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Sedative properties of linalool
Abstract
Linalool is a monoterpene compound reported to be a major component of essential oils of several aromatic species. Several linalool-producing species are used in traditional medical systems, including A. suaveolens, used as anticonvulsant in the Brazilian Amazon. We evaluated the effects of linalool given systematically to mice on experimental models useful for detecting psychopharmacological activity. The results show that this compound has dose dependent marked effects at the Central Nervous System, including hypnotic, anticonvulsant and hypothermic. The effects of linalool revealed by this evaluation are useful to understand the traditional medical use of several plant species in different continents and point to the validity of exploring terpenes as sources of new anticonvulsant agents.
... A. suaveolens is one of the best known medicinal plants in the Amazon, recognized as medicinal by 93% of the women interviewed in extractive reserves in the State of Acre ( KAINER et al. 1992). Because A. suaveolens is heavily aromatic, its essential oil was obtained, evaluated and proved active ( ELISABETSKY et al. 1995). The main components identified in the essential oil were E-β-farnesen (37.75%), δ-decen-2-lactone (20.6-44.3%), ...
... These findings prompt us to evaluate these compounds as anticonvulsant agents. Although the study of E-β-farnesen is limited, we found that linalyl acetate ( ELISABETSKY et al. 1995), δ-decen-2-lactone and δ-decanolactone (COELHO DE ) were devoid of activity; linalool and γ-decanolactone (structurally related to δ-decanolactone) proved to be active in sev ...
... The method has been detailed elsewhere ( ELISABETSKY et al. 1995). Briefly, thirty minutes after i.p. treatment with saline, linalool, vehicle or standard anticonvulsants, animals received s.c. ...
... Biological properties such as antispasmodic or other autonomic nervous system-related activities (Haze et al. 2002;Sadraei et al. 2003) are outside the scope of this chapter. Central effects have been extensively documented and fall more often than not into the sedative (Buchbauer et al. 1991Elisabetsky et al. 1995a;Lehrner et al. 2000), anxiolytic Cooke and Ernst 2000;Diego et al. 1998;Lehrner et al. 2000), antidepressant (Komori et al. 1995a,b), and hypnotic (Diego et al. 1998) categories. As earlier stated, it is likely that the overall effects of EOs in humans result from a combination of physiological (in this case psychopharmacological) and psychological effects. ...
... Linalool (3) Interestingly, many linalool-producing species are traditionally used as sedative, analgesic, hypnotic, or anxiolytic remedies in traditional medicine and some as well in aromatherapy (Elisabetsky et al. 1995a). ...
... (Lamiaceae) is used as an anticonvulsant through the Brazilian Amazon. The EO obtained from A. suaveolens and its main component linalool (3) proved to be anticonvulsant against several types of experimental convulsions, including those induced by PTZ and transcorneal electroshock (Elisabetsky et al. 1995a), intracerebrally injected quinolinic acid, and ip NMDA (Elisabetsky et al. 1999). Moreover, psychopharmacological evaluation of linalool (3) showed dose-dependent marked sedative effects, including hypnotic, hypothermic, increased sleeping time, and decreased spontaneous locomotion in mice (ip) (Elisabetsky et al. 1995a;Linck et al. 2008). ...
... ( À )-Linalool is the natural occurring enantiomer monoterpene compound commonly found as a major volatile component of the essential oils of several aromatic plant species, many of which are used in traditional medicine to relieve symptoms and to cure a variety of acute and chronic ailments (Elisabetsky et al., 1995;Lis-Balchin and Hart, 1999;Ghelardini et al., 1999;Jia et al., 1999;Perry et al., 2000;Re et al., 2000). Among these species are Salvia sclarea and Salvia desoleana. ...
... Several studies reported the ability of ( À )-linalool to induce sedation in mice Elisabetsky et al., 1995;Jirovetz et al., 1991). In order to evaluate the possible confounding influence of this effect, the locomotor activity of mice after ( À )-linalool administration was evaluated. ...
... Several studies reported the ability of ( À )-linalool to produce sedative effects Elisabetsky et al., 1995;Jirovetz et al., 1991). Our results show that ( À )-linalool, in the dose range examined in the present study, dose-dependently increased locomotor activity, thus ruling out the influence of a possible sedative effect in the results of analgesia tests. ...
Linalool is a monoterpene compound commonly found as a major component of the essential oils of several aromatic plant species, many of which are used in traditional medical systems as analgesic and anti-inflammatory remedies. We previously reported that (-)-linalool, the natural occurring enantiomer, plays a major role in the anti-inflammatory activity displayed by different essential oils, suggesting that linalool-producing species are potentially anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, the antinociceptive activity of (-)-linalool was examined in two different pain models in mice: the acetic acid-induced writhing response, a model of inflammatory pain, and the hot plate test, a model of supraspinal analgesia. Moreover, the effect of (-)-linalool on spontaneous locomotor activity (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) was evaluated. The results show that this compound induced a significant reduction of the acid-induced writhing at doses ranging from 25 to 75 mg/kg. Such effect was completely reversed both by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and by the unselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. In the hot plate test, only the dose of 100 mg/kg of (-)-linalool resulted in a significant effect. (-)-Linalool induced a dose dependent increase of motility effects, thus ruling out the confounding influence of a possible sedative effect. The more pronounced effect of (-)-linalool on the writhing test with respect to the hot plate test is consistent with the observation that (-)-linalool possesses anti-inflammatory activity. Finally, the activation of opioidergic and cholinergic systems appears to play a crucial role in (-)-linalool-induced antinociception.
... ( À )-Linalool is the natural occurring enantiomer monoterpene compound commonly found as a major volatile component of the essential oils of several aromatic plant species, many of which are used in traditional medicine to relieve symptoms and to cure a variety of acute and chronic ailments (Elisabetsky et al., 1995;Lis-Balchin and Hart, 1999;Ghelardini et al., 1999;Jia et al., 1999;Perry et al., 2000;Re et al., 2000). Among these species are Salvia sclarea and Salvia desoleana. ...
... Several studies reported the ability of ( À )-linalool to induce sedation in mice Elisabetsky et al., 1995;Jirovetz et al., 1991). In order to evaluate the possible confounding influence of this effect, the locomotor activity of mice after ( À )-linalool administration was evaluated. ...
