Freshwater lichens on submerged stones and alder roots in the Polish lowland

Abstract

The article presents the results of the studies of lichens in streams and spring areas of the escarpment zone of Wzniesienia Łódzkie Heights in Central Poland. The boulders, stones and roots of Alnus glutinosa, situated in 3 inundated zones in the streams: submerged zone, fluvial mesic zone and fluvial xeric zone, were examined in the streams. The studies have shown 23 species connected with these streams. Six species of freshwater lichens: Verrucaria aquatilis, V. hydrela, Hydropunctaria rheitrophila, V. margacea, V. praetermissa and V. madida, occupied stones in 3 different zones. Verrucaria aquatilis and Hydropunctaria rheitrophila colonized also secondary substrates – the bark of alder roots incrusted with sand grains and silt.

Full text

Freshwater lichens on submerged stones and alder roots
in the Polish lowland
MARIUSZ HACHUŁKA
Department of Mycology, Laboratory of Lichenology
University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, PL-90-237 Łódź, m.hachulka@poczta.fm
Hachułka M.: Freshwater lichens on submerged stones and alder roots in the Polish lowland.
Acta Mycol. 46 (2): 233–244, 2011.
The article presents the results of the studies of lichens in streams and spring areas of the
escarpment zone of Wzniesienia Łódzkie Heights in Central Poland. The boulders, stones and
roots of Alnus glutinosa, situated in 3 inundated zones in the streams: submerged zone, uvial
mesic zone and uvial xeric zone, were examined in the streams. The studies have shown 23
species connected with these streams. Six species of freshwater lichens: Verrucaria aquatilis,
V. hydrela, Hydropunctaria rheitrophila, V. margacea, V. praetermissa and V. madida, occupied
stones in 3 different zones. Verrucaria aquatilis and Hydropunctaria rheitrophila colonized also
secondary substrates – the bark of alder roots incrusted with sand grains and silt.
Key words: aquatic lichens, freshwater habitats, stone and tree root substrates, Central Poland
INTRODUCTION
In Europe studies of epilithic freshwater lichens and their ecology have been carried
out for over a hundred years. A pioneering paper indicative of the zonal distribution
of lichens by Santesson was published in 1939. The author was the rst to notice that
not only a substrate has an effect on the structure of aquatic lichen groups, but also
the time of thallus ooding (Coste 2010, after Santesson 1939).
The best so far examined water habitats in England have shown that on all of the
localities the lichen species are found in the form of series of overlapping streaks con-
nected with the duration and altitude of ooding, which Gilbert (1996) called zones
and distinguished 4 of them: 1 – submerged zone, 2 – uvial mesic zone, 3 – uvial
xeric zone and 4 – uvial terrestrial zone. At rst, these zones were distinguished on
the basis of studies of rivers owing on cretaceous formations and limestones and
later they were conrmed in rivers owing on acid rocks (Gilbert, Giavarini 1997;
Hawksworth 2000).
ACTA MYCOLOGICA
Vol. 46 (2): 233–244
2011
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234 M. Hachułka
Coste (2010), while he was examining freshwater lichens in France distinguished
3 zones: hyper-hydrophilic lichens, meso-hydrophilic lichens and sub-hydrophilic
lichens. In Poland, mainly, montane and submontane streams and rivers were ex-
amined, however zonal distribution of lichens was rarely distinguished, e.g., the sub-
merged zone and the splash zone (Krzewicka, Galas 2006; Krzewicka 2009). Kiszka
(1998) while he was examining lichens in the Czarna Wisełka and Biała Wisełka
catchments distinguished 2 zones: the zone of stream bed and the zone of stream
banks. In these habitats he noted 73 epilithic taxa, including lichens directly con-
nected with water habitat of streams and spring areas.
In relation to the species composition and the distribution of freshwater lichens
growing on stones and boulders, the areas of the Western and Eastern Carpathians
are the best known. In the montane streams of the Polish part of the Carpathians
the studies of freshwater lichens were carried out by Kiszka (1995, 1998), Krzewicka
(2006, 2009), Krzewicka and Galas (2006). Occasional data can be found in the pa-
pers by e.g., Nowak (1965, 1998), Kiszka (1967, 1985, 1996, 1997, 2000), Nowak and
Tobolewski (1975), Kozik (1977), Czarnota (2000), Kiszka and Kościelniak (2001),
Bielczyk (2003), Kościelniak and Kiszka (2003), Kościelniak (2004), Flakus (2007),
Śliwa (2010). The records of Verrucaria dolosa and V. hydrela from the Sudety Moun-
tains (Masyw Śnieżnik Massive and Góry Bialskie Mts) were given by Szczepańska
(2008). All of the authors paid attention mostly to epilithic species of the genus Ver -
rucaria (Hydroverrucaria).
The freshwater lichens in the Polish lowlands are very poorly known. A few data
originate mainly from northern Poland (Fałtynowicz et al. 2000; Kukwa 2000; Lip-
nicki 2002; Fałtynowicz 2003; Fałtynowicz, Kukwa 2006; Szymczyk 2007; Szymczyk,
Zalewska 2008), north-eastern Poland (Czyżewska et al. 2001, 2002) and Central Po-
land – Wyżyna Wieluńska Upland (Nowak 1967) and Wzniesienia Łódzkie Heights
(Hachułka 2007; Krzewicka, Hachułka 2008).
Rivers and streams in the lowland differ from montane streams in substrate of
their bottom, built mainly of sand and gravel and their banks are most often over-
grown by black alder (Alnus glutinosa) and willows (Salix spp.), which are the com-
ponents of the streamside alder-ash forest. The alder roots growing directly over the
river banks are washed by the owing water, which deposits grains of sand mixed
with silt on these tree roots. The bark of alder roots incrusted with grains of sand
glued together with silt makes them similar to the rock substrate and, beside the
granite stones, it also constitutes the substrate settled by epilithic freshwater lichens.
The paper presents freshwater lichens poorly known or overlooked in the Polish
lowlands growing on the rock substrate and on the roots of trees immersed in water.
It is an attempt by show their zonal distribution in freshwater habitats exemplied by
the streamsides situated in the area of the escarpment zone of Wzniesienia Łódzkie
Heights in Central Poland, which is as a whole under legal protection as Wzniesienia
Łódzkie Landscape Park.

