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Plantas medicinais comercializadas por raizeiros no Centro de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul
... Plants for medicinal use are traditionally obtained by direct collection or are traditionally purchased in places such as street markets (Maciel et al, 2002;Nunes et al., 2003;Alves et al., 2007). The latter continue to be very common and are growing around the world (Maciel et al., 2002;Rocha et al., 2013), where different species of plants, including a variety of plant parts or products are marketed (Alves et al., 2007). ...
... As part of the common knowledge about the use of medicinal plants, the sale of plant products with therapeutic purposes on street markets reflects a reality that is still widely present in different regions of Brazil (Maciel et al., 2002). The expressiveness of this reality among the municipalities in the semiarid region of Paraíba investigated here exemplifies and adds to the scenario reported in other studies regarding the commercialization of medicinal plants on street markets (Amaral et al., 2003;Nunes et al, 2003;Alves et al., 2007;Xavier de França et al., 2008;Santos et al., 2009;Lós et al., 2012;Rocha et al., 2013;Souza et al., 2016), indicating that the massive and still current practice of this activity reflects and confirms the importance that the use of plant products in the treatment and cure of diseases continue to have in different regions of the country both in poorer regions and in large cities and metropolitan areas (Maciel et al., 2002). This fact is particularly important when considering that in regions in development or underprivileged regions (as occurs in some of the municipalities studied), plants can be the only therapeutic resource to which the population has access for the treatment and cure of diseases (Maciel et al., 2002;Borba & Macedo, 2006;WHO, 2011;Evangelista et al., 2013;Rocha et al., 2013). ...
... Thus, within this context, the importance of the handling, packaging and storage of these plant products during sale must be highlighted and clarified for herbalists (Amaral et al., 2003;Alves et al., 2007;Xavier de Franca et al., 2007). These aspects are important since poor storage conditions can render the raw plant material susceptible to the action of moisture, impurities and other contaminants, resulting in degradation and/or microbiological contamination and consequent negative effects on its pharmacological activity and potentially harmful health implications (Amaral, 2003;Nunes et al., 2003;Alves et al., 2007;Xavier de França et al., 2008). Therefore, it is essential to instruct herbalists about the importance of observing and complying with good practices regarding sanitary and hygiene conditions when preparing, cleaning, handling and storing these products (Alves et al., 2007;Xavier de Franca et al., 2008;Freitas et al., 2012). ...
Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times to treat illnesses. This study aimed to identify through questionnaire the medicinal plants most frequently sold on public and street markets in some municipalities of Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil, and the knowledge of herbalists about their therapeutic indications and forms of use. The sample consisted of 28 herbalists. Fifteen plants with a dental indication were identified, including barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva), gengibre (Zingiber officinale), romã (Punica granatum), cajueiro-roxo (Anacardium occidentale), mulungu (Erythrina velutina) andquixaba (Sideroxylon obtusfolium), as well as 21 plants used for the treatment of general diseases, including barbatimão (S. adstringens), aroeira (M. urundeuva), cajueiro-roxo (A. occidentale), quixaba (S. obtusfolium), boldo (Peumus boldus) and erva doce (Pimpinella anisum). Bottled preparations ("garrafadas")and teas were the most frequently indicated forms of use. The results suggest that herbalists have a vast traditional knowledge of the therapeutic potential of commercialized plants.
... Traditional knowledge of herb sellers is acquired through the learning and teaching of older people, usually family members or restricted communities that use plants for disease treatment. Although we use the term "herb sellers", in Brazil they are popularly called "raizeiros" [33] [34], that is, most of these people have little formal education, and have no knowledge about the chemical composition and active principles of plants. Thus, in the following four subsections, an American Journal of Plant Sciences ethnopharmacological survey was conducted in the city of Campo Grande, Brazil in order to document the herb sellers' knowledge about the B. floribunda plant. ...
... In Cerrado, medicinal plants are collected and marketed by herbal sellers and used by indigenous. Studies on medicinal plants from herbal sellers operating in the center of Campo Grande [33] [34], as well as plants used by indigenous people in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, have been conducted in recent years [39]. However, there is no published information on the "fortifying" made from B. Floribunda root in Midwest Brazil. ...
... The present study was conducted following the guidelines of the Code of Brazilian law, this research was registered with the National Genetic Resource Management System and Associated Traditional Knowledge (SisGen, No. A7716EC). Selection of the herb sellers was based on studies published in [33] [34] [39] and preliminary investigation unpublished of the last author, which found that herbal sellers in the city of Campo Grande possess traditional knowledge about the use and availability of B. Floribunda. ...
... Cochlospermum regium (Schrank) Pilg., Bixaceae, is a native plant of the Brazilian cerrado and it is widely used as a folk medicine in the southwestern of the Brazil (Nunes et al., 2003). C. regium has been employed to treat illnesses such as internal pain, infl ammation, infection disease, rheumatoid arthritis and others (Correa, 1975;Oliveira et al., 1996). ...
... It is well established in the literature that exposure to xenobiotics during pregnancy may have different effects on embryo development depending on the conceptus phase and the maternal conditions (Wilson, 1977;Spritzer et al., 2001;Oliveira et al., 2009). Based on the finding that C. regium is one of the most often used plants by people in Campo Grande City (MS, Brazil) (Nunes et al., 2003), to treat inflammation, the aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the impact of the C. regium hydroethanolic extract on pregnant rats exposed during the organogenic period. In particular, our study sought to provide further insights into the effects of C. regium extract on maternal and fetuses toxicity and the C. regium single dose used in this experiment was based on the average consumption by the population. ...
Cochlospermum regium (Schrank) Pilg., Bixaceae, is a Brazilian plant widely used as a folk medicine in the southwestern of the Brazil to treat infl ammation and infection diseases. However, the effects of C. regium hydroethanolic extract on pregnant rats have not been assessed. To evaluate the effects of the C. regium on pregnant rats during the organogenic period, the hydroethanolic extract was administered via gavage at a dose of 11.5 mg/kg/day to rats from 6th to 15th day of pregnancy. No clinical signs of maternal toxicity were observed. The placenta's and fetuses’ weight were similar in control and treated animals. The term fetuses dis not present malformations or anomalies although the number of live fetuses and birth rate were signifi cantly decreased. In conclusion, the C. regium hydroethanolic extract is nontoxicant to the pregnant rat although it would be likely to interfere in the progress of the embryofetal development.
... Nas regiões menos desenvolvidas, tais práticas assumem um papel de maior relevância, sendo muitas vezes a única alternativa de tratamento disponível aos usuários locais. Tal fato deve-se às dificuldades de acesso destas populações à medicina moderna e, por consequência, aos medicamentos alopáticos (NUNES et al., 2003). ...
... Não obstante a necessidade do comércio, seja esse formal ou não, de oferecer produtos comprovadamente seguros e eficazes (NUNES et al., 2003), estudos revelaram que a qualidade microbiológica apresentada por tais produtos vegetais não é a mais adequada: dentre outros problemas, falhas no controle de qualidade da matéria-prima e insumos ao longo da cadeia produtiva podem permitir a veiculação de uma microbiota, por vezes patogênica (BUGNO et al., 2006). Dentre os microrganismos de importância médico-sanitária potencialmente presentes nas plantas medicinais disponíveis à população, sejam elas industrializadas ou não estão as bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, a E. coli, o S. aureus e os fungos produtores de micotoxinas. ...
As plantas medicinais, embora constituam válida vertente da Medicina Tradicional, quando mal utilizadas representam risco potencial a saúde humana. O consumo de produtos contaminados pode gerar intoxicações diversas por subprodutos advindos de microrganismos patogênicos. O presente trabalho objetivou a avaliação da qualidade microbiológica de amostras de Peumus boldus Molina artesanais, comercializadas na feira popular, e compará-la com a qualidade microbiológica de amostras da mesma espécie industrializadas, comercializadas no comércio varejista local. Foram quantificados: aeróbios mesófilos (ágar Padrão de Contagem, 35±1°C/24h), coliformes totais/Escherichia coli (teste presuntivo: caldo LST, 35±0,5°C/24-48±2; CT: caldo VB, 35±0,5°C/24-48±2; E. coli: caldo EC, 44,5±0,2°C/24±2h; ágar L-EMB, 35±0,5°C/24±2h), bolores e leveduras (ágar Batata Dextrosado Acidificado, 25±1°C/5 dias) e Staphylococcus aureus (ágar Baird-Parker, 35-37°C/24±2h). Para a confirmação de E. coli, colônias foram submetidas às provas bioquímicas da série IMViC. A E. coli estava presente em 10% das amostras, o S. aureus em 50%, bolores e leveduras em 80% e aeróbios mesófilos em 100% das amostras analisadas. O estudo revelou que a tanto amostras industrializadas quanto artesanais não estavam de acordo com as recomendações de padrões sanitários e microbiológicos adequados para o comércio, caracterizando-se como riscos potenciais à Saúde Pública.
