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Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects of Aegle marmelos leaves in rabbits
... Thus, it indicates that the mechanism of antidiabetic action of bael extract may have been attributed either to stimulation of sugar utilization or increased release of insulin or both, as has been mentioned by Sachdewa et al. (2001). Many studies have also mentioned that A. marmelos significantly reduces the serum sugar level and improves the capability of usage of the external sugar as well as augments the plasma insulin levels in artificially induced diabetic animal models (Ponnachan et al. 1983;Rao et al. 1995;Sharma et al. 1996;Sachdewa et al. 2001;Gholap and Kar 2004;Sabu and Kuttan 2004). The application of leaf extract of A. marmelos on diabetes-affected pancreas demonstrates enhanced operational state of beta cells and also assists in the regeneration of components of streptozotocin-destructed pancreas (Upadhyay et al. 2004). ...
... The extract of green leaves of the bael plant has hypoglycemic property in diabetic animals (Chakarbarty et al. 1960;Rao et al. 1995). It is observed that the 75% methanolic extract of bael plant administered at a concentration of about 100 mg/kg reduces the blood sugar levels in diabetic rats induced with alloxan (Sabu and Kuttan 2004). ...
Bael, Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa, is an Indian native tree spread in many regions of the world, commonly known by the names wood apple and stone apple. Aegle marmelos is a subtropical, usually medium to big-sized deciduous tree growing well in dry forests of plain and hilly area up to a height of about 1200 m above sea level and can adapt to a wide range of habitat. Aegle marmelos is widely recognized from prehistoric times for its therapeutic characteristics. Many parts of bael tree, including stem, bark, root, leaves, fruits, and seeds, find usage in traditional medicine. Various parts of this tree are being used from prehistoric times in traditional system of medicine for wound healing; curing digestive disorders, ulcers, hypertension, and respiratory infections; relieving dysentery, diarrhea, and constipation; and in numerous other ailments. It performs several biological activities like antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, diuretic, radioprotective, and others. It exhibits strong antioxidant properties due to presence of many phytochemicals like marmesinin, eugenol, and other phenolics. Studies on animal model have reported no toxicological and fatal consequence of bael extract consumed up to a maximum dose of 250 mg/kg body weight.
... Aegle marmelos Linn., a tree, belonging to the family Rutaceae, is widely distributed in India. Its leaves are known to be hypoglycemic and anti-microbial in nature (Ponnachan et al., 1993;Rao et al., 1995;Seema et al., 1996;Valsaraj et al., 1997) Aloe vera (L.) of family Liliaceae is widely distributed in Asia, Africa, and in other tropical parts. It has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of skin complaints including wounds and burns, asthma, gas-trointestinal disorders, in cosmetics and as an abortifacient (Tyler et al., 1971;Nath et al., 1992;Chitra et al., 1998). ...
... A. marmelos extract was prepared according to the method of Rao et al. (1995). Fresh leaves were dried in shade and then powdered. ...
The effect of oral administration of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) on CCl(4)-induced acute liver injury was investigated. Rats were daily treated with the plant extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg corresponding to 6.04 mg/kg of carnosol as determined by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The treatment was initiated 1 h after CCl(4) administration and Rosmarinus officinalis fully prevented CCl(4) effect on hepatic lipid peroxidation after 24 h of CCl(4) administration. The increase in bilirubin level and alanine aminotransferase activity in plasma induced by CCl(4) was completely normalized by Rosmarinus officinalis. The treatment also produced a significant recovery of CCl(4)-induced decrease in liver glycogen content. CCl(4) did not modify the activity of liver cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) compared with that of control groups. However, Rosmarinus officinalis increased liver cytosolic GST activity and produced an additional increment in plasma GST activity in rats treated with CCl(4). Histological evaluation showed that Rosmarinus officinalis partially prevented CCl(4)-induced inflammation, necrosis and vacuolation. Rosmarinus officinalis might exert a dual effect on CCl(4)-induced acute liver injury, acting as an antioxidant and improving GST-dependent detoxification systems.
... WHO juga merekomendasikan untuk meningkatkan penggunaan tanaman dalam pengobatan (7) . Hal ini mengakibatkan terjadi peningkatan penelitian mengenai produk alami hipoglikemik yang minimal efek samping (8) . Salah satu tanaman obat yang dapat digunakan sebagai hipoglikemik adalah buah pare. ...