... Several studies reported the ability of ( À )-linalool to produce sedative effects Elisabetsky et al., 1995;Jirovetz et al., 1991). Our results show that ( À )-linalool, in the dose range examined in the present study, dose-dependently increased locomotor activity, thus ruling out the influence of a possible sedative effect in the results of analgesia tests. ...
... ( À )-Linalool is the natural occurring enantiomer monoterpene compound commonly found as a major volatile component of the essential oils of several aromatic plant species, many of which are used in traditional medicine to relieve symptoms and to cure a variety of acute and chronic ailments (Elisabetsky et al., 1995;Lis-Balchin and Hart, 1999;Ghelardini et al., 1999;Jia et al., 1999;Perry et al., 2000;Re et al., 2000). Among these species are Salvia sclarea and Salvia desoleana. ...
... Several studies reported the ability of ( À )-linalool to induce sedation in mice Elisabetsky et al., 1995;Jirovetz et al., 1991). In order to evaluate the possible confounding influence of this effect, the locomotor activity of mice after ( À )-linalool administration was evaluated. ...
... Several studies reported the ability of ( À )-linalool to produce sedative effects Elisabetsky et al., 1995;Jirovetz et al., 1991). Our results show that ( À )-linalool, in the dose range examined in the present study, dose-dependently increased locomotor activity, thus ruling out the influence of a possible sedative effect in the results of analgesia tests. ...
... It has some alternative names such as β-linalool, linalyl alcohol, linaloyl oxide, p-linalool, allo-ocimenol, and 3, 7-dimethyl-1, 6-octadien-3-ol.The compound is one of the major constituents of coriander-Coriandrum sativum [1] .It is also one of the most common floral scent compounds found in flowering plants, and it is a common flavoring compound in various teas [2] . Plants containing linalool have been used as folk medicine and perfumery substance from the ancient time [3][4][5][6][7][8] .In the past two plants Aniba rosaeodora Ducke and Aniba duckei Kostermans were used as the sources of this monoterpene compound. From the wood of these trees an essential oil containing up to 90% of linalool was obtained, in an average yield of 1% [8] .Almost fifty years ago Gottlieb and coworkers investigated several alternative source plant of Linalool from the Amazonian region.Now a days a huge number of linalool producing plants have been recorded due to advance technology and extraction methods. ...
... Linalool is a volatile monoterpene that possess antidepressant like property. This component found in many aromatic plants used in folk medicine around the world to relief anxiety and depression [6] . Experiment on mice in the forced swimming test indicate that linalool produce an antidepressant like effect through interaction with the monoaminergis system.Linalool has also been shown to have presynaptic effects upon rat hemidiaphragms stimulated via the phrenic nerve [53,54] . ...
Linalool is an emitted monoterpene compounds of aromatic plants which is commonly found as major component of essential oils.It is one of the important versatile bioactive compound which not only play a pivotal role for the source plant but also utilized by several animals including humans.Since its discovery it has focused an increasing research interest in view of their biochemical features and for probable influence in physiological processes of plants.Till date the existing knowledge regarding Linalool is in stage that needs to be upgraded for successful utilization of it.
... The biological properties of essential oils are attributed to the monoterpenes, which are their main chemical constituents (Sousa et al., 2006;. Previous studies in animal experiments evidenced the anticonvulsant activity of some monoterpenes present in various essential oils, such as linalool (Elisabetsky et al., 1995), citronellol (Sousa et al., 2006), citronellal (Melo et al., 2011), carvacrol, borneol andcitral (Quintans-Junior et al., 2010). ...
... We reported that GR, at the dose 200 mg/kg delayed the onset of tonic-clonic convulsions in the PTZ model ( Figure 2) and reduced the percentage of animals that convulsed (Table 1). Some studies have reported that others monoterpenes such as linalool (Elisabetsky et al., 1995), citronellol (Sousa et al., 2006), citronellal (Melo et al., 2011), limonene, betamyrcene and citral (Viana et al., 2000), also showed anticonvulsant activity in PTZ-induced convulsions. The effects of the monoterpenes can occur through several mechanisms due to their structural diversity, once they can be acyclic or cyclic, and classified as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and others. ...
Geraniol (GR) is an acyclic monoterpene alcohol present in essential oils of aromatic plant species used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of epilepsy. The present study was designed to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of GR and of the inclusion complex geraniol: β-cyclodextrin (GR:β-CD). Mice were treated with GR or with GR:β-CD (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) 30 min before pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) or strychnine (STN). GR at 200 mg/kg and GR:β-CD at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly increased the latency for the first PTZ-induced convulsion and reduced the percentage of animals that convulsed. The pretreatment of flumazenil did not revert the anticonvulsant effect of GR in the PTZ-induced convulsion model. In the STN-induced convulsion model, the effects of GR were investigated and no difference was found against control. The results demonstrated an anticonvulsant activity of GR in the PTZ-model, which was potentialized by the complexation with β-CD.
... Monoterpenes, such as linalool, myrcene, limonene, and 1,8-cineole in particular, are strong candidates for the treatment of chronic pain (e.g., chronic muscle pain, cancer-related pain, chronic inflammatory pain, and neuropathic pain). 139,182,[188][189][190][191] Likewise, the combination of cannabinoids and flavonoids may be used to treat headaches and migraines. 64 The analgesic activity of terpenes involves stimulating the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, 182 regulating ion channels (e.g., transient receptor potential cation channels), 192 and directly acting on nociceptive afferent fibers 75 through multiple receptors (e.g., opioid, adenosine A1 and A2, and capsaicin). ...
Terpenes form part of a huge and diverse class of naturally occurring and volatile secondary metabolites produced by many plants, fruits, animals, insects, and other organisms. They are the largest group of naturally occurring metabolites, with over 55,000 types of terpenes produced by plants alone, primarily as essential oils. In humans, they contain significant biological properties such as antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antihyperglycemic, anti-cancer, and analgesic agents. In plants, terpenes also play significant roles in defensive mechanisms against herbivores and invasive plants, disease resistance, chemical signaling and communication between plants, protection against photo-oxidation, plant-environment mediation, thermo-protection, and the attraction of pollinators. In addition, terpenes are responsible for a plant’s scent, taste, flavor, and pigmentation, leading to their commercial use as fragrances and food dyes. Terpenes are also used in the production of synthetic polymers, natural rubbers (polyisoprene), organic solvents, varnishes, inks, adhesives, cleaning products, biofuels, pesticides, and food and drink products. For these reasons, terpenes have significant value in modern medicine, pharmacy, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and other industries.