... Alguns autores (Nunes et al., 2003;Botha et al., 2004;Olsen, 2005) relataram preocupações neste âmbito, pois o extrativismo e as taxas de Monografias, dissertações, teses, artigos que divergiam com a temática após leituras minuciosas dos seus resumos, assim como artigos que não disponibilizavam os seus resumos e estudos que se duplicavam nas bases de dados utilizadas para elaboração dessa pesquisa. ...
Uma prática milenar os produtos naturais acompanham o desenvolvimento da humanidade, sendo este um conhecimento passado de pai para filho, sendo a principal fonte de renda destas famílias. Sendo objetiva relatar através de uma revisão de literatura as formas de comercialização dos fitoterápicos e a percepção dos consumidores sobre produtos naturais e os seus riscos à saúde humana. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura. É possível observar que a utilização dos produtos naturais eles são passados por gerações e consequentemente inserido na cultura popular o que ainda leva a uma parcela da sociedade a acreditar que por ser um produto natural não faz mal. O estudo revelou que ainda existe um déficit no que se trata do conhecimento sobre a comercialização e utilização adequada dos produtos naturais.
... Unfortunately, despite the vast biodiversity of Brazilian flora, most of the medicinal plants studied and used in the preparation of medicines are not native from Brazil, due to the lack of scientific studies that prove their effects (Brandão, 2009). Several studies have analyzed the usage of medicinal plants in different regions of Brazil, such as surveys performed at Estação Ecológica do Jataí, in the municipality of Santo Antônio-SP (Castellucci et al., 2000), Cidade de Goiás and Pirenópolis-GO (Rizzo, 1999), Tanquinho -BA (Costa-Neto e Oliveira, 2000), Mossâmedes-GO (Vila Verde, Paula e Caneiro, 2003), Santa Tereza-ES (Medeiros, Silva e Senna-Valle, 2004), CampoGrande-MS(Nunes et al., 2003), Goiânia, Anápolis, Trindade and Aparecida de Goiânia-GO(Tresvenzol et al., 2006), Bezerros-PE (Lira, Sousa e Lins, 2020), São João do Brazilian Journal of Development, Curitiba, v.8, n.12, p. 77807-77821, dec., 2022 ...
Medicinal plants of Brazilian native flora are consumed with little or no proof of its pharmacological properties, based only on users’ or traders’ reports. Although they are natural and, therefore, popularly considered free of side effects, medicinal plants’ toxicity is a serious public health concern, either because of the plant’s own compounds, either by adulterations or interaction with other medicines. Since these medicinal plants are usually sold in markets and free fairs by people without formal education, there may be labeling or manipulation problems, resulting in the absence of the desired effects or presence of adverse effects. In this work, compounds present in different medicinal plants samples found in Senhor do Bonfim free market (BA) were identified: six samples of Sene (Senna occidentalis; Fabaceae) and six samples of Umburana (Amburana cearensis; Fabaceae). For the compounds extraction of S. occidentalis, hydrodestilation was used, and for A. cearensis the compounds were extracted using maceration with hexane. All extracts were analyzed by GC-MS. Compounds in both plants had a high variation among samples, which can mean either that some of the medicinal plants sold in free markets belong to a species different from the announced one or, at least, that compounds found in the sample had degraded between harvest and sale.
... Several strains of Streptomyces form the Cerrado soil showed the ability to produce large amounts of endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases (11-14) as S.thermocerradoensis bacteria I3. In addition, in Cerrado biodiversity there are several plant species that can be used as culture media, such as Cochlospermum regium and Jatropha elliptica (Pohl), which are also popular in folk medicine because of their high levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity.Moreover, the rhizomes of these plants can be used to produce flours (15)(16)(17). Enzymatic treatment of flours has also shown significant potential for improving the nutritional quality and health effects of both foods and ingredients (18) Since there are few reports in the scientific literature about the production of hydrolytic enzymes by S.thermocerradoensis, the present work aimed to contribute with new data on the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by Streptomyces thermocerradoensis I3 using the rhizome of two native plants from the Brazilian's Cerrado, as well as wheat bran as substrate. In addition, verify the influence of pH on enzyme production using WB and evaluate the effectiveness of enzymatic extract produced, by enzymatic hydrolyse of JE and CR flours. ...
The present work aimed to contribute with new data about the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by Streptomycesthermocerradoensis I3, isolated from Brazilian central savannah soil (also known as Cerrado), using the rhizome of two plants from the Cerrado, Cochlospermumregium (CR) and Jatropha elliptica (JE), as well as wheat bran (WB) as a culture medium. In addition, verify the influence of pH on the enzymes production using WB and evaluate the effectiveness of enzymatic extract produced in CR and JE flours. The higher CMCase activity detected occur in WB (6.07 ± 0.13 IU mL-1) followed by JE (4.18 ± 0.23 IU mL-1), while it was not detected in CR. The higher xylanase activity detected was 4.14 ± 0.10 IU mL-1 in WB, followed by 2.13 ± 0.14 IU mL-1 in CR and was not detected in JE. Regarding the influence of pH on the activity of CMCase in WB, was observed that the highest activity occurred at pH 7.5 (13.22 ± 0.26 IU mL-1); and for the activity of Xylanases, it was observed a higher activity at neutral pH (4.03 ± 0.20 IU mL-1).The enzymatic hydrolysis of the CR and JE flours, also promoted the increase of about 30% of phenolic compounds and total soluble sugars, with 48 h of exposure to enzymatic extract, which demonstrated that the enzymatic extract was efficient. This fact suggests the use of this extract for hydrolysis for enrichment food.
... Por outro lado, para a extração de cascas, raízes, sementes, frutos e/ou outras partes, é essencial a participação da figura do raizeiro ou mateiro, uma vez que a maioria destes detém um rico conhecimento que é passado de geração em geração, fator decisivo para a etapa de coleta em campo (Nunes et al., 2003). A impossibilidade do cultivo de grande parte de espécies arbóreas nos quintais das residências, induz os usuários a recorrem às feiras livres para adquirirem produtos vegetais extraídos e comercializados por raizeiros ou feirantes livres (Tresvenzol et al., 2006). ...
A etnobotânica estuda as relações homem-natureza, buscando informações sobre os usos de plantas e propriedades medicinais. Neste contexto, as feiras livres desempenham um importante papel organizacional e cultural, garantindo a preservação dos costumes e características que a representa. Este trabalho buscou identificar as principais plantas medicinais comercializadas por feirantes livres em três cidades da região do Sudeste Piauiense. A partir de questionário semiestruturado e entrevistas com feirantes nas feiras livres nas cidades de Jaicós, Paulistana e Picos. Foram identificadas 169 espécies de plantas pertencentes a 100 famílias e 11 etnoespécies. A família com maior representatividade foi Fabaceae. A casca foi a parte com maior índice de comercialização em duas das três cidades. As espécies com importância relativa foram endro, copaíba e pixuri. Houve maior semelhança entre as feiras livres de Paulistana e Picos. Todos os estimadores de riqueza apontaram números acima dos registrados para as três cidades, sendo esperado para a cidade de Picos um acréscimo de pelo menos 38 espécies.
... Lapachol é uma naftoquinona prenilada de fácil extração e representa cerca de 3 a 7% do total de constituintes químicos presentes na planta, conforme a espécie (Aucélio et al., 2013;Lima et al., 2013). Esta substância tem sido muito estudada desde a descoberta de seu potencial antiparasitário pelo pesquisador Wendel, em 1946 (Silva et al., 2012), e pode ser considerada uma representante importante do grupo de quinonas presentes em tabebuias, consistindo em matéria prima nas sínteses de outros compostoscomdinâmicas biológicas diferentes (Silva et al., 2003). ...
The Tabebuia genus is one of the largest genera of the Bignoniaceae family, comprising more than 100 species. One of its main representatives is the ipê tree, which is popularly known for their ornamental and logging potential. However, parts of the tree, such as the stem, leaves and flowers, are used in traditional medicine for anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory (rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis and pharyngitis), anti-ulcerogenic, antiviral, antineoplastic, antimalarial and immunomodulatory purposes. The objective of the present study was to collate articles on the cicatrizing and therapeutic properties of species belonging to the Tabebuia spp genus.
