Barium and sodium in sunflower plants cultivated in soil treated with wastes of drilling of oil well

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the application of two types of oil drilling wastes on the development and absorption of barium (Ba) and sodium (Na) by sunflower plants. The waste materials were generated during the drilling of the 7-MGP-98D-BA oil well, located in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The treatments consisted of: Control – without Ba application, comprising only its natural levels in the soil; Corrected control – with fertilization and without wastes; and the Ba doses of 300, 3000 and 6000 mg kg-1, which were equivalent to the applications of 16.6, 165.9 and 331.8 Mg ha-1 of waste from the dryer, and 2.6, 25.7 and 51.3 Mg ha-1 of waste from the centrifugal. Plants cultivated using the first dose of dryer waste and the second dose of centrifugal waste showed growth and dry matter accumulation equal to those of plants under ideal conditions of cultivation (corrected control). The highest doses of dryer and centrifugal wastes affected the development of the plants. The absorption of Ba by sunflower plants was not affected by the increase in the doses. Na proved to be the most critical element present in the residues, interfering with sunflower development. © 2015 Departamento de Engenharia Agricola - UFCG/Cnpq. All rights reserved.

Full text

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental
Campina Grande, PB, UAEA/UFCG – http://www.agriambi.com.br
ISSN 1807-1929
v.19, n.11, p.1100–1106, 2015
Barium and sodium in sunower plants cultivated
in soil treated with wastes of drilling of oil well
Jésus Sampaio Junior1, Nelson M. B. do Amaral Sobrinho2, Everaldo Zonta2 & Marcio O. L. Magalhães3
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n11p1100-1106
A B S T R A C T
is study aimed to evaluate the eects of the application of two types of oil drilling wastes on
the development and absorption of barium (Ba) and sodium (Na) by sunower plants. e
waste materials were generated during the drilling of the 7-MGP-98D-BA oil well, located
in the state of Bahia, Brazil. e treatments consisted of: Control – without Ba application,
comprising only its natural levels in the soil; Corrected control – with fertilization and
without wastes; and the Ba doses of 300, 3000 and 6000 mg kg-1, which were equivalent to
the applications of 16.6, 165.9 and 331.8 Mg ha-1 of waste from the dryer, and 2.6, 25.7 and
51.3 Mg ha-1 of waste from the centrifugal. Plants cultivated using the rst dose of dryer
waste and the second dose of centrifugal waste showed growth and dry matter accumulation
equal to those of plants under ideal conditions of cultivation (corrected control). e highest
doses of dryer and centrifugal wastes aected the development of the plants. e absorption
of Ba by sunower plants was not aected by the increase in the doses. Na proved to be
the most critical element present in the residues, interfering with sunower development.
Bário e sódio em plantas de girassol cultivadas
em solos tratados com cascalho de perfuração
R E S U M O
Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de dois resíduos gerados na
perfuração de poços de petróleo no desenvolvimento e absorção de bário e sódio por plantas
de girassol. Os resíduos foram gerados durante a perfuração do poço 7- MGP-98D-BA
localizado na Bahia. As doses dos resíduos utilizadas foram: Testemunha – sem aplicação
de bário; compreendendo apenas os teores naturais do solo; Testemunha – corrigida (com
adubação e sem resíduo) e doses de 300, 3000 e 6000mg kg-1 de bário equivalentes à aplicação
de 16,6, 165,9 e 331,8 Mg ha-1 do resíduo do secador e 2,6, 25,7 e 51,3 Mg ha-1 do resíduo
da centrífuga. As plantas cultivadas na primeira dose do resíduo do secador e na segunda
dose do resíduo da centrífuga, apresentaram crescimento e acúmulo de massa seca iguais
aos das plantas sob condições ideais de cultivo (Testemunha corrigida). As maiores doses
dos resíduos do secador e da centrífuga afetaram o desenvolvimento das plantas. A absorção
de bário pelo girassol não foi afetada com o aumento das doses. O sódio mostrou-se o
elemento mais crítico presente nos resíduos, interferindo no desenvolvimento do girassol.