... The reported result show that linalool is able to decrease the motor activity on the 6-8-week-old mice after the one-hour inhalation of linalool contain compound and the percentage of linalool activity on the mice are more than 60%. Those plant species are containing the high percentage of linalool are able to use as an anticonvulsant by the expert of traditional medicine in the brazilin amazon [71] . From the traditional time many essential oil and plant derived products are used in the treatment of mental related problems [72] . ...
... al., 1995aElisabetsky et. al., , b, 1999, it was observed that Linalool administered intraperitoneally, possesses a dose-dependent sedative effect besides, having shown, through neurochemical analyses, a potential of action on the glutamatergic system (Elisabetsky et al., 1995a;1995b;1999). The function of glutamatergic transmission on the possible anticonvulsant effect of Linalool was investigated by measuring its effects on [3H] Glutamate binding in the Central Nervous System (CNS) membranes of rats, subsequently it was verified through analysis that Linalool has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the aforementioned binding. ...
The essential oil from C. aurantium has been widely studied due to its potential anxiolytic action on several receptors in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Although it presents variations in its phytochemical composition depending on its origin, we can highlight that many compounds remain present, such as linalool that demonstrated antagonistic activity on glutamatergic receptors, possible inhibitory action of noradrenaline and serotonin receptors, besides the ability to activate GABA receptors in association with some flavonoids present in the oil. It is globally known that the underlying pathology called anxiety influences worldwide as an antecedent of conflicting psychological and physical disorders, which are associated with various neuronal disorders. In this regard, the oil extracted from C. aurantium flowers shows a potential therapeutic application for the treatment of anxiety disorders. However, more studies are needed to elucidate its complete role on the CNS and to verify and prove its safety and efficacy profile.
... Although few studies have reported the relationship between the antinociception of linalool and GABA receptors modulation, one study using light/dark box test and elevated plus maze has indicated that linalool-induced anxiolytic effect is mediated by GABAergic transmission at benzodiazepine binding sites (Harada et al., 2018). Linalool has been proven to play a role in the regulation GABAergic transmission by protecting against pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin-induced convulsions (Elisabetsky et al., 1995). ...
Linalool, a major odorous constituent in essential oils extracted from lavender, is known to have a wide range of physiological effects on humans including pain management. The substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) is involved in transmission of orofacial nociceptive responses through thin myelinated A[Formula: see text] and unmyelinated C primary afferent fibers. Up to date, the orofacial antinociceptive mechanism of linalool concerning SG neurons of the Vc has not been completely clarified yet. To fill this knowledge gap, whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used in this study to examine how linalool acted on SG neurons of the Vc in mice. Under a high chloride pipette solution, non-desensitizing and repeatable linalool-induced inward currents were preserved in the presence of tetrodotoxin (a voltage-gated Na[Formula: see text]channel blocker), CNQX (a non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist), and DL-AP5 (an NMDA receptor antagonist). However, linalool-induced inward currents were partially suppressed by picrotoxin (a GABA[Formula: see text] receptor antagonist) or strychnine (a glycine receptor antagonist). These responses were almost blocked in the presence of picrotoxin and strychnine. It was also found that linalool exhibited potentiation with GABA- and glycine-induced responses. Taken together, these data show that linalool has GABA- and glycine-mimetic effects, suggesting that it can be a promising target molecule for orofacial pain management by activating inhibitory neurotransmission in the SG area of the Vc.
... Linalool affects the human brain beta wave and shows an inhibitory effect on glutamatergic neurons in the rat cerebral cortex. 41 Olfactory receptor cells (ORCs) convey chemosensory information to the olfactory bulb, and express various types of ionic channels such as voltage-gated Na + , Ca +2 and K + channels on their somatic membrane. The deodorants including amyl acetate, acetophenone, and limonene have lower lipid solubility than linalool. ...
... Les terpènes sont des substances chimiques reconnues pour leurs fortes propriétés psychotropes, ce qui pourrait expliquer l'effet sédatif des huiles essentielles de Laurus nobilis et de Vitex agnus-castus. De nombreuses études ont montré que les terpènes ont une capacité à inhiber les troubles liés à l'anxiété [40,41]. Tandis que l'huile de Vitex agnus-castus (100, 200mg/kg) provoque une action sédative moins importante que celle de l'huile essentielle de Laurus nobilis. ...
The overall aim of this study is the valorisation of the essential oils obtained from Laurus nobilis and Vitex agnus-castus through their acute toxicological validation and sedative activity. The results from acute toxicity evaluation show that the lethal dose 50 of the two oils is higher than 5 g/kg, which mean that the essential oils could be classified in the category 5 according to the guideline of the OCDE 423. Consequently, Laurus nobilis and Vitex agnus-castus could be considered as non-toxic. The results of the test Rotarod, the hole board, and the white/obscure room demonstrated that Laurus nobilis and Vitex agnus-castus exercise oils exhibited a sedative effect in the mouse. These results suggest that Laurus nobilis and Vitex agnus-castus could make a good alternative of the synthetic sedative agents used in the pharmaceutical industry.
... In this study linalool, a monoterpene was identified as the major constituent of Z. armatum essential oil and a number of linalool and its acetate-producing species are used in traditional medicine systems to relieve symptoms and cure a variety of ailments, both acute and chronic. Linalool was evaluated for its psychopharmacological activity in mice, revealing marked dose-dependent sedative effects on the central nervous system [27,28] as well as protection against pentylenetetrazol, picrotoxin and transcorneal electroshock-induced convulsions, hypnotic and hypothermic properties [29,30] . ...
... It is used as an ingredient of homemade perfume and sachets for aromatizing clothes. The catinga-de-mulata (CM) oil has low toxicity and is used against a headache, strokes, seizures and as a sedative ( Elisabetsky et al., 1995Elisabetsky et al., , 1999Souza et al., 1997;Sousa et al., 2003). Recently, in RW, MP and CM oils were observed antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities ( Sarrazin et al., 2016;Martins et al., 2016). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
The essential oils of the leaves of Aniba rosaeodora (pau-rosa), Aniba parviflora (macacaporanga) and Aeollanthus suaveolens (catinga-de-mulata), rich in linalool, are used in the traditional medicine of the Brazilian Amazon for its effects on the central nervous system, such as sedative, anticonvulsant and antidepressant, among other therapeutic properties.