... Este comercio significa un ingreso monetario familiar (Ramírez et al. 2006) y también genera transmisión de conocimientos tradicionales (Castillo-Vera et al. 2017). Sin embargo, varios autores han manifestado su preocupación por la intensa presión de extracción sobre estos recursos, debido a la creciente demanda de mercados locales y de industrias que procesan remedios fitoterapéuticos (Almeida y Albuquerque 2002, Botha et al. 2004, Costa-Neto 1999, Monteiro et al. 2010, Nunes et al. 2003, Olsen y Helles 1997, Williams et al. 2000. ...
Resumen
Introducción: Las plantas comercializadas en los mercados públicos son importantes por el uso y el beneficio económico que estas generan. El presente estudio documenta el comercio de plantas medicinales silvestres en el distrito de Lircay, en la región sur del Perú. Adicionalmente, se compara la composición de las especies medicinales silvestres registradas en el estudio con la riqueza de especies silvestres reportadas en tres mercados de la región.
Métodos: La metodología se basó en entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a 70 vendedores entre los años 2015 y 2018. Para comparar la riqueza de especies entre mercados, los datos fueron acondicionados en una matriz de presencia ausencia con la cual se calculó el índice de similitud de Jaccard.
Resultados y Discusión: Se reportaron 72 plantas medicinales silvestres comercializadas para 14 subcategorías de uso medicinal. Las especies con mayor frecuencia de venta fueron Clinopodium brevicalyx, Peperomia galioides y Minthostachys andina. Asimismo, se observó que el comercio podría influir en el estado de conservación de Haplorhus peruviana y Ephedra rupestris, ambas especies categorizadas En Peligro Crítico según la legislación peruana. Se reporta el problema de reemplazo de especies entre Equisetum bogotense, Ephedra rupestris y Baccharis genistelloides, las que son comercializadas bajo el nombre común de “cola de caballo”, de manera similar Perezia pinnatifida es comercializada bajo el nombre común de “valeriana” y se le atribuyen las propiedades conocidas para el género Valeriana. Lo que deja en evidencia la necesidad de una adecuada identificación taxonómica de las plantas comercializadas en los mercados públicos debido a los efectos antagónicos y tóxicos que podrían tener especies comercializadas bajo el mismo nombre común, pero con principios activos diferentes. Finalmente, al comparar la similitud entre las plantas expendidas en Lircay con otros tres mercados andinos (Cajamarca, Ancash y Ayacucho) se evidenció una baja similitud, lo que sugiere una alta variabilidad de las plantas comercializadas, y refuerza la necesidad de realizar más estudios para registrar e identificar la flora utilizada con fines medicinales en esta región.
Conclusiones: La similitud de las plantas medicinales silvestres entre los mercados andinos de Cajamarca, Ancash, Ayacucho y Huancavelica es baja.
Palabras clave: Andes, comercio, conocimiento tradicional, Huancavelica, plantas medicinales, similitud.
Abstract
Introduction: Plants sold in public markets are important for the use and economic benefit they generate. This study documents the trade of wild medicinal plants in the district of Lircay, in the southern region of Peru. Additionally, the composition of the wild medicinal species registered in the study is compared with the richness of wild species reported in three markets in the region.
Methods: The methodology was based on interviews with 70 vendors between 2015 and 2018. To compare the richness of species between markets, the data was conditioned in a matrix of presence and absence with which the Jaccard similarity index was calculated.
Results and Discussion: Seventy-two wild medicinal plants were commercialized for 14 subcategories of medicinal use. The most frequently sold species were Clinopodium brevicalyx, Peperomia galioides and Minthostachys andina. It was also observed that the trade may be influencing the conservation status of Haplorhus peruviana and Ephedra rupestris, both taxa categorized as Critically Endangered according to Peruvian legislation. The problem of species replacement between Equisetum bogotense, Ephedra rupestris and Baccharis genistelloides, which are marketed under the name of "horsetail", is reported. Similarly, Perezia pinnatifida is sold under the common name of "valeriana" and is attributed the properties for the genus Valeriana. Those last observations suggest that an adequate taxonomic identification of the plants sold in public markets is necessary, specially, because of the antagonistic effects that could have different active ingredient of those species. Finally, when comparing the plants sold in Lircay with three other Andean markets (Ancash, Ayacucho and Huancavelica), a low similarity was found, which suggests a high variability of the commercialized plants and the need of more studies to know the total amount of species used for medicinal purposes in this region.
Conclusions: The similarity of wild medicinal plants between the Andean markets of Cajamarca, Ancash, Ayacucho and Huancavelica is low.
Keywords: Andes, trade, traditional knowledge, Huancavelica, medicinal plants, similarity.
... To treat diabetes, malignant tumors, leukemia, other cancers, anemia, and Parkinson's disease (Lewis et al., 2005) Anti-inflammatory and for treatment of fungal infections (Taylor, 2005;Castellanos et al., 2009) T. aurea (Manso) S. Moore ''craibeira", ''paratudo" and ''ipeˆ-amarelo" South America (from Venezuela to Argentina) Anti-inflammatory (Nunes et al., 2003;Reis et al., 2014;Malange et al., 2019) Anti-inflammatory and for treatment of influenza (Agra, 1996) Anticancer (Bandoni et al., 1972;Barbosa-Filho et al., 2004) For treating snake bites (Pott and Pott, 1994;Agra et al, 2007;Hajdu and Hohmann, 2012) T. argentea Britt (T. aurea (Manso) S. Moore synome) Silver-trumpet tree, ''craibeira '', 'paratudo'', and ''ipeˆamarelo'' South America (from Venezuela to Argentina) and India Anti-inflammatory and for treating influenza (Daulatabad and Hosamani, 1991;Agra, 1996;De Abreu et al., 2014) T. chrysotricha (Mart. ...
Tabebuia is the largest genus of Bignoniaceae. It is commonly recognized as a therapeutic alternative by rural or remote populations. The results of ethnopharmacological studies indicate the potential use of these plants to treat a large variety of diseases. Tabebuia species have been used empirically as anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antimicrobial agents in rural areas of Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil and other Latin-American countries. Due to its great importance in traditional and modern medicine, several Tabebuia species have been phytochemically investigated and the potential toxicity of these plants has also been discussed. Variable phytoconstituents are isolated from genus Tabebuia, among which; naphthoquinones and phenolic compounds are the most prevalent. The present review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive details about the traditional uses, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of twenty Tabebuia species. In addition, the reported pharmaceutical documents that support the importance of Tabebuia species in traditional systems, are provided. On the other hand, the review also clarify the remaining gaps and thus supply a basis for further investigations. Although recent experimental evidence confirms the pharmacological interest of this genus, further bioguided isolation studies are required to understand the role of a particular compound in the observed biological activities.
... Atualmente é possível acompanhar uma grande expansão da utilização e comercialização de plantas medicinais, tanto nacional, como mundialmente (ver FREITAS, et al., 2012). Esta comercialização, têm sido alvo de várias discussões mundialmente, sendo considerado uma prática, que têm se destacado e se desenvolvido em função da busca e necessidade de várias plantas no âmbito do cuidar por parte de vários indivíduos (ver AZEVEDO, 2007;NUNES et al., 2003). ...
A utilização de plantas medicinais, sempre foi uma das principais estratégias empregadas como fonte de cura ou alívio de doenças por vários indivíduos. Com a grande utilização dessas plantas como fonte medicinal, a comercialização das mesmas, tornou-se prática comum em várias feiras livres de algumas populações locais, muitas das quais, desenvolvidas por comercializadores, vistos como detentores de um amplo conhecimento a respeito, que tem contribuído para o fornecimento de plantas medicinais para consumidores. Diante deste contexto, objetivou-se neste trabalho, identificar o conhecimento a respeito de plantas comercializadas como medicinais por parte de comercializadores da feira livre do município de Santana do Ipanema no estado de Alagoas. Para obtenção dos dados foram realizados entrevistas semiestruturadas utilizando a técnica Bola de neve, com alguns comercializadores da feira livre do município. Foi possível identificar um total de 11 espécies vegetais conhecidas e indicadas como medicinais, sendo as mais citadas; Eucalipto (Eucalyptus glubulus L.), Hortelã (Mentha piperita L.), Capim santo (Cymbopogon citratus) e Boldo (Peumus boldus L.). Muitas dessas plantas são utilizadas contra problemas de saúde como; gripe, tosse, dor cabeça, febre e entre outros, sendo a principal forma de uso para o tratamento indicado, o chá através das folhas das espécies indicadas. Diante da realização deste estudo, foi possível perceber uma auto confiança por parte dos comercializadores perante o tratamento indicado, sendo fornecido aos consumidores. Além disso, este trabalho permitiu divulgar o saber local e a experiência profissional que muitos destes indivíduos possuem, contribuinte como fonte pessoal, social e econômica.
