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Phytotaxa 234 (2): 159–171
www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/
Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press
Article
PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)
Accepted by Marcos Sobral: 18 Sept. 2015; published: 13 Nov. 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.234.2.6
159
Five new South American species of Myrcia s.l. (Myrtaceae)
MATHEUS F. SANTOS
1,2
, EVE LUCAS
3
& PAULO T. SANO
1
1
Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP 05508-
090, Brazil.
2
Corresponding author: matheus_fs@yahoo.com.br
3
Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom.
Abstract
Five new species of Myrcia s.l. are described and illustrated: Myrcia ascendens (related to Myrcia densa), Myrcia attenuata
(related to Myrcia bicolor), Myrcia costeira (related to Myrcia bicarinata), Myrcia rupestris (related to Myrcia lenheirensis) and
Myrcia subterminalis (related to Myrcia bicolor). The new species occur in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (M. costeira and M.
subterminalis), the Espinhaço range in Brazil (M. ascendens and M. rupestris) and the eastern Guiana Shield in French Guiana
(M. attenuata). Additionally, species are discussed regarding distribution, habitat, phenology and taxonomic affinity.
Key words: Aulomyrcia, Calyptranthes, Marlierea, Neotropics
Introduction
Myrcia s.l. is an informal group that comprises three genera (Govaerts et al. 2015): Calyptranthes Swartz (1788: 79),
Marlierea Cambessèdes (1833: 373) and Myrcia De Candolle (1827: 401). This clade was first recognized by Lucas
et al. (2007; under the name “Myrcia Group”). Within this group, Marlierea and Myrcia do not form monophyletic
groups and Calyptranthes is monophyletic but emerges within a larger clade comprised of the two former genera
(Lucas et al. 2011). Contemporary authors are moving to synonymise Calyptranthes and Marlierea under Myrcia;
however, it is depending on the conservation of Myrcia against the older name, Calyptranthes (Lucas & Sobral 2011).
These three genera together contain more than 700 species and, taken in this sense, form the fourth largest genus of the
family (Govaerts et al. 2015).
Lucas
et al. (2011) diagnosed nine clades in Myrcia s.l. based on DNA and morphological characters, which will
be the base of an infrageneric classification. One of these, clade 7 is characterized mainly by dibrachiate trichomes,
cataphylls at the internode base, inflorescences with sympodial basal branching and strictly opposite branching towards
the apex (Santos 2014). Furthermore, floral hypanthia within the group is extended beyond the top of the ovary and
does not tear after anthesis, calyx lobes are distinct from the hypanthium, free from each other and regularly deciduous
(Lucas et al. 2011, Santos 2014).
Five new species were identified during taxonomic revision of this group (Santos 2014) from the following
diverse regions of South America: the Atlantic Forest in Brazil (2 spp.), the Espinhaço range in Brazil (2 spp.) and the
Guiana Shield in French Guiana (1sp.). Here, these species are described and illustrated; discussion is also provided
regarding their distribution, habitat, phenology and taxonomic affinities.
Materials & Methods
Herbaria visited for this study were: ALCB, B, BHCB, BM, BR, C, CEN, CEPEC, CESJ, CVRD, DIAM, ESA, ESAL,
F, G, HBR, HEPH, HRCB, HUEFS, HUFU, IAC, IAN, IBGE, ICN, INPA, K, LE, M, MBM, MBML, MG, MICH,
MO, NY, OUPR, P, PACA, PAMG, R, RB, S, SP, SPF, SPSF, UB, UEC, US, VIC and W (acronyms according to Thiers
2015). Flowers and fruits were rehydrated prior to dissection and analysed under an Olympus SZH10 stereomicroscope.
Observation of specimens during field work also yielded data for this study.
SANTOS ET AL.
160 • Phytotaxa 234 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press
Morphological terminology is based primarily on Radford et al. (1974) and Briggs & Johnson (1979). The
inflorescence is considered to present three categories: pyramidal, with lateral branches decreasing in size towards the
apex of the inflorescence never reaching the same height of the central axis; corymbiform, with longer lateral branches
that reach the same height of the central axis; or umbelliform, with lateral branches that reach the same height of the
central axis but with internodes of central and lateral branches reduced in number and in length.
The length of the pedicel was taken from the internode before the floral bud, normally bearing two bracts, to the
pair of bracteoles at the bud base. The length of the floral bud was measured from the pair of bracteoles to the apex of
the bud; the width was taken at the midpoint of the bud. The extension of the hypanthium above the top of the ovary
was measured from the ovary apex to the region immediately below the staminal ring. Colours were recorded only
from fresh material.
Taxonomic treatment
1. Myrcia ascendens M.F.Santos, sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2)
Myrcia ascendens is related to Myrcia densa (De Candolle 1828: 257) Sobral (2006: 136), but differs in having slender
lateral branches almost vertically inclined (versus thicker branches with inclination variable), the rare presence of cataphyll
scars (vs. present at least at the basal internode), internodes 0.2–1.0 cm long (vs. 0.5–4.5 cm), lateral veins 1 mm apart (vs.
1–3 mm) and marginal vein 0.2 mm from the margin (vs. 5–10 mm).
Type:—BRAZIL. Bahia: Mun. Mucugê, Serra de São Pedro, 17 December 1984 (fl.), G.P. Lewis CFCR 7074 (holotype SPF!, isotypes
K!, NY!, RB!).