Aim of the study:
To analyze the chemical composition of these oils and to evaluate their neurobehavioral effects in rodents, based on different and established behavioral tests.
Material and methods:
The oils were distilled and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Male Wistar rats received intraperitoneal doses of the oils of pau-rosa (3.5 and 35mg/kg), macacaporanga (8.5 and 85mg/kg) and catinga-de-mulata (7.5 and 75mg/Kg), in addition to a linalool standard (30mg/kg). The neurobehavioral effects were evaluated using the tests: Open Field (spontaneous locomotion activity), Elevated Plus Maze (anxiolytic- type activity), Splash and Forced Swimming (antidepressive-type activity) and the Inhibitory Avoidance (memory retention).
Results:
The three oils (highest dose) and standard linalool presented significant antidepressant activity in rodents. Linalool was identified as the major constituent of the oils (pau-rosa, 88.6%, macacaporanga, 45%, catinga-de-mulata, 49.3%). The standard linalool used was 97.0%.
Conclusion:
The pau-rosa, macacaporanga, and catinga-de-mulata oils presented antidepressant activity due to the presence of linalool, which, by the final synergistic action of other constituents found in oils, may have contributed to the increase or reduction of this behavioral effect in the treated animals. A relevant fact is that there was no compromise of spontaneous locomotion and the memory retention in the rodents.
... [12] Linalool, the major constituent of CMEO was reported to have anticonvulsant activity, and studies on the mechanisms of action indicated that this compound may interfere with several relevant elements of the glutamatergic transmission. [13] Furthermore, linalool was reported to possess sedative, [14] [15] anti-inflammatory, [16] neuroprotective, [17] as well as anticonvulsant and anxiolytic activities, it also achieved positive effects regulating social interaction and aggressive behaviour in mice. [ addition, linalool has been described to interact with the serotonin transporter which is involved in the anxiolytic effect. ...
In the Malagasy traditional practices, smoke from burning leaves of Cinnamosma madagascariensis Danguy is inhaled to treat brain disorders such as dementia, epilepsy and headache. In the present work we have evaluated the in vivo anticonvulsant effects of the essential oil from leaves of C. madagascariensis (CMEO). CMEO was isolated by steam distillation. The anticonvulsant activity of CMEO (0.4 and 0.8 mL/kg bw) administered subcutaneously was evaluated on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures in Wistar rats; diazepam was used as positive control. Linalool, limonene and myrcene were the major CMEO constituents. At the dose of 0.8 mL/kg, CMEO completely arrested the PTZ-induced convulsions with moderate sedative effects. The traditional anticonvulsant use of C. madagascariensis was confirmed allowing us to candidate molecules from CMEO as potential drugs to treat convulsions associated with strong agitation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Aeollanthus suaveolens Spreng. (Family: Lamiaceae) is used as a homemade anticonvulsant remedy in the Brazilian Amazon whereas Cissus sicyoides is used as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory and as an anti-diabetic in Dominican Republic (Elisabetsky et al 1995;Elisabetsky and Setzer 1985;Kainer and Duriea 1992;Toledo et al 1983;García et al 2000). Citrus bergamia Risso, Melissa officinalis L., Rosmarinus officinals L., Cymbopogon citratus DC. and Mentha piperita L. are all LL containing plants used traditionally as analgesics, sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics (Elisabestky, Marschner and Souza 1995). ...
The rhizome of Homalomena aromatica Schott. (Family:Araceae) is used by the local people throughout the north-eastern states of India to treat skin diseases, jaundice, diarrhea, stomach pain and as an insect repellent. Present research on Homalomena aromatica is only concentrated on these aspects of the plant based on the above mentioned ethnomedicinal uses. Linalool, the chief constituent of the essential oil portion of rhizome of Homalomena aromatica is a monoterepene alcohol having tremendous effect on the central nervous system. A detail review has been done on the effects of linalool on central nervous system namely in anxiety, convulsion, pain, sedation as well as in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. This review provide a basis for further research on Homalomena aromatica to treat different diseases associated with central nervous system.
... The monoterpenoid inhibited glutamate uptake and release in cortical synaptosomes [18] and inhibited MK-801 binding in the rat cortical membranes [19]. These evidences were used to explain the anticonvulsant properties of linalool revealed in in vivo seizure models [32,33]. Moreover, linalool was shown to interact with the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor [20] suggesting possible interactions with membrane proteins. ...
The racemate linalool and its levogyrus enantiomer [(−)-LIN] are present in many essential oils and possess several pharmacological activities, such as antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory. In this work, the effects of essential oil obtained from the cultivation of the
Ocimum basilicum
L. (EOOb) derived from Germplasm Bank rich in (−)-LIN content in the excitability of peripheral nervous system were studied. We used rat sciatic nerve to investigate the EOOb and (−)-LIN effects on neuron excitability and the extracellular recording technique was used to register the compound action potential (CAP). EOOb and (−)-LIN blocked the CAP in a concentration-dependent way and these effects were reversible after washout. EOOb blocked positive amplitude of 1st and 2nd CAP components with IC
50
of
0.38
±
0.2
and
0.17
±
0.0
mg/mL, respectively. For (−)-LIN, these values were
0.23
±
0.0
and
0.13
±
0.0
mg/mL. Both components reduced the conduction velocity of CAP and the 2nd component seems to be more affected than the 1st component. In conclusion EOOb and (−)-LIN inhibited the excitability of peripheral nervous system in a similar way and potency, revealing that the effects of EOOb on excitability are due to the presence of (−)-LIN in the essential oil.
... The major constituents of this plant include monoterpenoids like 1,8-cineole, limonene, linalool, a-terpineol (Rahimmalek et al. 2013). Some studies show that linalool (Elisabetsky et al. 1995), 1,8-cineole (Santos & Rao 2000) and a-terpineol (Buchbauer et al. 1993) possess sedative properties. Due to these characteristics, it could be useful in the treatment of insomnia and mood disorders such as anxiety. ...