... Uma das formas de acesso da população às plantas medicinais é o comércio popular exercido por ervanárias e raizeiros, nos quais se tem observado uma má qualidade das plantas medicinais disponibilizadas, a ausência de farmacovigilância (BRANDÃO; FREIRE; VIANNA-SOARES, 1998) e a utilização de espécies não inteiramente avaliadas do ponto de vista farmacológico e toxicológico (NUNES et al., 2003). ...
... Os mercados tradicionais de comercialização de plantas medicinais são importantes por reunir, concentrar, manter e difundir o saber empírico sobre a diversidade de recursos tanto da fauna como da flora, sendo fontes imprescindíveis para a resiliência e manutenção do conhecimento acerca das espécies medicinais (MONTEIRO et al. 2010). No outro extremo, encontra-se o usuário que se adapta ao mercado de acordo com sua situação socioeconômica, mas com interesse em solucionar suas necessidades primárias de saúde (NUNES, 2003). ...
A comercialização e o uso de plantas medicinais são conhecidos e discutidos no Brasil e no mundo. Essa prática atende a uma diversidade populacional, entre eles o consumidor individual, vendedores de feiras livres, casa de produtos, mercados e em ervanários. Sendo assim, a importância do estudo versa sobre os saberes e práticas tradicionais estão intrinsicamente relacionados aos recursos naturais, como parte integrante da reprodução cultural e econômica disseminadas pelos raizeiros comerciantes de feiras livres. A pesquisa objetiva analisar a comercialização de plantas e produtos medicinais pelos raizeiros da feira livre do município de Guarabira-PB, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com (09) nove raizeiros comerciantes de plantas medicinais da feira livre de Guarabira-PB, entre eles (04) quatro mulheres e (05) cinco homens. Aplicou-se também o cálculo do Índice de Importância Relativa (IR), para o obter as espécies que se destacaramse no estudo. O levantamento etnobotânico realizado das plantas comercializadas pelos raizeiros do mercado público de Guarabira-PB, identificou-se 85 plantas “in natura” comercializadas secas, distribuídas em 44 famílias botânicas, totalizando 246 citações de uso curativo e preventivo de diversas enfermidades. Encontra-se em destaque as plantas que se utiliza a casca, das espécies lenhosas como: Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão), Barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville), Caju roxo (Anacardium occidentale L., Cumaru (Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A. C. Sm.), Mulungu (Erythrina verna). As Famílias Botânicas mais representativas em número de espécies citadas foram: Fabaceae (23%), Lamiaceae (19%), etc. As plantas citadas na pesquisa são espécies conhecidas popularmente e cientificamente como é o caso da camomila (Matricaria Chamomilla L.), Boldo (Plectranthus barbatus Andrews), Alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis). Considerando o cálculo da Importância Relativa IR, as espécies que apresentaram os maiores valores foi o Anil estrelado (Illicium verum Hocker) IR 2, sendo uma das espécies mais versátil. As feiras livres tornam-se um espaço de convivência social e de grande importância cultural, que retrata a diversidade enraizada na cultural Nordestina, de uma riqueza cultural e diversidade dos povos e comunidades locais. Além de ser um ponto de encontro no qual agrupa-se produtos alimentícios, vestimentas, bebidas típicas de determinados locais, artefatos de loiças, além de cultivar um vasto arsenal de plantas que marca a medicina popular tradicional. Portanto, os raizeiros desempenham um importante papel socioeconômico nas cidades, pois utilização de espécies medicinais reduz e, muitas vezes chegam a eliminar gastos com medicamentos farmacêuticos. E importante que todo esse conhecimento tradicional seja resguardado e repassado por gerações.
... Cochlospermum regium (Schrank) Pilger is a shrub of the family Bixaceae Kunth, popularly known as "algodãozinhodo-campo" or "algodãozinho-do-cerrado" [12]. According to sellers of medicinal herbs, C. regium roots and xylopods are among the most sought-after medicinal plants and are indicated for the therapeutic treatment of uterine, ovarian, and prostate inflammation and infection [13]. In addition to the antimicrobial action, the roots and xylopods also present analgesic, antidematogenic and anti-inflammatory activity [14,15]. ...
The roots of Cochlospermum regium , popularly known as “algodãozinho-do-cerrado,” are used for the treatment of genitourinary infections. However, the removal of their subterranean structures results in the death of the plant, and the use of the leaves becomes a viable alternative. Therefore, the antimicrobial activity of Cochlospermum regium leaf’s ethanolic extract and its action on the biofilm formation of microorganisms associated with urinary infection were evaluated. The total phenolic compounds, flavoids, and tannins were quantified using the reagents Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride, and vanillin, respectively. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method and the effect of the extract in the biofilm treatment was measured by the drop plate method. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the method based on the reduction of MTS and the mutagenicity by the Ames test. The ethanolic extract of C. regium leaves presented 87.4 mg/EQ of flavonoids, 167.2 mg/EAG of total phenolic compounds, and 21.7 mg/ECA of condensed tannins. It presented reduction of the biofilm formation for E. coli and C. tropicalis and antimicrobial action of 1 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively. The extract showed no cytotoxicity and mutagenicity at the concentrations tested. This study demonstrated that C. regium leaves are a viable option for the treatment of genitourinary infections and for the species preservation.
... In traditional medicine, the leaves of E. scaber are used by inhabitants of rural and urban communities, in the form of infusion or decoction, or in maceration in bottled alcoholic beverages, to treat allergies, inflammation, kidney infections, rheumatism and respiratory diseases (Bieski et al., 2012;De la Cruz, 2008;Messias et al., 2015). Also, the powdered leaves of E. scaber are sold as plantdrugs in supermarkets and health food stores in Brazil, in the form of sachet for preparing tea-like infusions, and are used for the combat and prevention of inflammatory disorders, and as diuretic (Nunes et al., 2003). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Echinodorus scaber, Alismataceae, is popularly known in Brazil as "chapéu-de-couro". The plant leaves are used by the population as decoction, infusion, or maceration in bottled spirits, to treat inflammatory respiratory diseases.
Aim of the study:
To investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Echinodorus scaber (HEEs) in allergic asthma. A phytochemical analysis of the extract was performed as well.
Materials and methods:
The leaves of Echinodorus scaber were prepared by maceration in 75% ethanol. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out using basic classical methods, and the secondary metabolites detected in HEEs were analyzed and confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of HEEs was evaluated in Swiss male albino mice sensitized and challenged by OVA. The HEEs (1, 5 and 30mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to mice twice a day, 1h before the challenge, from days 19 through 24. The mechanism of action of HEEs was studied by evaluating the levels of TH2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and IgE production in blood plasma. Histopathological changes triggered by OVA-sensitization/challenge in the lung tissue were also investigated.
Results:
HEEs reduced total leukocyte, eosinophil, neutrophil, and mononuclear cell counts at all doses tested, with maximum effect at 30mg/kg (73.9%, 75.9%, 75.5%, and 65.2% reduction, p<0.001, respectively). Increases in TH2 cytokine secretion (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) and in IgE levels were also attenuated by HEEs. Preliminary phytochemical screening seems to indicated the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and alkaloids. HPLC analyses evidenced the presence of phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid, rutin and vitexin.
Conclusion:
Our findings provided pharmacological preclinical evidence for the popular use of the leaves of Echinodorus scaber in allergic inflammation. Its anti-inflammatory effect was dependent on the decrease in migratory inflammatory cells, and both TH2 cytokines and IgE levels. It is suggested that vitexin, gallic acid and rutin, known anti-inflammatory compounds, may participate in the anti-asthamtic effect of the HEEs, by acting jointly along with other components present in the extract.
... The leaves of R. viburnoides have green-brownish color on abaxial face, slightly bitter taste and are odorless (Alves et al., 2004). Roots and bark are used in folk medicine as diuretic, hypotensive, blood depurative and anti-rheumatic (Balbach, 1980;Siqueira, 1981;Vieira and Martins, 2000); and the leaves are used in slimming diets (Alves et al., 2004) and to treat kidney and bladder pain (Nunes et al., 2003). Although some Rubiaceae species, as Palicourea marcgravii, exhibit high toxicity to cow herd (Gorniak et al., 1994;Kemmerling, 1996;Morita et al., 1989), toxic effects were not observed after acute treatment with R. viburnoides ethanolic extract in rats (Pucci et al., 2010). ...