Shrub to tree, 1–3 m. Epidermal peeling absent in the immature parts; trichome brown to light brown, 0.1–0.3 mm
long, dibrachiate. Twig when immature greenish to reddish, flattened, keeled, pubescent or puberulent; mature twig
greyish, cylindrical, cortex slightly cracked, glabrous; branching monopodial, 2–3 branches per node, epidermal
protrusion absent at the internodes, internode 0.2–1.0 cm long; cataphyll foliaceous, 1–2 × 1 mm, rarely present, early
deciduous, free, lanceolate, externally puberulent, internally glabrous; branch with a single apical bud, pubescent. Leaf
concolorous, chartaceous, blade 0.5–1.6 × 0.1–0.5 cm, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, apex acute, obtuse or rounded,
base narrowly cuneate or cuneate, margin revolute at the base, secondary veins ca. 1 mm apart, held at an angle of 45
o
relative to the midvein, marginal vein 0.2 mm from the margin, tertiary veins inconspicuous; immature adaxial surface
with scattered trichomes, glabrous at maturity, midvein flat along the entire length, secondary veins inconspicuous,
pellucid dots conspicuous, more than 15 per mm
2
; immature abaxial surface puberulent or with scattered trichomes,
glabrescent to glabrous at maturity, midvein prominent, secondary veins inconspicuous (sometimes slightly prominent),
pellucid dots conspicuous, more than 15 per mm
2
; petiole 1–3 × 1 mm, canaliculate to semicylindrical, puberulent or
with scattered trichomes when immature, glabrous at maturity. Panicle 1–2 × 1–2 cm, umbelliform, terminal axillary
or subterminal, 10–25 flowers, rachis puberulent, 1–2 branching at the base (sometimes with a central vegetative
branch), first internode of central rachis 1 mm wide, flattened, distal internodes flattened, opposite branching, three
times per node, epidermal protrusion in the node usually present. Bract 1.2–2.4 × 0.4–0.6 mm, deciduous, lanceolate
or ovate, concave, apex acuminate, base truncate, adaxial and abaxial surfaces puberulent. Pedicel 0–0.6 mm long,
cylindrical, puberulent. Bracteole 1.2 × 0.4 mm, deciduous, lanceolate, concave, apex acuminate, base truncate,
adaxial and abaxial surfaces puberulent. Floral bud 2 × 1 mm, turbinate. Hypanthium extending 0.6–0.8 mm above
the summit of the ovary, not tearing at anthesis, externally pubescent or puberulent, glabrescent towards the apex,
conspicuous pellucid dots covering the whole surface, internally glabrous; calyx 4–5-merous, lobes 0.6–1.0 × 0.6–1.0
mm, distinct from the hypanthium, external ones smaller than the internal ones, deciduous, depressed ovate, widely
depressed ovate or ovate, concave, apex acute, obtuse or rounded, base truncate, externally puberulent, internally
puberulent; corolla 4–5-merous, petal white, 0.8–1.6 × 1.0–1.4 mm, very widely ovate, concave, apex rounded, base
truncate, externally puberulent to glabrous, internally puberulent to glabrous; staminal ring 0.2 mm, glabrous (rarely
with scattered trichomes), stamens ca. 32, filament 1.8–3.2 mm long, glabrous, anther 0.24–0.32 × 0.24–0.32 mm,
square, oblong or transversely oblong; ovary 0.6–0.8 × 0.8 mm, 2-locular, each locule with two ovules, style 3.8 mm
long, glabrous, stigma punctiform, papillose. Fruit green when immature, reddish to vinaceous at maturity, 4–5 × 4–6
mm, depressed globose or globose, glabrescent to glabrous, pellucid dots covering the whole surface, remnants of
calyx lobes present or not; seeds 1–2 (rarely 5).
FIVE NEW SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MYRCIA S.L.
Phytotaxa 234 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 161
FIGURE 1. Myrcia ascendens. A. habit. B. detail of keeled twig. C. blade with revolute margin. D. umbelliform inflorescence. E. floral
bud and bracteoles. F. longitudinal section of flower at anthesis. G. fruit with calyx lobes remnants. Vouchers: A–F: Lewis CFCR 7074
(SPF); G. Santos 829 (SPF).
Distribution and Habitat:—This species is known only from the municipality of Mucugê: in the “Parque Municipal
de Mucugê” (a Protected Area) and the Serra de São Pedro. It occurs on rock outcrops close to watercourses.
SANTOS ET AL.
162 • Phytotaxa 234 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press
Phenology:—The species was collected with flowers in December and February and with fruits in January and
February.
Etymology:—The specific epithet refers to the vegetative branching pattern in which numerous long, slender
lateral branches are almost all held nearly upright.
Conservation status
:—Myrcia ascendens is just found in two localities close to the city of Mucugê, in Campo
Rupestre vegetation (“Rocky Fields”). This type of vegetation is commonly subjected to anthropogenic fire (Drummond
et al. 2005). On account of this, and due to the restricted distribution of the species, we consider it as Critically
Endangered (CR, criteria B2a, biii; IUCN 2001).
Discussion
:—Myrcia ascendens shares with Myrcia densa monopodial branching, keeled immature branches and
inflorescences branching only once or twice at the base. The former species differs in its vegetative branching (slender
lateral branches inclined almost vertically), cataphyll scars rarely present (indicating almost continuous growth),
shorter internodes and a shorter distance between the lateral veins and from the marginal vein to the margin. Other
characteristics of M. ascendens show some overlap with M. densa but are still useful in its identification. These include
narrow elliptic or oblanceolate leaf blades and the umbelliform inflorescence. Five seeds were found in a dissected
fruit indicating that, at least occasionally, the species can have five ovules in the ovary.
Paratypes
:—BRAZIL. Bahia: Mun. Mucugê, Parque Municipal de Mucugê, 13
o
0’S, 41
o
20’W, 30 January 2003
(fr.), T.C. Faustino 48 (BHCB!); idem, 925 m, 12
o
59’59’’S, 41
o
20’52’’W, 12 February 2012 (fl., fr.), M.F. Santos 829
(SPF!); idem, 925 m, 12
o
59’59’’S, 41
o
20’52’’W, 12 February 2012 (fr.), M.F. Santos 830 (SPF!).
