The Dark Tetrad

Abstract

Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy are personality traits understood to be dispositions toward amoral and antisocial behavior. Recent research has suggested that sadism should also be added to this set of traits. In the present study, we tested a hypothesis proposing that these four traits are expressions of one superordinate construct: The Dark Tetrad. Exploration of the latent space of four “dark” traits suggested that the singular second-order factor which represents the Dark Tetrad can be extracted. Analysis has shown that Dark Tetrad traits can be located in the space of basic personality traits, especially on the negative pole of the Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotionality dimensions. We conclude that sadism behaves in a similar manner as the other dark traits, but it cannot be reduced to them. The results support the concept of “Dark Tetrad.”

Full text

1
2Original Article
3
4The Dark Tetrad
5Structural Properties and Location in the
6Personality Space
7Janko Mededovic
´and Boban Petrovic
´
8Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia
9Abstract. Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy are personality traits understood to be dispositions toward amoral and antisocial
10 behavior. Recent research has suggested that sadism should also be added to this set of traits. In the present study, we tested a hypothesis
11 proposing that these four traits are expressions of one superordinate construct: The Dark Tetrad. Exploration of the latent space of four ‘‘dark’’
12 traits suggested that the singular second-order factor which represents the Dark Tetrad can be extracted. Analysis has shown that Dark Tetrad
13 traits can be located in the space of basic personality traits, especially on the negative pole of the Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness,
14 Conscientiousness, and Emotionality dimensions. We conclude that sadism behaves in a similar manner as the other dark traits, but it cannot be
15 reduced to them. The results support the concept of ‘‘Dark Tetrad.’’
16
Keywords: Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, sadism, Dark Tetrad, HEXACO personality traits
17
18
19 The Dark Triad
20 During the past decade, a triplet of personality traits known
21 as the ‘‘Dark Triad’’ has drawn significant attention from
22 researchers (Paulhus & Williams, 2002). These three traits,
23 narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, although
24 conceptualized in different contexts by various researchers,
25 represent a part of the ‘‘dark side’’ of human personality
26 (Jonason, Webster, Schmitt, Li, & Crysel, 2012). Although
27 there are studies showing that these traits can have a posi-
28 tive outcome for the person, such as social status, popular-
29 ity, having a leading position (Hawley, 2003; Wai &
30 Tiliopoulos, 2012), as a whole, the Dark Triad traits repre-
31 sent the dispositions for antisocial and amoral behavior and
32 primarily are perceived as socially unfavorable (Judge,
33 Piccolo, & Kosalka, 2009; Stead, Fekken, Kay, &
34 McDermott, 2012).
35 Research regularly shows that the traits of the Dark
36 Triad are correlated, but cannot be considered equivalent
37 – correlation coefficients ranging from .20 to .50 show that
38 each trait, in spite of the common variance, contains a sub-
39 stantial quantity of a specific content (Lee et al., 2013).
40 This practically means that although the constructs are
41 overlapping, with the common core primarily made of
42 self-centeredness, manipulativeness, and callousness, in
43 other words, the lack of empathy (Jones & Figueredo,
44 2013
Q1 ), they have, at the same time, unique characteristics
45 which make them distinct (Furnham, Richards, & Paulhus,
46 2013). Current research shows that the structure of the
47 ‘‘Dark Triad’’ can best be described by the bifactor
48
structural model, composed of three individual traits, and
49
of one factor of a higher order (Jonason & Luévano, 2013).
50
Toward the Conceptualization of the Dark
51
Tetrad – Sadism as a ‘‘Fourth Element’’
52
Sadism represents a combination of different behavioral,
53
cognitive, and interpersonal characteristics related to plea-
54
sure in connection with inflicting physical or emotional
55
pain on other persons (Reidy, Zeichner, & Seibert, 2011),
56
to control, punish, and humiliate others (Myers, Burket,
57
& Husted, 2006). Several studies have shown that sadism
58
and the Dark Triad traits, primarily psychopathy, have many
59
common characteristics, such as the lack of empathy and
60
readiness for emotional involvement (Kirsch & Becker,
61
2007), inflicting suffering on others, and a connection with
62
antisocial behavior (Chabrol, Van Leeuwen, Rodgers, &
63
Séjourné, 2009). At the same time, certain findings show
64
that these are connected but distinct traits (Mokros,
65
Osterheider, Hucker, & Nitschke, 2011). Reidy et al.
66
(2011) have found that sadism, separately from psychopa-
67
thy, predicted unprovoked aggression in the laboratory con-
68
text. There are findings that sadistic characteristics are
69
present among high school students, but also that sadism
70
predicted the delinquent behavior separately from other
71
traits of the Dark Triad (Chabrol et al., 2009). Two studies
72
showed that sadism significantly predicts behavior aimed at
73
hurting other living creatures, even when the variation
74
of Dark Triad traits is taken into account (Buckels, Jones,
Journal of Individual Differences 2015
DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000179
Ó2015 Hogrefe Publishing
uncorrected proof
- not for distribution

75 & Paulhus, 2013). Research conducted in the populations of
76 convicts showed that brutal and destructive amoral disposi-
77 tions, that include sadism too, can be a better predictor of
78 criminal recidivism than psychopathic traits (Me dedovic´,
79 Kujacˇic´, & Knez
ˇevic´, 2012). Therefore, the proposal of
80 Chabrol and other researchers to add sadism to the other
81 three traits within the new construct of the ‘‘Dark Tetrad’’
82 seems reasonable (Buckels et al., 2013; Chabrol et al.,
83 2009; Paulhus, 2014).
