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Fish as feed inputs for aquaculture-practices, sustainability and implications: A global synthesis
Abstract
With around three quarters of the world’s capture fisheries fully or overexploited, aquaculture is seen as the main source for future growth of fish production. Given this finite state of affairs, this paper examines the role of “feed” fisheries in fish and animal farming and considers whether the direct human consumption of these resources might be preferable on environmental, food security and livelihood grounds. This synthesis draws on four regional analyses and a number of country case studies.
There are marked differences among regions regarding the sourcing and use of fish-based protein for feeds. In South America and Europe high-performance compounded feeds derived from target feed stocks are utilized, although Asian demand for these resources is increasingly causing South American and European aquaculture producers to substitute fishmeal with plant-based alternatives. Asian aquaculture – apart from the intensive culture of marine shrimp – still largely depends upon “trash fish” and farm-made diets due to their availability and low cost, characteristics which are considered by farmers to outweigh their poor growth and environmental performance. With the exception of Egyptian mariculture, most of Africa’s culture of herbivorous/omnivorous species uses locally made fishmeal.
In some key feed fisheries and particularly in South America, there is considerable scope to increase the proportion of feedfish used for human consumption to address food security concerns. However, this switch depends upon the development of low-cost, easily conserved products that are accessible by the poor in inland rural areas. In Asia, there is some scope for greater use of low-value fish for human consumption, but again affordability and required product preservation are limitations.
In terms of food security and livelihood maintenance, such a switch would be particularly beneficial to South American populations. However, the situation in Asia is less clear cut, as cheap and abundant trash fish allow small-scale aquaculture development and the accompanying livelihood opportunities. In summary, there is no single “answer” as to whether more “feedfish” should be used for human consumption. Solutions to this issue require a regional approach that examines all the consequences – economic, social and environmental – to ensure that inappropriate policy changes are not rushed through on the basis of simplistic assertions.
... In contrast, most diadromous and marine finfish, including both tropical and temperate species, are farmed intensively in floating net cages and are to a large extent reliant on nutritionally complete fishmeal and fish oil-based diets. For some marine fish species farmed mainly in Southeast Asia, including also freshwater species like Pangasius catfish (e.g., in Vietnam) large amounts of fish, so-called trash fish, are being used directly as feed (Huntington and Hasan, 2009). Penaeid shrimps, dominating crustacean farming, are reared in semi-intensive or intensive coastal pond systems. ...
... Low value fish, that is, so-called ''trash fish'' (from rivers, lakes, and the sea) has increasingly been used directly as feed in aquaculture, especially in Asian countries, with implication for both biodiversity and food security (Huntington and Hasan, 2009). Despite significant progress being made on reducing inclusion of fishmeal and fish oil in feeds, and finding alternative feed ingredients (e.g., plants and microorganisms) ( Tacon and Metian, 2008;Naylor et al., 2009), some intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems use more fish protein to feed the farmed species than is ultimately harvested. ...
... The global use of farm-made feeds is estimated to be between 15 and 30 million tons and mostly prevalent in Asia and Africa (Huntington and Hasan, 2009), this is as a results of the affordable and available local ingredients for production. The use of raw materials in feeding fishes has been mostly practiced in Asia accounting to about between 3 and 6 million tons (FAOSTAT, 2014). ...
... The global productivity of zooplankton biomass typically produces hundreds of millions of tons, and their reproductive turnover rate is fast. Most of this large biomass is not used in commercial products, and only a tiny percentage is harvested (Hewitt et al., 2002;Huntington and Hasan, 2009;Naylor et al., 2009). There is a consensus belief that aquatic biomass that is not harvested and utilized is considered a wasted biological resource. ...
The current study evaluates the nutritional and feed value of mysid meal (MM) as a substitute for fishmeal (FM) in the Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) postlarvae diet. Five experimental diets were formulated by replacing 0 (MM0), 25 (MM25), 50 (MM50), 75 (MM75), and 100 % (MM100) of dietary FM with MM. These experimental feeds were fed to P. vannamei postlarvae in a 60-day feeding trial. Results revealed that MM could entirely substitute 100 % FM in the white shrimp diet. Furthermore, results showed that 75 % FM replacement with MM elicited a growth-enhancing effect and improved feed nutrient utilization. No significant treatment effects were detected in the survival, total feed intake, and biochemical body composition of P. vannamei. The observed improvement in shrimp growth in terms of weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and nutrient retention were positively correlated with the substitution level of FM by MM. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was negatively correlated with the substitution of MM and with the growth indices including WG and SGR. In conclusion, 100% of the FM (40% in the control diet) can be substituted by dietary MM without affecting the survival, growth, feed utilization, and biochemical carcass composition of P. vannamei. Polynomial regression analysis of SGR indicates that 65.50% of MM is optimum to replace FM in the diet of P. vannamei to attain maximum growth.