... The plant is also known as a herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (Alam et al., 1990;Narendhirakannan et al., 2006;Srivastava et al., 2007). The leaf extracts exhibit hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects on rabbits (Nammi et al., 2001;Rao et al., 1995). The alkaloid extract prepared from leaves and the crude aqueous leaf extract (1 g/kg for 30 days) display hypoglycemic activity in alloxanized diabetic rats. ...
... These extracts significantly decreased the serum glucose level, improved the ability to utilize the external glucose load and increased the plasma insulin levels in artificially induced diabetic animal models. [13][14][15][16][17] When combination of Aeglemarmelos (500 mg/kg body weight) and glimepride (0.02 mg/kg body weight) were given, then the decrease in fasting blood sugar was 29.03%, which is little less than glimepride, but more than Aeglemarmelos. So, combination therapy with herbal and oral hypoglycemic drug (Synthetic), is much more effective than herbal alone, when synthetic drug is used in its half dose. ...
INTRODUCTION:
A large percentage of the global population is suffering from diabetes
mellitus. Bael (Aeglemarmelos
) is an Indian plant, which significantly lowers the level of blood
glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin. Neem (AzadirachtaIndica), is also a well
-
accepted medicinal
plant, grown all over the India and have hypoglycemic properties, with its leaf extract an
d seed oil.
OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of our present study are
-
(1) to compare the hypoglycemic property of
Aeglemarmelos, Azadirachtaindica with Glimepride
in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, and (2) to
improve the quality of life of the diabetic patients and to minimize the cost of therapy.
MATERIALS &
METHODS:
About thirty (30) male albino rats of wistar strain, weighing between 100 to 200 grams
were se
lected for the present study. Drugs used in this study was Streptozocin (STZ) and glimepride.
Plant extracts used in this study was fresh leaves of Aeglemarmelos and Azadirachtaindica. After
estimation of fasting blood sugar, rats were given intraperitonea
l injection of STZ to make them
diabetic. Then after a series of works, hypoglycemic potential of these plant extracts and glimepride
were studied.
RESULTS:
Our study showed that glimepride has maximum hypoglycemic potential.
The effect of glimepride and t
wo plant preprations, significantly decreased fasting glucose level
(P
... Many oral hypoglycemic agents, such as biguanides and sulfonylureas are available along with insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, but these synthetic agents can produce serious side effects, and in addition, they are not suitable for use during pregnancy [6][7][8][9] Therefore the search for the safe and more effective agents has contributed to be an important area of active research. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has also recommended the evaluation of the plant's effectiveness in conditions where we lack safe modern drugs 10 .This has lead an increasing demand of research on antidiabetic natural products which produces minimal or no side effects 11 . India is a country with a vast reserve of natural resources and a rich history of traditional medicine 12 . ...
Ayurveda and other traditional medicinal system describe a number of plants used as herbal drugs for the treatment of diabetes. These herbal drugs play an important role as alternative medicine due to low cost and less or no side effects. The aim of our present study was to investigate the polyherbal formulation (Ziabeetein powder) for antidiabetic effect in streptozotocin induced diabetes in wistar rats. The polyherbal formulation (Ziabeetein powder) was also investigated for its effect on serum lipid profile. Streptozotocin toxicant cause a symptomatic increase in serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and creatinine levels and this abnormal growth was found to get decrease when aqueous extract of Ziabeetein powder was administered to the mild diabetic animals for the 14 days of study at the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. In case of diabetic animals fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels of treated animals reduced by 25.7% after 14 days of treatment with the aqueous extract of Ziabateen. A fall of 23% of total cholesterol (TC) and 38% in triglycerides (TG) levels were also observed in diabetic rats, respectively. Continuously feeding the extract for 14 days also increased the HDL cholesterol level by 37% in diabetic rats as compared with control animal group. The serum creatinine levels in diabetic animals was found to be in normal range after 14 day of treatment. The phytochemical estimation of various extracts of Ziabeetein powder showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and tannis which serve to be good antioxidants in nature. All these results clearly indicate that aqueous extract of Ziabateen formulation has favorable hypoglycemic effect along with significant hypolipidemic effects. Therefore, we conclude that this polyherbal formulation is having antidiabetic, antilipidemic activity and can be used as a therapeutic agent.
... Higher dose of 400 mg/kg bw showed a lesser fall. Such a phenomenon of less hypoglycemic effect at higher dose is not uncommon with indigenous plants and has been observed with Aegle marmelose (Rao et al., 1995), Murraya koenigii (Achyut et al., 2005) and ...