... Page 2 of 7 Trolezi et al. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob (2017) 16:7 the family Fabaceae and it is widely used in traditional medicine for diarrhoeas, gynaecological problems and for wound healing [4]. In addition, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antiulcerogenic and wound cicatrizing properties of bark extract have been reported [5][6][7][8]. ...
Background
Pythium insidiosum is the etiological agent of pythiosis, an emerging life-threatening infectious disease in tropical and subtropical regions. The pathogen is a fungus-like organism resistant to antifungal therapy, for this reason, most cases need extensive surgical debridments as treatment, but depending on the size and anatomical region of the lesion, such approach is unfeasible. We investigate the fungicidal effect and toxicity of crude bark extract of Stryphnodendron adstringens and commercially available tannin on Pythium insidiosum both in vitro and in vivo. Methods
Standardized fragments of mycelia of fifteen isolates of P. insidiosum were tested with different concentrations of bark extract (10 to 30% v/v) and tannin (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/mL). For in vivo study, fifteen rabbits were experimentally infected with zoospores of P. insidiosum and treated by oral and intralesional applications of bark extract and tannin. Acute toxicity tests with both substances were also performed in rats. ResultsIn vitro studies showed fungicidal effect for both substances at different concentrations and the SEM showed alteration on the cell wall surface of the pathogen. All infected rabbits developed a firm nodular mass that reached around 90 mm2 ninety days after inoculation, but neither the intralesional inoculation of tannin, nor the oral administration of crude extract and tannin were able to promote remission of the lesions. Conclusions
Lesions developed by rabbits presented an encapsulated abscess being quite different of naturally acquired pythiosis, which is characterized by ulcerated lesions. Since no toxicity was observed in rats or rabbits inoculated with these products, while in vitro experiments showed direct antifungal effect, therapeutic activity of S. adstringens and tannin should be clinically tested as an alternative for healing wounds in naturally acquired pythiosis.
... In traditional medicine, the decoction of the stem bark of Stryphnodendron adstringens Mart., the most studied species of barbatimão, is widely utilized for the treatment of vaginal inflammations and cleaning of wounds. These pharmacological properties are attributed to the presence of tannins (29,30) . ...
Objective: To determine the ethnopharmacological use of plants in the treatment of urogenital tract infections (UTIs) by women living in the city of Crato, located in Chapada do Araripe, in the interior of the State of Ceará, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach, performed from September to November, 2010, with 25 residents of Chapada do Araripe, who use and/or recommend plants for the treatment of UTIs. Results: The prevalent characteristics of the informants were: age-group between 56 and 60 years old, married, all of them farmers with a monthly income of minimum wage, and most of them with incomplete schooling. Nine plant species were identified as being used by the population against infection, inflammation and pain. The most common forms of usage are the decoction, cooking and the maceration of leaves and barks. Barbatimão and mallow were the most reported species by informants. Conclusion: Popular medicine is greatly adopted by traditional communities and represents an incalculable cultural wealth which should be preserved and evaluated to assure sustainable development. Information brought out by this
research may be useful in further pharmacological studies.
... Por outro lado, nas regiões mais pobres do país e até mesmo nas grandes cidades brasileiras, plantas medicinais são comercializadas em feiras livres e mercados populares por raizeiros e ervanários. Essas plantas costumam apresentar uma queda da qualidade quanto à análise farmacológica devido a erros de secagem, acondicionamento e contaminação por fungos e outros microrganismos (Amorozo, 2002;; Nunes et al., 2003;; Ustulin et al., 2009). ...
Este trabalho realizou um levantamento sobre o uso de plantas medicinais na cidade de Picos-PI, identificou as plantas cultivadas no horto pertencente ao Laboratório Fitoterápico de Picos (LAFIPI), e analisou o uso de fitoterápicos dispensados pelo Programa Farmácia Viva no triênio 2008-2010. Do total dos 750 entrevistados, 37,6% foram homens e 62,4 % mulheres, dentre os quais a maioria não concluiu o segundo grau (69,2%) e 77,2% possuíam renda mensal de até dois salários mínimos. Com relação ao consumo de plantas medicinais, 76,3% afirmaram utilizá-las para tratar doenças, principalmente por considerá-las mais saudáveis (84,8%). A indicação do uso foi orientada, sobretudo, por familiares (82,2%), embora a maioria adquira as plantas em feiras livres (32,8%). Das 127 plantas relatadas, as mais citadas foram erva-cidreira, boldo e hortelã, sendo as folhas a parte mais utilizada (42,3%), predominantemente por infusão (39,4%). As aplicações mais lembradas foram para tratar dores em geral (17%), distúrbios respiratórios (16,5%) e digestivos (16%). As espécies mais cultivadas no horto são chambá (Justicia pectoralis), alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides), malva santa (Plectranthus barbatus) e erva cidreira (Lippia alba). O lambedor de chambá foi o fitoterápico mais procurado pela população entre 2008 e 2010. Esse estudo descreveu, pela primeira vez, o uso tradicional de plantas medicinais no município de Picos e demonstrou, também de forma inédita, a relevância de investimentos do Programa Farmácia Viva no município de Picos e sua inclusão no Programa Saúde da Família como forma de disponibilizar à população de baixa renda fitoterápicos produzidos localmente a custos reduzidos.
... Costa-Neto & Oliveira 2000;Dorigoni et al. 2001;Garlet & Irgang 2001;Marodin & Baptista 2001;Parente & Rosa 2001;Albuquerque & Andrade 2002;Amorozo 2002;Ghedini et al. 2002;Marodin & Baptista, 2002;Pinheiro 2002;Ritter et al. 2002;Silva & Andrade 2002;Barbosa & Pinto 2003;Nunes et al. 2003;Verde et al. 2003;Fonseca-Kruel & Peixoto 2004;Macedo & Ferreira 2004;Medeiros et al. 2004a;Medeiros et al. 2004b;Rocha et al. 2004;Soares et al. 2004;Albuquerque et al. 2005;Alvino et al. 2005; Bueno et al. 2005;Macedo & Ferreira 2005; ...
Legal measures, such as the use of free or prior and informed consent, return of research results to communities (which can be understood as "sharing of benefits," according to Brazilian legislation), and research authorization by governmental bodies, are mentioned and regulated in various documents, either governmental or specific, within the area of ethnobiology. This study aims to explore how these matters are considered in the scope of published ethnobotany articles in Brazil, as well as whether the creation of the Provisional Measure 2.186-16/2001 has contributed to the national advance of these matters. The methodology comprised a literature review of articles focusing on medicinal and food plant resources in the prominent Brazilian journals which publish ethnobotany studies. From 137 articles analyzed, 8 mentioned the return of research results to the community; 21 explicitly cited the use of free or prior and informed consent; and 13 mentioned the authorization of governmental bodies. We expect that the present study will contribute to the debate regarding the necessity of reformulation of the current system, which would guarantee a more effective rapport between the government, researchers, local communities, and society and contribute to the development of ethnobotany in Brazil.
... Em um trabalho semelhante, MEDEIROS et al. (2004), através da compilação de dados referentes ao uso de espécies vegetais medicinais por benzedores e usuários de plantas medicinais de Santa Tereza no Espírito Santo, chamaram a atenção para a valorização do conhecimento popular, que é fonte de seleção de material para estudos de fitoquímica, farmacologia e toxicologia. Soma-se a este trabalho o estudo realizado por NUNES et al. (2003), que fizeram um levantamento das plantas medicinais mais solicitadas a raizeiros do centro da cidade de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, ou por eles indicadas. Esse trabalho destaca que a indicação popular de algumas plantas citadas no estudo não corresponde aos dados da literatura científica e que várias amostras apresentaram itens de qualidade que reprovavam o seu consumo. ...
