررسي نمونههاي هرباريومي، بررسي بهنگام نمونههاي کاشته شده در خزانه ضرورت دارد تا صفات گونههاي متفاوت بدقت زير نظر گرفته شود.
براي روشن شدن موقعيت تاکزونوميک يک گونه، آن گونه بايد در هر يک از رويشگاههاي طبيعي در چهار نوبت که شامل: نمونه گلدار نر و ماده، نمونه برگ کامل، نمونه با جوانه زايشي کامل و نمونه پس از خزان برگها ميباشد جمعآوري گردد، حتي براي جلوگيري از سردرگميهاي ناشي از اختلاط گونهها و يا پايهها، لازم است که پايهها بطور جداگانه علامتگذاري و ضمن يادداشت دقيق رويشگاه، برداشت مراحل چهارگانه فقط از آن پايه صورت پذيرد تا بتوان اطلاعات دقيق و کاملي از هر گونه بدست آورد. نمونهبرداريهاي هرباريومي از نقاط مختلف کشور و از رويشگاههاي متفاوت با رعايت موارد فوق طي 9 سال انجامشده است و به همراه مطالعه همه جانبه اين نمونهها، به مطالعات پايههاي زنده در خزانه تجربي در محيط يکسان نيز پرداخته شده است.
در منابع و فلورهاي مختلف به گونههايي اشاره شده که به هيچوجه در ايران رويش ندارند. اين اشتباه به دو علت پيش ميآيد؛ نخست اينکه نمونههاي هرباريومي گونههاي مختلف خيلي با يکديگر نزديک و مشابه ميباشند و دوم اينکه گونههاي ذکر شده بهتوسط فرد متخصص جمعآوري و در طبيعت مشاهده نشده است و بنابراين با اقتباس از منابع ديگر و گسترش عرصه انتشار يک گونه از نقاط بسيار دوردست بصورت يک گونه ذهني، حضورش را در ايران اعلام نمودهاند و همچنين در بعضي منابع، بطور اغراقآميزي به دورگها اشاره شده است و در بعضي از فلورها تعداد دورگها را از تعداد گونههاي مستقل و مجزا بهمراتب بيشتر معرفي نمودهاند که اين امر اغلب ناشي از عدم شناخت دقيق گونهها ميباشد که والدين آنها را بدون هيچگونه تجربه عملي به گونههاي متفاوت نسبت ميدهند. لازم به يادآوري است که شناخت دقيق گونههاي بيد بعلت داشتن صفات پنهاني و ناچيز با نمونههاي هرباريومي مقدور نمي باشد و چنانچه مطالعات و مشاهدات صحرايي به دقت انجام شده باشد، امکان نامگذاري نمونههاي هرباريومي تا حدي رضايتبخش خواهد بود.
در اين بررسي بدقت کوشش شده است تا گونههاي مستقل در رويشگاههاي طبيعي مشاهده، مطالعه و شناخته شوند تا از خطاهاي احتمالي جلوگيري گردد. بايد اذعان نمود که شناخت دقيق بعضي از گونهها بسيار مشکل و نياز به صرف وقت فراوان و مشاهده نمونه در مراحل مختلف رويشي و زايشي ميباشد تا هرگونه ابهام را از بين ببرد.
در اين کار تحقيقاتي، بيدهاي ايران با حوصله و صرف وقت و دقت زيادي مورد مطالعه قرارگرفته است و نتايج مطلوبي نيز بههمراه داشته است. اين شيوه مطالعه به گياهشناساني که اغلب از مقوله پليمورفيسم درختان تک جنسي و دوپايه و يا يک پايه شکوه دارند شايد کمک نمايد تا براي بررسي فلور درختان و درختچههاي ايران مورد اقبال قرارگيرد.
Malus orientalis Uglitzk. is the predominant Malus species of the Caucasian forests distributed in the north of Anatolia, Armenia, Russia as well as in Iran. It is considered as one of the probable minor ancestors of domestic apples. Although M. orientalis has a lower diversity of fruit quality, other valuable traits such as later blooming, adaptation to a wider array of habitats, and capacity for longer storage of the apples should be taken into account for improving the genetic makeup of the domestic apple. A joint expedition of scientists of the Julius Kühn-Institute from Germany and the Nikolaj I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry from Russia was performed into the North Caucasus region during August/September 2011. Altogether 101 M. orientalis accessions were collected from eight sites at the North Caucasus. Twenty-six traits such as size, color, shape, flavor and firmness of fruit and tree habit were used for phenotypic evaluation of the accessions. A high phenotypic diversity within the collected material of M. orientalis was indicated. Accessions characterized by suitable fruit traits like bigger size, larger cover color, less bitterness and better firmness as well as more sweetness and better flavor were found. However, small-sized flavorless fruits were also detected. Tree habit varied widely from upright to weeping. Subsequently, a comprehensive phenotypic and genetic evaluation of M. orientalis increases the knowledge of diversity, may provide new resources of agronomically important traits for breeding purposes, and gives support to determine accessions for a core collection.
Zusammenfassung Die Benennungssysteme für Kulturpflanzen und Wildpflanzen unterscheiden sich in wesentlichen Grundsätzen. Zu einigen Artikeln (15, 19, 26, 36) des „Internationalen Code der Nomenklatur für Kulturpflanzen“ wird Stellung genommen.
