On some agarics occurring in carr forests

Abstract

Remarks on ecology of several small agarics growing in carr forests of Querco-Ulmetum minoris and Astrantio-Fraxinetum type are presented and discussed. They all occupy special microhabitat (bare ground), belong to certain functional group (saprotrophs) and seem to be connected with carr forest habitat. The base rich or neutral soil humus, generally not favoured by fungi, together with extreme moisture and fast decomposition of litter causes that some humicolous macrofungi in carr forests form mostly small and short-living fruit bodies of hygrophyte character. They represent several genera: Conocybe, Coprinus, Cystolepiota, Entoloma, Flammulaster, Lepiota, Melanophyllum and Pholiotina of the order Agaricales. New localities are given, ecological amplitude is analised and preliminary mycosynusial consideration is presented.

Full text

On some agarics occurring in carr forests
ANNA BUJAKIEWICZ
Departament of Plant Ecology and Environment Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University

 On some agarics occurring in carr forests. 
Remarks on ecology of several small agarics growing in carr forests of Querco-Ulmetum
minoris and Astrantio-Fraxinetum

              


  Conocybe, Coprinus, Cystolepiota,
Entoloma, Flammulaster, Lepiota, Melanophyllum and Pholiotina    
New localities are given, ecological amplitude is analised and preliminary mycosynusial

Key words:

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
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
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-
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          

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Alnion incanae
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
 
 
Dedicated to Professor Barbara Gumińska
on the occasion of her eighty-fth birthday

 
remotae-Fraxinetum  Astrantio-Fraxinetum  Querco-Ulmetum minoris 
and Fraxino-Alnetum



-
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-

  
-

-




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






-


         -



Querco-Ul-
metum minorisAstrantio-Fraxinetum



         


Polis
h
Bota
nical
Soci
ety
Elektronicznie
podpisany przez
Polish Botanical
Society
DN: c=IE,
st=Warszawa,
o=ditorPolish Bot,
ou=Standard
Certificate,
ou=anical
SocietySupport,
serialNumber=PT2
110520970.1,
title=Managing E,
sn=Otreba,
givenName=org.pl
Piotr,
email=p.otreba@p
bsociety.,
cn=Polish
Botanical Society
Data: 2014.01.01
11:50:32 +01'00'

 









 1.-


, Querco-Ulmetum minoris
Fraxino-UlmetumAgaricus arvensis 1
+
, Agaricus macrosporus 1
4
,
Agaricus placomyces v. meleagris

, Agaricus silvicola 1
+
, Agrocybe praecox 1
+
, Clavulina cinerea

, Cono-
cybe rickeniana 1
+
, Lepiota acutesquamosa
+-1
, Lepiota cristata

, Lepiota fulvella 1
+
, Lepiota hystrix 1
1
,

-
     



 


 1   4  6  8 9 
Constancy
 QUm  QUm QUm  QUm QUm QUm QUm QUm
    1984-86 1989-91     
 1 1    1  1 1 1
   18  19     
  END   MB  MJ AB  
      1994 1999   
Entoloma pleopodium

1
+

+


1
+
II
Lepiota tomentella 1
+

+
I
Lepiota boudieri 1
+
1
r
I
Cystolepiota seminuda 


1
 




+
III
Coprinus cortinatus 1
+
1
r

+
II
Melanophyllum haematospermum

1
+


I
Pholiotina mairei 1


r-n


II
Lepiota echinella

1
+
I
Entoloma dysthaloides 
r-a
8


+
1
+
II
Pholiotina arrhenii  
r
I
Conocybe mesospora 8
+-1
1
+
I
Flammulaster granulosus


I
Entoloma strigosissimum 1
+
I
Cystolepiota bucknallii

1
+
I
Explanations:
Astrantio-FraxinetumFraxino-Alnetum/Querco-Ulmetum minoris, QUm - Querco-Ulmetum minoris






 
Lepiota naucina 1
1
, Lepiota seminuda f. minima
+-1
, Lepiota serena 1
+
, Lepiota tomentella 1
+
, Lycoperdon
perlatum
1
, Macrolepiota rhacodes
+-1
, Melanoleuca schumacheri
+
, Phallus impudicus
+-1
, Psathyrella
trepida
1
, Pustularia cupularis