... Moreover, trash fish is a significant contributor to bacterial diseases in marine farms [44]. Therefore, it is imperative to develop alternative and sustainable feed sources to address this challenge [49]. One potential solution is for the government to initiate loans without interest to farmers for purchasing marine feed directly from factories, which could stimulate demand and reduce the practice of purchasing feed on credit. ...
Egypt, a leading producer of aquaculture in the Mediterranean, faces challenges in developing its marine aquaculture sector. To address these issues, this study utilized the SWOT-AHP methodology for a quantitative assessment of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Interviews were conducted with 26 experts, including marine fish farmers, academics, and officials. The results revealed Egypt's global leadership as the largest producer of meagre and the third-largest producer of marine species such as seabass and seabream. This success can be attributed to strengths such as competitive pricing for meagre, extended marine aquaculture sites, suitable weather conditions, and moderate winters not available to competitors, contributing to the production of high-quality marine fish with a large market size. This provides a significant marketing opportunity when focusing on this high-priced large-size category. However, experts' concerns about the development of marine aquaculture lead them to believe that weaknesses and threats outweigh strengths and opportunities. These concerns include reliance on limited and costly trash fish, a decrease in demand for aquafeed due to rising prices, poor water quality, and a dependency on wild seeds. Pollution and climate change are also major concerns. In summary, the implementation of the SWOT-AHP approach ensures the development of an effective strategic plan for marine aquaculture in Egypt. This approach contributes to maximizing opportunities and addressing challenges that may hinder the sector's future growth. Collaborative execution among stakeholders (farmers, academics, and officials) is expected to facilitate a transition to sustainable practices, promoting innovation, and continuous improvement of the strategy.
... Fish can be consumed in different preserved forms which are dried, smoked, and powdered forms. These preserved forms of fish can be moved easily to remote areas (Huntington & Hasan, 2009). Fish farming and its products are very helpful which carry out the local market demands if fish farming is done on a small level. ...
This article describes the current aspects and future prospect of fish usage in consumer’s meals to cover the deficiency of essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, globally. Currently, most of the human population is facing health problems such as cancer, depression, early aging, heart, brain, and autoimmune diseases, etc. due to the lack of essential elements in the routine diet. Fish is blessed as an enriched source of Omega-3, Calcium, Iodine, IL-1, Lysine, Vitamin A, D3, and many more to combat above mentioned problems. Fish is not only a reliable source of income generation from the beginning of the World Era but also provides essential nutrients to the poor community. Traditionally, it is the source of earnings for more than 100 million people and supplies livelihood to 660-820 million people worldwide. It is estimated that fish production and consumption are going to increase from 178.5 to 204.4 million tons and 18.7 kg per capita to 22.5 kg, respectively, during 2018-2030. This review highlights the role of fish in global food and nutrition security by providing protein and essential nutrients to the community to attain the Sustainable Developmental Goals of the United Nations.
... For this reason, the Mugilidae have been recognized as a family of potential species for the diversification of aquaculture in the Mediterranean region, as well as in other regions of the world (South Korea, China, South Africa, etc), due to its good adaptation in a wide range of temperatures and geographic locations, rapid growth, and feeding habits. In addition, due to their nutritional needs, they require a lower amount of protein in feed during the growth phase (Huntington and Hasan, 2009), giving rise to a possible sustainable aquaculture thanks to the use of alternative ingredients and the reduction of production costs. These features make the different species of mullets excellent candidates for testing the potential beneficial effects of including any kind of agri-food by-product in diets. ...