Key words:
heavy metals
Helliantus annus
salinization
Palavras-chave:
metais pesados
Helliantus annus
salinização
1 Fazenda Agrochapada/Agropecuária Chapada dos Guimarães. Paranatinga, MT. E-mail: jsampaioj@agronomo.eng.br
2 Departamento de Solos/Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Seropédica, RJ. E-mail: nelmoura@ufrrj.br; ezonta@ufrrj.br
3 Departamento de Agronomia/Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso. Tangará da Serra, MT. E-mail: marciomagalhaes@gmail.com (Autor correspondente)
Protocolo 304-2014 – 08/09/2014 • Aprovado em 15/05/2015 • Publicado em 03/10/2015

1101Barium and sodium in sunower plants cultivated in soil treated with wastes of drilling of oil well
R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.19, n.11, p.1100–1106, 2015.
I
roughout the 20th century, oil and its derivatives have
become one of the main primary sources of the global energy
matrix and inputs for various industrial sectors. e society
is aware of the need for changes in the current energy matrix,
but in the next decades, oil will continue to be the most used
source (Goldemberg & Villanueva, 2003). e increment in
oil exploration and its renement have caused the increase of
environmental pollution, because of the high waste generation.
e wastes generated during oil-well drillings consist of a
mixture of ground rocks and drilling uids (Bauder et al.,
2005; Ball et al., 2011). Barite (BaSO4), caustic soda (NaOH),
sodium chloride (NaCl) and other synthetic components (Kisic
et al., 2009; Magalhães et al., 2014a) are among the most used
components in drilling uids. erefore, the generated waste
has high contents of barium (Ba) and sodium (Na) (Pozebon
et al., 2005; Ball et al., 2011).
e disposal of drilling waste in the soil and the eect of
Ba and Na on plant growth are still poorly studied. Magalhães
et al. (2011; 2012; 2014a;b) and Lima et al. (2012) observed
that the risks of phytotoxicity caused by the absorption of
Ba occurred only when rice plants were grown under ood
(reducing) conditions, i.e., with redox potential close to -250
mv. ese authors consider Na as the most limiting element
for plant growth. However, Guedes (2014) reported increase
in dry matter caused by waste application and did not observe
electrical conductivity values higher than 2.0 dS m-1. Plants
showed higher contents of calcium, magnesium, potassium,
iron and manganese, and this eect was attributed to the
availability of these nutrients.
e production of oil and gas in onshore areas has signicant
economic importance and the largest reserves are located in the
northeast of the country, where the cultivation of oil plants for
biodiesel production is also found (ANP, 2014). However, the
expansion of areas of oil plants destined for the production of
biodiesel can increase the consumption of fertilizers (Bermann,
2008). Oil drilling wastes, when conveniently disposed, could
be incorporated in these production areas, in order to supply
nutrients to these crops.
is study aimed to evaluate the eects of the application
of oil drilling wastes in the soil on sunower growth and
absorption of Ba and Na.
M  M
e experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, at the
Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ. e
waste material used in this study was collected during an
oil well drilling in the state of Bahia, Brazil, from the pile of
cuttings generated by the dryer and the centrifuge. e dryer
waste showed pseudo total contents of 40.174 mg kg-1 of Ba
and 16.201 mg kg-1 of Na, and the centrifuge waste showed
259.532 and 20.481 mg kg-1 for these elements, respectively.
e analyses were performed according to ISO (1995).
e soil in the surroundings of the drilling area, in the
municipality of Pojuca-BA, was classified as Red Yellow
Argisol, and soil samples were collected until the depth of
approximately 20 cm. Soil chemical characterization is shown
in Table 1.