FIGURE 2. Species distributions. Myrcia ascendens=star; Myrcia attenuata=triangle; Myrcia costeira=circle; Myrcia rupestris=square;
Myrcia subterminalis=diamond.
FIVE NEW SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MYRCIA S.L.
Phytotaxa 234 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 163
2. Myrcia attenuata M.F.Santos, sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 3A–D)
Myrcia attenuata is related to Myrcia bicolor Kiaerskou (1893: 65), but differs in having immature keeled branches (vs.
immature branches not keeled), mixed terminal and subterminal inflorescences (vs. only terminal inflorescences), turbinate
floral buds (vs. clavate) and fruit with an attenuated base (vs. rounded base).
Type:—FRENCH GUIANA. Montagne de la Trinité sommet NE ca/ 400 m in high forest, in flat area, 4 February 1984 (fl.), J.J. Granville
6503 (holotype B!, isotypes BR!, CAY not seen, G!, U image!).
Tree 4–25 m. Epidermal peeling absent in immature parts; trichome brown, 0.1–0.3 mm long, dibrachiate. Twig when
immature reddish, flattened, longitudinally sulcate, keeled, pubescent or puberulent; mature twig greyish, cylindrical,
cortex slightly cracked, glabrous; branching monopodial or sympodial, 2–3 branches per node, epidermal protrusion
present at the internodes (sympodial branching) or absent (monopodial branching), internode 2.0–6.1 cm long;
cataphyll scale-like to foliaceous, 2–5 × 1 mm, present at every internode, early deciduous, free, deltate, externally
pubescent, internally glabrous; branch with a single apical bud, pubescent. Leaf discolorous, chartaceous, blade 5.8–
14.7 × 1.9–4.6 cm, elliptic or oblong, apex caudate or acuminate, base atenuate or cuneate, margin plane, secondary
veins 2.5–0.4 mm apart, held at an angle of 70–75
o
relative to the midvein, marginal vein 0.5–1.0 mm from the margin,
tertiary veins conspicuous; immature adaxial surface with scattered trichomes, glabrous at maturity, midvein sulcate
in the first half and flat in the second half, secondary veins slightly prominent, pellucid dots inconspicuous, more than
15 per mm
2
; immature abaxial surface with scattered trichomes, glabrous at maturity, midvein prominent, secondary
veins prominent, pellucid dots slightly conspicuous to conspicuous, less than 5 to more than 15 per mm
2
; petiole 3–10
× 1–2 mm, canaliculate, pubescent or puberulent when immature, glabrescent to glabrous at maturity. Panicle 4.0–9.5
× 2.5–6.0 cm, pyramidal, terminal axillary or subterminal, 6–40 flowers, 1–4 branching at the base, rachis pubescent,
first internode of central rachis 1–2 mm wide, semicylindrical to flattened, distal internodes flattened, opposite
branching, 2–5 times per node, epidermal protrusion present at the internodes, usually absent in apical branches.
Bract ca. 5 × 1–2 mm, deciduous, lanceolate or ovate, concave, apex acuminate or acute, base truncate, puberulent on
both sides. Pedicel 0–10 mm long, cylindrical (flattened at the apex when extended), pubescent. Bracteole ca. 3 × 1
mm, deciduous, lanceolate, concave, apex acuminate, base truncate, adaxial surface with scattered trichomes, abaxial
surface pubescent or puberulent. Floral bud 5 × 4 mm, turbinate. Hypanthium extending 1.2 mm above the summit
of the ovary, not tearing at anthesis, externally pubescent, pellucid dots inconspicuous (covered by the indument)
but covering the whole surface, internally glabrous; calyx 4-merous, lobes 1.2–2.8 × 1.4–2.8 mm, distinct from the
hypanthium, external lobes smaller than internal ones, deciduous, depressed ovate or widely depressed ovate, concave,
apex rounded, base truncate, externally puberulent, internally puberulent to glabrous; corolla 5-merous, petal white,
3.2 × 3.2 mm, very widely ovate, concave, apex rounded, base truncate, externally puberulent to glabrous, internally
glabrous; staminal ring 0.4 mm, glabrous, stamens ca. 120, filament 3.6–7.2 mm long, white, glabrous, anther 0.16–
0.40 × 0.24–0.48 mm, square, oblong or transversely oblong; ovary 1.0 × 1.2 mm, 2-locular, each locule with two
ovules, style 8.4 mm long, glabrous, stigma punctiform, papillose. Fruit green when immature, mature fruit not seen,
6–8 × 7 mm, depressed globose or globose, base attenuate, glabrescent to glabrous, pellucid dots covering the whole
surface, remnants of calyx lobes present or not; seeds not seen.
Distribution and Habitat
:—Myrcia attenuata occurs in rainforest in the eastern Guiana Shield (French Guiana).
The three known records of the species indicate a relatively wide distribution in the region, as they come from the
south, east and central part of French Guiana. The species is likely to also occur in Brazil, as one of the records
(Oldeman T-650) was made close to the border of Brazil and French Guiana.
Phenology:—The species flowers in February and presents fruits from April to May.
Etymology:—The specific epithet refers to the fruit with an attenuate base, a very rare condition in the clade 7
(Lucas et al. 2011), to which this species belongs.
Conservation status:—The species probably has a wider distribution than the three known records (see discussion
above). More data is required on which to base a precise category, so we consider this species as “Data Deficient” (DD;
IUCN 2001).
Discussion
:—Myrcia attenuata was not included in the phylogenetic study of the clade 7 (Santos 2014), but it
bears many diagnostic characters of the group: sympodial branching, presence of cataphylls, inflorescences sympodially
branching at the base, the hypanthium not tearing after anthesis and free and deciduous calyx lobes. This species
is morphologically similar to Myrcia bicolor differing as stated above by its keeled branches, mixed terminal and
subterminal inflorescences, turbinate flower buds and fruit with attenuate base. The small number of collections does
SANTOS ET AL.