Context: Medicinal plants are a largely unexplored source of drug repository. Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat diverse conditions.
Objective: The present study describes the antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antibacterial activity, and toxicological studies of Urtica dioica.
Materials and methods: U. dioica leaves were subjected to solvent extraction with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous, respectively, and screened for antidiabetic (300 mg/kg bw by glucose tolerance test; GTT), antiinflammatory (200 mg/kg bw by rat paw edema assay) and antibacterial activities [by disc-diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays]. Toxicological studies were carried on Artemia salina and Wistar rats; phytochemical analyses were carried out, using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.
Results: The aqueous extract of U. dioica (AEUD) significantly (p < 0.001; 67.92%) reduced the blood glucose level during GTT in Wistar rats with an effective dose of 300 mg/kg bw in dose-dependent studies. High-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis showed the presence of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids in AEUD. Hexane Fraction-2 (HF2) exhibited both antiinflammatory activity (48.83% after 3 h), comparable to that of indomethacin (53.48%), and potent antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 31.25–250 µg/mL against all the tested strains. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed fatty acid esters and terpenes as the major constituents of HF2. Toxicity tests showed higher safety margin of all the solvent extracts with LC50 > 1000 μg/mL each on A. salina.
Discussion and conclusion: Our results showed that the U. dioica leaves are an interesting source of bioactive compounds, justifying their use in folk medicine, to treat various diseases.
... (Sharma et al., 1996), Aegle marmelose Linn. (Rao et al., 1995), and Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng (Kesari et al., 2005). ...
Flowers of Nymphaea stellata Willd. (Nymphaeaceae) are used in the Indian traditional system of medicine to treat diabetes mellitus but have not been scientifically investigated. Hence, the current study was aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect on normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Hydroethanol extract (HEE) of Nymphaea stellata at an oral dose of 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg was given, and blood glucose level (BGL) on normoglycemic and, diabetic rats and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were evaluated. HEE of the flowers did not show significant reduction on BGL in normoglycemic rats but significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the BGL in hyperglycemic animals by improving OGTT. These results clearly show that flowers of N. stellata do not have hypoglycemic activity in normoglycemic rats but have an antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
... Leaf powder was boiled in distilled water and after filtration (using Whatmann No.40 filter paper) the extract was evaporated to dryness by slow heating and continuous drying in a water bath. The residue was collected, which is considered as a drug (Rao et al., 1995). ...
The aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thorn, was selected for preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial activity against human pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentration was performed by broth dilution method and the zone of inhibition was studied by agar disc diffusion method at concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/ml in DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide). The results revealed the antimicrobial activity of extract against the the strains of microorganisms concentrations in ranges of 60 and 500 μg/ml. Aqueous extract of leaves and roots of Phyllanthus amarus exhibited significant antibacterial activity against eight test bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris. The plant under study revealed the presence of alkaloids, phytosterols, phenolic compounds and tannins, proteins and amino acids , lignins and saponins.
... However, the response decreased at 400 mg/kg dose. Such a phenomenon of less hypoglycemic response at higher dose is not uncommon with indigenous plants and has been observed with Vinca rosea (Chattopadhyay et al., 1991), Cinnamomum tamala (Sharma et al., 1996) and Aegle marmelose (Rao et al., 1995). ...
In past there have been many medicinal plants, which have been used in traditional medicines for their antidiabetic properties without any scientific support and pharmacological evidence. The aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii leaves has been taken to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. This plant is promising as it is widely and regularly used as a spice for food flavoring and as such it appears to be without any side effects and toxicity. Adequate characterization of hypoglycemic activity of aqueous extract has not been yet done, as no such reports are available in the literature though the activity is reported. The scientific evaluation of its hypoglycemic activity was, therefore, explored and also compared with the effect of a standard hypoglycemic drug, tolbutamide. A single oral administration of variable dose levels (200, 300 and 400 mg/kg) of aqueous extract led to lowering of blood glucose level in normal as well as in diabetic rabbits. The maximum fall of 14.68% in normal and 27.96% in mild diabetic was observed after 4 h of oral administration of 300 mg/kg. The same dose also showed a marked improvement in glucose tolerance of 46.25% in sub-diabetic (AR) and 38.5% in mild diabetic rabbits in glucose tolerance test after 2 h. The findings from this study suggest that the aqueous extract of these leaves may be prescribed as adjunct to dietary therapy and drug treatment for controlling diabetes mellitus.