Dierent Ba doses were tested, based on the guiding values
proposed by CONAMA (2009), using the drilling wastes as
the source of Ba. e treatments consisted of the following
Ba contents:
• Control - substrate without Ba application
• Corrected control - with mineral fertilization
• 300 mg kg-1 - Investigation Value for the agricultural
scenario of Maximum Protection Area - APMax
(CONAMA, 2009) (Dose 1)
• 3000 mg kg-1 - Ten times the Investigation Value
(Dose 2)
• 6000 mg kg-1 - Twenty times the Investigation Value
(Dose 3)
e amounts of waste and the contents of Ba and Na applied
in each treatment are shown in Table 2.
e soil was mixed with the respective amounts of waste
using a concrete mixer. en, the experimental units were
placed in plastic bags and accommodated in pots with capacity
of approximately 10 dm3, which were kept at 70% of eld
capacity for about 40 days. Aer this period, ve seeds of
sunower (cultivar Catissol 01) were planted in each pot and
15 days aer emergence only one plant was le.
The contents of nutrients added to the soils were
determined based on the soil chemical analysis (Table 1) and
on the recommendation for the crop. Fertilization was divided
into two applications. e amounts equivalent to 10kgha-1 of
N, 80kgha-1 of P2O5 (single dose) and 40kgha-1 of K2O were
applied at planting, while the amounts equivalent to 20kgha-1
of N and 10kg ha-1 of K2O were applied 30 days aer planting,
as top dressing. Besides the conventional fertilization with
macronutrients, weekly applications of micronutrients were
also performed using the Hoagland’s solution at ¼ of ionic
strength.
The experiment was set in a completely randomized
design in a 2x 3 + 2 factorial scheme, with three replicates,
and the treatments consisted of three doses of two wastes
(dryer and centrifuge) and two control treatments, totaling 24
Table 1. Chemical characteristics of the soil collected in the surroundings of the drilling area
Table 2. Amount of wastes applied in the soil and contents
of barium and sodium in the different doses

1102 Jésus Sampaio Junior et al.
R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.19, n.11, p.1100–1106, 2015.
experimental units. e two control treatments consisted of
one absolute control (pure soil) and another corrected control
(soil with mineral fertilization).
e growth of the seedlings evaluated along the cultivation,
through the parameters plant height and stem diameter at 5
cm from the soil, measured using a steel tape measure and a
caliper, respectively, with measurements in centimeters.
Sunower plants were collected just before completing the
cycle and divided into root, stem, leaves, capitulum, full grains
and empty grains. en, the material was dried in a forced-air
oven. Aer reaching constant weight, plants were weighed,
ground and digested (Tedesco, 1995).
e Ba contents in soil and plant extracts were quantied
using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission
spectrometer (ICP-OES) (Perkin Elmer® - OPTIMA 3000),
with detection limit (DL)of 0.036 mgkg-1 and quantication
limit (QL) of 0.36 mgkg-1. e Na contents in soil and plant
extracts were quantied using a ame photometer (Digimed®
- DM-62), with DLof 0.5 mgkg-1 and QL of 1.0 mgkg-1. e
detection limit of the method was calculated using the mean of
the values of the blanks plus three times the standard deviation
of the blanks of all analyses (10 replicates). e determination
of the pseudo total contents of Ba and Na in the soil and in
the plants was validated using the following certied reference
materials: NIST SRM 2709a - San Joaquin Soil, with Ba content
of 979 ± 28 mgkg-1 (95% recovery) and Na content of 12.2 ±
0.3 gkg-1 (96% recovery) and SRM 1573a - Tomato Leaves,
with Ba content of 63 mgkg-1 (93% recovery) and Na content
of 136 ± 4 mgkg-1 (92% recovery). e results of the certied
reference materials were within the intervals considered as
normal for soil and plant samples, according to the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
e data were subjected to analysis of variance by F test (ρ
< 0.05), and the mean values were compared by the Tukey test
(ρ < 0.05). All the statistical analyses were performed using
the programs SISVAR and SAEG (Version 9.0).
R  D
Plant height and stem diameter of sunower in the dierent
treatments, as a function of days aer planting, for dryer and
centrifugal wastes, are shown in Figure 1.
Sunower plants showed similar behaviors of plant height
and stem diameter for both wastes. In the rst three weeks,
plant growth was slow and similar for all treatments. From the
h week on, the plants showed higher development, especially
the corrected control (ideal cultivation conditions) and the
Dose 1 of the dryer waste. For the centrifugal waste, plants
cultivated using the Dose 2 also showed good development
with respect to the parameters height and diameter. According
to Silva et al. (2011a), sunower plants develop well in soils
with medium fertility, but high productions are only reached
when pH and the contents of nutrients available in the soil
are adequate.