A pratica do uso de plantas medicinais ja faz parte da historia da humanidade e o conhecimento sobre a arte de transformar plantas em medicamentos, tem sido transmitido ao longo de geracoes. Porem, esse conhecimento popular sobre o poder terapeutico das plantas em medicamentos, tem se restringido a um numero cada vez menor de
pessoas. Considerando esse contexto, o raizeiro, profissional que manipula e comercializa plantas medicinais, principalmente em cidades com forte tradicao na agricultura e pecuaria, assume papel importante na preservacao e divulgacao desse conhecimento. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o trabalho dos raizeiros de Goiânia e cidades vizinhas. A metodologia consistiu na realizacao de entrevistas com 14 raizeiros, selecionados de acordo com a idade (mais idosos) e os com mais tempo dedicado ao trabalho com plantas medicinais. As entrevistas se desenvolveram informalmente durante o trabalho do profissional e foram gravadas em fitas cassete, sendo os dados posteriormente transcritos. As entrevistas permitiram identificar como os raizeiros adquiriram o conhecimento sobre o uso de plantas medicinais, qual o efeito terapeutico que e atribuido a cada uma delas, bem como a forma de preparacao e utilizacao, o desconhecimento quanto a interacoes e efeitos colaterais e como as especies vegetais sao obtidas para o comercio. No estudo foram citadas 235 plantas pelos nomes populares, sendo que das 28 mais citadas, 18 tiveram a mesma indicacao terapeutica basica de todos os que a comercializavam. As 28 plantas mais citadas foram analisadas por um botânico e 24 tiveram as especies identificadas, 03 identificadas apenas quanto ao genero e 01 nao foi identificado nem o genero. Embora com ressalvas, a importância dos raizeiros para a populacao, especialmente a de baixa renda, deve ser reconhecida. Todavia, alguns fatores podem representar riscos para os consumidores dessas preparacoes populares: conhecimento insuficiente sobre as plantas comercializadas, risco de falsificacoes, falta de controle de qualidade do material vegetal e o uso de misturas de plantas sem considerar as suas interacoes. 10.5216/ref.v3i1.2070
... s em seus sistemas de medicina tradicional. Em muitas comunidades ao redor do globo, a medicina tradicional é a única forma de tratamento disponível. O uso de plantas medicinais aumentou de forma significativa nos últimos anos, tendo em vista que aproximadamente 100 milhões de pessoas não têm acesso a medicamentos alopáticos (OLIVEIRA et. al, 2006;NUNES et. al, 2003). Fatores como os crescentes aumentos dos preços das drogas convencionais, seus efeitos colaterais, novas formas de doenças passíveis de tratamento através de medicamentos ditos "naturais" e as dificuldades relacionadas ao acesso aos serviços de saúde pública, tem contribuído para o aumento no consumo das plantas medicinais (MARODIN; BAP ...
Graças ao seu baixo custo e facilidade de acesso por parte da população, o uso de plantas medicinais como recurso terapêutico é uma constante em todo o território nacional. Dadas as condições inadequadas de coleta, processamento, transporte, armazenamento, exposição e manipulação do material, é possível que possa ocorrer a contaminação por microrganismos patogênicos, resultando em riscos à saúde humana. O presente trabalho objetivou di-agnosticar a qualidade microbiológica de amostras de pata de vaca (Bauhinia forticata), quixabeira (Bumelia sertorum) e umburana (Amburana cearensis) no município de Currais Novos, RN. Foram quantificados: aeróbios mesófilos (ágar Padrão de Contagem, 35±1°C/24h), coliformes totais/Escherichia coli (teste presuntivo: caldo LST, 35±0,5°C/24-48±2; CT: caldo VB, 35±0,5°C/24-48±2; E. coli: caldo EC, 44,5±0,2°C/24±2h; ágar L-EMB, 35±0,5°C/24±2h), bolores e leveduras (ágar Batata Dextrosado Acidificado, 25±1°C/5 dias) e Staphylococcus aureus (ágar Baird-Parker, 35-37°C/24±2h). Para a con-firmação de E. coli, colônias foram submetidas às provas bioquímicas da série IMViC. To-das as amostras analisadas apresentaram contagens de bactérias do grupo dos coliformes totais. E. coli foi detectada em 34% das amostras. Níveis de bolores e leveduras e aeróbios mesófilos acima dos recomendados foram observados em 100% e 84% das amostras, res-pectivamente. S. aureus foi detectado em 25% das amostras. Os níveis de contaminação registrados apontam o material analisado como potencialmente danoso à saúde humana.
... The search for relief and cure of illness probably may have been one of the first ways of using natural products (1) . Nowadays the knowledge about medical plants is discussed not only in Brazil but on the entire world (2) , and offers a contribution to science development, starting from knowledge of empiric character (3) . Grande -MG. ...
Resumo
The Ethnobotany listing was realized from July to August 2006, in which 205 residents of Viçosa in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil were interview. The interview was realized using a semi-structured questionnaire containing a socioeconomic profile and questions related to the use of medical plants, in which the plants cited by the interview people were organized in 78 species with a total of 518 citations. Among the accounted plants the most cited were Hortelã (Mentha sp.) (17,4%), Boldo (Plectranthus barbatus Andrews) (7,9%), Erva cidreira (Melissa officinalis L.) (7,3%), Camomila (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert.), (5,8%) and Macaé (Leonurus sibiricus L.), (5,8%). The most used part of the plants was the leaf (69, 1%), being infusion the most common way of administration cited (61, 9%). The Ethnobotany listing permitted verify that the traditional use of medicinal plants in the municipal of Viçosa-MG has traditionalism and its use is related with scientific knowledge, once its therapeutics recommendation are known by science and valid by traditional knowledge. 10.5216/ref.v8i4.16648
... Smoke of P. atlantica gum has been reported to exhibit antibacterial activity against vaginal infection and this remedy is very common among the women of the Baluch tribe. This plant has been investigated for its phenolic compounds and triterpenoids (Nunes et al., 2003;Tohidi et al., 2011), which looks a proper justification of antibacterial activity. Parvin et al (2010) reported smoke containing polar phenolic compounds displayed the best antimicrobial activities. ...
The objective of this study was to establish a regional profile of the indigenous knowledge on the treatment of various gynaecological disorders by Baluch Tribes of Iran. The ethical guidelines adopted by the International Society of Ethnobiology were strictly followed during the field survey. Data were collected during 2013-2014 based on interviews, group conversations and close consultation with local informants. Participants were selected using the snowball sampling technique. Secondary methods of data collection were also used for triangulation. A quantitative analysis including the informant consensus factor and use value was performed to evaluate the medicinal plants. A total of 33.3% Baluch women reported high affiliation with herbal remedies for gynaecological problems, while others attribute was also positive for medicinal plants. A total of eighty plant species belonging to 43 botanical families were documented. Levels of Relative frequency of citation decreased as follows: Nigella sativa (0.92), Pistacia atlantica (0.91), Anethum graveolens (0.88), Carum carvi (0.87) and Trigonella foenum-graecum (0.85). Results of the informant consensus factor showed that menstrual problems (0.87) and vaginal infection (0.74) were the most common problems of women in the studied area. The use value and informant consensus factor validated that the relative importance of plant species and shared knowledge of herbal therapies between Baluch womenfolk of this area is still rich.
... Em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, outra experiência mostrou haver coerência entre o que foi citado pelos erveiros e o que reza na literatura em, ao menos, metade das plantas estudadas. Entre 27 plantas, nove foram relacionadas à capacidade analgésica e quatro relacionadas a problemas osteomusculares (Nunes et al., 2003). É fato que no Brasil, o custo com medicamentos e tratamentos deixa o binômio saúdedoença numa equação desigual, o que poderia ser pior se não houvesse por parte da população carente o uso das plantas com finalidades terapêuticas. ...
This study is the result of research conducted with a group of 20 women living in the community of Maré, in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In this community there is a community garden where medicinal plants are grown. The data were collected through individual interviews conducted between March 2009 to September 2010, in order to know the plants used by these women, especially for muscle aches. The results confirm the preservation of traditional knowledge about medicinal plants, since all respondents use such plants. Seventy-five percent of respondents cultivate plants in the community garden or at home. Fifteen plants were cited for muscle aches. However, only two have proven therapeutic activities in the scientific literature.
... DC, também denominada Baccharis genistelloides var. trimera (Less.) Baker, com grande utilização na medicina tradicional e na produção de fitoterápicos (RITTER et al., 2002; NUNES et al., 2003). O Programa Nacional de Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos, lançado em dezembro de 2008, apresenta ações que visam a cumprir as diretrizes da Política Nacional de Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos. ...
EVALUATION OF DRYING KINETICS OF CARQUEJA This work aimed to study the of drying kinetics of Baccharis trimera subjected to different air temperatures and subsequent adjustment of experimental data to different mathematical models. To conduct the experiment were used for 6 trays drying, using the temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 oC. Was employed the experimental design of randomized blocks with three repetitions, of 800 g of fresh leaves in each tray. For the fit of mathematical models to experimental data analysis was performed non-linear regression by the Quasi-Newton method. The results showed that the model Midilli et al. made adjustment to the experimental data for the entire range of temperature studied (40 to 90 oC), and, the Page model showed adequate fit to the experimental data only for the range of temperature from 60 to 90 oC.
... In traditional medicine, the decoction of the stem bark of Stryphnodendron adstringens Mart., the most studied species of barbatimão, is widely utilized for the treatment of vaginal inflammations and cleaning of wounds. These pharmacological properties are attributed to the presence of tannins (29,30) . ...