, Rhodophyllus icterinus 1
+
, Rhodophyllus radiatus

, Sowerbyella radic-
ulata 1

, Tubaria autochthona 1

, Tubaria pellucida 1
1
, [Galera tenera  tenella


 2.
-
 

, Fraxino-AlnetumQuerco-Ulmetum minoris Circaeo-Alnetum -
Coprinus cortinatus 1
1
, Lepiota cristata 1
1
, Lepiota fuscovinacea 1
+
, Lepiota seminuda
 minima 1
1
, Melanophyllum echinatum 1
+
, Psathyrella conopilea 1

, Psathyrella trepida
+-1
, Pustularia cu-
pularis
+-1
, [Galera tenera  minor 1
1
, Galera tenera  microspora
+-1
, Galera tenera  tenella 1
1


 3.      
Querco-Ulmetum minoris
Fraxino-Ulmetum

Agrocybe praecox 1
1
,
Calocybe gambosa 1
+
, Coltricia cinnamomea
+-1
, Conocybe pilosella 1
1
, Coprinus picaceus 1
+
, Entoloma
icterinum
+
, Lepiota cristata

, Lepiota tomentella
+
, Lepiota setulosa 1
+
, Panaeolus rickenii 1
1
, Pholi-
otina aporos
+
, Pholiotina mairei

, Psathyrella conopilea 4

, Psathyrella spadiceo-grisea 1
1
, Psathyrella
trepida

, Pustularia cupularis 1

, [Galera tenera f. minor 4
+-1
, Galera tenera f. microspora 1
+
, Galera tenera
f. tenella
+

 4.    -
-


Querco-Ulmetum minorisFicario-Ulmetum campestris-
Calocybe gambosa 8
n-a
, Conocybe arrhenii
r
, Conocybe brunneola
r
, Conocybe laris
1
r
, Conocybe mairei
r-n
, Coprinus atramentarius
r
, Coprinus cortinatus 1
r
, Entoloma dysthaloides
r-a

Entoloma babingtoniiGeastrum sessile 1
r
, Lepiota fulvella 1
r
, Lycoperdon perlatum 1
r
, Mutinus caninus
r-n
,
Mycenella bryophila
r
, Phallus impudicus 1
r
, Ramaria stricta
n-a
, Tubaria pellucida 1
r

 5.-
Astrantio-Fraxinetum,


Agaricus silvaticus

, Clitopilus cf
scyphoides
+
, Conocybe abruptibulbosa 1
+
, Conocybe appendiculata
+-1
, Conocybe exannulata
+
, Cono-
cybe mairei

, Conocybe magnicapitata
+
, Conocybe mesospora 8
+-1
, Conocybe plicatella 1
+
, Conocybe
rickeniana

, Conocybe tenera 1
+
, Coprinus cortinatus
+
, Coprinus lagopus 4
+-1
, Entoloma byssisedum
1
n
, Entoloma dysthaloides 8

, Flammulaster granulosus

, Lycoperdon perlatum 1
+
, Marcelleinia georgii
1

, Melanoleuca arcuata 1

, Mitrophora semilibera 1
+
, Morchella esculenta 1
1
, Mycenella bryophila 4
+-1
,
Rhodophyllus lanicus 1
+
, Rhodophyllus strigosissimus 1
+
, Tubaria pellucida

, Volvariella murinella 4


 6.       
Querco-Ulmetum minoris
Fraxino-Ulmetum

Agaricus bresadolianus

,
Agaricus campestris 1
+
, Agaricus xanthodermus
+
, Conocybe mesospora 1
+
, Lepiota cristata
+-1
, Leuco-
agaricus leucothites

, Macrolepiota rhacodes 4


 7.       
      
Querco-Ulmetum minoris Viola odorata Violo odoratae-Ulmetum 
m

Agrocybe erebia 1
+
, Bovista pusilla 1
+
, Bovista nigrescens
+-1
,
Conocybe plicatella 1
+
, Coprinus atramentarius 4

, Cystolepiota sistrata

, Entoloma dysthaloides
+
, En-
toloma hirtipes 1
+
, Entoloma percandidum 1
+
, Entoloma sericeum 1
+
, Lepiota castanea 1
+
, Lepiota cristata

+-1
, Lycoperdon perlatum
+-1
, Macrolepiota mastoidea 1
+
, Macrolepiota procera 1
n
, Mutinus caninus
+-1


 
8.


, Querco-Ulmetum minoris,
Agaricus xanthodermus

, Bovista nigrescens 1
+
, Calocybe carnea
+
,
Coprinus cf lagopus 1
+
, Cystolepiota seminuda

, Entoloma icterinum

, Langermannia gigantea

, Lepi-
ota cristata 1

, Lepista saeva 1

, Lepista sordida 1
+
, Macrolepiota rhacodes

, Melanophyllum echinatum


9.