Figure 1. Analysis of sunower growth (plant height and stem diameter) throughout the experiment as a function of the
treatments and the types of wastes
DAP – Days after planting; C – control, no waste application; CC – corrected control, with fer tilization and without waste; D1 – Dose 1; D2 – Dose 2; D3 – Dose 3
A. C.
B. D.

1103Barium and sodium in sunower plants cultivated in soil treated with wastes of drilling of oil well
R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.19, n.11, p.1100–1106, 2015.
In the eighth week, sunower plants showed slow growth
again, probably due to the formation of capitula. In this growth
stage, the plant reserves its photoassimilates for seed lling.
Castro & Oliveira (2005) observed that the highest absorption
of water and nutrients and, consequently, higher development,
occur close to the owering stage.
In the control treatment, the sunower plants did not
develop as the others and showed symptoms of nutritional
deficiency, such as yellowing of the leaves and reduced
growth. In addition, these plants failed to form the capitulum
in the same period as the others. e natural low contents of
nutrients in the soil (Table 1) possibly impaired the normal
development of the crop. Biscaro et al. (2008) pointed out that
N plays an important role in the metabolism and nutrition
of sunower plants and its deciency is the most limiting
factor for production, while its excess causes decrease in the
percentage of oil.
Plants cultivated using the Dose 3 showed lower
development compared with the other treatments. However,
despite the shorter size, they did not show symptoms of
nutritional deciency and formed the capitula in the same
period as the others.
e biomass production of leaves, stem, roots, full grains,
empty grains and capitula of sunower plants is shown in
Table 3.
For the dryer waste, there was signicant dierence between
the doses, and the Dose 1 caused the highest production of total
dry matter, not diering from the corrected control (ideal
conditions). ere was a decrease in dry matter production
for the Doses 2 and 3, which were statistically dierent, with
totals of 79.43 and 27.83 g, respectively.
Plants cultivated using centrifugal wastes showed higher
development and total dry matter accumulation, compared
with plants cultivated using dryer wastes, except for the lowest
dose.
For the centrifugal waste, there was no dierence between
the corrected control and Doses 1 and 2. e highest dose
caused a decrease in total dry matter production, but the plants
showed a higher development compared with the control,
diering signicantly. ese results were probably due to the
lower amounts of the centrifugal waste added to the soil; thus,
the supply of soluble salts like Na and K was lower, causing
lower influence on the development of sunflower plants.
According to Munns (2002), plants cultivated under saline
conditions show changes in the growth parameters associated
with the osmotic, toxic and nutritional eects caused by the
excess of salts in the soil. Nobre et al. (2010) observed linear
reduction in plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry matter,
beginning of owering and diameter of capitula of sunower,
due to the salinity. Magalhães et al. (2014a) observed that rice
plants cultivated in soils treated with oil well drill cuttings also
showed reductions in growth and dry matter production with
the increase in the waste dose, which were attributed to the
high contents of Na in the waste.
e Ba contents in the dry matter of sunower plants
cultivated using the two wastes, in the dierent doses, are
shown in Table 4.
For the dryer waste, there was no signicant dierence in Ba
contents in the roots with the increase in the doses. However,
for the centrifugal waste, the Dose 1 showed significant
reduction in Ba contents compared with the other treatments,
except for the highest dose. In the comparison between both
wastes, only the lowest dose showed signicant dierence and
the highest contents were observed in plants cultivated using
dryer waste.
e lowest dose caused the highest Ba contents in the stem
of plants cultivated using dryer waste. For the centrifugal waste,
there was no signicant dierence in Ba contents with the
increase in the doses. In the comparison between both wastes,
for the lowest dose, the highest contents were observed in
plants cultivated using dryer waste, while for the highest doses
they were observed in plants cultivated using centrifugal waste.