84 Dark Traits and the HEXACO Personality
85 Domains
86 One of the important questions for understanding the nature
87 of the dark traits is their relationship with basic personality
88 dimensions. In the past several years, there has been more
89 research investigating the connection between the dark
90 traits and the HEXACO personality model. This model,
91 besides the variants of the well-known Big Five dimensions
92 – Emotionality, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness,
93 and Conscientiousness, introduces another dimension of
94 personality, Honesty-Humility (Lee & Ashton, 2004). This
95 trait is accountable for a morally relevant, pro-social
96 behavior and represents some aspects of reciprocal altruism
97 (Ashton & Lee, 2007). Therefore, it may be assumed that
98 the dark traits can be positioned at a negative pole of this
99 dimension and thereby, that HEXACO model can provide
100 useful information in understanding the dark traits of per-
101 sonality. A number of studies show negative correlations
102 of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy with this
103 dimension of the HEXACO model, and negative correla-
104 tions with the dimensions of Agreeableness and Emotional-
105 ity (Ashton, Lee, & Son, 2000;
Q2 De Vries, Jonason, &
106 McCain, 2012; Lee & Ashton, 2005; Lee et al., 2013).
107 In only one study (Me dedovic´, 2012) the relations of sad-
108 ism and other antisocial and amoral personality traits with
109 the HEXACO personality model were investigated. It was
110 found that Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism,
111 with other traits, belonged to the negative pole of the
112 Honesty-Humility dimension, creating a separate factor
113 labeled Dishonesty in those analyses.
114 The Present Study
115 Since the results of previous research indicate that there is a
116 possibility that the Dark Triad traits can be extended with
117 sadism, in this study we wanted to investigate the correla-
118 tions between those four traits, as well as the characteristics
119 of their latent space. The goal of the study was to investi-
120 gate whether it is justifiable to extend the concept of the
121 ‘‘Dark Triad,’’ introducing the trait of sadism. We expected,
122 in line with the findings of Furnham et al. (2013), that all
123 four dark traits will correlate moderately-highly, and that
124 the hierarchical factor analysis will show the existence of
125 the higher-order factor of Dark Tetrad. Finally, it was espe-
126 cially important to investigate the position of the ‘‘Dark
127 Tetrad’’ traits within the basic structure of personality,
128
primarily the relationship with the Honesty-Humility
129
personality dimension.
130
Method
131
Sample
132
Data gathering was accomplished via online survey.
133
The total number of participants was 506; however, a signif-
134
icant number of respondents did not fill out all of the ques-
135
tionnaires that were administered. Information concerning
136
participants’ sex, age, and education were asked at the
137
end of the survey, which were answered by 402 participants
138
(there is missing data for 104 respondents and the informa-
139
tion about the education and sex presented here refer to the
140
402 participants who provided that data). The mean age of
141
the participants was 28.3 years (SD = 6.95) with mean edu-
142
cation of 15.6 years of formal education (SD = 3.31).
143
Female participants consisted of 70% of the sample.
144
Because of the different sample size regarding the data col-
145
lected on different measures, we showed the precise sample
146
size on every measure analyzed in the present study
147
(Table 1).
148
Materials
149
Machiavellianism
150
MACH-IV (Christie & Geis, 1970). The MACH-IV is the
151
most widely accepted operationalization of Machiavellian-
152
ism. The 20 items of MACH-IV reflect beliefs in manipu-
153
lative tactics (Machiavellian tactics), a cynical attitude to
154
human nature (Machiavellian views), and a pragmatic
155
morality (Machiavellian morality) (Jones & Paulhus,
156
2009). Participants rate items on a 5-point scale
157
(1 = strongly disagree,5=strongly agree), for each of
158
the three subscales.
159
Narcissism
160
Narcissistic Personality Inventory-13 (NPI-13; Gentile
161
et al., 2013). The NPI-13 is a very short measure that
162
explores three facets of narcissism: Leadership/authority,
163
Grandiose exhibitionism, and Entitlement/exploitativeness.
164
It encompasses 13 items consisting of pairs of attitudes,
165
such as: ‘‘(A) when people compliment me I sometimes
166
get embarrassed’’ and ‘‘(B) I know that I am good because
167
everybody keeps telling me so.’’ Participants choose the
168
attitude that best applies to them.
169
Psychopathy
170
Self-Report Psychopathy scale (Paulhus, Neumann, &
171
Hare, in press). The SRP-3 is a self-report inventory
172
designed to assess four facets of psychopathy: Interpersonal
J. Me dedovic´ & B. Petrovic´ : The Dark Tetrad 3
Ó2015 Hogrefe Publishing Journal of Individual Differences 2015
uncorrected proof
- not for distribution

173 manipulation, Callous affect, Erratic lifestyle, and Antiso-
174 cial behavior. It consists of 64 items to which participants
175 respond on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly
176 agree).
177 Sadism
178 Varieties of Sadistic Tendencies inventory (VAST; Buckels,
179 2012). VAST is a 17-item measure of different manifesta-
180 tions of sadism. It contains items that assess Core sadism
181 (item example is ‘‘I enjoy hurting people’’), Substitutive
182 sadism (‘‘in video games, I like the realistic blood sports’’),
183 and Political sadism (‘‘If lives were threatened, I would be
184 in favor of torturing a terrorist’’). A new, revised version of
185 sadism questionnaire has recently been published (Paulhus
186 & Jones, 2015). Participants rate items on a 5-point scale
187 (1 = strongly disagree,5=strongly agree), for each of
188 the subscales.
189 HEXACO Model of Personality
190 HEXACO-PI-R (Lee & Ashton, 2004). This instrument
191 operationalizes the HEXACO model using the following
192 six personality dimensions: Honesty-Humility, Emotional-
193 ity, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness,
194 and Openness to experience. The standard version of the
195 HEXACO-PI-R includes 100 items that measure 25 facet
196 scales, which are subsumed within the six higher-order fac-
197 tors (four facets for each of the six HEXACO factors plus
198 the interstitial altruism facet). Participants were asked for
199 their agreement (1 = strongly disagree;5=strongly agree)
200 with the statements.
201 All the questionnaires to be used in Serbia were trans-
202 lated into Serbian and back-translated into English, after
203 which the English and Serbian versions were carefully
204 checked for equivalence.
205 Reliabilities of all scales used in the research will be
206 provided in Table 3 in the Results section for a handy
207 comparison. Coefficients of reliability will be shown.
208
However, instead of acoefficient, a correlation with the full
209
scale will be presented for Morality (Machiavellianism)
210
measure. Morality is a scale that consisted of two items
211
(Rada, de Lucas Taracena, & Rodriguez, 2004), however,
212
its acoefficient was very low and we decided to use only
213
one item in the analysis, the one that had the higher corre-
214
lation with the full Machiavellianism scale. It was the item
215
‘‘all in all, it is better to be humble and honest than to be
216
important and dishonest’’ (reverse keyed).