Context:
Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae), myrtle, is an evergreen shrub with strong antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities. Also, it is used as a sedative-hypnotic plant in Iranian traditional medicine.
Objective:
This study evaluates the effect of 80% ethanolic extract of M. communis leaves on sleep and anxiety in mice and rats.
Materials and methods:
Male NMRI mice were subjected to open field, righting reflex, grip strength and pentylentetrazole-induced seizure tests. Male Wistar rats were used to evaluate the alterations in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. They were treated with 25-400 mg/kg doses of the extract intraperitoneally.
Results:
The applied doses (50-200 mg/kg) of M. communis extract increased vertical (ED50 = 40.2 ± 6.6 mg/kg) and vertical and horizontal activity (ED50 = 251 ± 55 mg/kg), while treatment with 200 and 400 mg/kg attenuated muscle tone significantly compared to vehicle treated animals (p < 0.001 for all) in a dose-independent manner. Also, a significant hypnotic and not anticonvulsant effect was observed when animals were treated with 200 mg/kg of the extract (p < 0.01). In this regard, electroencephalography results showed that REM sleep time was decreased (2.4 ± 0.5%), while total and NREM sleep times were increased significantly compared to the control group of mice (82.5 ± 7.6%).
Discussion and conclusion:
The data show the anxiolytic and muscle relaxant effect of the extract without anticonvulsant activities. The anxiolytic, myorelaxant and hypnotic effects without effect on seizure threshold are in line with the effect of a alpha 2 GABA receptor agonist.
... Many essential oils present diverse pharmacological properties, such as antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, anxiolytic, or anticancer [14,17,18]. Recent studies have highlighted the monoterpenes present in certain essential oils, such as menthol, linalool [19], limonene [20], myrcene [21] and 1,8-cineole [22]. Such essential oils have presented biological activities in differing animal models that include analgesic-like activity [23]. ...
Pain is an unpleasant sensation associated with a wide range of injuries and diseases, and affects approximately 20% of adults in the world. The discovery of new and more effective drugs that can relieve pain is an important research goal in both the pharmaceutical industry and academia. This review describes studies involving antinociceptive activity of essential oils from 31 plant species. Botanical aspects of aromatic plants, mechanisms of action in pain models and chemical composition profiles of the essential oils are discussed. The data obtained in these studies demonstrate the analgesic potential of this group of natural products for therapeutic purposes.
... The following uses are attributed to rosewood oil: analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antimicrobial, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, bactericidal, cellular stimulant, cephalic, stimulant, tissue regenerator, and to reduce sleeplessness and pain [12,13]. The sedative and anticonvulsant properties of linalool from A. roseadora oil in glutamate-related seizure model, in inhibition of the compound action potential in rodents, and inhibition of adenylate cyclase in chick retina, were previously reported [14][15][16][17][18]. The linalool-rich rosewood oil induces vago-vagal bradycardia and depressor reflex in rats [19]. ...
... Due to its muscle-relaxing, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory [23] , anti-tumor and analgesic effects [30] , myrcene is used in the treatment of spasms, insomnia, and pain. It was also used to minimize epileptic seizures [31] and to prevent peptic ulcer disease [32] . In addition, myrcene was found to affect the integrity and permeability of the cell membrane [33] . ...
The present study investigated the chemical composition and bioactivity of the leaf essential oil from Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr. & L.M. Perry from Nepal. In this work, leaf essential oil of C. operculatus was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The major component of the leaf oil was myrcene (69.7%), followed by (E)-β-ocimene (12.24%), (Z)-β-ocimene (4.79%), and linalool (4.08%), with other minor constituents. Antimicrobial activities were determined using the microbroth dilution technique, and in-vitro cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and 5637 cells was tested using the MTT assay. C. operculatus oil has shown no antimicrobial or cytotoxic activity.
... Many essential oils are known to have anticonvulsant activity (Almeida et al., 2003), probably due to terpenes that are the main constituents. This notion is supported by previous studies that showed that some monoterpenes present in many essential oils possess anticonvulsant activity in animal experiments, such as linalool (Elisabetsky et al., 1995), citral, b-myrcene, and limonene (Viana et al., 2000). ...
... A cura de diversas enfermidades e o aprimoramento de varias técnicas de diagnóstico devese à experimentação animal (CHORILLI; MICHELIN;SALGADO, 2007). Os experimentos em animais são responsáveis, em grande parte, pelos efeitos de fármacos em diversas patologias neurológicas, utilizando modelos que sugerem atividade neuroprotetora (SANTOS et al., 2011;FERREIRA et al., 2012), antidepressiva (CAMPELO et al., 2011 2012) e anticonvulsivante (ELISABETSKY et al., 1995), limoneno (VIANA et al., 2000), citronelol (DE SOUSA et al., 2006) Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma prospecção tecnológica da atividade anticonvulsivante de sesquiterpenos com busca de patentes em bases de dados nacionais e intenacionais. Fonte: Autoria própria (2013) Considerando que somente a base USPTO possui pedido de depósito de patente relacionando os dois termos estudados, o estudo foi direcionado no âmbito de investigar as informações relacionadas à distribuição de patentes por país, ano de depósito e por classificação internacional de patentes (CIP). ...
... Linalool has been reported to possess many medicinal effects, among which are anxiolytic (Kotilinek et al., 2008), hypnotic, and anticonvulsant (Elisabetsky et al., 1995). ...
Certain industrial chemicals and food contaminants have been demonstrated to possess neurotoxic activity and have been suspected to cause brain-related disorders in humans. Acrylamide (ACR), a confirmed neurotoxicant, can be found in trace amount in commonly consumed human aliments as a result of food processing or cooking. This discovery aroused a great concern in the public, and increasing efforts are continuously geared towards the resolution of this serious threat. The broad chemical diversity of plants may offer the resources for novel antidotes against neurotoxicants. With the goal of attenuating neurotoxicity of ACR, several plants extracts or derivatives have been employed. This review presents the plants and their derivatives that have been shown most active against ACR-induced neurotoxicity, with a focus on their origin, pharmacological activity, and antidote effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... Naloxone is widely used to investigate the role of the endogenous opioid analgesic system in pain modulation (Zendehdel et al. 2011; Zendehdel et al. 2012). Linalool, a monoterpene compound, is a component of EOs in diverse aromatic B. persicum species (Elisabetsky et al. 1995; Shahsavari et al. 2008). Linalool seems to exert its antinociceptive effects via opioidergic neurons, as these effects were antagonised by naloxone (Peana et al. 2003). ...