For the dryer waste, only the Dose 2 caused signicant
reduction in Ba contents in the leaves, compared with the
corrected control and the lowest dose; for the centrifugal
waste, there was no signicant dierence in Ba contents. In
the comparison between both wastes, the Dose 2 caused a
signicant dierence in Ba contents and the highest values
were observed in plants cultivated using the centrifugal waste.
e Dose 2 of dryer waste caused the highest Ba contents in
the full grains, statistically diering from the other treatments.
e lowest Ba contents were observed in the corrected control;
Means followed by the same letter (lowercase in columns and uppercase in rows) do not differ signicantly by Tukey test at 0.05 probability level. C – control, without residue application;
CC – corrected control, with fertilization and without waste; Dryer: Dose 1= 16.5 Mg ha-1; Dose 2 = 165.9 Mg ha-1; Dose 3 = 331.8 Mg ha-1; Centrifugal: Dose 1 = 2.5 Mg ha-1; Dose 2 =
25.7 Mg ha-1; Dose 3 = 51.3 Mg ha-1. FG – Full grains; EG – Empty grains; CV – Coefcient of variation; ns Not signicant
Table 3. Dry matter production (g) of sunower plants cultivated using different doses of dryer and centrifugal wastes

1104 Jésus Sampaio Junior et al.
R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.19, n.11, p.1100–1106, 2015.
for the centrifugal waste, only the corrected control showed
significant reduction in Ba contents. In the comparison
between both wastes, only the Dose 2 caused a signicant
dierence in Ba contents, and the highest values were observed
in plants cultivated using dryer waste.
For the empty grains, the highest Ba contents were
observed at the lowest dose and in the corrected control, which
signicantly diered from the other treatments for the dryer
waste. For the centrifugal waste, the treatments did not show
signicant dierence. In the comparison between both wastes,
for the highest doses, the highest Ba contents were observed
in plants cultivated using centrifugal waste. For the lowest
dose, the highest contents were observed in plants cultivated
using dryer waste.
e capitula showed a signicant reduction in Ba contents
as the doses increased, compared with the corrected control,
and the highest contents were observed for the dryer waste.
For the centrifugal waste, the highest contents were observed
in the corrected control, which diered statistically from the
other treatments. In the comparison between both wastes, a
signicant dierence was observed only for Doses 1 and 2, with
the highest contents in plants cultivated using dryer waste.
Coscione & Berton (2009), studying Ba extraction potential
of sunower cultivated in soil contaminated with BaSO4,
observed that plants did not show signicant dierence in
development until 47 days of cultivation, up to the dose of
300mgkg-1, and reported shoot Ba content of 21.3mgkg-1
for this dose.
Only a few studies report Ba contents within the range
considered normal for plant tissues, but values from 90 to
106 mg kg-1 were observed in maize plants cultivated in soil
treated with sewage sludge (Nogueira et al., 2010) and a
value of 4970mg kg-1 was observed in soybean in hydroponic
cultivation (Suwa et al.,2008).
Pearson’s correlation coecients between the total dry
matter of sunflower, Ba contents in each plant part and
Ba contents available in the soil are shown in Table 5. e
correlation coefficients between the analyzed parameters
and Ba contents available in the soil are low for both wastes,
except in the stem for the centrifugal waste. ese results
can be explained by the low solubility of barite (BaSO4) and,
consequently, low Ba contents in the fraction extracted with
1 M MgCl2 (bioavailable).
The low Ba contents in labile forms confirm the low
solubility of barite, mainly composed of barium sulfate (Nowka
et al., 1999; Snyder et al., 2007; Sposito, 2008), which is used
as a component of the drilling uid (Ne et al., 2000). ese
results show that the low development of the plants at the
highest doses may not have been caused by the application of
Ba through the wastes.
Na contents in the different parts of sunflower plants
cultivated using both wastes are shown in Table 6. e highest
Na contents in the roots were observed at the highest doses of
dryer waste, but only the Dose 3 showed signicant dierence
for the lowest dose. For the centrifugal waste, there was a
signicant increase in Na contents with the increase of the
doses, especially in the highest doses.