217
Results
218
The first conducted analysis is aimed at exploring the
219
relations between the subordinate traits of the Dark Tetrad.
220
As may be seen from Table 1, most of the correlations are
221
positive and statistically significant, suggesting the overlap-
222
ping of the dark traits.
223
The only exceptions are narcissistic traits. The trait of
224
Leadership/authority has systematic positive correlations
225
with other variables, but two other narcissistic dispositions
226
show a weak convergence with other measured traits.
227
However, there is a certain pattern of significant correla-
228
tions. Both narcissistic traits are significantly related to
229
two psychopathic traits, Interpersonal manipulation and
230
Erratic lifestyle, and to Core sadistic traits. The correlation
231
between Grandiose/exhibitionism and Machiavellian moral-
232
ity is also significant. All relations between other Dark
233
Tetrad traits, including all modalities of sadism, are signif-
234
icant and positive, except the correlation between the Erra-
235
tic lifestyle and Political sadism which is not significantly
236
different from zero.
237
In order to explore the latent structure of the Dark
238
Tetrad narrow traits, we conducted exploratory factor anal-
239
ysis with Principal Axis Factoring as a method for data
240
extraction. Results of the parallel analysis (Hayton, Allen,
241
& Scarpello, 2004) showed that two factors can optimally
242
explain the variance of the original measures. Factors are
243
rotated in the promax position. The scores of the Dark
244
Tetrad traits on the higher-order factor were calculated also,
Tabl e 1. Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations between the Dark Tetrad measures
NMSD 12 3 456789101112
1. Leadership/authority 482 0.42 0.33
2. Grandiose/exhibitionism 482 0.52 0.28 .39**
3. Entitlement/exploitativeness 482 0.48 0.36 .15** .26**
4. Tactics 506 2.50 0.60 .21** .08 .07
5. Morality 501 2.10 1.11 .26** .18** .06 .37**
6. Views 503 2.73 0.50 .15** .03 .05 .48** .15**
7. Interpersonal manipulation 463 2.47 0.54 .46** .24** .11* .56** .31** .47**
8. Callous affect 463 2.07 0.45 .27** .09 .05 .35** .22** .32** .57**
9. Erratic lifestyle 463 2.49 0.55 .23** .23** .12** .23** .24** .23** .49** .43**
10. Antisocial behavior 463 1.50 0.49 .01 .00 .01 .18** .16** .26** .29** .26** .35**
11. Core sadism 485 1.82 0.69 .35** .18** .10* .37** .19** .27** .57** .50** .43** .22**
12. Substitutive sadism 483 1.43 0.64 .14** .05 .04 .26** .13** .18** .37** .51** .44** .22** .45**
13. Political sadism 483 2.95 0.93 .12** .04 .01 .37** .10* .37** .35** .26** .15** .07 .25** .20**
Notes.N= Number of participants; M= Mean; SD = Standard Deviation; *p< .05. **p< .05
Q7 .
4J.Mededovic´ & B. Petrovic´: The Dark Tetrad
Journal of Individual Differences 2015 Ó2015 Hogrefe Publishing
uncorrected proof
- not for distribution

245 using the Schmid-Leiman algorithm (Schmid & Leiman,
246 1957). Results of the parallel analysis and the loadings of
247 original variables on the first- and second-order factors
248 are presented in Table 2.
249 As may be seen in Table 2, the first extracted factor (F1)
250 is loaded with all of the dark traits except narcissism, which
251 aspects load on the second factor (F2). Two latent factors
252 were moderately correlated (r=0.48).
253 On the second-order factor, all measured traits have high
254 loadings, except Narcissism measures, which have the low-
255 est loadings – especially Entitlement/exploitativeness trait,
256 which loaded below .30.
257 Before we continue to the next analysis, we will briefly
258 describe three-factor and four-factor solutions, which were
259 also analyzed. Those solutions were examined because of
260 their conceptual importance: Considering the four-factor
261 latent space, it could be hypothesized that all four traits could
262 be extracted singularly; three-factor structure could reveal if
263 the sadism could be reduced on some of the Dark Triad traits.
264 However, empirically extracted solutions did not correspond
265 to the proposed hypothesis. Four-factor solution had the fol-
266 lowing structure: the first factor was loaded with the traits
267 depicting manipulation – Machiavellian Tactics and Views,
268 Political sadism and psychopathic Interpersonal Manipula-
269 tion; the second factor referred to sadistic characteristics –
270 Core and Substitutive Sadism followed by the Flattened
271 Affect; third factor was constituted by all of the narcissistic
272 traits and the fourth factor was loaded with the Erratic life-
273 style and Antisocial behavior, thus representing a disposition
274 toward impulsive and antisocial behavior. Machiavellian
275 Moralityhad positive loadings of almost thesame magnitude
276 on the first and the third factor. Three-factor solution
277 revealed a structure where the first extracted factor was a
278 mixture of psychopathic and sadistic traits, the second was
279 identical to first extracted factor in the four-factor solution
280 (traits describing manipulative tendencies), and the third
281 factor was fully obtained narcissism.
282 Further examination of the nature of the dark traits is
283 explored by an attempt to localize them within the space
284
defined by basic personality traits. An extension analysis
285
(Gorsuch, 1997; O’Connor, 2001) is used to achieve this
286
goal. This procedure is based on the extraction of the latent
287
factors fromthe space defined by corevariables (in this case
288
– personality traits) and the extension variables (Dark Tetrad
289
traits) are loaded on extracted factors afterwards. The advan-
290
tage of this analysis lies in the fact that it allows the estima-
291
tion of the extension variables loadings on the factor space
292
that is not affected by the inclusion of the extension variables
293
themselves. The results of this analysis are shown in Table 3.