Objective: To determine the ethnopharmacological use of plants in the treatment of urogenital tract infections (UTIs) by women living in the city of Crato, located in Chapada do Araripe, in the interior of the State of Ceará, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach, performed from September to November, 2010, with 25 residents of Chapada do Araripe, who use and/or recommend plants for the treatment of UTIs. Results:The prevalent characteristics of the informants were: age-group between 56 and 60 years old, married, all of them farmers with a monthly income of minimum wage, and most of them with incomplete schooling. Nine plant species were identified as being used by the population against infection, inflammation and pain. The most common forms of usage are the decoction, cooking and the maceration of leaves and barks. Barbatimão and mallow were the most reported species by informants. Conclusion: Popular medicine is greatly adopted by traditional communities and represents an incalculable cultural wealth which should be preserved and evaluated to assure sustainable development. Information brought out by this research may be useful in further pharmacological studies.
A flora brasileira é megadiversa, e está sob pressão pelo avanço das atividades humanas. As comunidades tradicionais possuem grande conhecimento acerca de usos e propriedades das plantas, mas este conhecimento não se reflete no aproveitamento das espécies nativas para a produção de medicamentos ou reconhecimento oficial nas listas de plantas medicinais preconizadas pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Foi proposta a criação do Índice de Significância Medicinal (ISM) para localizar, em listagens de plantas, aquelas com maior potencial de estudo farmacológico a partir da validação dos usos populares, valorizando o caráter nativo em função da conservação da biodiversidade e avaliando sua presença em listas oficiais do governo. O Índice foi aplicado a um levantamento florístico realizado no Campus Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro, em que 44 espécies (42 nativas, duas exóticas) tiveram indicação de usos medicinais em literatura, e apenas três estão presentes em listas oficiais. O ISM contribuiu para a indicação de plantio de sete espécies na Plataforma Agroecológica de Fitomedicamentos, Fiocruz. O Índice demonstrou ser uma ferramenta útil para a identificação e seleção de plantas medicinais nativas ainda não reconhecidas em listas oficiais da ANVISA para pesquisa das suas propriedades e desenvolvimento de métodos e produtos.
Background: Ferns and lycophytes comprise all vascular plants with no flowers, fruits, or seeds, grouped under the artificial name Pteridophytes. This group presents a broad range of ethnobotanical uses, being those medicinal, ornamental, ritual, edible, or others, but there are few studies that register the uses of this specific group and no comprehensive gathering of this data under one study in Brazil. This review aimed to gather, analyze, and organize existing data on the historical and present ethnobotany of Pteridophytes in Brazil. Methods: This study was conducted through a literature review, regarding historical and current data in order to understand how the human populations in Brazil utilize these plants. Species were also updated when necessary to generate a taxonomic correct listing. Results: We gathered data regarding 367 species, within 702 valid citations in 124 different sources, dating from the 16th century until today. Another 118 imprecise citations were registered, making up to a total of 820 species’ citations. The most reported uses were medicinal and ornamental, followed by those of ritual and food uses. Almost all Pteridophyte families have recorded uses, and the species are used in all regions of the country, by diverse human groups. Conclusion: This survey brings to surface the broad use of Pteridophyte species in the country, compiling this information in an unprecedented way for Brazil, and highlighting their importance for human groups. Keywords: brazilian flora; brazilian biodiversity; useful plants; traditional knowledge.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Cochlospermum regium is well-known as “Algodãozinho do cerrado” in folk Brazilian medicine, and is used to fight infections, inflammation and skin disorders.
Aim of the study: To identify the phytochemical constituents and the effects of the ethanolic extract of C. regium leaves (EECR) on inflammation and pain, and the effects of C. regium gel (GEECR) on wound healing.
Materials and methods
Animals were treated with EECR (30–300 mg/kg) or GEECR (1.25 and 2.5%) and studies were conducted using carrageenan-induced pleurisy and paw edema tests, formalin-induced pain model, and excision wound model.
Results
In total, 25 compounds, including quercitrin, methyl gallate, and 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylhexose, with highest detectability were identified. The treatments reduced leukocyte migration, nitric oxide production, protein extravasation, edema, mechanical hyperalgesia, pain in both phases (neurogenic and inflammatory), cold hypersensitivity, and improved wound closure and tissue regeneration.
Conclusions
The present findings established the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and wound healing potential of the leaves of C. regium, confirming the potential therapeutic effect of this plant.
Este estudo faz parte de um projeto guarda-chuva, de abordagem qualitativa enveredando pelo plano da pesquisa-ação. Fundamentou-se em problematizar a temática de uso de fitoterápicos em uma aproximação de saberes convergentes, populares e científicos. Objetivou investigar o uso de plantas medicinais em pessoas com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, cadastradas em um programa de extensão-pesquisa de uma instituição de ensino superior pública, no interior do estado da Bahia. Realizado no período de agosto /2014 a maio/2015 com seis mulheres com idade média 57,8 anos, em observância a saturação dos dados. Foram os instrumentos de coleta de dados: uma entrevista semiestuturada com questões norteadoras sobre plantas medicinais e três oficinas educativas na temática. Dos instrumentos configuraram-se as categorias de análise: A prática popular de uso de plantas medicinais – saberes-fazeres cotidiano; Saberes populares sobre coleta, horário e formas de aquisição das plantas medicinais e Plantas medicinais: reações indesejadas. Os resultados ratificaram o que a ampla literatura difunde de ser esta uma prática na cultura brasileira de tradição e valor familiar com estreita relação à diversidade cultural-regional. Também verificaram que o uso de plantas segue uma filosofia de pensar que por ser natural não faz mal. Não obstante, os modos de preparo, armazenamento e horário de coleta de partes da planta utilizada evidenciou a necessidade de uma reconstrução dos saberes-fazeres ao uso racional das plantas de modo a minimizar e/ou evitar os efeitos indesejáveis. Considera-se que para o uso mais racional das plantas é preciso ascender à convergência de saberes científicos e populares.
Rudgea viburnoides is widely found in the Brazilian Cerrado, and commonly used in Brazilian folk medicine. In this study, we evaluated the effects of prolonged administration of the aqueous extract from R. viburnoides leaves (AERV) on impaired redox status, renal dysfunction, and cardiovascular damage in 2K1C hypertensive rats, as well as its chemical composition by LC-DAD-MS. Renal hypertension (two kidney, one-clip model) was surgically induced in male Wistar rats and AERV (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) was administered orally five weeks after surgery for 28 days. Renal function was assessed and urinary electrolytes, pH, and density were measured. Electrocardiography, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. Cardiac and mesenteric vascular beds were isolated for cardiac morphometry and evaluation of vascular reactivity, and aortic rings were also isolated for measurement of cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels, and the redox status was assessed. Prolonged treatment with AERV preserved urine excretion and electrolyte levels (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl−), reversed electrocardiographic changes, left ventricular hypertrophy and changes in vascular reactivity induced by hypertension, and reduced blood pressure and heart rate. This effect was associated with a positive modulation of tissue redox state, activation of the NO/cGMP pathway, and inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme. Glycosylated iridoids, chlorogenic acids, glycosylated triterpenes, O-glycosylated flavonols, and triterpenoid saponins were annotated. AERV showed no acute toxicity in female Wistar rats. Therefore, AERV treatment reduced the progression of cardiorenal disease in 2K1C hypertensive rats, which can be involved with an important attenuation of oxidative stress, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, and activation of the NO/cGMP pathway.
Research on pharmacology and phytochemistry originating from medicinal plants has resulted in various publications highlighting the Cerrado in central-western Brazil, which has a remarkable diversity of plant species. The reserve area selected was the Cerrado stricto sensu settlement “17 April”, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. However, no ethnopharmacological review focusing on the plants present in the reserve area exists, even though the consumption of medicinal plants is a widespread practice. The aims of this study were to 1) survey and document the medicinal plants present in the reserve area; 2) provide an overview of recent ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological studies of these species; and 3) provide insight for future studies. A literature search was conducted, and relevant information was collected from authentic resources using databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus, as well as peer reviewed articles, books and theses. Eighty-nine species belonging to 39 different families were found; the most abundant were Fabaceae (n = 13), Myrtaceae (n = 7), Rubiaceae (n = 7) and Bignoniaceae (n = 5). In terms of it empirical use, the most utilized parts were leaves (41%), bark (22%) and roots (15%). The most widespread traditional use, according to the literature review of the following plants involves the treatment of gastro-intestinal system diseases (41 spp). Chemical studies reported a high presence of terpene, phenol, and alkaloid classes. Only three are listed in the RENISUS: Casearia sylvestris, Copaifera langsdorffii and Stryphnodendron adstringens. This study demonstrated a large number of medicinal plants in an area of the Cerrado in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Noting the importance of biodiversity for the development of new pharmacological approaches, many studies prove the empirical use of medicinal plants.