Freshwater lichens 235
STUDY AREA
The habitats where freshwater lichens are found are present at the Wzniesienia
Łódzkie Landscape Park. The objects of research were spring areas and rivers be-
longing to the Vistula’s catchment area (Kondracki 2000). The studies were carried
out in the spring part of the Bzura river and its tributaries: Mrożyca, Grzmiąca and
Kamienna, and Moszczenica with a tributary – Młynówka (Fig. 1). These streams are
similar in character to upland rivers. The maximum height difference reaches 100
metres in the upper catchment of Moszczenica stream (Moniewski 2004).
The substrate has an inuence on these rivers water chemistry. The boulder clay,
gravels and moraine sands make a large contribution to building the river beds.
The river bed is often stony with numerous boulders. In relation to chemistry the
waters were best examined in Młynówka stream (Ziułkiewicz 1999; Walisch 2007;
Ziułkiewicz, Żelazna-Wieczorek 2007a, b). In relation to physicochemical properties
they correspond to the values of hydrochemical setting of groundwaters. They are
freshwaters, of middling hardness ranging from weakly acidic to slightly alkaline (pH
6.46 to 7.47); a reaction based on the contribution of diatoms indicates the alkalinity
of water. The hydrochemical values of water are little unstable, they are mineralized
to slight degree (0.1-0.5 g/dm
3
). A certain changeability of the hydrochemical values
results from seasonality and surroundings (forest and eld springs). The large con-
tribution of the diatoms demanding high saturation of oxygen in water was noted.
Selected physicochemical features of Kamienna and Grzmiąca streams were ex-
amined (Tab. 1). The studies showed the similarity of some features of streams: their
Fig. 1. Distribution of some lichen species growing in streams: 1 – Bacidina inundata,
2 – Hydropunctaria rheitrophila, 3 – Thelidium aquaticum, 4 – Verrucaria aquatilis, 5 – V. dolosa,
6 – V. funckii, 7 – V. hydrela, 8 – V. madida, 9 – V. margacea, 10 – V. praetermissa; 11 – forest area;
12 – roads; 13 – borders of the Wzniesienia Łódzkie Landscape Park.