... However, the response decreased at higher dose of 1000 mg/kg bw dose. Such a phenomenon of less hypoglycemic response at higher doses is common in indigenous plants and has already been observed in Aegle marmelose (Rao et al., 1995; Sharma et al., 1996a), Murraya koenigii (Kesari et al., 2005), Vinca rosea (Chattopadhyay et al., 1991 ) and Cinnamomum tamala (Sharma et al., 1996b). The GTT studies of the mild diabetic animals reveal a maximum fall of 23% in 1 h by the dose of 500 mg/kg bw whereas, the doses of 250 and 1000 mg/kg bw produced almost similar fall of about 12% only in BGL. ...
This study was undertaken to investigate the hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effect of single and repeated oral administration of the aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon (Family: Poaceae) in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, respectively. The effect of repeated oral administration of aqueous extract on serum lipid profile in diabetic rats was also examined. A range of doses, viz. 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg bw of aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon were evaluated and the dose of 500mg/kg was identified as the most effective dose. It lowers blood glucose level around 31% after 4h of administration in normal rats. The same dose of 500mg/kg produced a fall of 23% in blood glucose level within 1h during glucose tolerance test (GTT) of mild diabetic rats. This dose has almost similar effect as that of standard drug tolbutamide (250mg/kg bw). Severely diabetic rats were also treated daily with 500mg/kg bw for 14 days and a significant reduction of 59% was observed in fasting blood glucose level. A reduction in the urine sugar level and increase in body weight of severe diabetic rats were additional corroborating factors for its antidiabetic potential. Total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) levels were decreased by 35, 77 and 29%, respectively, in severely diabetic rats whereas, cardioprotective, high density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased by 18%. These results clearly indicate that aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon has high antidiabetic potential along with significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
Background
It is always thought that traditional herbal drugs are safe, effective and economical and are used worldwide for healing purpose. Aegle marmelos belonging to family Rutaceae is an important medicinal plant of Indigenous medicine system in India. Despite the study of ethnobotanical uses and presence of bioactive compounds, there was only a handful of research occurring on A. marmelos. The therapeutic use of bioactive compounds are not explored properly.
Objective
To provide comprehensive data on the botanical description, ethnobotany, isolated bioactive compounds and their therapeutic effects according to pharmacology of A. marmelos and its future prospects for the further scientific investigation for the development of effective bioactive compounds. Method: Literature searches were performed in various databases such as PubMed, SciFinder and Google Scholar for peer reviewed research literatures pertaining to bioactive compounds present and distinctive pharmacological activities of A. marmelos.
Result
Literature review indicate that Different parts of A. marmelos possess various type of ethnobotanical uses. A large number of bioactive compounds isolated from different parts of plant which mainly belongs to alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, coumarins, flavonoids and carbohydrate in nature. The plant also possess wide range of pharmacological activities such as antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antifertility, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, radioprotective, hypoglycemic and cardioprotective activity.
Conclusion
It is clearly proven that different parts of A. marmelos possess numerous therapeutic effect for treating various ailments of mankind. As the scientist anticipated to develop new drugs from natural sources, investigation of modern drugs from A. marmelos should be emphasized. Still, extensive research work is required with A. marmelos as it is a most important plant of indigenous medicine system in India. So, this review could be used as good source of information for researchers who wish to proceed their exploration about A. marmelos.
Bael (Aegle marmelos) known as temple garden tree has been originated from India and is also grown in most of the countries of Southeast Asia. An extensive literature has also been documented for the medicinal properties of bael. The various components viz. alkaloids, coumarins and steroids isolated from different parts of bael tree are responsible for the pharmacological action of this miraculous tree. The oil extracts and compounds purified from bael have been proven to be biologically active against several major non-communicable diseases like cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The essential oil of the leaves contains d-limonene, a-d-phellandrene, cineol, citronellal, citral, pcyrnene, and cumin aldehyde. The limonene-rich oil distilled from the rind of bael fruit is used for scenting the hair oil and used as a yellow dye in calico printing. In addition, the oil extracted from leaves gives relief from frequent cold and respiratory infections. The essential oil obtained from bael is also known to exhibit antifungal properties.