O Cochlospermum regium é uma importante espécie vegetal tanto para o meio florístico, quanto para a fitoterapia. A espécie apresenta desenvolvimento por sementes sendo necessário protocolos para quebra de dormência e altas taxas de porcentagem de germinação, visto que, é uma planta explorada diariamente no campo, onde a população e raizeiros buscam o órgão terrestre (rizoma ou xilopódio) para o preparo de garrafadas e pós para consumo, utilizado para aliviar e tratar numerosas formas infecciosas. Desta forma, o trabalho visou levantar dados bibliográficos de estudos dentre eles, artigos, livros, dissertações de mestrados sobre a conservação da espécie observando dados sobre a quebra de dormência e germinação, e sobre as atividades química e biológica exercida pelas inúmeras formas em que os órgãos vegetais de C. regium são utilizadas. Através das revisões foi possível verificar inúmeros protocolos de germinação e vários trabalhos onde visaram identificar as classes de compostos e suas atividades biológicas. Nesta revisão é possível observar que o C. regium é exaustivamente estudado possibilitando que novos fármacos e meios de conservação de alimentos através das ações antioxidantes e microbianas possibilitem o uso desta espécie vegetal. Além disso, os protocolos apresentados neste estudo, apresentam altas taxas de germinação, podendo auxiliar futuros projetos de reflorestamento e inclusão de C. regium em outros ambientes ou mesmo em outros biomas perpetuando a espécie.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Cochlospermum regium, known as “algodãozinho”, is an important plant belonging to Brazilian biodiversity used in traditional medicine to treat infections, wounds and skin conditions.
Aim of the study
To assess the effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from C. regium leaves on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus planktonic cells and biofilm formation.
Material and methods
The phytochemical characterization of the extracts was carried out by quantification of flavonoids, phenols and tannins and HPLC-DAD. Minimum inhibitory concentrations, cell viability, and enzyme activity inhibition were determined in planktonic cells exposed to C. regium extracts. The effect of the extracts on biofilms was assessed by quantifying colony-forming units (CFUs) and the extracellular matrix, and by visualizing the biofilm structure using scanning electron microscopy.
Results
Leaf extract contents showed high concentration of phenols and the gallic and ellagic acids were identified. The extracts showed potent antimicrobial activities at concentrations ranging from 62.5–250 μg/mL, and decreased coagulase activity. In addition, the extracts prevented biofilm formation, and the aqueous extract completely inhibited its formation.
Conclusions
C. regium extracts stand out as promising alternative treatments for the prevention and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Parallelisms between current and historical medicinal practices as described in the seventeenth century treatise Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (HNB) provide us with an overview of traditional plant knowledge transformations. Local markets reflect the actual plant use in urban and rural surroundings, allowing us to trace cross-century similarities of ethnobotanical knowledge. Aims of the study: We aim to verify in how far the HNB, created in seventeenth-century northeastern Brazil, correlates with contemporary plant use in the country by comparing the plant knowledge therein with recent plant market surveys at national level.
Materials and methods
We conducted a literature review on ethnobotanical market surveys in Brazil. We used the retrieved data on plant composition and vernacular names, together with our own fieldwork from the Ver-o-Peso market in Belém, to compare each market repertoire with the useful species in the HNB. We analyzed similarities among markets and the HNB with a Detrended Correspondence Analysis and by creating Venn diagrams. We analyzed the methods of the different markets to check whether they influenced our results.
Results
Out of the 24 markets reviewed, the greatest similarities with the HNB are seen in northern Brazilian markets, both in plant composition and vernacular names, followed by the northeast. The least overlap is found with markets in the central west and Rio de Janeiro. Most of the shared vernacular names with the HNB belonged to languages of the Tupi linguistic family.
Conclusion
The similarity patterns in floristic composition among Brazilian markets and the HNB indicate the current wider distribution and trade of the species that Marcgrave and Piso described in 1648 in the northeast. Migration of indigenous groups, environmental changes, globalized and homogenous plant trade, and different market survey methods played a role in these results. The HNB is a reference point in time that captures a moment of colonial cultural transformations.
Equisetum giganteum L. is a fern with numerous uses in popular medicine in Latin and Central America. In particular, it is used as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and astringent and to treat ophthalmologic and renal disorders. E. giganteum is also used for pest control and as a fertilizer in agriculture due to its high silicon content. It possesses antidiabetic and antifungal activities. Several compounds have been identified from this species, namely tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids.
Echinodorus macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli pertaining to Alismataceae family, is a perennial, rhizomatous and aquatic herb that also occurs in wetlands and flooding areas, in several countries of South America. In Brazil, it is known as chapéu-de-couro, chá-mineiro, erva-de-pântano, erva-de-bugre, congonha-do-brejo e erva-do-brejo. Other species of the genus, such as E. grandiflorus is also used in folk medicine, with very similar indications for use. E. macrophyllus leaves have been used in folk medicine in the form of decoction, infusion, or bottled, considered a reputed remedy for the treatment of infections, respiratory diseases, inflammatory conditions, kidney dysfunctions, diuretic, anti-hypertensive and against pains of the genito-urinary system. Although many studies have shown positive results in preclinical trials and this herb seems to be safe to human organism, it is important to be careful with its indiscriminate use to avoid side effects and health damage, as well as with collection practices. In Brazil, this species is still wild-crafted and extensively extracted. These are conditions that make it a high-priority species for conservation.
The ethnobotanical studies is the first step for a multidisciplinary approach involving various professionals to establish what the promising species for botanical studies, pharmacological and agronomic. In this context, the aim of this study was to identify the species used for medicinal purposes by the population of the Central West region of Brazil and organize them according to their relative importance (RI). The listing of the species used by the population for medicinal purposes was obtained through a literature review of published works, as well as theses and dissertations, ethnobotany approach in the region Midwest (except DF), from 1990 to 2008...
Keywords: Ethnobotany; Medicinal Plants; Flora Conservation; Cerrado.
Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) can be seen as a common clinical condition responsible for substantial economic, social and psychological costs, due to its high morbidity, especially since it affects adults in their productive phase. Its development in the urinary tract is a complex and multifactorial process. The majority of kidney stones are made of calcium oxalate. A lot of plants are used to treat nephrolithiasis and they often exhibit calcium oxalate crystals in the parts that are employed for this medicinal purpose, representing a possible risk. In this light, we performed a literature review via the databases Scielo, PubMed and Medline and found 28 articles reporting the traditional use of plants in the treatment of nephrolithiasis. The occurrence of calcium oxalate crystals was indicated in 19 species. We argue that the use of these plants could give rise to adverse effects in people who are prone to form calcium oxalate stones in the kidney.
Interferometry was used together with the conventional microplate resazurin assay to evaluate the antimycobacterial properties of essential oil (EO) from fruits of Pterodon emarginatus and also of rifampicin against Mycobacterium bovis. The aim of this work is not only to investigate the potential antimycobacterial activity of this EO, but also to test the interferometric method in comparison with the conventional one. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of EO (625 μg/mL) and rifampicin (4 ng/mL) were firstly identified with the microplate method. These values were used as parameters in Drug Susceptibility Tests (DST) with interferometry. The interferometry confirmed the MIC value of EO identified with microplate and revealed a bacteriostatic behavior for this concentration. At 2500 μg/mL interferometry revealed bactericidal activity of the EO. Mycobacterial growth was detected with interferometry at 4 ng/mL of rifampicin and even at higher concentrations. One important difference is that the interferometric method preserves the sample, so that after weeks of quantitative observation, the sample can be used to evaluate the bactericidal activity of the tested drug.
Fairs or traditional markets are centers of buying and selling that commercialize plant and animal products and are important for gathering, concentrating, maintaining, and diffusing empirical knowledge about these resources. In this chapter, you will first encounter a brief discussion of questions and hypotheses taken from ethnobiological research on open-air markets. The principal social factors involved in this type of investigation will be presented along with several methodological problems that researchers face while conducting ethnobiological research in centers at which medicinal resources are bought and sold. Finally, practical suggestions and recommendations for conducting rigorous research will be discussed from a scientific viewpoint.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the leading causes of gastric diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric adenocarcinoma. The current treatment of H. pylori infection with antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors has several limitations, including poor adherence and intrinsic patient-related factors, drug resistance, and the absence of adequate treatments. This review summarizes the current therapeutic approaches to eradicating H. pylori, the difficulties associated with its treatment, and several new perspectives aimed at improving existing treatment strategies.
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