236 M. Hachułka
average depth, temperature, similar reaction. A higher content of oxygen in the wa-
ter was found in the Kamienna stream.
The waters of high quality (Ib class) predominate in the majority of the springs,
although individual cases of II and III class can also be found (Moniewski 2004).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The studied material was the lichens growing in freshwater habitats on siliceous boul-
ders and stones lying in the river and stream beds and on the alder roots and bottoms
of trunks growing on the streamsides. The studies were carried out from 2004 to 2008
and in 2011 using the point-based method taking 3 submersion zones into considera-
tion (cf. Gilbert, Giavarini 1997; Hawksworth 2000): 1 – submerged zone (zone with
stones and tree roots always submerged in water); 2 – uvial mesic zone (zone often
inundated, with stones and tree roots submerged during the rainfall season); 3 – u-
vial xeric zone (zone sporadically inundated, with stones and tree roots submerged
or splashed water sporadically, for example during long-lasting rainfall season) – see
Figure 2.
Physicochemical measurements of Kamienna and Grzmiąca streams were made
by Dr. Zbigniew Kaczkowski and the author in September 2011 (Tab. 1). The studies
were carried out using the oat method (Bujakiewicz-Grabowska, Magnuszewski
2002) in the site of the collection of lichens samples. Temperature of water, pH,
saturation and oxygen in water were also measured.
The lichen materials were identied by routine lichenological methods, imploy-
ing a Nikon SMZ 645 and a Nikon Eclipse 80i light microscope, and spot reactions.
Lichen nomenclature follows mainly Smith et al. (2009), Diederich et al. (2011),
for species Hydropunctaria, Verrucaria and Thelidium – Gueidan et al. (2009), Thüs
and Schultz (2009), for Bacidina sulphurella – Hauck and Wirth (2010), bryophyte
Table 1
Physicochemical features of the streams Kamienna and Grzmiąca at the sites
of the lichens collection
Feature Streams
Kamienna Grzmiąca
spring part
Grzmiąca
in Tadzin*
Cross-section surface [m
2
] 0.10 0.11 0.17
Hydrometric prole width [m] 1.05 1.55 2.78
Average depht [m] 0.05 0.07 0.07
Maximal depht [m] 0.09 0.12 0.09
Average water velocity [m/s] 0.22 0.16 0.31
Maximal water velocity [m/s] 0.80 0.11 0.19
Flow value [m
3
/s] 0.02 0.01 0.05
Water temp. [°C] 10.2 11.0 11.6
pH 7.41 7.70 7.70
Oxygen [µm/cm] 9.44 9.01 9.01
Saturation [%] 85.8 83.3 85.1
*2,3 kilometers down the river