Bunium persicum (Boiss.) is an economically important medicinal plant growing wildly in arid regions
in Iran. The fruit of B. persicum is widely used in traditional Iranian medicine to control colic pain and dysmenorrhoea. The aim of the current study was to determine antinociceptive mechanisms of B. persicum essential oil using an acetic acid-induced writhing test as a model of visceral pain and to determine the possible involvement of opioidergic, serotoninergic and histaminergic systems on antinociceptive mechanisms of B. persicum in male mice. In experiment 1, B. persicum was intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected (0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1%; 10 ml/kg) in Tween-80 (0.5%) and a writhing test served as a model of visceral pain. In experiments 2–5, opioidergic receptor antagonist (naloxone, 2 mg/kg), serotonergic receptor antagonist (cyproheptadine, 4 mg/kg), histamine H1-receptor antagonist (chlorpheniramine, 20 mg/kg) and histamine H2-receptor antagonist (cimetidine, 12.5mg/kg) injection was followed by B. persicum (0.01%; 10 ml/kg) and the writhing test response was measured for 30 min. According to the results, essential oil of B. persicum, administered i.p. (0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1%; 10 ml/kg)
in Tween-80 (0.5%), elicited antinociceptive effects in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the antinociceptive
effect of B. persicum was significantly attenuated by pre-treatment with naloxone, chlorpheniramine and cimetidine (P < 0.001). These results suggest that B. persicum-induced analgesia may be mediated via opioidergic and histamine H1 and H2 receptors.
... Monoterpenols such as linalool (7) from Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill: Lamiaceae), menthol (8) from peppermint (Mentha piperita L.: Lamiaceae) or α-terpineol (9) from Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel: Myrtaceae) are known for slight analgaesic effects if applied topically [40]. Furthermore, linalool (7) has been associated with possible sedative effects as well [75]. Strictly within the context of essential oils, monoterpene alcohols are generally of high inhibitory character against bacterial pathogens [2]. ...
This review is a comprehensive introduction to pertinent aspects of the extraction methodology, chemistry, analysis and pharmacology of essential oils, whilst providing a background of general organic chemistry concepts to readers from non-chemistry oriented backgrounds. Furthermore, it describes the historical aspects of essential oil research whilst exploring contentious issues of terminology. This follows with an examination of essential oil producing plants in the Australian context with particular attention to Aboriginal custom use, historical successes and contemporary commercial prospects. Due to the harsh dry environment of the Australian landmass, particularly to the cyclical climatic variation attendant upon repeated glaciation/post-glaciation cycles, the arid regions have evolved a rich assortment of unique endemic essential oil yielding plants. Though some of these aromatic plants (particularly myrtaceous species) have given birth to commercially valuable industries, much remains to be discovered. Given the market potential, it is likely that recent discoveries in our laboratory and elsewhere will lead to new product development. This review concludes with an emphasis on the use of chemotaxonomy in selection of commercially viable cultivar chemotypes from the Australian continent. Finally, drawing largely from our own results we propose a list of Australian endemic species with novel commercial potential.
... Sodium pentobarbital, at a hypnotic dose of 50 mg/kg (i.p.), was injected into four groups (n = 10) of the mice 60 min after pretreatment with saline/tween-80 0.2% (vehicle) and LEO (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.), respectively. The latency (the interval between the injection of sodium pentobarbital and the loss of the righting reflex) and duration of sleeping time (the interval between the loss and recovery of the righting reflex) were recorded (Elisabetsky et al., 1995). ...
Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ('Java citronella') is an important essential oil yielding aromatic grass cultivated in India and Brazil and its volatile essential oils extracted from its leaves are used in perfumery, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and flavoring industries. However, there is no report on any psychopharmacological study of C. winterianus leaf essential oil (LEO) available to date. In this study, the pharmacological effects of the LEO were investigated in animal models and its phytochemical analyses. GC-MS analysis showed a mixture of monoterpenes, as citronellal (36.19%), geraniol (32.82%) and citronellol (11.37%). LEO exhibited an inhibitory effect on the locomotor activity of mice, an antinociceptive effect by increasing the reaction time in the writhing and capsaicin tests. All doses induced a significant increase in the sleeping time of animals not having modified however, the latency. The LEO did not alter the remaining time of the animals on the rota-rod apparatus. These results suggest a possible central effect.
Thymus vulgaris generally known as thyme, German thyme, garden thyme or just thyme, is a species of flowering plant belonging to mint family Lamiaceae, which is native to southern Europe from the western Mediterranean to southern Italy. It is estimated there are more than 2,50,000 flower plant species. Studying medicinal plants helps to be aware of plant toxicity and protect human and animals from natural poisons. The aim of this study was to overcome about its phytochemical and pharmacological profiles based on its active chemical constituents. Thymus vulgaris oil is a combination of monoterpenes and those will acts as antioxidative, anti-dysmenorrhea, hepatoprotective effect, antimicrobial, antitussive, antispasmodic, and antibacterial activities. It also shows anti-inflammatory effects, anti-fungal effect, antiadhesion activity, larvicidal effect.
Aromatherapy or essential oil therapy is an organic and botanical way of treating an individual’s body, mind and soul. Numerous prehistoric civilisations such as China, India and Egypt utilised this famous modality under CAM for around 6,000 years. It has proven to be effective for the management of lots of diseases and their complications. A survey of various research studies shows that aromatherapy has attained great attention in the last part of the 20th century and got quite famous in the 21st century because of its beneficial effects. The specialists of psychoneuroimmunology established that anxiety, stress and depression distress the immune system’s defensive and balancing functions, whereas healing with these oils is acknowledged to alleviate stress, invigorate and revive the person; not only this but these oils have well-established antiviral, antifungal, antimicrobial, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. These days, there is an amplified tendency to utilise this healing mode to manage sleep disorders and cancer. This chapter will illuminate the history of aromatherapy and its application in different traditional systems of medicine, how this therapy affects psychoneuroimmunological systems of the body, types of aromatherapy, the role of essential oils in infectious diseases and for enhancing immunity and the role of aroma science healing in reducing stress, anxiety, depression and insomnia.