294
The upper part of Table 3 shows the results of EFA per-
295
formed on the core variables. It can be seen that the
296
expected six factor solution is obtained with the appropriate
297
structure of all of the HEXACO domains. It must be noted
298
that negative poles of four factors are extracted: Extraver-
299
sion, Openness for experience, Conscientiousness, and
300
Honesty-Humility. The lower part of the table shows the
301
loadings of Dark Tetrad traits on personality traits. Almost
302
all of the extension measures load dominantly on the nega-
303
tive pole of Honesty factor. It can be seen that the negative
304
pole of Agreeableness factor is also loaded with several
305
extension variables, including Antisocial behavior, which
306
highest loading is on this personality trait. Callous affect
307
loaded dominantly on the negative pole of Emotionality,
308
while Erratic lifestyle had loadings of almost the same
309
magnitude on negative poles of Honesty-Humility and
310
Conscientiousness. Core and Substitutive sadism also
311
loaded positively on introversion factor and negatively on
312
Emotionality, while Political sadism had loadings on nega-
313
tive pole of Agreeableness and Openness to experience.
314
Discussion
315
Congruence Between the Dark Tetrad Traits
316
Relations between the dark traits were examined in numer-
317
ous studies (Furnham et al., 2013). The main conclusion
Tabl e 2. Higher-order factor analysis of the Dark Tetrad traits
Eigen values
Variable real-data
% of variance
Mean of random
% of variance F1 F2 hoF
Leadership/authority 3.17 26.8* 15.7 .09 .58 .42
Grandiose/exhibitionism 2.55 20.6* 14.1 .20 .72 .30
Entitlement/exploitativeness 1.30 11.0 12.7 .15 .42 .21
Tactics 1.06 7.9 11.4 .62 .03 .63
Morality 0.82 6.6 10.1 .27 .23 .51
Views 0.72 5.7 8.8 .58 .13 .55
Interpersonal manipulation 0.61 5.0 7.6 .73 .22 .82
Callous affect 0.54 4.3 6.4 .71 .06 .65
Erratic lifestyle 0.53 4.0 5.2 .50 .13 .68
Antisocial behavior 0.49 3.8 3.9 .44 .17 .50
Core sadism 0.45 2.6 2.7 .58 .13 .65
Substitutive sadism 0.42 1.8 1.4 .62 .14 .55
Political sadism 0.36 0.0 0.0 .48 .09 .42
Notes. Results of the parallel analysis are shown in the first three columns; results of higher-order EFA are shown in the last three
columns; hoF = higher-order factor.
J. Me dedovic´ & B. Petrovic´ : The Dark Tetrad 5
Ó2015 Hogrefe Publishing Journal of Individual Differences 2015
uncorrected proof
- not for distribution

318 derived from these studies is that Machiavellianism, psy-
319 chopathy, and narcissism are overlapping, but distinct traits.
320 Similar results are obtained, when sadism is added into the
321 analysis: correlations are positive and small to moderate in
322 strength (Chabrol et al., 2009). Our data contributes to this
323 conclusion. Analysis of the bivariate relations between the
324 Dark Tetrad traits reveals the same pattern. There are traits
325 that share more variance, indicating substantial overlapping:
326 Interpersonal manipulation and Machiavellian tactics,
327 Callous affect and Core sadism; Callous affect with Core
328 and Substitutive sadism. However, even these correlations
329 are not high enough to declare these traits to be measures
330 of the same construct. Instead of that, we can conclude that
331 the pattern of correlations is consistent with previous
332
research claiming the conceptual distinction of the Dark
333
Tetrad traits (Chabrol et al., 2009).
334
An obvious aberration from the pattern of examined
335
correlations can also be detected in the data. At least two
336
of the narcissistic traits show low congruence to other dark
337
traits: Grandiose/exhibitionism and Entitlement/exploita-
338
tiveness. This finding can be interpreted from two view-
339
points, at least. Firstly, previous studies have shown that
340
there are reasons to be concerned about the psychometric
341
properties of the NPI as a measure of narcissism (Brown,
342
Budzek, & Tamborski, 2009; Rosenthal, Matthew Montoya,
343
Ridings, Rieck, & Hooley, 2011). However, the other rea-
344
son cannot be overlooked: It is conceptual in its nature
345
and it posits that narcissistic traits are partly different from
Tabl e 3. Extension loadings of the Dark Tetrad on basic personality traits
X()AO()C()EH()a
Core variables (HEXACO-PR):
Sincerity .06 .16 .18 .13 .00 .45 .64
Fairness .16 .16 .08 .18 .18 .55 .76
Greed avoidance .00 .26 .03 .01 .07 .42 .74
Modesty .11 .22 .00 .03 .15 .30 .61
Fearfulness .04 .03 .20 .12 .45 .18 .69
Anxiety .35 .35 .11 .28 .40 .22 .58
Dependence .03 .03 .02 .14 .42 .04 .75
Sentimentality .15 .19 .09 .00 .53 .26 .67
Social self-esteem .73 .08 .05 .24 .09 .15 .61
Social boldness .44 .25 .17 .00 .12 .13 .72
Sociability .56 .09 .13 .05 .27 .03 .76
Liveliness .81 .17 .10 .14 .03 .19 .74
Forgiveness .17 .56 .06 .06 .14 .27 .68
Gentleness .07 .53 .00 .17 .27 .25 .64
Flexibility .07 .58 .13 .14 .13 .33 .59
Patience .08 .75 .02 .10 .06 .31 .65
Organization .26 .04 .10 .61 .04 .17 .68
Diligence .44 .03 .32 .67 .02 .22 .67
Perfectionism .09 .16 .25 .65 .13 .03 .60
Prudence .15 .23 .03 .62 .06 .31 .71
Aesthetic appreciation .10 .08 .65 .14 .17 .26 .70
Inquisitiveness .10 .07 .47 .30 .12 .13 .69
Creativity .17 .03 .69 .00 .15 .18 .73
Unconventionality .03 .04 .66 .11 .06 .14 .63
Altruism .33 .34 .22 .16 .55 .39 .74
Extension variables (Dark Tetrad):
Leadership/authority .08 .30 .05 .07 .18 .36 .63
Grandiose/exhibitionism .06 .26 .09 .06 .02 .26 .57
Entitlement/exploitativeness .11 .20 .11 .00 .09 .20 .53
Tactics .25 .26 .22 .09 .15 .36 .63
Morality .07 .24 .08 .15 .08 .33 .45*
Views .14 .20 .18 .08 .14 .24 .62
Interpersonal manipulation .18 .42 .12 .05 .28 .49 .78
Callous affect .25 .26 .11 .03 .48 .33 .70
Erratic lifestyle .08 .24 .09 .34 .17 .35 .73
Antisocial behavior .06 .20 .10 .17 .09 .13 .72
Core sadism .28 .09 .03 .12 .21 .39 .70
Substitutive sadism .25 .08 .01 .09 .23 .23 .75
Political sadism .09 .17 .16 .02 .12 .27 .59
Notes. X = eXtraversion; A = Agreeableness; O = Openness; C = Conscientiousness; E = Emotionality; H = Honesty-Humility.