Freshwater lichens 237
nomenclature Nyholm (1979), Szafran (1961) and Smith (2004). Voucher specimens
are available at the Herbarium Universitatis Lodziensis (LOD-L). Photos are made
by author.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The lichen biota in freshwater habitats is formed of 23 species; they are often accom-
panied by bryophytes and, sporadically, by red alga Hildenbrandia rivularis growing
together with Hydropunctaria rheitrophila. The majority of lichens are epilithic spe-
cies, but there is a signicantly smaller participation of epiphytic lichens. The species
of Verrucaria genus are particularly numerous in this habitat (Tab. 2).
Freshwater lichens are mainly noted in the initial parts of rivers and streams
(Fig. 1), which is probably a result of the increase in water pollution in further parts
of the river. These waters are weakly-acidic to slightly alkaline (pH 6.46-7.7) and
are well saturated with oxygen. (Tab. 1; see also Ziułkiewicz, Żelazna-Wieczorek
2007a, b).
Similar conditions exist in the waters of streams in the Polish Tatra Mountains,
e.g., pH 6.5-8.3 (Krzewicka, Galas 2006).
Freshwater lichens are very sensitive to changes in their habitats and therefore
are considered to be the good biological indicators of water purity (cf. Gilbert, Gia-
varini 1997; Gilbert 2001; Krzewicka 2006).
In examined streams, rivers and spring areas aquatic and semiaquatic crustose
lichens grow on 2 types of substrates – on siliceous granite boulders, stones and peb-
bles, and on the roots of Alnus glutinosa, often covered with sand grains or gravel
and silt in the submerged zone, and on bark at the base of trees.
Verrucaria aquatilis, V. hydrela and Hydropunctaria rheitrophila (Fig. 3), 3 typical
freshwater lichens colonize siliceous boulders and stones in submerged, uvial mesic
and uvial xeric zones (Tab. 2). This is frequently observed in the examined streams
(Fig. 1).
Fig. 2. Distinguished zones for the studies of
the lichens in streams: 1 – submerged zone;
2 – uvial mesic zone; 3 – uvial xeric zone.

238 M. Hachułka
Among the freshwater lichens Verrucaria aquatilis and V. hydrela are treated as
pioneer species, which are rst to colonize new substrates; later they are accom-
panied by Hydropunctaria rheitrophila on the vertical surface of rocks (Keller 2005;
Krzewicka, Galas 2006; Krzewicka, Hachułka 2008; Thüs, Schultz 2009). These spe-
cies are tolerant to a wide range of exposure and moderate eutrophic conditions, and
silting in fast running streams. Hydropunctaria rheitrophila is sensitive to silting. This
one grows associated with red alga Hildenbrandia rivularis in Kamienna stream. In
the investigated streams this red alga was earlier noted also by Żelazna-Wieczorek
and Ziułkiewicz (2008).
Verrucaria margacea – amphibious on siliceous boulders – grows in submerged
and uvial xeric zones (Tab. 2).
Amphibious Verrucaria madida occurs in submerged zones only, on inundated
granite stones in shaded situation of springs area of the Młynówka stream. V. ma-
dida from this locality (Fig. 1) was presented as a new species for Polish biota (Krze-
wicka, Hachułka 2008).
As for Verrucaria praetermissa (Fig. 5) – it grows on small boulders in periodically
inundated zone 2., associated with V. funckii and on stones in sporadically inundated
(rather by splash water) zone 3. together with Verrucaria aquatilis and Thelidium
aquaticum. This species is sensitive to atmospheric conditions as well as to water
acidication and restricted to watercourses with pH>5. It is tolerant to silting and
eutrophication (Thüs, Schultz 2009).
Furthermore, Verrucaria funckii and V. dolosa (a terrestrial species but also am-
phibious of small streams) occur only in zone 2. Verrucaria funckii is a characteristic
element of permanently submerged communities in clean springs and headwaters,
and is sensitive to silting and acidication (Thüs, Schultz 2009).
Only in uvial xeric zone, on stones and boulders were following the crustose epi-
lithic lichens were observed: Bacidina inundata, Porina chlorotica, Thelidium aquati-
cum, Verrucaria subdolosa, V. muralis and V. murina (Tab. 2).
Bacidina inundata – amphibious by the splash water in shaded places. The spe-
cies is tolerant to moderate eutrophication but also sensitive to atmospheric acidi-
cation (Thüs, Schultz 2009). Porina chlorotica – a terrestrial species on siliceous
stone of bridges in shaded and humid places by splash water. Thelidium aquaticum
and Verrucaria sublobulata – amphibious in a streams on granite of bridge. Accord-
ing to Thüs and Schultz (2009) V. sublobulata can also rarely grow on roots of alders.
The results of the studies show that the obligatory freshwater crustose lichens
reveal in the streams a tendency to move and colonize the secondary substrate, the
roots of A. glutinosa growing on the stream banks, in the submerged and seasonally
submerged zones. In both zones, the alder roots are occupied by Hydropunctaria
rheitrophila (Fig. 4). In 2
nd
zone the alder roots are also colonized by V. aquatilis (cf.
Tab. 2).
In lowland Poland, freshwater epilithic lichens growing on the roots of trees are
known only from the Białowieża National Park (NE Poland) − Verrucaria hydrela, on
submerged roots of A. glutinosa in the Orłówka stream (Czyżewska et al. 2001) and
from the Wzniesienia Łódzkie Landscape Park (Central Poland) − V. aquatilis in the
Młynówka stream (Krzewicka, Hachułka 2008).
Such links are also known in the rivers of Lithuania (Motiejūnaitè 2003, 2009;
Motiejūnaitė, Czyżewska 2008). On the roots of Alnus glutinosa and sporadically