The effects of Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) leaf, Emblica officinalis (Euphorbiaceae) fruit and Ocimum sanctum. (Labiateae) leaf extracts were studied in L-thyroxine (0.5 mg/kg) induced hyperthyroidic mice. Separately combined effects of these three plant extracts and of a commonly used antithyroidic drug, Propyl thiouracil (PTU) were investigated for comparison. Serum concentration of thyroxine (T_4), triiodothyronine (T_3), glucose and the activity of hepatic Glucose 6-Phosphatase (G-6-Pase) were considered as main parameters. Hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activities were also studied to reveal the toxic effect of the plant extracts, if any. While exogenous T_4 enhanced serum concentration of T_4, T_3, glucose and the activity of hepatic G-6-Pase, a simultaneous administration of either A. marmelos leaf (1.0 mg/kg), E. officinalis fruit( 30 mg/kg) and O. sanctum leaf (50 mg/kg) extracts, to hyperthyroidic animals decreased all these parameters. However, the effects were more pronounced, as nearly normal thyroid function and serum glucose concentration were exhibited when all three plant extracts were administered together. A decrease in LPO and a concomitant increase in SOD and the CAT activities indicated the safe and antiperoxidative nature of the plant extracts, administered either alone or in combination. Our findings reveal that the three test plant materials exhibit synergistic effects without any hepatotoxicity, suggesting their potential use in the amelioration of hyperthyroidism and/ or hyperglycaemia.
Moringa pterygosperma Gaerntn. leaf is ascribed with many therapeutic effects. The present study was undertaken to explore the antihyperlipidemic effect of aqueous extract from M.pterygosperma in Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats and hypolipidemic effects in normocholesteremic rats. The study is comprised preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract. Oral administration of the extract, at dose of 200 mg/kg body weight in rats, dose-dependently inhibited the total cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins and significantly increased the high density lipoproteins level. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and gums and mucilages in the aqueous extract of M.pterygosperma leaf. The results obtained suggest marked antihyperlipidemic and hypolipidemic activity of the aqueous extract of M.pterygosperma leaf.
Obesity is a chronic disorder of global prevalence and associated with morbidity and mortality. The presents work evaluates the effect of ethanol (AmEe) and aqueous (AmAe) extracts of Aegle marmelos leaves in high fat diet (HFD) induced obese rats. Male Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g were divided into different groups i.e. Normal control, HFD control, Orlistat (lipase inhibitor), AmEe and AmAe at doses of 200, 400, 250 and 500 mg/kg. Treatment was started after 6 weeks upto 12 weeks along with HFD (except normal control). Oxidative stress was measured by measuring MDA, SOD and GSH level. AmEe and AmAe at 200, 400, 250 and 500 mg/kg/orally significantly attenuated oxidative stress as well as morphological parameters i.e. % body weight gain, BMI, WHR, obesity index, adiposity index respectively as compare to HFD control group. Similarly, serum glucose, triglyceride and total cholesterol were found to be attenuated as compare to HFD control group. Thus AmEe and AmAe exhibited antiobesity activity may due to decrease fat pad mass, by reduced adipocyte differentiation or by decreasing adipocyte hypertrophy in high fat diet induced obese rats.
