Rhabdovirus carpio

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11/23/2015 FactSheetRhabdoviruscarpio
https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatlakes/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=2725&Potential=N&Type=0&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes 1/5
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Rhabdoviruscarpio
CommonName:Springviremiaofcarp(SVC)
SynonymsandOtherNames:
Springviremiaofcarp,SVC,SVCV
AndyGoodwin,UAPBAquaculture/FisheriesCenter
AndyGoodwin,UAPBAquaculture/FisheriesCenter
Identification:SpringviremiaofcarpisaviraldiseasecausedbyRhabdoviruscarpio,abulletshapedRNAvirus.
ThisvirusisamemberofthefamilyRhabdoviridaeandhasbeententativelyplacedinthegenusVesiculovirus.
Describedassystemicandacute,thisdiseaseishighlycontagious.Externally,SVCisidentifiedbybulgingeyes,
skinhemorrhages,bloatedappearance,adarkeningoftheskin,andventprotrusion.Internally,fluidsbuildupin
allorgansandthebodycavityoftheinfectedfishandtherearehemorrhagesintheswimbladderaswellas
inflamedintestines.Fishinfectedwiththediseasemayappearlethargic,haveslowedrespiration,andhavealoss
ofequilibrium.Thoughmostprevalentincommoncarp,othermembersoftheFamilyCyprinidae(minnowfamily)
andpossiblynorthernpikearesusceptible.
Size:
NativeRange:FirstdiagnosedinYugoslavia,RhabdoviruscarpiohasbeenidentifiedinEurope,Russiaandthe
MiddleEast.

11/23/2015 FactSheetRhabdoviruscarpio
https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatlakes/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=2725&Potential=N&Type=0&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes 2/5
ThismaponlydepictsGreatLakesintroductions.
ClickhereforGreatLakesregioncollectioninformation 
NonindigenousOccurrences:ThefirstoccurrenceofthisdiseaseintheUnitedStateswasfromcultivatedfishin
NorthCarolinainspring2002(Goodwin2002).Thatsameyear,SVCvwasisolatedfromcommoncarpinCalumet
SagChannel,IllinoisandCedarLake,Wisconsin(CFSPH2007,Dikkeboom2004).Subsequentoccurrenceshave
beenreportedinOhio,MinnehahaCreek,Minnesota,Missouri,andWashington.Additionally,SVCvhasbeen
reportedinHamiltonHarbor,Ontario,Canada(CFSPH2007,Ciprianoetal.2011,Garveretal.2007,MDNR
2012).
Ecology:SVCusuallyoccursinthespringwherewatertemperaturesarelessthan18°C.Infectedfishshedthis
virusthroughfecesandpossiblythroughurineandgillmucus.Thevirusentersfishthroughthegillsorcanenter
throughparasites,suchasthecarplouseortheleech.Alternatively,thevirushasalsobeenfoundinovarian
fluids,makingtransmittalthoughreproductionapotential,however,studiesamongfryandfingerlingfishhave
shownalackofoutbreaks.
MeansofIntroduction:Firstdescribedina1971diagnosisinYugoslavia,thisdiseasehasalsobeenidentifiedin
Europe,RussiaandtheMiddleEast.In2002,RhabdoviruscarpiowasfirstreportedinU.S.watersataNorth
Carolinakoihatchery.Unfortunately,thereisevidencethatkoihadbeendistributedfromthishatcherytomostof
the48contiguousstatesbeforebeingconfirmedwithSVC.Thefirstcommoncarpdieoffofwildfishthattested
positiveforSVCoccurredin2002atCedarLake,Wisconsin.In2004,theviruswasfoundincommoncarpfrom
MissouriandWashington.PerhapsmostthreateningtoIndiana,theviruswasfoundincommoncarpcaughtfrom
theCalSagChannelnearCalumet,Illinoisin2003.Whiletherewasnocarpmortalityobserved,thefishwere
carriersofRhabdoviruscarpio.ThiswaterwayisjustafewmilesfromextremenorthwestIndiana.Infectedcarp
arefreetoswimfromtheCalSagChannel,intoLakeMichigan,andfinallyenterIndiana’stributariesofLake
Michigan.
Status:Introducedandestablished
GreatLakesImpacts:
RhabdoviruscarpiohasahighenvironmentalimpactintheGreatLakes.
Realized:
Overall,R.carpioiscurrentlynotbelievedtobeasignificantprobleminNorthAmerica(Ciprianoetal.
2011).GreatLakesnativespeciessusceptibletoinfectionbyR.carpioincludeemeraldshiner(Notropis
atherinoides),largemouthbass(Micropterussalmoides),andbluegill(Lepomismacrochirus)(Ciprianoetal.
2011).Experimentalinfectionshavebeenreportedinnorthernpike(Esoxlucius),pumpkinseed(Lepomis
gibbosus),goldenshiner(Notemigonuscrysoleucas),andperch(FamilyPercidae)(CFSPH2007).
Until2011,whentwofishtestedpositiveforSVCvfollowingadieoffof200300carpinMinnehahaCreek,
Minnesota(GLFHC2012),SVCvhadnotbeenimplicatedindieoffsofnativeornonnativespeciesinthe
GreatLakes,norhadtherebeenreportsofthevirusincommercialaquaculturesince2003(Ciprianoetal.
2011).ItshouldbenotedthatChryseobacteriumandAeromonashydrophilagroup2wereisolatedfromthe
kidneysandAcinetobacterbaumanniicalcoaceticuswasisolatedfromtheeyesofthosefish,aswell(GLFHC
2012).