Highest loadings on every factor are given in bold type. a= reliability coefficient; * = correlation with the full scale.
6J.Mededovic´ & B. Petrovic´: The Dark Tetrad
Journal of Individual Differences 2015 Ó2015 Hogrefe Publishing
uncorrected proof
- not for distribution

346 other dark traits. Previous data also suggested that narcis-
347 sism does not correlate with other Dark Triad traits as
348 strongly as Machiavellianism and psychopathy correlated
349 between themselves (Lee & Ashton, 2005). It has been
350 found that narcissism correlates positively with emotional
351 intelligence, which is quite opposite, comparing to Machi-
352 avellianism and psychopathy (Petrides, Vernon, Schermer,
353 & Veselka, 2011); also, narcissism is related to functional
354 impulsivityandaggressioninresponsetoanego-threat,
355 while psychopathy is associated with dysfunctional impul-
356 sivity and aggressive behavior in response to a physical
357 provocation, while Machiavellianism has no relation to
358 impulsivity (Jones & Paulhus, 2010, 2011). Also, it should
359 be noticed that Leadership/authority shows the highest con-
360 gruence with other dark traits, but not with the psychopathic
361 disposition of Antisocial behavior, which is a partial repli-
362 cation of previous findings (Ackerman et al., 2011). These
363 findings suggest that narcissism could behave somewhat
364 differently compared with other dark traits and this could
365 be the source of its lower congruence with them. This
366 hypothesis would indicate that despite the low reliability,
367 the validity of NPI scales remains undisturbed.
368 The Latent Space of the Dark Tetrad
369 In order to examine the latent structure of the Dark Tetrad
370 traits an EFA was conducted with the Principal Axis Factor-
371 ing as a method for a factor extraction. Two first order fac-
372 tors were found as an optimal solution for the explanation
373 of the dark traits’ variance. The factor that explained most
374 of the variance was constituted from all of the traits, except
375 the narcissism aspects, which form the second extracted
376 factor. It is clear that the latent space of Dark Tetrad traits
377 is congruent with previously obtained bivariate correlations
378 of the traits. Although the two factors correlated moderately
379 (r= .48), two factor solution suggests that narcissistic traits
380 are somewhat different than other dark traits.
381 Moderate positive correlation between the first-order
382 factors suggests that the existence of a singular higher-order
383 factor is plausible. Indeed, the higher-order factor analysis
384 revealed that all of the traits had considerable loadings on
385 the superordinate factor. Only one narcissistic trait, Entitle-
386 ment/exploitativeness, had a loading below.30, as could be
387 expected from previously described data. The highest load-
388 ings on the higher-order factor had three psychopathic traits
389 (Interpersonal manipulation, Callous affect, and Erratic life-
390 style), together with Machiavellian tactics, and Core sadism
391 too. All of these traits describe manipulative, fickle,
392 exploitative characteristics and attitudes. This finding is
393 again in line with the data from Jones and Figueredo
394 (2013), with the difference that present data even more
395 accentuate the role of psychopathy in the space of dark
396 traits. There is a possibility that the crucial features of Triad
397 and Tetrad are somewhat different, however the important
398 finding is that sadistic traits have substantial loadings on
399 the higher-order factor, suggesting the similar nature of sad-
400 ism compared to other dark traits. The most important
401 information inferred from these results is that it is plausible
402
to conceptualize a singular construct on the top of the hier-
403
archy of the dark traits. This is also the first evidence that
404
sadistic traits should to be added to the Dark Triad model
405
in order to acquire a more comprehensive construct of
406
amoral and antisocial personality dispositions.
407
It is also interesting to mention the results of three-
408
factor and four-factor structures in the space of the Dark
409
Tetrad. First, the expected structure where every narrow
410
trait loads on the appropriate factor was not obtained.
411
The four-factor solution offered the following structure
412
instead: amoral tendencies based on manipulation, shallow
413
affect/sadism, narcissism, and impulsivity/antisocial behav-
414
ior. This result implies that perhaps there can be a problem
415
with the current conceptualization of the Dark Traits on the
416
facet level. Surely it would be fruitful to analyze the latent
417
structure of the Dark Tetrad traits in future research too.
418
Secondly, this analysis showed that sadism cannot be simply
419
reduced to other dark traits. This is an important finding
420
because it justifies the addition of sadism into the Dark
421
Tetrad concept. However, sadism is closely related to psy-
422
chopathy, especially to the trait of Callous Affect, which
423
is congruent to previous research on the relationship
424
between psychopathy and sexual sadism (Mokros et al.,
425
2011).
426
Understanding the Dark Tetrad Through the
427
Lens of Basic Personality Traits
428
Is the Dark Tetrad a disposition which is relatively indepen-
429
dent from basic personality traits? Our hypothesis was that
430
it is not. Earlier research suggested that the Dark Triad traits
431
are outside the Big Five personality dimensions (Veselka,
432
Schermer, & Vernon, 2012), although there are suggestions
433
that all of the Dark Triad traits except the Machiavellianism
434
can be reduced to five lexical personality factors (O’Boyle,
435
Forsyth, Banks, Story, & White, 2014). However, the six
436
factor lexical model of personality contains an additional
437
dimension, Honesty-Humility, that is very important for
438
an explanation of morally relevant behavior (Dunlop,
439
Morrison, Keonig, & Silcox, 2012). We assumed that the
440
opposite pole of this dimension represents a comprehensive
441
space that contains most of the dark traits. Additional
442
hypotheses are derived for the role of negative poles of
443
Emotionality, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness in
444
the explanation of the Dark Tetrad variance (Ashton &
445
Lee, 2001; Jonason & McCain, 2012).