This study was designed to examine the antihyperglycemic potential of the polysaccharide fraction of Pleurotus florida. Hyperglycemia was induced by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg intraperitoneal). Single- and multiple-dose studies were performed to assess the antihyperglycemic potential of the P. florida polysaccharides (PFPs). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guideline 423 was followed to study the acute toxicity of PFP. PFP was found to be nontoxic up to 4000 mg/kg. In this investigation, 200- and 400-mg/kg doses of PFP were used. Blood glucose, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, urine glucose and ketones, and glycosylated hemoglobin were estimated, and biological markers were determined. Treatment with PFP (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly lowered glucose concentrations compared to the control group. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and urine glucose and ketones in animals treated with PFP also decreased. There was a significant decrease in the concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, whereas concentrations of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione were restored. Therefore, these results suggest that PFPs may ameliorate hyperglycemia and hypercholesteremia associated with diabetes. Thus PFPs could be used as adjunct therapy along with first-line therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Two medicinal plants viz. <Aegle marmelos and Ficus religiosa were chosen for the present study to observe the effect on onset of puberty in immature females rats. The effect of 50% ethanolic extract of both the plants were examined on onset of puberty in rats at three dose levels i.e. 100, 300 and 1000 mgkg-1 based on LD50 studies. Extracts were administered orally from day 26 to 35 of age and induction of vaginal opening was used as an index of puberty. Significantly earlier onset of puberty was recorded in AME 300 and 1000 and FRE 300 and 1000 mgkg-1 groups.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Momordica dioica fruit extracts in alloxan induced diabetic wistar rats. Aqueous extract of Momordica dioica (AEMD) showed maximum fall (52.8%) in 0 to 1 hour fasting blood glucose (FBG) in glucose tolerance test (GTT) compared to hexane (39%), chloroform (37.2%) and ethanol (37.7%) extract in normal healthy rats. Since AEMD exhibited maximum hypoglycaemic activity as compared to other extracts, it was further studied for antidiabetic effect in diabetic rats. The oral effective dose (ED) of AMED was 200 mg/kg body weight, which produced a fall of 57.5% (p< 0.001) in diabetic rats. 200 mg/kg body weight AMED once daily for 21 days reduced the elevated blood glucose (BG) by 64.8% (p<0.001), post prandial glucose (PPG) by 76.9% (p<0.001) and glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c) by 37.6% (p<0.001). Urea, creatinine and urinary sugar, total protein, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin activities were also reduced after AEMD treatment in diabetic rats. Above 3g/kg bw was Lethal dose of AEMD i.e. 15 times of ED indicating high margin of safety. Our study suggests possible use of aqueous extract of fruits of M. dioica for the management of diabetes mellitus.
Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng (curry leaf) is widely used as a nephroprotective agent in kidney's infirmities among diabetics by the traditional practitioners in Malaysia. However, the latter role of curry leaf has been grossly under reported and is yet to receive proper scientific evaluation.
The present study was designed to investigate the beneficial effect of the leaves of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) on diabetes-induced renal damage in vivo with regard to prove its efficacy by local traditional practitioners in the treatment of kidney frailties in diabetics.
Aqueous (AQ) extract of the leaves of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) was administered to both normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic male rats (Sprague-Dawley strain). Animals were divided into six groups (n=6) and treated with variable dose levels of AQ extract (200 and 400mg/kg body weight/day) for 30 days. At the end of 30 days, animals were sacrificed, blood was collected, processed and stored at -70°C for the zestimation of serum urea and creatinine, changes in plasma antioxidant capacity by FRAP assay, and glutathione peroxidase levels, in the normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats. Histological changes of the kidneys of these animals were also evaluated by light microscopy to determine the beneficial effect of the leaves.
Daily oral administration of variable dose levels of the AQ extract for 30 days, produced significant dose dependant decrease in serum urea and creatinine levels (p<0.001), and marked increase in the levels of plasma antioxidant capacity (p<0.01) in diabetic treated rats, compared to the control (non-diabetic) subjects. However, the normal treated rats showed minimal variation in these parameters in comparison to normal controls. Histological studies of the kidneys of these animals showed comparable tissue regeneration by the AQ extract.
The results of our study scientifically support the traditional belief for using the leaves of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) as adjuvant, in the treatment of pain disorders related to renal impairments among diabetics.
Bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.) is an important medicinal plant of India. Leaves, fruits, stem and roots of A. marmelos have been used in ethno medicine to exploit its' medicinal properties including astringent, antidiarrheal antidysenteric, demulcent, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds purified from bael have been proven to be biologically active against several major diseases including cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Preclinical studies indicate the therapeutic potential of crude extracts of A. marmelos in the treatment of many microbial diseases, diabetes and gastric ulcer. This review covers the biological activities of some isolated chemical constituents of A. marmelos and preclinical studies on some crude extracts and pure compounds to explore novel bioactive compounds for therapeutic application.
Lipid lowering effect of 50% ethanolic extract of the leaves of A. marmelos (Linn.) was evaluated in triton and diet induced hyperlipidaemic models of Wistar albino rats. The extract at 125 and 250 mg/kg dose levels inhibited the elevation in serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels on Triton WR 1339 administration in rats. The extract at the same dose levels significantly attenuated the elevated serum total cholesterol and triglycerides with an increase in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in high-fat diet- induced hyperlipidaemic rats. The standard drugs atorvastatin in the former and gemfibrozil in the latter studies showed slightly better effects.