The search of bioactive compounds obtained from natural sources with beneficial effects in growth and health is an increasing trend in aquaculture. Wine by-products are an excellent source of such compounds, mostly phe-nolics, with demonstrated antioxidant and immunostimulant activities in vertebrates. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion (100 g/kg) of two wine by-products (grape pomace and lees) on growth, immune status and metabolism of juvenile golden gray mullet (Liza aurata), as well as the potential protective effect of compounds present in the two by products against induced stress produced by moderate hypoxia. Results evidenced a significant positive effect of grape pomace on feed efficiency, as well as in different indicators of metabolic and immunological status of the fish. Also, a significant negative effect of wine lees on the functional diversity of intestinal microbiota was evidenced. Fish fed on diets containing any of the two by-products evi-denced significantly lower levels of cortisol when challenged by hypoxia, this pointing to a protective effect mediated by their contents in phenolic compounds and suggesting an interesting and practical application for these agricultural by-products.
... Producers must find alternatives that reduce or omit FM without affecting the economic value or health benefits of fish consumption that aquaculture confers, this is necessary to ensure sustainable expansion in the fish culture field (Cottrell et al., 2020). To decrease the amount of FM used in aquafeeds, a variety of raw materials have been studied and used (Huntington and Hasan, 2009;Troell et al., 2014). Proteins derived from plant sources had been investigated in previous studies in aquafeeds on Nile tilapia (O. ...
Abstract
A feeding trial for 70 days was designated on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus). A total of 200 fish (34.38± 0.05 g) were assigned into five groups, four replicates for each (10
fish/replicate; 40 fish/group) and received five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets with five replacement levels of fishmeal (FM) with kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) protein hydrolysate (KBH) (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%). The findings demonstrated a significant increase in the performance metrics (final body weight, total weight gain, average daily weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, and specific growth rate) with a considerable improvement in the feed conversion ratio across all replacement levels, with the greatest value obtained in the KBH75 and KBH100 groups. Regarding the broken line regression analysis, the optimum FM
replacement level with KBH was 76 %. By replacing FM with KBH, the growth hormone and digestive enzymes (amylase and protease) levels were significantly increased, whilst the glucose
and leptin hormone levels significantly declined. The amino acid transporters (solute carrier family 15 member 2 and solute carrier family 26 member 6), insulin growth factor-1, the immune-associated genes (interleukin-8, toll-like receptors-7, and cc-chemokine), and the antioxidant-associated genes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and Glutathione synthetase) expression was substantially boosted in all replacement levels, where the KBH50 group recorded the highest expression. As well as the mRNA expression of myostatin was down-turned in all replacement levels relative to the KBH0 group. Improving the immune functions (lysozyme, complement 3, nitric oxide, phagocytic %, and phagocytic index) was noticed by FM replacement with KBH. The cumulative mortality as a result of challenging with Aeromonas sobria at the end of the feeding trial was decreased by increasing the replacement level (80, 40, 37, 30, and 25% for KBH0, KBH25, KBH50, KBH75, and KBH100. From the economic point of view, the feed costs and feed cost/ kg gain declined in the KBH75 and KBH100 diets. From the aforementioned outcomes, KBH could replace the FM up to 100 % with improving the growth and their related genes expression, digestive enzymes activity, and immune/antioxidant parameters and their encoding gene expression, and the optimal replacement level was 76 %. The replacement of FM with KBH was economically efficient.
Keywords: Nile tilapia; Phaseolus vulgaris protein hydrolysate; Growth, amino acid transporters; head kidney genes.
Leucomalachite green (LMG), a derivative antimicrobial agent, can accumulate in animal tissues for long periods and is categorized as a carcinogen affecting consumer health. Therefore, determining the contamination of aquatic products by LMG is necessary to prevent residual contamination. In the work described herein, the detection of LMG based on a colorimetric method using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was developed. The specificity of isolated single-stranded DNA aptamers to LMG was proven by using LMG and other antibiotics. The binding affinity of the LMG-aptamer showed a Kd value of 1.94 pM. Furthermore, a colorimetric detection module was successfully developed, showing a limit of detection (LOD) value of LMG at 250 nM using standard LMG substance. Taken together, this research demonstrates a rapid and sensitive method to detect chemical residues, reducing the possibility of contamination in fishery products. Considering these findings, the aptamer-based colorimetric approach might be feasible to utilize as a biosensing module, providing a rapid, inexpensive analysis method for detecting deposited chemical residues.
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