164 • Phytotaxa 234 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press
not allow confirming the typical branching pattern of M. attenuata (monopodial or sympodial). The label of the type
collection cites duplicates at the herbaria MG, NY and P, however these were not located within these collections.
FIGURE 3. Myrcia attenuata. A. habit. B. detail of keeled twig. C. flower at anthesis. D. fruit with attenuate base and remnants of calyx
lobes. Myrcia costeira. E. habit. F. detail of keeled twig. G. detail of inflorescence with opposite branching and terminal dichasia. H. floral
bud. I. longitudinal section of ovary showing two locules. J. fruit without calyx lobe remnants. Vouchers: A. Granville 6503 (U); B and D.
Oldeman T-650 (P); C. Granville 6503 (B); E–I. Hatschbach 31837 (SP); J. Barros 1848 (SPF).
FIVE NEW SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MYRCIA S.L.
Phytotaxa 234 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 165
Paratypes:—FRENCH GUIANA. Fleuve Oyapock, 5 May 1970 (fr.), Oldeman T-650 (K!). Riviere Tampok, 3
April 1977 (fr.),
Moretti 686 (MICH!).
3. Myrcia costeira M.F.Santos, sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 3E–J)
Myrcia costeira is related to Myrcia bicarinata (Berg 1857: 118) Legrand (1961: 298), but differs in the cataphyll that occur
at all internodes (vs. usually only at the basal internode), leaf blades 2.1–5.4 cm long (vs. 4.5–9.4 cm long), venation that is
usually inconspicuous on the abaxial surface (vs. usually conspicuous) and the inflorescence with terminal dichasia bearing
three flowers (vs. lateral flowers reduced and only the central flower developed).
Type:—BRAZIL. Paraná: Mun. Guaraqueçaba, rio Murato, 7 December 1972 (fl.), G. Hatschbach 31837 (holotype MBM!, isotypes C!,
K!, G!, NY!, SP!).
Tree 2–12 m. Epidermal peeling present in immature parts; trichome light brown (rarely ferruginous), 0.1–0.2 mm long,
dibrachiate. Twig when immature reddish or stramineous, flattened, keeled, puberulent or with scattered trichomes to
glabrous; mature twig greyish, cylindrical, cortex slightly cracked, glabrescent to glabrous; branching monopodial
or sympodial, 2–3 branches per node (rarely more than three), epidermal protrusion present in the internodes only
when branching is sympodial, internode 1–3 cm long; cataphyll scale-like to foliaceous, 2–8 × 1–2 mm, present at
all internodes (sometimes only at the basal one), early deciduous, free, lanceolate or ovate, with scattered trichomes
externally, glabrous internally; branch with 1–2 apical buds, puberulent or with scattered trichomes. Leaf concolorous,
chartaceous, blade 2.1–5.4 × 0.9–2.7 cm, elliptic or obovate, apex acute, obtuse or rounded, base cuneate or obtuse,
margin sometimes slightly revolute at the base, secondary veins 2.0–4.5 mm apart, held at an angle of 55–75
o
relative
to the midvein, marginal vein 0.5–1.0 mm from the margin, tertiary veins slightly conspicuous to inconspicuous;
adaxial surface glabrous, midvein sulcate in the first half and flat in the second half, secondary veins inconspicuous
(rarely prominent), pellucid dots conspicuous to inconspicuous, less than 5 to more than 15 per mm
2
; immature abaxial
surface with scattered trichomes, glabrous at maturity, midvein prominent, secondary veins slightly prominent or
inconspicuous, pellucid dots conspicuous to inconspicuous, less than 5 to more than 15 per mm
2
; petiole 2–5 × 1–2 mm,
canaliculate, with scattered trichomes to glabrous when immature, glabrescent to glabrous at maturity. Panicle 2.0–5.5
× 1.0–3.5 cm, corymbiform (rarely pyramidal), terminal axillary or subterminal, 10–40 flowers, rachis puberulent to
glabrous, branching 1–6 times at the base (sometimes including vegetative branches), first internode of central rachis
1–2 mm wide, flattened, distal internodes flattened, opposite branching (rarely subopposite), 2–3 branches per node,
epidermal protrusion present at internodes, usually absent in apical branches. Bract 0.6–1.2 × 0.4–0.8 mm, deciduous,
lanceolate or ovate, concave, apex acuminate, base truncate, adaxial surface with scattered trichomes to glabrous,
abaxial surface puberulent to glabrous. Pedicel 0–2.4 mm long, cylindrical, with scattered trichomes to glabrous.
Bracteole 0.6–1.2 × 0.2–0.4 mm, deciduous, lanceolate or ovate, concave, apex acuminate, base truncate, adaxial
and abaxial surfaces glabrous. Floral bud 2–4 × 1–2 mm, turbinate. Hypanthium extending 0.8–1.2 mm above
the summit of the ovary, not tearing at anthesis, glabrous externally, pellucid dots conspicuous, covering the whole
surface, glabrous internally; calyx 4–5-merous, lobes 0.4–1.2 × 0.8–2.0 mm, distinct from the hypanthium, external
lobes smaller than internal lobes, deciduous, depressed ovate, concave, apex rounded, base truncate, externally with
scattered trichomes to glabrous, internally puberulent to glabrous; corolla 5-merous, petal light brown to white, 1.0–2.2
× 1.2–2.4 mm, depressed ovate, widely depressed ovate or very widely ovate, concave, apex rounded, base truncate,
externally puberulent or with scattered trichomes to glabrous, internally puberulent or with scattered trichomes to
glabrous; staminal ring 0.2 mm wide, glabrous, 49–74 stamens, filament 1.8–4.4 mm long, glabrous, anther 0.24–0.48
× 0.24–0.40 mm, square, oblong or transversely oblong; ovary 0.8–1.0 × 0.8 mm, 2-locular, each locule with two
ovules, style 5.0–7.2 mm long, glabrous, stigma punctiform, papillose. Fruit green when immature, vinaceous at
maturity, 4–10 × 4–10 mm, depressed globose or globose, glabrous, pellucid dots covering the whole surface, remnants
of calyx lobes present or not; seeds 1–3.