11/23/2015 FactSheetRhabdoviruscarpio
https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatlakes/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=2725&Potential=N&Type=0&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes 3/5
SymptomsofSVCincludeexophthalmia,darkenedcoloration,anemia,andhemorrhageinthegills,skin,and
eyes(Fijan1999,Fijanetal.1971).Becauseofthis,infectedfishmaybemoresusceptibletopredation
(LaffertyandMorris1996).However,cascadingfoodwebeffectshavenotbeenreportedasaresultofSVC
infectionintheGreatLakes.
Potential:
SVCislistedasaWorldOrganizationforAnimalHealth(OIE)reportablediseaseforaquaticanimals(OIE
2012)andisalsolistedasareportablediseaseinCanada(CFIA2012).Assuch,itisautomaticallyassessed
ashavingahighenvironmentalimpactintheGreatLakesregion.
ThereislittleornoevidencetosupportthatRhabdoviruscarpiohassignificantsocioeconomic
impactsintheGreatLakes.
Potential:
SVCvhasbeenreportedfromakoiproductionfacilityinNorthCarolina(Goodwin2003)andacommercial
fishpondinMissouri(Cipriano2011),followingfishmortality.Ithasalsobeenresponsibleformortality
relatedlossesofaquaculturedfishinEurope(Goodwin2009).
Thevirushasalsobeendetectedinrainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)(Svetlana2006).However,nosuch
infectionshavebeenrealizedintheGreatLakes.
ThereislittleornoevidencetosupportthatRhabdoviruscarpiohassignificantbeneficialeffectsin
theGreatLakes.
Realized:
Rhabdoviruscarpioprimarilyinfectscommoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio),koicarp(Cyprinuscarpiokoi),grass
carp(Ctenopharyngodonidella),silvercarp(Hypophthalamicthysmolitrix),bigheadcarp(H.nobilis),and
goldfish(Carassiusauratus)(CFSPH2007,OIE2009).SVCvwasimplicatedinthedeathofmorethan1,500
carpinCedarLake,Wisconsin(Dikkeboometal.2004).However,theoverallimpactontheGreatLakes
commoncarppopulationisminimal.
Management:
Regulations(pertainingtotheGreatLakes)
Importationoflivefish,fertilizedeggs,andgametesofSVCsusceptiblespeciesincludingcommoncarp(Cyprinus
carpio),koi(C.carpiokoi),grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidella),silvercarp(Hypophthalamicthysmolitrix),
bigheadcarp(Aristicthysnobilis),cruciancarp(Carassiuscarassius),goldfish(Carassiusauratus),tench(Tinca
tinca),orfe(Leuciscusidus),andsheatfish(Silurusglanis)ispermitted,providedtheyareaccompaniedbyaUSDA
importpermitandaveterinaryhealthcertificate(USDAandAPHIS2012).
Note:Checkfederal,state/provincial,andlocalregulationsforthemostuptodateinformation.
Control
Biological
SinglestrandedanddoublestrandedRNAinjectionscanprovideRhabdoviruscarpioprotectionforuptothree
weeks(Alikenetal.1996,Masytechevaetal.1995).
Physical
Establishmentofquarantines,culling,andstockdensityreductionduringthewinterandspringarebeneficial
managementpracticestopreventthespreadofSVCv(CFPHS2007).RhabdoviruscarpioisinactivatedbyUV
irradiation(254nm),gammairradiation(103krads),heatingto60°C(140°F)for30minutes,andexposuretopH
12for10minutes,orpH3for3hours(CFSPH2007,OIE2009).
Chemical
DisinfectionoffacilitiesandequipmentwillpreventthespreadofSVCvinaquaculture(CFPHS2007).Rhabdovirus
carpioissusceptibletooxidizingagentslikesodiumdodecylsulphate,nonionicdetergents,andlipidsolvents.The
virusisinactivatedbyformalin(3%)forfiveminutes,chlorine(500ppm),iodine(0.01%),NaOH(2%)forten
minutes,banzalkoniumchloride(100ppmfor20minutes),alkyltoluene(350ppmfor20minutes),chlorhexidine
gluconate(100ppmfor20minutes),andcresol(200ppmfor20minutes)(AhneandHeld1980,Ahne1982,CFSPH
2007,Fijan1999,Kiryu2007).MethisoprinolmaybeusefulbyinhibitingreplicationofSVCvinvitro.Furthertesting
undercultureconditionsisnecessary(Siwichekietal2003).
Note:Checkstate/provincialandlocalregulationsforthemostuptodateinformationregardingpermitsforcontrol
methods.Followalllabelinstructions.
Remarks:Currently,novaccinationexistsforSVC,sothebestmethodforpreventingthespreadofthisdiseaseis
avoidance.Commercialfarmscanusespring,wellorotherdiseasefreewatertopreventexposurerisks.Also,
eggsandequipmentmaybedisinfectedandproperdisposalmethodsmaybeemployedtolessentheriskof
exposure.YoucanalsohelpbypracticingafewgoodtechniquesforstoppingthespreadofSVCandotheraquatic
invasivespecies.