Fig. 3. Hydropunctaria rheitrophila colonizes submerged stones or stones splashed by water
(LOD-L 15260).
Fig. 4. Hydropunctaria rheitrophila on the bark of Alnus glutinosa roots in uvial mesic zone
(LOD-L 14228).

Fig. 5. Verrucaria praetermissa colonizes the stones (LOD-L 14348).
Fig. 6. Bacidina sulphurella with characteristic pycnidia, colonizes the base of the trunk bark
of Alnus glutinosa, growing in uvial xeric zone (LOD-L 14445).

Freshwater lichens 239
on Ulmus sp. and Fraxinus excelsior in submerged zone Verrucaria hydrela, V. praeter-
missa and Bacidina inundata are growing; in uvial mesic zone – Thelidium zwackhii,
V. hydrela, V. praetermissa, Bacidina inundata and Porina chlorotica, and in uvial
xeric zone 15 species of epiphytic lichens are growing, including Bacidina arnoldiana
(Körb.) V. Wirth & Vĕzda, which probably belongs to Bacidina sulphurella (Samp.)
M. Hauck & V. Wirth, and Lecania prasinoides Elenkin.
According to Thüs and Schultz (2009) vascular plants do not usually compete
with lichens for space. Alder (Alnus glutinosa) and willows (Salix spp.) are occa-
sionally colonized by crustose freshwater lichens. In areas where larger boulders
Table 2
Lichen and bryophyte species growing in streams on stones and boulders (A) and on alder
roots and at the base of alder trunks (B) and numbers of their localities
Lichen and bryophyte species
Zones of submerged stones and alder roots
Submerged
zone
Fluvial mesic
zone
Fluvial
xeric zone
A B A B A B
Lichens
Hydropunctaria rheitrophila (Zschacke) Keller,
Gueidan & Thüs
2 1 2 3 1 .
Verrucaria aquatilis Mudd 1 . 1 1 3 .
Verrucaria hydrela Ach. 2 . 3 . 3 .
Verrucaria margacea (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb. 1 . 1 . . .
Verrucaria praetermissa (Trevis.) Anzi . . 1 . 1 .
Verrucaria madida Orange 1 . . . . .
Verrucaria funckii (Spreng.) Zahlbr. . . 1 . . .
Verrucaria dolosa Hepp . . 1 . . .
Verrucaria sublobulata Eitner ex Servit . . . . 1 .
Thelidium aquaticum Serv. . . . . 2 .
Bacidina inundata (Fr.) Vězda . . . . 1 .
Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. . . . . 1 .
Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fürnr. . . . . 1 .
Porina chlorotica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. . . . . 1 .
Verrucaria muralis Ach. . . . .
1 .
Verrucaria murina Leight. . . . . 1 .
Arthonia spadicea Leight. 3 4
Bacidina sulphurella (Samp.) M. Hauck & V. Wirth . . . 1 . 3
Coenogonium pineti (Schrad. ex Ach.) Lücking
& Lumbsch
. . . 4 . 8
Absconditella lignicola Vězda & Pišút . . . 2 . .
Lecanora conizaeoides Cromb. . . . 2 . .
Physcia stellaris L. Nyl. . . . . . 1
Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch . . . . . 1
Sum of lichens 5 1 7 7 12 5
Bryophytes
Brachythecium rivulare Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp.
& W.Gümbel
1 . . . 1 1
Amblystegium juratzkanum Schimp. . . 1 . 1 1
Crotoneuron licinum (Hedw.) Spruce 2 . . . . .
Brachythecium salebrosum (Hoffm. ex F.Weber
& D. Mohr) Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp. & W.Gümbel
. . 1 . . .
Hygroamblystegium tenax (Hedw.) Jem. . . . . 1 .
Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedw.) Schimp. in Bruch,
Schimp. & W.Gümbel
. . . . 2 .
Brachytheciastrum velutinum (Hedw.) Ignatov
& Huttunen
. . . . . 1
Sum of bryophytes 2 0 2 0 4 3