, Quer-
co-Ulmetum minorisCystolepiota bucknallii 1
+
, Cystolepiota seminuda
+
,
Lepiota castanea 1
+

10.
lakeland, Querco-Ulmetum minoris

Entoloma dys-
thaloides 1
+
, Entoloma pleopodium 1
+
, Lacrymaria lacrymabunda 1

, Lepiota cristata 1
+
, Tarzetta cupularis




grow in temperate deciduous forests especially in azonal carr forest of various types
-

Agaricaceae Coprinus cortinatus, Cystolepiota bucknallii, C. seminuda, Lepiota
boudieri, L. echinella, L. tomentella, Melanophyllum haematospermum,
BolbitiaceaeConocybe mesospora, Pholiotina arrheni, Ph. mairei,
TubariaceaeFlammulaster granulosus,
Entolomataceae: Entoloma dysthaloides, E. pleopodium, E. strigosissimum-



         

AnemoneFicaria verna-







Coprinus cortinatusPholiotina mairei
Melanophyllum haematospermum
Lepiota echinella, L. tomentella, Melano-
phyllum haematospermum and Pholiotina mairei
Entoloma pleopodiumConocybe arrheni
Cystolepiota bucknalli, C. seminuda
and Melanophyllum haematospermum

Cystolepiota bucknallii, En-
toloma strigosissimum, Flammulaster granulosus, Lepiota boudieri, Lechinella, Lto-
mentella and Pholiotina maireiCoprinus cortinatus, and Entoloma

 
dysthaloidesEn-
toloma pleopodium, E. strigosissimum, Lepiota echinella, L. tomentella and Melano-
phyllum haematospermum

Entoloma strigosissimum, Flammulaster granulosus and Melanophyllum haemato-
spermum



Coprinus cortinatus 
Coprinus cortinatus were noted always solitarily
Fraxino-Alnetum/Querco-Ulmetum minoris
2
1*

Querco-Ulmetum minoris4
and Astrantio-Fraxinetum5

Coprinus cortinatus was noted in Poland in several localities, mainly in Querco-
Ulmetum minoris    
Fraxino-Alnetum




Cystolepiota bucknallii 
-
Querco-Ulmetum minoris
(9)
Cystolepiota bucknallii
Querco-
Ulmetum minoris
-
-

Lepiotetum bucknallii
 Acereto-Fraxinetum  . association in East Belgium montane

Cystolepiota seminudaLepiota seminuda f. minima
Cystolepiota sistrata
Cystolepiota seminuda 
Querco-Ulmetum minoris-
1
7
8
9

 
Fraxino-Alnetum linking to Querco-Ulmetum minoris association,
2


Querco-Ulmetum minoris
-
-



Cystolepiota seminuda-


Lepiota boudieri Lepiota fulvella

Lepiota boudieri
Querco-Ulmetum minoris(1)
4

Lepiota boudieriPino-Querce-
tum
Carici remotae-Fraxinetum9


-

Lepiota echinella  L. setulosa
L. echinella
Querco-Ulmetum minoris3

Lepiota echinellaQuerco-
Ulmetum minoris
     Galio sylvatici-Carpinetum  
Carici
elongatae-Alnetum      Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum
Arrhenatheretum medio-
europaeum
Querco-Ulmetum minoris

Lepiota echinella          

-

Lepiota tomentella 
Querco-Ulmetum
minoris1

Fig. 2. Cystolepiota seminuda fairly common humicolous fungus growing in carr forests
(Phot. A. Bujakiewicz).
Fig. 3. Melanophyllum haematospermum growing on humus rich soils of the frondose forests
(Phot. A. Bujakiewicz).

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3




Lepiota tomentella occurs in diverse alluvial and riparian forests, especially in Frax-
ino-Alnetum

Melanophyllum haematospermum    [Melanophyllum echinatum

-
Fraxino-Alnetum linking to Querco-Ulmetum minoris association,
2
Querco-Ulmetum minoris
8
Melanophyllum haematospermum
Buja-
kiewicz
        
Petasitetum
-
Melanophyllum haematospermum

-



-


Conocybe mesospora 
Conocybe mesospora
Astrantio-Fraxinetum
5-
Querco-Ulmetum minoris
6
Conocybe mesospora         
Querco-Ulmetum minoris
Carici remotae-
FraxinetumFraxino-Alnetum