Distribution and Habitat:—The species inhabits forest in restinga and rarely, lowland rainforest (close to restinga
forest). Myrcia costeira occurs from the central coast of São Paulo state to the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul
state.
Phenology:—The flowering of
Myrcia costeira is from October to December. It presents fruits from November
to February, from April to June and in September.
Etymology:—The epithet refers to the distribution of
Myrcia costeira, which occurs in coastal forests, sometimes
called “mata costeira” in Portuguese.
SANTOS ET AL.
166 • Phytotaxa 234 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press
Conservation status:—Myrcia costeira is restricted to coastal areas under strong pressure from urbanization.
Moreover, the species has an area of occupancy smaller than 2,000 km
2
and is just recorded from protected areas in
São Paulo state. Myrcia costeira is therefore classified as Vulnerable (VU, criteria B2a, biii; IUCN 2001).
Discussion
:—Myrcia costeira has flattened and keeled immature twigs that resemble those of Myrcia bicarinata,
a species within which it was previously treated (e.g., Legrand 1961). As described above,
M. costeira differs from M.
bicarinata in the presence of cataphyll scars at all internodes, usually smaller blades, usually inconspicuous venation
on the abaxial surface and, especially, the inflorescence with 3-flowered terminal dichasia. The two species have
distinct habitat and distribution patterns. Myrcia costeira is found in forests in restinga from São Paulo state to Rio
Grande do Sul, while M. bicarinata occurs in inland semideciduous forest in central-southeastern Brazil (including
Distrito Federal, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo states—never in coastal areas).
Paratypes
:—BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: Mun. Passo de Torres, February 1987 (fr.), K. Hagelund s.n. (F
2078543!). Mun. Torres, May 1988 (fr.), J.L. Waechter 2330 (ICN!); 28 December 1975 (fr.), O.R. Camargo 657 (F!).
Santa Catarina: Mun. Araquarí, 4 m, 12 June 1953 (fr.),
R. Reitz 782 (HBR!). Mun. Barra do Sul, 5 m, 8 April 1953
(fr.), R. Reitz 502 (HBR!). Mun. Florianópolis, Ilha de Santa Catarina, 11 December 1984 (st.), J. Mattos 27184 (R!).
Mun. Garopaba, 15 July 2006 (st.), R. Hentschel s.n. (ICN 157993!). Mun. Sombrio, 10 m, 5 September 1959 (fr.), R.
Reitz 9056 (HBR!); 10 m, 31 October 1959 (fl.), R. Reitz 9324 (HBR!). São Paulo: Mun. Cananéia, Ilha do Cardoso,
14 November 1979 (fl.), D.A. Grande 346 (SPF!); Ilha do Cardoso, 10 May 1990 (fr.), F. Barros 1848 (SPF!); Ilha do
Cardoso, 300 m, 3 August 1990 (fr.),
P. Martuscelli 1066 (SP!); Ilha do Cardoso, 24 January 2003 (st.), E.J. Lucas 67
(K!); Ilha do Cardoso, 9 December 2003 (fl.), E.R. Castro 313 (HRCB!); Ilha do Cardoso, 13 June 1987 (fr.), F. Barros
1368 (SP!); Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, 25 February 2003 (fr.), V.C. Souza 29024 (ESA!); Parque Estadual
da Ilha do Cardoso, 16 November 2012 (fl., fr.), M.F. Santos 851 (SPF!); Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, 26 June
2004 (fr.), E.R. Castro 377 (HRCB!); Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, 8 December 2002 (fl.), F.F. Mazine 750
(BHCB!); Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, 12 November 2004 (fl.), M.P. Sandrini s.n. (SPF 166672!); Parque
Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, 24 November 1988 (fl.),
M. Kirizawa 2117 (SP!); Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso,
10 December 1987 (fl.), M. Kirizawa 2023 (SP!); Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, 5 m, 47
o
54’75’’S, 25
o
3’88’’W,
21 May 2006 (fr.), V.G. Staggemeier 81 (HRCB!); Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, 27 November 1990 (fl.), M.
Sugiyama 868 (MBM!); Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins, 22 November 1990 (fl.), E.L.M. Catharino 1541 (SP!). Mun.
Ilha Comprida, 3 June 2000 (fr.), P.G. Carrasco 160 (ESA!). Mun. Pariquera-Açu, Parque Estadual da Campina do
Encantado, 28 May 1999 (fr.),
M. Sztutman 313 (ESA!); Parque Estadual do Pariquera-Abaixo, 10 January 1999 (fr.),
J.R.L. Godoy 47 (SP!). Mun. Santos, Distrito de Bertioga, 28 November 1989 (fl.), Grupo B 22779 (UEC!).
4. Myrcia rupestris M.F.Santos, sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 4A–E)
Myrcia rupestris is related to Myrcia lenheirensis Kiaerskou (1893: 98), but differs in the dense indument covering several
structures (vs. structures essentially glabrous), immature branches that are not keeled (vs. keeled immature branches) and
the branched inflorescence bearing complete terminal dichasia (vs. not or little branched with only a central flower in the
terminal dichasia).
Type:—BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Mun. Botumirim, Estrada Botumirim–Rio do Peixe, afloramento rochoso no lado esquerdo da estrada
(sentido Botumirim), 16
o
55’00’’S, 43
o
00’00’’W, 10 February 2011 (fl.), M.F. Santos 642 (holotype SPF!, isotypes BHCB!, K!, NY!,
RB!).