240 M. Hachułka
are rare, this substrate can be the most important habitat for amphibious lichens
(Motiejūnaitė 2003).
Epiphytic growth of freshwater lichens on the roots of vascular plants is more
often observed in the Alps (Thüs, Schultz 2009) and in North-Eastern and Eastern
Europe (Motiejūnaitė 2003, 2009; Pykälä 2006; Motiejūnaitė, Czyżewska 2008) but
is a rare phenomenon in most areas of Central Europe (Thüs, Schultz 2009).
On alders in 2. and 3. inundated zones (Fig. 2) 6 species of epiphytic lichens and
1 epixylic lichen – Absconditella lignicola are growing (Tab. 2). An interesting spe-
cies in this group is Bacidina sulphurella [= Bacidia arnoldiana var. corticola Arnold,
Woessia fusarioides D. Hawksw., Poelt & Tscherm.-Woess] (Fig. 6). In the study area
this species is characterized by pycnidia numerous, white, 0.1−0.25 mm diam., co-
nidia liform (24−)25.6−33.0 × 1.6 μm, 0− to 3−septate, slightly curved, always
with at least one extremity strongly hooked (like a walking stick), apothecia not seen
(Brand et al. 2009; Coppins, Aptroot 2009).
Bacidina sulphurella growing on bark at the base of A. glutinosa is associated with
Absconditella lignicola (only in 2
nd
zone), Arthonia spadicea and Coenogonium pineti
(Tab. 2). According to Coppins and Aptroot (2009) this taxon is tolerant of urban
conditions.
So far B. sulphurella was reported from a few scattered localities in Poland: the
Góry Sowie Mts and Puszcza Knyszyńska Forest (Brand et al. 2009), Warszawa, „Las
Bielański” forest reserve (Kubiak et al. 2010) and the Carpathians – the Gorce Mts
(Czarnota 2010), and the Pogórze Wiśnickie foothills (Śliwa 2010).
CONCLUSIONS
In springs and in initial parts of streams and rivers of the escarpment zone of
Wzniesienia Łódzkie Heights 23 species of lichens were noted (cf. Tab. 2), 6 of them,
closely connected with water, epilithic species are on the red list of threatened li-
chens of Poland (Cieśliński et al. 2006): VU category – Hydropunctaria rheitrophila,
Verrucaria aquatilis and V. hydrela, NT category – V. praetermissa, and DD category
– Thelidium aquaticum and V. sublobulata (Figs 1, 3, 4, 5, 6), which indicate the very
poor extent of study of these habitats in lowland Poland.
The distribution of freshwater lichens in examined streams shows patent zona-
lity. The least numerous, consisted of the epilithic, obligatory freshwater crustose
lichens is the submerged zone (see Tab. 2). The most abounding in species is uvial
xeric zone, consisted mostly of facultative, epilithic and epiphytic lichens noted not
only on the wet substrate. Similar links have also been observed in the rivers of
Lithuania (Motiejūnaitė 2003).
In the Wzniesienia Łódzkie Landscape Park only Verrucaria aquatilis and Hy-
dropunctaria rheitrophila colonize stones and boulders and submerged roots of Al-
nus glutinosa. In the Białowieża National Park in submerged alder roots Verrucaria
hydrela was noted (Czyżewska et al. 2001). In the rivers of Lithuania secondary
substrates are colonized by 5 epilithic species: Bacidina inundata, Porina chlorotica,
Thelidium zwackhii, Verrucaria hydrela and V. praetermissa (Motiejūnaitė 2003, 2009).