11/23/2015 FactSheetRhabdoviruscarpio
https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatlakes/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=2725&Potential=N&Type=0&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes 4/5
References:(clickforfullreferences)
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SVCV,IPNV).JournalofVeterinaryMedicineSeriesB29:457476.
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http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/spring_viremia_of_carp.pdf.Accessed14June2012.
Cipriano,R.C.,P.R.Bowser,A.Dove,A.Goodwin,andC.Puzach.2011.Prominentemergingdiseaseswithinthe
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SharedPerspectivesonAquaticAnimalHealth(pp.617).ProceedingsoftheThirdBilateralConferencebetween
RussiaandtheUnitedStates,1220July,2009,heldinShepherdstown,WestVirginia.Landover,Maryland,USA.
KhaledbinSultanLivingOceansFoundation.Available
http://www.lsc.usgs.gov/files/Cipriano%20et%20al%202011.pdf.Accessed14June2012.
Dikkeboom,A.L.,C.Radi,K.TooheyKurth,S.Marcquenski,M.Engel,A.E.Goodwin,K.Way,D.M.Stone,andC.
Longshaw.2004.Firstreportofspringviremiaofcarpvirus(SVCV)inwildcommoncarpinNorthAmerica.Journal
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11/23/2015 FactSheetRhabdoviruscarpio
https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatlakes/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=2725&Potential=N&Type=0&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes 5/5
Accessed5July2012.
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WorldOrganizationforAnimalHealth(OIE).2009.ManualofDiagnosticTestsforAquaticAnimals:SpringViremia
ofCarp.Chapter2.3.8.http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/aahm/2010/2.3.08_SVC.pdf.
Accessed14June2012.
WorldOrganizationforAnimalHealth(OIE).2012.OIEListedDiseases.http://www.oie.int/animalhealthinthe
world/oielisteddiseases2012.Accessed10June2012.
OtherResources:
DNR,IN.2005.http://www.in.gov/dnr/files/SPRING_VIREMIA_OF_CARP.pdf
BarbaraD.Petty,AllenC.Riggs,RuthEllenKlinger,RoyP.E.YanongandRuthFrancisFloyd(UniversityofFlorida
IFASExtension).SpringViremiaofCarp.Accessedon
12/17/08.http://www.aces.edu/dept/fisheries/education/ras/publications/Update/Spring%20Viremia%20of%20Carp.pdf

http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/spring_viremia_of_carp.pdf
Author:Cao,L.A.K.Bogdanoff,andA.Fusaro.
ContributingAgencies:
 
RevisionDate:8/17/2012
Citationforthisinformation:
RhabdoviruscarpioUSGSNonindigenousAquaticSpeciesDatabase,Gainesville,FL,andNOAAGreatLakesAquatic
NonindigenousSpeciesInformationSystem,AnnArbor,MI.
<https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatlakes/FactSheet.aspx?
SpeciesID=2725&Potential=N&Type=0&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes>RevisionDate:8/17/2012
Thisinformationispreliminaryorprovisionalandissubjecttorevision.Itisbeingprovidedtomeettheneedfor
timelybestscience.TheinformationhasnotreceivedfinalapprovalbytheU.S.GeologicalSurvey(USGS)andis
providedontheconditionthatneithertheUSGSnortheU.S.Governmentshallbeheldliableforanydamages
resultingfromtheauthorizedorunauthorizeduseoftheinformation.
GLERL4840S .StateR d.,AnnA rbor,MI481089719(734)7412235
LakeMichiganFieldS tation,1431Be achS t.,Muskegon,MI494411098(231)7597824
NOAA|DOC