         -
-
-



 
Pholiotina arrhenii Conocybe arrhenii
     Pholiotina arrhenii    -
Querco-Ulmetum minoris4

Pholiotina arrhenii
Querco-Ulmetum
Pino-Quercetum-
-

In Europe Pholiotina arrhenii


          

Pholiotina mairei Conocybe mairei
Astrantio-Fraxinetum
-
5
Querco-Ulmetum minoris association, sparsely in
4
3
Pholiotina mairei       
Querco-Ulmetum minoris
Fraxino-Alnetum-

 
Carici elongatae-Alnetum
Pholiotina mairei-



Flammulaster granulosus 
Flammulaster granulosus was noted always on naked ground and numerously in
  Astrantio-Fraxinetum  
5
-
Galio sylvatici-CarpinetumDentario
glandulosae-Fagetum       

Flammulaster granulosus
-

Entoloma dysthaloides 



 
Querco-Ulmetum minoris
        
Entoloma babingtonii
4       7  
10
Astrantio-Fraxinetum association sparsely
5



Alnus incana Querco-Ulmetum minoris associa-

Entoloma dysthaloides

often under Alnus and Fraxinus
Entoloma pleopodium  [Entoloma icterinum-
Rhodophyllus icterinus
Entoloma pleopodium-
Querco-Ulmetum minoris(1)
3
10
8

Entoloma pleopodium

Alnus
Querco-Ulmetum
minorisFraxino-Alnetum   


  Entoloma pleopodium    
-
Urtica dioica, Aegopodium poda-
graria and Impatiens parviora
Robinia

Entoloma strigosissimum   Rhodophyllus strigosissimus 

Entoloma strigosissimum were recorded
Astrantio-Fraxinetum association, growing on fallen small
twigs, solitary in July 1989 (5)
Entoloma strigosissimum
           
 Querco-Ulmetum
minoris    Carici remotae-Fraxinetum  

84 
Sorbo-Aceretum

Entoloma strigosissimum
-
-




 



-

-



-

-
-


-
         -







-


             



Astrantio-Fraxinetum and Querco-Ulmetum minoris



 



-






-


-
Pholiotina maireiEntoloma pleopodium



Alnion incanaeAlno-
Padion or Alno-Ulmion

         
Mycenella bryophila 
Lepiota castaneaTubaria
pellucidaLepiota cristata


Pholiotina laris
Mela-
no phyllum haematospermum
Pholiotina mairei-Entoloma pleo-
podium-
Entoloma pleopodium, E. strigosissimum
Alnion incanae alliance and Cystolepiota bucknallii, C. seminuda and Melanophyllum
haematospermumQuerco-Ulmetum minoris
Coprinus cortinatus, Entoloma strigosis-
simum, Melanophyllum haematospermum and Pholiotina maireiAlnion inca-
nae
-
 Lepiota echinella L. tomentella 
Entoloma strigosissimumEntoloma pleopodium
Melanophyllum haematospermum 
          
Lepiotetum bucknallii      Acereto-Fraxinetum as-
-



86 
to Inocybi-Lepiotion
Lepiotetum bucknallii

Cystolepiota semi-
nuda, Entoloma buckanallii, E. pleopodium Lepiota boudieri and Pholiotina laris
           
 




-




Astrantio-Fraxinetum i olsu Ribo nigri-Alnetum w


Agaricaceae, Bolbitiaceae, Strophariaceae-

-






-

           

Agaricales


Violo odoratae-Ulmetum campestris



Caltho-Alnetum

           





-




 
-


-





Lepiota-






Ascomycota and Basidiomycota


        







ConocybePholiotina

Boletales a AgaricalesAgaricus phaeolepidotus, Buchwal-
doboletus lignicola, Cystolepiota bucknallii, Hygrophorus capreolarius a Russula viscida-



-

-

Carici-Fage-
tum, Melico-Fagetum und Luzulo-Fagetum

Violo
odoratae-Ulmetum campestris

-

Mycenella bryophila





-

-
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88 
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
   

         





-

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

   Basidiomycetes   

i
Querco-Ulmetum
minoris i olsu Carici elongatae-Alnetum




Entoloma
Circaeo-Alnetum w rezerwa-


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



-


          






Violo odoratae-Ulmetum-
Ficario-Ulmetum campestris-


Ficario-UlmetumGalio-Carpinetum


FlammulasterAgaricales-

BolbitiaceaeAgrocybe, BolbitiusConocybe
Agarics and Boleti

 89
-




-






          -
           -
         -
   Pholiotina mairei  Entoloma pleopodium    
       
    