Die Gattung Fraxinus ist in Europa in 2 Sektionen vertreten, nämlich die Sektion Ornus mit gut entwickeltem Perianth durch die Art F. ornus L., die Sektion Fraxinus (= Fraxinaster ) durch 6 wildwachsenden Arten, die keine Blütenhülle besitzen. F. excelsior ist die verbreitetste Art, die in den westlichen Teilen Europas in 2 Ökotypen (Wassereeche, Kalkesche) vorkommt. In der Hinsicht der Unterscheidung, Bewertung und Absonderung der weiteren ähnlichen Arten sind dagegen viele Widersprüche und Unsicherheiten in der Literatur anzutreffen.
Nach der eingehenden Untersuchung der Arten stellte sich heraus, daß für die Unterscheidung Blütenstandsmerkmale maßgebend sind.
Bei den Arten F. excelsior, F. oxycarpa und F. coriariifolia ist die Infloreszenz zusammengesetzt, also eine Rispe (Sect. Paniclatae) , bei den Arten F. angustifolia, F. pallisae und F. syriaca hingegen einfach, daher eine Traube (Sect. Racemosae ).
Der Ökotyp „Wasseresche”︁ der F. excelsior kommt im pannonischen Raum und ostwärts nicht vor, hier wird der Typ durch F. angustifolia ssp. pannonica vertreten.
In der Literatur wird F. oxycarpa mit F. angustifolia oft verwechselt, ferner wird F. coriariifolia mit F. pallisae verwechselt. Nach dem obengesagten handelt es sich um ähnliche Arten, die jedoch zu verschiedenen Sektionen gehören.
In European and American species of Fagaceae, the growth and the shape of axes can be different between seedlings and trees. Furthermore, in this family, a good connection appears between the architectural model and the genus, because oaks grow according to the Rauh model, chestnut trees according to the Massart model, and beeches according to the Troll model. By studying 13 other species from Japan with unknown architectural traits, we complete our knowledge on growth and morphology of Fagaceae. The architectural characters were described on seedlings 1- to 4-years-old grown in the open air, in an experimental field, and on trees of all ages grown in forests. The relationships in architecture between seedlings and trees and the systematic status of these species in the Fagaceae were analyzed. Keywords: Fagaceae, morphology, architecture, germination, systematic.
Malosorbus Browicz, an intergeneric hybrid between the genera Malus Mill. and Sorbus L. proposed by Browicz, is suggested to be a section of the genus Malus Miller in the present study based on a comparison of the morphology and experimental data of the taxon and its closely related taxa. Section Florentinae was invalidly published by Cheng et al. and is now validated by the addition of a Latin description, type species, and basionym citation. The new section differs from Malus section Sorbomalus (Zabel) C.K.Schneid. mainly by its partly free top of fruits and five styles with villous at the base, and from Malus section Eriolobus (Seringe) C. K. Schneid. by its five styles with villous at the base and deciduous sepals. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158, 223–227.
The Pinus mugo complex is revised, and a new infraspecific classification of the species is proposed. The species is divided into two subspecies and an intermediate nothossp., viz. ssp. mugo, ssp. uncinata and nothossp. rotundata. P. mugo ssp. mugo is divided into f. mugo and f. applanata comb, et stat. nov. (P. pumilio) and P. mugo nothossp. rotundata into f. rotundata and f, mughioides comb. nov. The putative hybrid P. mugo × sylvestris found in mixed stands of the parents is named P. × rhaetica. A description of P. sylvestris and a key to P. mugo, P. sylvestris and P. × rhaetica is given.
Comparison of several critical morphological characters inAcer japonicum microphyllum Siesmayer andA. shirasawanum Koidzumi, show that the two taxa are identical; the former is synonymous withA. shirasawanum. Similarly, morphological data, supported by the chemical dichotomy of flavonols vs. glycoflavones withinAcer sectionPalmata, indicate thatA. japonicum aureum Siesmayer is in fact a form ofA. shirasawanum. The combinationAcer shirasawanum formaaureum (Siesmayer) Delendick is proposed for the golden fullmoon maple.
The potential for introgression of Prunus davidiana, a wild species related to peach, was evaluated with respect to problems of non-Mendelian segregation or suppressed recombination which often hamper breeding processes based on interspecific crosses. Three connected (F1, F2 and BC2) populations, derived from a cross between P. davidiana clone P1908 and the peach cultivar Summergrand were used. The intraspecific map of P. davidiana already established using the F1 progeny was complemented, and two interspecific maps, for the F2 and BC2 progenies, were built with a set of markers selected from the Prunus reference map. With the molecular data collected for the F2 map construction, regions with distorted marker segregation were detected on the genome; one third of all loci deviated significantly from the expected Mendelian ratios. However, some of these distorted segregations were probably not due to the interspecific cross. On linkage group 6, a skewed area under gametic selection was most likely influenced by the self-incompatibility gene of P. davidiana. Using anchor loci, a good colinearity between the three maps built and the Prunus reference map was demonstrated. Comparative mapping also revealed that homologous recombination occurred normally between P. davidiana and the Prunus persica genome. This confirmed the closeness of the two species. Higher recombination rates were generally observed between P. davidiana and P. persica than between Prunus amygdalus and P. persica. The consequences for plant breeding strategy are discussed. The three maps of the F1, F2 and BC2 progenies provide useful tools for QTL detection and marker-assisted selection, as well as for assessing the efficiency of the peach breeding scheme applied to introgress P. davidiana genes into peach cultivated varieties.
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