Freshwater lichens 241
The lichens growing in the investigated streams compete with bryophytes (moss-
es and liverworts) for substrate. Together on boulders in streams and on the stream
banks 7 species of bryophytes were noted, the most of them in sporadically inun-
dated zone 3 (see also Tab. 2). The zonal occupying of the substrates probably exists
also among the bryophytes.
The lichens, as well as the bryophytes, connected with water habitats in the Polish
lowlands need further wide-ranging studies.
Acknowledgements. The author would like to thank Prof. Krystyna Czyżewska (University of Łódź) for
entrusting the interesting subject of the study, for her assistance and support during the preparation of
the manuscript, Dr Beata Krzewicka (Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków) – for identication and revi-
sion of freshwater lichens, especially critical species of the genus Verrucaria, Dr Monika Staniaszek-Kik
(University of Łódź) – for identication of bryophyte species, Dr. Zbigniew Kaczkowski (University of
Łódź) − for carring out physicochemical studies of the waters of Kamienna and Grzmiąca streams. The
studies were partially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education – grant No. N 305 043
32 and grants of University of Łódź Nos 505/396 and 505/413/W.
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244 M. Hachułka
Słodkowodne porosty na zanurzonych kamieniach i korzeniach olsz
na Niżu Polskim
Streszczenie
W rzekach i strumieniach Parku Krajobrazowego Wzniesień Łódzkich, w Polsce Środkowej,
odnotowano 23 gatunki porostów wodnych (Tab. 2), z którymi konkuruje o podłoże 7 gatun-
ków mszaków. Sześć ściśle wodnych gatunków naskalnych znajduje się na czerwonej liście
porostów zagrożonych Polski (Cieśliński et al. 2006). Większość porostów wodnych rośnie
w odcinkach początkowych rzek i strumieni, co prawdopodobnie wynika z korzystnych wa-
runków zykochemicznych wód (Tab. 1) i wzrostu zanieczyszczenia w dalszym biegu rzek.
Badania porostów wodnych wykazały ich rozmieszczenie w trzech strefach: 1 − całkowicie za-
topionej, 2 − często zatapianej i 3 − sporadycznie zatapianej lub spryskiwanej wodą (Fig. 2).
W drugiej i trzeciej stree zanurzenia, w towarzystwie Coenogonium pineti, Arthonia spadicea
i Absconditella lignicola (Tab. 2) rośnie Bacidina sulphurella (Fig. 5), rzadki porost w Polsce.
W badanych rzekach obligatoryjne epility wodne rosną na głazach i kamieniach, jedynie
Hydropunctaria rheitrophila (Figs 3 A, B) i Verrucaria aquatilis zasiedlają także korę korzeni
olsz często pokrytych ziarnami piasku i mułem. Kolonizowanie podłoży zastępczych przez
epility wodne obserwowano w Alpach (Thüs and Schultz 2009), w północno-wschodniej
i wschodniej Europie (Motiejūnaitė 2003, 2009; Pykälä 2006; Motiejūnaitė, Czyżewska 2008),
również w Polsce Północno-Wschodniej (Czyżewska et al. 2001).