446
Extension factor analysis confirmed all of our hypothe-
447
ses. In fact, most of the Dark Tetrad traits loaded on the
448
opposite pole of the Honesty-Humility factor. This result
449
is a replication of the finding that the most of the dark traits
450
can be located on the negative pole of the Honesty person-
451
ality factor, identifying this trait as the most important per-
452
sonality dimension regarding the morally relevant personal
453
characteristics (Ashton et al., 2000; De Vries & Van
454
Kampen, 2010; Jonason & McCain, 2012; Me dedovic´,
455
2012).
456
Results fromthe extension analysissuggest that Honesty-
457
Humility is important for understanding the narcissistic
J. Me dedovic´ & B. Petrovic´ : The Dark Tetrad 7
Ó2015 Hogrefe Publishing Journal of Individual Differences 2015
uncorrected proof
- not for distribution

458 traits too: all three NPI scores loaded on the opposite pole
459 of Honesty factor. This finding is in accordance with previ-
460 ous studies that have found a negative correlation between
461 the Honesty-Humility factor and egoism, which is a core
462 feature of narcissism (De Vries, De Vries, De Hoogh, &
463 Feij, 2009
Q3 ). Existing data also confirms that although
464 positive, correlations between Honesty-Humility and nar-
465 cissism have the smallest magnitude compared to other
466 Dark Triad traits (Lee & Ashton, 2005). Indirectly, the
467 results suggest that, despite the low reliability, the validity
468 of the NPI is unbiased (Miller, Maples, & Campbell,
469 2011; Miller, Price, & Campbell, 2012) and that it
470 accurately assesses narcissistic traits.
471 However, there is an additional trait that turned
Q4 to be
472 important in the explanation of the narcissistic traits in a
473 very interesting manner: Grandiose/exhibitionism loaded
474 positively and Entitlement/exploitativeness loaded nega-
475 tively on the Agreeableness factor. Most of the researchers
476 found that narcissism has negative correlations with Agree-
477 ableness (e.g., Mathieu, 2013), suggesting that narcissistic
478 persons do not care about warmness and cooperativeness
479 in interpersonal relationships. A puzzling finding in
480 the present data is the positive relationship between
481 Grandiose/exhibitionism and Agreeableness. There are at
482 least two previously obtained findings that indirectly can
483 corroborate this result. When HEXACO Agreeableness is
484 analyzed, it had nearly zero correlations with narcissism
485 (Lee & Ashton, 2005). Furthermore, previous data showed
486 that NPI Entitlement had negative correlations with Agree-
487 ableness, but the NPI score without Entitlement did not cor-
488 relate significantly with this personality dimension (Strelan,
489 2007). A possible explanation of this result is that two
490 remaining narcissistic traits have correlations of opposite
491 direction with Agreeableness, which could lead to a near
492 zero correlation as it happened in the present data (Grandi-
493 ose/exhibitionism had positive but Leadership/authority
494 produced negative correlation with Agreeableness). This
495 could mean that the relations between narcissism and
496 Agreeableness are complex and that narcissistic traits have
497 the potential for reciprocity and cooperativeness too.
498 Psychopathic characteristics are shown to have relations
499 with various personality traits too. Erratic lifestyle is largely
500 located on the negative pole of Conscientiousness. This
501 relation was obtained earlier (Seibert, Miller, Few, Zeichner,
502 & Lynam, 2011), and it can probably be attributed to impul-
503 sivity as a common disposition both to the negative pole of
504 Conscientiousness (Egan & Beadman, 2011) and Erratic
505 lifestyle (Williams, Paulhus, & Hare, 2007). Callous affect
506 constitutes a negative pole of the Emotionality personality
507 domain. This finding is in accordance with the concept of
508 emotional shallowness and coldness that characterize the
509 callous affect trait, and the empirical finding that low anx-
510 iety and fearlessness are part of the psychopathy construct
511 (Neumann, Hare, & Johansson, 2013). Finally, antisocial
512
behavior is associated with the negative pole of Agreeable-
513
ness trait, proving once more that low Agreeableness is a
514
reliable predictor of criminal behavior (Miller & Lynam,
515
2001).
516
It was expected that sadistic traits have negative rela-
517
tions with Honesty-Humility and Emotionality. However,
518
negative relations of Core and Substitutive sadism with
519
Extraversion emerged too. Previous findings also showed
520
that brutal and sadistic amoral tendencies are related to
521
introversion features (Me dedovic´, 2011). Sadism also has
522
positive correlations with depression (Chabrol et al.,
523
2009), which is a marker of introvertive characteristics in
524
the HEXACO model of personality (Me dedovic´, 2014).
525
This result can be a novel finding regarding the personality
526
features of the persons who have a high degree of sadistic
527
traits: They are withdrawn in interpersonal relations
528
with a lack of social skills and probably with a low activity
529
level.
530
Conclusions, Limitations, and Future
531
Directions
532
Analyzing the correlations between the narrow traits of
533
Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, and sadism,
534
the latent structure of these traits, and their position in the
535
personality space suggest the same conclusion: it is plausi-
536
ble to broaden the Dark Triad model with sadistic traits.
537
This model is already proposed by some researchers
538
(Buckels et al., 2013; Chabrol et al., 2009; Paulhus,
539
2014). The expanded model of the Dark Traits will deepen
540
our understanding of amoral and antisocial personality dis-
541
positions, which could result in practical implementations.
542
The main limitation of the present study is the low reli-
543
ability of the narcissism scale. The results of this study sug-
544
gest that narcissism scales used in research are valid, but
545
low reliability may produce correlations of a smaller mag-
546
nitude or nonsignificant correlations. The consequence
547
could be a Type 2 error: Dismissing the effects that actually
548
exist in the population because they are not detected due to
549
a low reliability of the scales. We can advise other research-
550
ers to use longer measures with more items that would
551
probably provide a higher reliability.
1
552
Future research should build a wide nomological net-
553
work for the Dark Tetrad model. This could imply several
554
parameters: varying the operationalizations of four traits
555
(self-report, peer ratings, behavioral assessments, longitudi-
556
nal measures, etc.; however, using the multidimensional
557
measures is recommended); searching for the common
558
characteristics of all measures; analyzing the Dark Tetrad
559
traits relations with other phenomena in specific subgroups
560
of participants – first of all in the population of convicts or
561
other groups assumed to engage in immoral or antisocial
562
behavior.