Shrub to tree, 0.5–3.0 m. Immature parts with epidermal peeling; trichome brown or light brown, 0.1–0.5 mm
long, dibrachiate. Twig when immature reddish, flattened, not keeled, tomentose or pubescent; greyish at maturity,
cylindrical, cortex slightly cracked, glabrescent to glabrous; branching monopodial, 2–3 branches per node (rarely
more than three), epidermal protrusion absent at the internodes, internode 0.5–1.5 cm long; cataphyll scale-like
to foliaceous, 1–4 × 1 mm, usually only present at the basal internodes, early deciduous, free, lanceolate or ovate,
externally and internally puberulent; branch with a single apical bud, puberulent. Leaf discolorous, coriaceous, blade
0.8–2.6 × 0.1–0.9 cm, narrowly elliptic or elliptic, apex acuminate, acute, obtuse or rounded, base narrowly cuneate or
cuneate, margin slightly revolute at the base, secondary, marginal and tertiary veins inconspicuous; immature adaxial
surface pubescent or puberulent, glabrescent to glabrous at maturity, midvein sulcate to plane in the first half and flat
in the second half, pellucid dots slightly conspicuous to inconspicuous, less than 5 to more than 15 per mm
2
; immature
abaxial surface tomentose or pubescent, puberulent or glabrescent at maturity, midvein prominent, pellucid dots slightly
conspicuous to inconspicuous, less than 5 per mm
2
; petiole 1–3 × 1 mm, canaliculate to semicylindrical, tomentose
FIVE NEW SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MYRCIA S.L.
Phytotaxa 234 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 167
or pubescent when immature, glabrescent to glabrous at maturity. Panicle 0.3–4.5 × 0.5–3.0 cm, corymbiform,
terminal axillary or subterminal, 13–37 flowers, rachis tomentose, pubescent or puberulent, 1–2 branching at the base
(sometimes with a central vegetative branch), first internode of central rachis 1 mm wide, semicylindrical to flattened,
distal internodes flattened, opposite branching, 2–3 (rarely four) times per node, epidermal protrusion present at the
internodes, usually absent in apical branches. Bract 1.2–3.2 × 0.4–0.8 mm, deciduous, lanceolate or ovate, concave
or plane, apex acuminate, base truncate, adaxial surface puberulent to glabrous, abaxial surface puberulent. Pedicel
0–2.4 mm long, cylindrical, pubescent or puberulent. Bracteole 0.8–1.2 × 0.2–0.4 mm, deciduous, lanceolate or ovate,
concave, apex acuminate, base truncate, adaxial surface puberulent to glabrous, abaxial surface puberulent. Floral
bud 2–3 × 2–3 mm, turbinate. Hypanthium extending 0.8–1.0 mm above the summit of the ovary, not tearing at
anthesis, externally pubescent or puberulent, glabrescent towards the apex, pellucid dots conspicuous, covering the
whole surface, internally glabrous; calyx 3–5-merous, lobes 0.2–1.2 × 0.8–1.8 mm, distinct from the hypanthium,
the external ones smaller than the internal ones, deciduous, depressed ovate, concave, apex rounded, base truncate,
externally puberulent or with scattered trichomes, internally puberulent; corolla 3–4-merous, petal light brown to
white, 1–2 × 1.2–2.2 mm, depressed, ovate to very widely ovate, concave, apex rounded, base truncate, externally and
internally puberulent or with scattered trichomes to glabrous; staminal ring 0.2–0.4 mm wide, glabrous (rarely with
scattered trichomes), stamens 28–64, filament 1.6–4.0 mm long, light brown to white, glabrous, anther 0.24–0.32 ×
0.24–0.40 mm, square, oblong or transversely oblong; ovary 0.6–0.8 × 0.8–1.0 mm, 2-locular, each locule with two
ovules, style 3.6–4.6 mm long, glabrous (rarely with scattered trichomes), stigma punctiform, papillose. Fruit green
to yellowish when immature, mature fruit not seen, 5 × 5 mm, globose, glabrescent to glabrous, pellucid dots covering
the whole surface, remnants of calyx lobes present or not; seeds 1–2.
Distribution and Habitat:—The species occurs in
Campo Rupestre vegetation between 700–1300 m elevation,
in the northern part of the Espinhaço range in Minas Gerais state.
Myrcia rupestris inhabits fissures in rocks or patches
of sandy soil in rocky outcrops.
Phenology
:—Myrcia rupestris was collected with flowers from February to April and from September to
November, with the strongest flowering in February. Fruits were seen from May to July and in February, September
and November.
Etymology:—The specific epithet refers to the habitat of this species.
Myrcia rupestris is found exclusively on
rocky outcrops in the northern portion of the Espinhaço Range in the Minas Gerais state.
Conservation status
:—Myrcia rupestris is endemic to the northern part of the Espinhaço range in Minas Gerais
state, occupying an area smaller than 500 km
2
. Unlike the southern part, the northern Espinhaço range does not contain
an extensive area of Campo Rupestre habitat, but disjunct areas within it (Saadi 1995). Campo Rupestre is commonly
used for grazing or affected by anthropogenic fire (Drummond et al. 2005) leading us to classify Myrcia rupestris as
Endangered (EN, criteria B2a, biii; IUCN 2001).
Discussion
:—Specimens of Myrcia rupestris have commonly been identified as Myrcia lenheirensis [e.g.,
Kawasaki 2004, under the homotypic synonym Marlierea angustifolia (Berg 1857: 143) Mattos (1967: 333)]. However,
beyond the characters described in the diagnosis, the species have distinctive distribution, as M. lenheirensis is just
found in eastern São Paulo, southeastern Minas Gerais and southern Espírito Santo states (Santos 2014).
Myrcia
rupestris also resembles Myrcia subavenia (Berg 1857: 69) Silveira (1985: 66), but differs in not possessing keeled
immature branches and having smaller leaves.