For the dryer waste, there was a signicant increase in Na
contents in the stem and leaves with the increase of the doses;
for the centrifugal waste, the increase was not signicant. e
lowest Na contents in the full grains were observed at the lowest
and the highest dose of dryer waste, which diered statistically
from the other treatments. For the centrifugal waste, the highest
Na contents were observed at the highest dose, which diered
statistically from the corrected control and the lowest doses.
e Na contents in the empty grains did not show signicant
dierence in any of the treatments for any of the two wastes.
ere was no signicant dierence in the Na contents of the
capitulum for the dryer waste as the doses increased; however,
for the centrifugal waste, the highest contents were observed
for the Dose 2, which diered from the other treatments.
Despite the lower amount of Na applied, plants cultivated
in soil incorporated with centrifugal waste showed higher Na
contents, compared with those cultivated using dryer waste,
Table 4. Barium contents (mg kg-1) in roots, stem, leaves, capitulum and grains of sunower plants cultivated using
different doses of dryer and centrifugal wastes
Means followed by the same letter (lowercase in columns and uppercase in rows) do not differ by Tukey test at 0.05 probability level. C – control, without waste application; CC – corrected
control, with fertilization and without waste; Dryer: Dose 1 = 16.5 Mg ha-1; Dose 2 = 165.9 Mg ha-1; Dose 3 = 331.8 Mg ha-1; Centrifugal: Dose 1 = 2.5 Mg ha-1; Dose 2 = 25.7 Mg ha-1;
Dose 3 = 51.3 Mg ha-1. FG – Full grains; EG – Empty grains
Table 5. Pearson’s correlation coefcients between the
evaluated parameters and barium contents available in the
soil, in the planting of sunower
*, ** Signicant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively

1105Barium and sodium in sunower plants cultivated in soil treated with wastes of drilling of oil well
R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.19, n.11, p.1100–1106, 2015.
probably due to the lower trapping of Na by the short carbon
chains that are present in lower amounts in the centrifugal
waste, increasing its bioavailability.
e excess of soluble salts and/or exchangeable Na that
characterizes soils as saline, saline-sodic or sodic, hampers the
absorption of water by plants, induces the toxicity of specic
ions (especially sodium and chloride), causes nutritional
imbalance and prevents water inltration in the soil, causing
reductions in growth and yield of the crops (Silva et al., 2011b).
Despite the high Na contents observed especially at the
highest waste doses, sunower plants showed good tolerance.
Katerji et al. (2000) pointed to the potential of sunower to
develop in saline soils, being classied as tolerant to salinity. In
spite of that, Ashraf & Tufail (1995) observed great variation
in tolerance to salinity among sunower genotypes. Azevedo
Neto et al. (2011), studying the possibility of using chlorophyll
uorescence to select sunower genotypes tolerant to salinity,
observed that the genotypes AG-960 and AG-975 were the
only ones that showed contrasting results in all the variables,
being characterized as sensitive and tolerant to saline stress,
respectively.
e control treatment did not dier signicantly from the
highest dose, and both showed the lowest development. e
low dry matter production at the highest dose of the waste
was probably due to the high Na contents. For the control, the
development was aected by the high Al contents associated
with low pH values.
Pearson’s correlation coecients between the total dry
matter of sunower plants, Na contents in each plant part and
Na contents available in the soil are shown in Table 7.
High positive correlation was observed between Na
contents in the roots, stem and leaves and Na contents available
in the soil, for both wastes. A high negative correlation was
also observed between dry matter production and Na contents
available in the soil, indicating that the application of increasing
doses of the wastes caused an increment in the Na available
in the soil. is favors the increase of Na absorption by plants
(Table 6) and, as a consequence, the reduction in development
and dry matter production (Table 3).
C
1. e lowest dose of the waste favored the development
of sunower plants.
2. e highest doses of the wastes negatively aected plant
development.
3. Sodium was the element in the waste that proved to be
critical for sunower.
L C
ANP - Agência Nacional do Petróleo. Gás natural e biocombustíveis.
Boletim Mensal do Biodiesel. Superintendência de Refino,
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