Scutellaria (skullcap) are important medicinal plants. Scutellaria baicalensis and S.barbata have been used in Chinese traditional medicine, while S. incana and S. lateriflora were used as herbal medicines by Native Americans. In this work, the essential oils of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Scutellaria barbata D. Don , Scutellaria incana Biehler, and Scutellaria lateriflora L. were obtained from plants cultivated in south Alabama and analyzed by gas chromatographic techniques, including chiral gas chromatography. The most abundant components in the Scutellaria essential oils were 1-octen-3-ol (31.2% in S. incana), linalool (6.8% in S. incana), thymol (7.7% in S. barbata), carvacrol (9.3% in S. baicalensis), ( E)-β caryophyllene (11.6% in S. baicalensis), germacrene D (39.3% in S. baicalensis), ( E)-nerolidol (10.5% in S. incana), palmitic acid (15.6% in S. barbata), phytol (19.7% in S. incana), and linolenic acid (8.0% in S. barbata). These analyses of the essential oil compositions and enantiomeric ratios of predominant aromatic molecules add to our understanding of the medicinal phytochemistry of the genus Scutellaria.
Background
Use of plants and plant products in health care has shown exponential increase in past two decades.
Introduction
In-spite of the availability of well-established pharmacotherapy for epilepsy, a large no of population still explores alternative treatments due to refractory seizures, adverse effects of drugs, chronic treatment, inaccessibility of standard therapies in rural areas and the social stigma attached to the disease. Various studies on medicinal plants showed the protective effect of herbals in animal models of epilepsy.
Method
In the present review, a status analysis of the traditional use of various medicinal plants in epilepsy with a special focus on plats having anti-inflammatory potential is recorded.
Result and Conclusion
The shortcomings of research on medicinal plants which needs to be explored further in order to tackle the growing need of safer and effective drugs for epilepsy are discussed. Overall, there is a huge scope of herbal drugs in CNS disorders especially epilepsy, either as an adjunct by reducing the dose and thus side effects of standard anti-epileptic drugs or as standalone agent . Although, there is still an urgent need of well planned randomized controlled clinical trials to validate their efficacy and safety.
In the current era, the consumption and utilization of fruits and vegetables is gaining significant importance as an effective tool to maintain human health. In this context, phytochemicals and bioactive molecules from fruits and vegetables are also becoming chemo-preventive agent against various maladies. Among these, persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) fruit belongs to the family Ebenaceae and is used as a medicinal plant since many years to cure different human disorders, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, obesity, and so on. Persimmon fruit has significant protective effects against various types of human syndromes. Their effectual role is mainly owing to the presence of significant amounts of antioxidants such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamins, and other phenolic 268compounds. These bioactive compounds have the potential to scavenge and neutralize the free radical chain reaction before causing any deleterious effects to the body. Research-based evidences strongly assert that application of persimmon ingredients provides protection against hyper-lipidemia and hyperglycemia. Conclusively, persimmon and its components have potential as one of the effective modules in diet-based therapy.
Background:
Although aromatherapy is widely used, the pharmacology of the essential oils remains undiscovered.
Aim:
The present study assessed the effect of (-)-linalool, the main contained material of lavender, on the brain function.
Materials and methods:
Healthy male volunteers calculated the regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) before and after inhalation of (-)-linalool, and CBF changes were evaluated.
Results:
There were significant CBF reductions in the right superior temporal gyrus to insula, anterior cingulate cortex after inhalation.
Conclusions:
The previous study detected the regulatory influence of (-)-linalool on the glutamatergic transmission. The effect of (-)-linalool on the ACC and insula would cause the sedative and anxiolytic activity.
Objective:
The limitations encountered in the management of fungal infections are due to the resistance, high toxicity, and overuse of conventional antifungal drugs. For bringing solutions, the antifungal activity of Aeollanthus heliotropioides essential oil will be evaluated and optimized.
Material and methods:
The aerial parts of A. heliotropioides were harvested and essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition was determined using gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The sensitivity of fungal strains was determined using broth microdilution method. The fungicidal parameters were checked by viability assay using methylene blue dye. The Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index was determined according the two-dimensional checkboard methods. The efficiency of the simulated optimum concentrations confirmed experimentally on American type culture collection strains, through the Time Kill Kinetic Study.
Results:
The yield of extraction of essential oil was 0.1%. The major compounds were linalool (38.5%), Z-α-farnesene (25.1%), 9-hexa-decen-1-ol (13.9%) saturated/unsaturated massoia and γ-lactones (4.5%). The MIC of extract on yeast isolates ranged from 0.6mg/mL to 5mg/mL. The combination of essential oil with thymol leads mainly to synergistic effects (0.5≤FICI). The optimums of essential oil (1.6±0.4μl/mL) and thymol (0.6±0.1mg/mL) revealed a total inhibition of yeast after 120 and 180minutes according to the yeasts strains used.
Conclusion:
This study highlights the in vitro antifungal activity of A. heliotropioides essential oil and it synergistic effect with thymol.
We investigated effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa сanina (dog rose) petals on behavior of rats in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test; adult male Wistar rats weighing 200-240 g were used. Oral everyday administration of the Rosa extract in three doses (150, 300, and 450 mg/kg) was done for one week. Animal behavior in the EPM was videotaped for 10 min, and conventional indices considered to be related to the anxiety level were scored. Introduction of the Rosa canina extract significantly increased the number of open arm entries in a dose-dependent manner and also increased the time of stay in the open arms at a high dose (450 mg/kg). At the same time, the number of closed arm entries interpreted as a correlate of the locomotion intensity did not differ from the control at all doses. Thus, the Rosa canina extract, when orally administered, demonstrates an anxiolytic profile in rats. Future investigations are essential for better understanding of the anxiolytic properties of the extract and neurobiological mechanisms of its action (probable interactions of the Rose extract active agents with neurotransmitter systems.
Background:
Lavender inhalation aromatherapy is widely believed to impart a hypnotic effect, act as a mood stabilizer, and enhance the positive feelings of mothers toward their infants. However, research into these and other potential therapeutic effects of lavender tea has been limited.
Aims:
This study was conducted in Taiwan to evaluate the effectiveness of lavender tea in relieving sleep quality, fatigue, and depression; and in improving maternal-infant attachment during the early postpartum period.