Paratypes
:—BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Mun. Botumirim, ca. 800 m, 16
o
55’0’’S, 43
o
0’0’’W, 10 February 2011 (fl.),
M.F. Santos 640 (SPF!). Mun. Cristália, 700 m, 28 September 1997 (fl.), M.L. Kawasaki 1020 (MBM!); 17 November
2007 (fr.), A.M. Teles 516 (BHCB!); 700 m, 28 September 1997 (fr.), M.L. Kawasaki 1021 (SP!); 1200 m, 16
o
43’28’’S,
42
o
55’42’’W, 12 July 2001 (fr.), V.C. Souza 25789 (ESA!). Mun. Grão-Mogol, 13 April 1981 (fl.), I. Cordeiro CFCR
791 (NY!); 1210 m, 27 September 1997 (fl.), M.L. Kawasaki 1019 (K!); 5 September 1985 (fr.), R. Mello-Silva
CFCR 8544 (NY!); 1200 m, 22 July 1985 (fr.), G. Martinelli 11255 (RB!); 1100–1150 m, 16
o
32’30’’S, 42
o
55’W, 3
October 1987 (fl.),
R. Mello-Silva CFCR 11463 (SPF!); 1000 m, 15 June 1990 (fr.), R. Simão-Bianchini CFCR 13087
(K!); 28 October 1978 (fl.), G. Hatschbach 41595 (C!); 1150 m, 16
o
32’871’’S, 42
o
54’447’’W, 28 March 2002 (fl.),
K. Matsumoto 793 (K!); Parque Estadual de Grão-Mogol, 2006 (fl.), C.V. Vidal 207 (BHCB!); Serra do Espinhaço,
950 m, 19 February 1969 (fr.), H.S. Irwin 23532 (US!); 1200 m, 11 February 1991 (fl.), G. Hatschbach 55080 (C!).
Mun. Itacambira, 1220 m, 17
o
4’S, 43
o
18’W, 14 February 1988 (fl.), J.R. Pirani 2268 (SPF!); 1250 m, 17
o
4’48’’S,
43
o
18’42’’W, 8 November 2002 (fl.), F.F. Mazine 559 (ESA!); 1292 m, 17
o
4’45.3’’S, 43
o
19’47.5’’W, 12 February 2011
(fl.), M.F. Santos 654 (SPF!); Serra de Itacambira, 20 May 1991 (fr.), M. Brandão 19050 (PAMG!).
SANTOS ET AL.
168 • Phytotaxa 234 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press
FIGURE 4. Myrcia rupestris. A. habit. B. detail of inflorescence with one basal ramification only. C. floral bud. D. longitudinal section of
the flower at anthesis. E. fruit with calyx lobes remnants. Myrcia subterminalis. F. habit. G. floral bud. H. longitudinal section of flower
at anthesis. I. fruit with calyx lobes remnants. Vouchers: A–D. Santos 642 (SPF); E. Kawasaki 1021 (SPF); F and G. Rossini 482 (SPF);
H. Kollmann 4776 (SPF); I. Kollmann 5156 (SPF).
FIVE NEW SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MYRCIA S.L.
Phytotaxa 234 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 169
5. Myrcia subterminalis M.F.Santos, sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 4F–I)
Myrcia subterminalis is related to Myrcia bicolor Kiaersk., but differs in the predominantly monopodial vegetative branch-
ing (vs. sympodial), the terminal and subterminal inflorescences (vs. only terminal) and turbinate floral bud (vs. clavate).
Type:—BRAZIL. Espírito Santo: Mun. Santa Teresa, Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi, Próximo ao marco 112, seguindo o córrego, 27
August 2003 (fl.), J. Rossini 482 (holotype MBML!, isotypes SP!, SPF!).
Tree 3–15 m. Immature parts sometimes with epidermal peeling; trichome light brown (rarely ferruginous), 0.1–
0.2 mm long, dibrachiate. Twig when immature reddish, flattened, sometimes with longitudinal grooves, not keeled,
with scattered trichomes to glabrous; mature twig greyish, cylindrical, cortex slightly cracked, glabrous; branching
monopodial (rarely sympodial), 2–3 branches per node (rarely more than three), epidermal protrusion absent at the
internodes (present only in sympodial branching), internode 2.5–6.8 cm long; cataphyll foliaceous, 7 × 2 mm, usually
only at the basal internodes, early deciduous, adnate, lanceolate, externally puberulent; branch with 1–3 apical buds,
pubescent or puberulent. Leaf discolorous, chartaceous, blade 5.0–14.5 × 1.4–5.9 cm, elliptic, widely elliptic, ovate or
obovate, apex caudate, base atenuate, cuneate or obtuse, margin plane, secondary veins 3–6 mm apart, held at an angle
of 65–85
o
relative to the midvein, marginal vein 1.0–1.5 mm from the margin (rarely two), tertiary veins conspicuous
(rarely inconspicuous); adaxial surface glabrous, midvein sulcate in the first half and flat in the second half, secondary
veins flat (rarely prominent), pellucid dots inconspicuous, from 5 to 15 per mm
2
; immature abaxial surface with
scattered trichomes to glabrous, glabrous at maturity, midvein and secondary veins prominent, pellucid dots slightly
conspicuous to inconspicuous, from 5 to 15 per mm
2
; petiole 3–10 × 1–2 mm, canaliculate to semicylindrical, immature
with scattered trichomes, mature glabrous. Panicle 3.5–7.0 × 2.5–3.5 cm, pyramidal, terminal axillary or subterminal,
14–70 flowers, rachis puberulent or with scattered trichomes to glabrous, branching 1–5 times at the base, first internode
of central rachis 1.0–1.5 mm wide, cylindrical to flattened, distal internodes flattened, opposite branching (rarely
subopposite), 2–5 branches per node, epidermal protrusion present at the internodes, usually absent in apical branches.