1
It can also be noted that the correlations obtained in the present study, together with the factor loadings of the HEXACO facets, are
somewhat lower than the ones reported in other research. It is possible that, due to some specific factors, the relations between the
measures are underestimated to some extent in the present dataset.
8J.Mededovic´ & B. Petrovic´: The Dark Tetrad
Journal of Individual Differences 2015 Ó2015 Hogrefe Publishing
uncorrected proof
- not for distribution

563 Acknowledgments
564 The authors thank Ivana Jakšic´, from Institute of Educa-
565 tional Research, Belgrade, Serbia, for technical support.
566 This work was supported by the Ministry of Education,
567 Science and Technological Development, Republic of
568 Serbia (Grant No. 47011).
569 References
570 Ackerman, R. A., Witt, E. A., Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski,
571 K. H., Robins, R. W., & Kashy, D. A. (2011). What does the
572 narcissistic personality inventory really measure? Assess-
573 ment, 18, 67–87.
574 Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2001). A theoretical basis for the
575 major dimensions of personality. European Journal of
576 Personality, 15, 327–353.
577 Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2007). Empirical, theoretical, and
578 practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality
579 structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11,
580 150–166.
581 Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Son, C. (2000). Honesty as the sixth
582 factor of personality: Correlations with Machiavellianism,
583 primary psychopathy, and social adroitness. European
584 Journal of Personality, 14, 359–368.
585 Brown, R. P., Budzek, K., & Tamborski, M. (2009). On the
586 meaning and measure of narcissism. Personality and Social
587 Psychology Bulletin, 35, 951–964.
588 Buckels, E. E. (2012). The pleasures of hurting others: Behav-
589 ioral evidence for everyday sadism, (Unpublished MA
590 thesis). University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
591 Retrieved from https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/
592 42966/ubc_2012_fall_buckels_erin.pdf?sequence=3
593 Buckels, E. E., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Behav-
594 ioral confirmation of everyday sadism. Psychological
595 Science, 24, 2201–2209.
596 Chabrol, H., Van Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R., & Séjourné, N.
597 (2009). Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machi-
598 avellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile
599 delinquency. Personality and Individual Differences, 47,
600 734–739.
601 Christie, R. C., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellian-
602 ism. New York, NY: Academic press.
603 De Vries, R. E., De Vries, A., De Hoogh, A., & Feij, J. (2009).
604 More than the Big Five: Egoism and the HEXACO model of
605 personality. European Journal of Personality, 23, 635–654.
606 De Vries, R. E., & Van Kampen, D. (2010). The HEXACO and
607 5DPT models of personality: A comparison and their
608 relationships with psychopathy, egoism, pretentiousness,
609 immorality, and Machiavellianism. Journal of Personality
610 Disorders, 24, 244–257.
611 Dunlop, P. D., Morrison, D. L., Keonig, J., & Silcox, B. (2012).
612 Comparing the Eysenck and HEXACO model of personality
613 in the prediction of adult delinquency. European Journal of
614 Personality, 26, 194–202.
615 Egan, V., & Beadman, M. (2011). Personality and gang
616 embeddedness. Personality and Individual Differences, 51,
617 748–753.
618 Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The
619 Dark Triad: A 10 year review. Social & Personality
620 Psychology Compass, 7, 199–216.
621 Gentile,B., Miller, J. D., Hoffman, B. J., Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A.,
622 & Campbell, W. K. (2013). A test of two brief measures of
623 grandiose narcissism: The Narcissistic Personality Inventory-
624 13 and the NarcissisticPersonality Inventory-16. Psychological
625 Assessment, 25, 1120–1136.
626
Gorsuch, R. L. (1997). A new procedure for extension analysis
627
in exploratory factor analysis. Educational and Psycholog-
628
ical Measurement, 57, 725–740.
629
Hawley, P. H. (2003). Prosocial and coercive configurations of
630
resource control in early adolescence: A case for the well-
631
adapted Machiavellian. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49,
632
279–309.
633
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor
634
retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial
635
on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7,
636
191–205.
637
Jonason, P. K., & Luévano, V. X. (2013). Walking the thin line
638
between efficiency and accuracy: Validity and structural
639
properties of the Dirty Dozen. Personality and Individual
640
Differences, 55, 76–81.
641
Jonason, P. K., & McCain, J. (2012). Using the HEXACO model
642
to test the validity of the Dirty Dozen measure of the Dark
643
Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 935–938.
644
Jonason, P. K., Webster, G. D., Schmitt, D. P., Li, N. P., &
645
Crysel, L. (2012). The antihero in popular culture: Life
646
history theory and the dark triad personality traits. Review of
647
General Psychology, 16, 192–199.
648
Jones, D. N., & Figueredo, A. J. (2013). The core of darkness:
649
Uncovering the heart of the Dark Triad. European Journal of
650
Personality, 27, 521–531.
651
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Machiavellianism. In
652
M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual
653
differences in social behavior (pp. 93–108). New York, NY:
654
Guilford.
655
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Different provocations
656
provoke aggression in psychopaths and narcissists. Social
657
Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 12–18.
658
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011). The role of impulsivity in
659
the Dark Triad of personality. Personality and Individual
660
Differences, 51, 679–682.
661
Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Kosalka, T. (2009). The bright
662
and dark sides of leader traits: A review and theoretical
663
extension of the leader trait paradigm. The Leadership
664
Quarterly, 20, 855–875.
665
Kirsch, L. G., & Becker, J. V. (2007). Emotional deficits in
666
psychopathy and sexual sadism: Implications for violent and
667
sadistic behavior. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 904–922.
668
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the
669
HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral
670
Research, 39, 329–358.
671
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellian-
672
ism, and Narcissism in the Five-Factor Model and the
673
HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and
674
Individual Differences, 38, 1571–1582.
675
Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Wiltshire, J., Bourdage, J. S., Visser,
676
B. A., & Gallucci, A. (2013). Sex, power, and money:
677
Prediction from the Dark Triad and honesty-humility.