Methods:
A total of 80 Taiwanese postnatal women with poor sleep quality (Postpartum Sleep Quality Scale; PSQS score ≥16) and with no history of allergy to herbal teas, foods, or medicines were assigned systematically to either the experimental group (n = 40) or the control group (n = 40). The participants in the experimental group were instructed to drink one cup of lavender tea after spending time to appreciate and smell the aroma each day for a period of 2 weeks, whereas their control group peers received regular postpartum care only. The PSQS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Postpartum Fatigue Scale, and Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire were used to assess outcomes.
Results:
ANCOVA analyses using education level and pretest scores as covariates showed that experimental group participants perceived less fatigue (F = 6.281, p = .014) and depression (F = 4.731, p = .033) and showed greater bonding with their infant (F = 4.022, p = .049) compared with the control group. However, the scores for all four instruments were similar for both groups at the 4-week posttest, suggesting that the positive effects of lavender tea were limited to the immediate term.
Linking evidence to action:
Healthcare researchers assume accountability for integrating research results into clinical practice. The findings in this study can gain greater attention among healthcare practitioners and encourage the correct and positive use of herbal therapy in postpartum health care.
Mood disorders are among the major health problems that exist worldwide. They are highly prevalent in the general population and cause significant disturbance of life quality and social functioning of the affected persons. The two major classes of mood disorders are bipolar disorders and depression. The latter is assumed to be the most frequent psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy. Studies published during the second half of the 20th century recognized that certain patients with epilepsy present a depressed mood. Synthesized pharmaceuticals have been in use for decades to treat both mood disorders and epilepsy, but despite their efficiency, their use is limited by numerous side effects. On the other hand, animal models have been developed to deeply study potential botanicals which have an effect on mood disorders. Studies to investigate the potential effects of medicinal plants acting on the nervous system and used to treat seizures and anxiety are increasingly growing. However, these studies discuss the two conditions separately without association. In this review, we present animal models of depression and investigative models (methods of assessing depression) of depression and anxiety in animals. Other classical test models for prediction of clinical antidepressant activity are presented. Finally, this review also highlights antidepressant activities of herbals focusing specially on depression-like behaviors associated with epilepsy. The pharmacological properties and active principles of cited medicinal plants are emphasized. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the work done on botanicals for mood disorders, potential mechanisms of action of botanicals, and the major compounds.
This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Botanicals for Epilepsy”.
Since the earliest times fragrant materials have been used in rituals. Today, a lucrative industry has developed to produce and deliver fragrances and aromatic chemicals with various applications in modern society. Linalool, a much sought after compound in the flavor and fragrance industry is a monoterpene alcohol which occurs naturally in many aromatic plants. Linalool and linalool-rich essential oils are known to exhibit various biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-oxidant properties and several in vivo studies have confirmed various effects of linalool on the central nervous system. The applications of linalool are not confined to simply adding or enhancing a specific scent to domestic products such as soaps, detergents and shampoos. Linalool also plays an import role in nature as a key compound in the complex pollination biology of various plant species to ensure reproduction and survival. Linalool is also a key compound for the industrial production of a variety of fragrance chemicals such as geraniol, nerol, citral and its derivatives, as well as a lead compound in the synthesis of vitamins A and E. The repellent properties of linalool on various crop-destroying insects has been well documented accentuating the application of this molecule in eco-friendly pest management. This review aims to highlight the various biological properties of linalool and to emphasize the value of linalool and linalool-rich essential oils in phytotherapy.
Coriander is a strongly aromatic, erect, herbaceous annual herb with strong antioxidant activity and this antioxidant activity correlated well with the phenolic compounds. This chapter describes the botany, history, producing regions, flavor and aroma, parts used, and active constituents. The chapter also highlights the uses of coriander in different recipes around the world. Coriander has been reported to have antibacterial, spasmolytic, stomachic, carminative, antimicrobial, antifungal, cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Finally the medicinal uses, functional properties, and antioxidant properties of coriander are discussed in great detail.
Geranium is an herbaceous perennial hairy shrub with a sweet rosy aroma and antioxidant activity. This chapter describes the botany, history, producing regions, flavor and aroma, parts used, and active constituents. The chapter also highlights the uses of geranium in different recipes around the world. Geranium has been reported to have antifungal, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Finally the medicinal uses, functional properties, and antioxidant properties of geranium are discussed in great detail.
Cinnamomum osmophloeum ct. linalool (土肉桂 tǔ ròu guì) is one chemotype of the indigenous cinnamons in Taiwan. This study examined the anxiolytic potency of leaf essential oil (LEO) from C. osmophloeum ct. linalool and its main constituent on 4-week ICR mice using an open field test (OFT), a light–dark test (LDT) and an elevated plus maze test (EPT). After oral administration of corn oil, LEO (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg), S-(+)-linalool (500 mg/kg), R-(−)-linalool (500 mg/kg), and trazodone hydrochloride (75 mg/kg) for 14 days, the anxiolytic effects on mice behavior were evaluated. The results showed that LEO from C. osmophloeum ct. linalool leaves and S-(+)-linalool can significantly increase the time mice remained in the center area of the OFT, the illuminated area of the LDT and the open arms of the EPT without any side effects affecting motor activity, indicating excellent anxiolytic responses. Furthermore, results from the measurements of monoamines in mice brain revealed decreases in serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which are consistent with their anxiolytic effects in animal models. The findings obtained suggest that LEO from C. osmophloeum ct. linalool and its major compound, S-(+)-linalool, possess anxiolytic properties without any side effects and thus support their potential use in treatment of anxiety disorders.
The second edition of this book is virtually a new book. It is the only comprehensive text on the safety of essential oils, the first review of essential oil/drug interactions, and it provides detailed essential oil constituent data not found in any other text. Much of the existing text has been re-written, and 80% of the text is completely new. There are 400 comprehensive essential oil profiles and almost 4000 references. There are new chapters on the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, the urinary system, the digestive system and the nervous system. For each essential oil there is a full breakdown of constituents, and a clear categorization of hazards and risks, with recommended maximum doses and concentrations. There are also 206 Constituent Profiles. There is considerable discussion of carcinogens, the human relevance of some of the animal data, the validity of treating an essential oil as if it was a single chemical, and the arbitrary nature of uncertainty factors. There is a critique of current regulations.
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