Bract 0.8 × 0.2 mm, deciduous, lanceolate or ovate, concave, apex acuminate, base truncate, adaxial surface glabrous,
abaxial surface puberulent. Pedicel 0–2 mm long, cylindrical, puberulent. Bracteole 0.4–0.6 × 0.2 mm, deciduous,
lanceolate or ovate, concave, apex acuminate, base truncate, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface puberulent to
glabrous. Floral bud 2–3 × 1–2 mm, turbinate. Hypanthium extending 0.6–1.0 mm above the summit of the ovary,
not tearing at the anthesis, externally with scattered trichomes to glabrous, pellucid dots slightly conspicuous, covering
the whole surface, internally glabrous; calyx 4–5-merous, lobes 0.4–1.0 × 0.6–1.8 mm, distinct from the hypanthium,
external lobes smaller than the internal lobes, deciduous, depressed ovate, widely depressed ovate or ovate, concave,
apex rounded, base truncate, externally with scattered trichomes to glabrous, internally puberulent to glabrous; corolla
4–7-merous, petal white, 0.8–2.0 × 1.0–1.8 mm, depressed ovate, widely depressed ovate, widely ovate or very widely
ovate, concave, apex rounded, base truncate, externally puberulent or with scattered trichomes to glabrous, internally
glabrous; staminal ring 0.2–0.4 mm wide, glabrous, stamens 38–60, filament 1.6–5.0 mm long, glabrous, anther 0.24–
0.40 × 0.24–0.48 mm, square, oblong or transversely oblong; ovary 0.6–1.0 × 0.8 mm, 2-locular, each locule with
two ovules, style 3.6–5.2 mm long, glabrous, stigma punctiform, papillose. Fruit green when immature, reddish at
maturity, 7 × 6 mm, depressed globose or globose, glabrous, pellucid dots covering the whole surface, remnants of
calyx lobes present or not; seeds 1–2.
Distribution and Habitat
:—Myrcia subterminalis occurs in the Atlantic Forest domain, in submontane to montane
rainforest (Alagoas, Bahia and Espírito Santo states) and in semideciduous forest (municipality of Bandeiras—Minas
Gerais state).
Phenology
:—Myrcia subterminalis flowers from July to September and in November. Fruits were found from
September to January.
Etymology:—The specific epithet refers to the presence of subterminal inflorescences in this species.
Conservation status:—The species presents an Area of Occupancy smaller than 2,000 km
2
and is only recorded
from few (six) localities. Moreover, it is endemic to the Atlantic Forest, a phytogeographic domain reduced to only
7.5% of its original extent (Myers et al. 2000). Myrcia subterminalis is here considered as Vulnerable (VU, criteria
B2a, biii; IUCN 2001).
Discussion
:—Myrcia subterminalis resembles Myrcia bicolor but differs in its predominantly monopodial
vegetative branching, terminal and subterminal inflorescences and turbinate floral buds. Myrcia subterminalis is also
characterized by a strongly canaliculate petiole, leaf blades with decurrent bases and the lightly reticulate venation.
Sympodial (dichotomic) branching is rarely present, but in this case one of the branches develops faster than the other
and the branching becomes monopodial.
SANTOS ET AL.
170 • Phytotaxa 234 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press
Paratypes:—BRAZIL. Alagoas: Mun. União dos Palmares, Serra das Bananeiras, 500–560 m, 9
o
12’7.75’’S,
35
o
52’4.8’’W, 3 November 2002 (fr.), W.W. Thomas 13253 (CEPEC!). Bahia: Mun. Almadina, Serra do Corcovado, 831
m, 14
o
42’21’’S, 39
o
36’14’’W, 3 September 2011 (fl.), M.M. Coelho 360 (CEPEC!). Mun. Arataca, 1000 m, 15
o
10’2.5’’S,
39
o
20’3’’W, 12 October 2005 (fr.), A.M.A. Amorim 5313 (CEPEC!); Parque Nacional da Serra das Lontras, 26 November
2011 (fl.), M.F. Santos 757 (SPF!); RPPN “Caminho das Pedras”, 1000 m, 15
o
10’2.5’’S, 39
o
20’3’’W, 24 September
2006 (fr.), A.M.A. Amorim 6387 (CEPEC!); RPPN “Caminho das Pedras”, 936 m, 15
o
10’2.7’’S, 39
o
20’2.2’’W, 26
November 2006 (fr.), A.M.A. Amorim 6613 (CEPEC!). Espírito Santo: Mun. Cariacica, Reserva Biológica de Duas
Bocas, 600 m, 20
o
17’29’’S, 40
o
31’10’’W, 20 July 2008 (fl.), A.M.A. Amorim 7577 (RB!). Mun. Santa Teresa, 8 August
2000 (fl.), V. Demuner 1357 (BHCB!); Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia, 22 September 1999 (fl.), V. Demuner 25
(MBML!); Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia, 769 m, 19
o
58’14.6’’S, 40
o
32’13.3’’W, 13 November 2011 (st.), M.F.
Santos 733 (SPF!); Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi, 850 m, 6 December 2001 (fr.), L. Kollmann 5156 (MBML!);
Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi, 28 November 2001 (fr.),
L. Kollmann 5048 (MBML!); Reserva Biológica Augusto
Ruschi, 800 m, 27 September 2011 (fl.), L. Kollmann 4776 (MBML!). Minas Gerais: Mun. Bandeiras, 830–850 m,
15
o
48’23’’S, 40
o
31’5’’W, 30 January 2004 (fr.), W.W. Thomas 13637 (BHCB!).
Acknowledgements
The first author acknowledges FAPESP for the PhD fellowships (process number 2010/09473-0 and 2012/14914-
1). The third author acknowledges CNPq (process number 308300/2012-2). We also thank to Klei Sousa for the
illustrations, the staff of the visited herbaria for allowing us to study the Myrtaceae and the many people who helped
us during the field trips.
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