678
European Journal of Personality, 27, 169–184.
679
Mathieu, C. (2013). Personality and job satisfaction: The role of
680
narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 55,
681
650–654.
682
Me dedovic´, J. (2011). Da li je amoralnost šesti faktor licˇnosti?
683
[Is Amoralism the sixth factor of personality?]. Zbornik
684
Instituta za kriminološka i sociološka istrazˇivanja, 30,
685
7–31.
686
Me dedovic´, J. (2012). Topography of dishonesty: Mapping the
687
opposite pole of honesty-humility personality domain.
688
Primenjena Psihologija, 5, 115–135.
689
Me dedovic´, J. (2014). Should the space of basic personality
690
traits be extended to include the disposition toward psy-
691
chotic-like experiences? Psihologija, 47, 169–184.
692
Me dedovic´, J., Kujacˇic´, D., & Knez
ˇevic´, G. (2012). Personality-
693
related determinants of criminal recidivism. Psihologija, 45,
694
257–274.
J. Me dedovic´ & B. Petrovic´ : The Dark Tetrad 9
Ó2015 Hogrefe Publishing Journal of Individual Differences 2015
uncorrected proof
- not for distribution

695 Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. (2001). Structural models of
696 personality and their relation to antisocial behavior: A
697 meta-analytic review. Criminology, 39, 765–798.
698 Miller, J. D., Maples, J., & Campbell, W. K. (2011). Comparing
699 the construct validity of scales derived from the Narcissistic
700 Personality Inventory: A reply to Rosenthal and Hooley
701 (2010). Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 401–407.
702 Miller, J. D., Price, J., & Campbell, W. (2012). Is the Narcissistic
703 Personality Inventory still relevant? A test of independent
704 grandiosity and entitlement scales in the assessment of
705 narcissism. Assessment, 19, 8–13.
706 Mokros, A., Osterheider, M., Hucker, S. J., & Nitschke, J.
707 (2011). Psychopathy and sexual sadism. Law and Human
708 Behavior, 35, 188–199.
709 Myers, W. C., Burket, R. C., & Husted, D. S. (2006). Sadistic
710 personality disorder and comorbid mental illness in adoles-
711 cent psychiatric inpatients. Journal of the American Acad-
712 emy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 34, 61–71.
713 Neumann, C. S., Hare, R. D., & Johansson, P. (2013). The
714 Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), low anxiety, and
715 fearlessness. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and
716 Treatment, 4, 129–137.
717 O’Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., Story, P. A., &
718 White, C. D. (2014). A meta-analytic test of redundancy
Q5 and
719 relative importance of the Dark Triad and Five Factor Model
720 of personality. Journal of Personality.
721 O’Connor, B. P. (2001). EXTENSION: SAS, SPSS, and MAT-
722 LAB programs for extension analysis. Applied Psycholog-
723 ical Measurement, 25, 88.
724 Patrick, J. C., Hicks, B. M., Nichol, P. E., & Krueger, R. F.
725 (2007). A bifactor approach to m
Q6 odeling the structure of the
726 psychopathy checklist-revised. Journal of Personality Dis-
727 orders, 21, 118–141.
728 Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Toward a taxonomy of dark personalities.
729 Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 421–426.
730 Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Measures of dark
731 personalities. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews
732 (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psycholog-
733 ical constructs (pp. 562–594). San Diego, CA: Academic
734 Press.
735 Paulhus, D. L., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (in press).
736 Manual for the self-report psychopathy scale. Toronto,
737 Ontario: Multi-Health Systems.
738 Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of
739 personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopa-
740 thy. Journal of research in personality, 36, 556–563.
741 Petrides, K. V., Vernon, P. A., Schermer, J. A., & Veselka, L.
742 (2011). Trait emotional intelligence and the Dark Triad traits
743 of personality. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 14,
744 35–41.
745
Rada, F. M., de Lucas Taracena, M. T., & Rodriguez, M. A. M.
746
(2004). Assessment of Machiavellian intelligence in antiso-
747
cial disorder with the MACH-IV Scale. Actas españolas de
748
psiquiatría, 32, 65–70.
749
Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A., & Seibert, L. A. (2011). Unprovoked
750
aggression: Effects of psychopathic traits and sadism.
751
Journal of Personality, 79, 75–100.
752
Rosenthal, S. A., Matthew Montoya, R., Ridings, L. E., Rieck,
753
S. M., & Hooley, J. M. (2011). Further evidence of the
754
Narcissistic Personality Inventory’s validity problems: A
755
meta-analytic investigation – response to Miller, Maples,
756
and Campbell (this issue). Journal of Research in Person-
757
ality, 45, 408–416.
758
Schmid, J., & Leiman, J. M. (1957). The development of
759
hierarchical factor solutions. Psychometrika, 22, 53–61.
760
Stead, R., Fekken, G., Kay, A., & McDermott, K. (2012).
761
Conceptualizing the Dark Triad of personality: Links to
762
social symptomatology. Personality and Individual Differ-
763
ences, 53, 1023–1028.
764
Strelan, P. (2007). Who forgives others, themselves, and
765
situations? The roles of Narcissism, guilt, self-esteem, and
766
agreeableness. Personality and Individual Differences, 42,
767
259–269.
768
Veselka, L., Schermer, J. A., & Vernon, P. A. (2012). The Dark
769
Triad and an expanded framework of personality. Personality
770
and Individual Differences, 53, 417–425.
771
Wai, M., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2012). The affective and cognitive
772
empathic nature of the dark triad of personality. Personality
773
and Individual Differences, 52, 794–799.
774
Williams, K., Paulhus, D., & Hare, R. (2007). Capturing the
775
four-factor structure of psychopathy in college students via
776
self-report. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 205–219.
777
778
Date of acceptance: February 26, 2015
779
Published online: XX, 2015
780
781
Janko Me dedovic´
782
783
Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research
784
Odeska 7
785
11000 Belgrade
786
Serbia
787
Tel. +381 60 34 35 278
788
E-mail janko.medjedovic@fmk.edu.rs
789
10 J. Me dedovic´ & B. Petrovic´ : The Dark Tetrad
Journal of Individual Differences 2015 Ó2015 Hogrefe Publishing
uncorrected proof
- not for distribution