In an effort to test the hypoglycemic activity of Aegle marmelos and Hibiscus rosa sinensis in glucose induced hyperglycemic rats, their alcoholic leaf extracts were studied. Both the groups of animals receiving either. A. marmelos or H. rosa sinensis leaf extract for seven consecutive days, at an oral dose equivalent to 250 mg kg-1 showed significant improvements in their ability to utilize the external glucose load. Average blood glucose lowering caused by A. marmelos and H. rosa sinensis was 67% and 39% respectively, which shows that former significantly (p < 0.001) improves the glucose tolerance curve. The magnitude of this effect showed time related variation with both the plants. Efficacy of A. marmelos and H. rosa sinensis was 71% and 41% of glybenclamide, respectively. These data throw some light on the possible mechanism of hypoglycemic activity of both the plants. The mechanism of action could be speculated partly to increased utilization of glucose, either by direct stimulation of glucose uptake or via the mediation of enhanced insulin secretion.
Relative importance of Bacopa monnieri (200 mg/kg), Aegle marmelos (1.00 g/kg) and Aloe vera (125 mg/kg) leaf extracts in the regulation of thyroid hormone concentrations in male mice was investigated. While serum levels of both T(3) and T(4) were inhibited by A. vera, A. marmelos extract could decrease only T(3) concentration. On the other hand, T(4) concentration was increased by B. monnieri extract suggesting its thyroid-stimulating role. When the relative potency of each plant extract was calculated in terms of percent increase or decrease in thyroid hormones, as compared to the control value, the decrease in T(3) concentration by A. marmelos was about 62% indicating its possible use in the regulation of hyperthyroidism. B. monnieri could increase T(4) concentration by 41% without enhancing hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) suggesting that it can be used as a thyroid-stimulating drug. In fact, hepatic LPO was decreased and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were increased by B. monnieri and A. marmelos leaf extracts showing their antiperoxidative role. It is thus suggested that A. marmelos and A. vera may be used in the regulation of hyperthyroidism, while B. monnieri in hypothyroidism.
To unravel the possible mechanism of glucose lowering activity, effects of ten different plant extracts in the regulation of serum cortisol and glucose concentrations were evaluated in male mice. While the extracts of Inula racemosa, Boerhaavia diffusa and Ocimum sanctum decreased the serum concentration of both cortisol and glucose, Aegle marmelos, Azadirachta indica and Gymnema sylvestre extracts could exhibit hypoglycaemic activity without altering the serum cortisol concentration. It appears that the hypoglycaemic effects of former three plant extracts are mediated through their cortisol inhibiting potency, whereas the mechanism for other plant extracts could be different. Lipid-peroxidation was not enhanced by any of the plant extracts (some were in fact, antiperoxidative in nature). As I. racemosa, B. diffusa and O. sanctum exhibited antiperoxidative, hypoglycaemic and cortisol lowering activities, it is suggested that these three plant extracts may potentially regulate corticosteroid induced diabetes mellitus.
In atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic model, the rats receiving treatment with the aqueous extract of the leaves of E. prostrata showed significant reduction in total cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein and elevation in high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The aqueous extract of E. prostrata was found to possess significant hypolipidemic activity. The results also suggest that E. prostrata leaf extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt. concentrations is an excellent lipid-lowering agent.
The aqueous extract of the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. has been evaluated for its antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin (STZ) induced mild diabetic rats and compared with a known drug, tolbutamide. The oral effective dose (ED) of the extract was observed to be 200 mg/kg body weight, which produced a fall of 55.6% (p<0.01) in the oral glucose tolerance test. Oral administration of ED of aqueous extract of T.chebula (AETC) daily once for two months reduced the elevated blood glucose by 43.2% (p<0.01) and significantly reduced the increase in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (p<0.01). The same dose also showed a marked improvement in controlling the elevated blood lipids as well as decreased serum insulin levels in contrast to the untreated diabetic animals. Hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen content decreased by 75% and 62.9% respectively in diabetic controls, these alterations were partly prevented (34.9% and 21.17%) in AETC treated group when compared to the healthy controls. The in vitro studies with pancreatic islets showed that the insulin release was nearly two times more than that in untreated diabetic animals. The treatment did not have any unfavorable effect on other blood parameters of liver and kidney function tests. LD 50 was found to be above 3 g/kg bw i.e. 15 times of ED, because there were no deaths of animals even at this dose indicating high margin of safety. These findings suggest further investigations for the possible use of the aqueous extract of fruits of T.chebula for the treatment of diabetes.
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