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... Three samplings coincided with periods of normal rains with respect to those expected for the season, while the remaining period was below the average rainfall (Appendix A). The data was analysed using generalized and mixed linear models of the Infostat statistical package [30]. The statistical models included "treatment", "patch height", "sampling period" and their interactions as fixed factors, and "block" as a random factor. ...
... If the 95% confidence interval of the slopes of the regressions overlapped between fertilisation treatments, they were grouped in the analysis. These regression analyses were performed using InfoStat software [30]. In addition, we used a partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to estimate how fertilisation, forage patch height and SWA affected FCPC, either directly or indirectly through intermediate variables. ...
Native grasslands are the main source of food for livestock in the Campos region of South America. These forage resources are heterogeneous in species composition, grazing management, and soil fertility within a context of variable climate, all of which are factors that affect forage crude protein content over time and space. Despite the importance of protein in livestock nutrition, there is a gap in the knowledge of how fertilisation, sward height, and soil water availability influence the crude protein content of these grasslands. We used data from a long-term fertilisation experiment to construct a structural model aiming to identify the main factors influencing forage crude protein content of a basaltic native grassland in northern Uruguay. The structural model revealed that both fertilisation and the increase in soil water availability (through the improvement of the nitrogen content of green leaves) are the main pathways by which forage crude protein content increases. This new approach (which identifies and quantifies the main factors that drive forage crude protein content of native grasslands) could be used to support prediction models for forage protein content in order to improve grazing livestock nutrition of Campos native grasslands.
... Data were analyzed using INFOSTAT software [22]. Variables were analyzed with ANOVA, and a comparison of means was performed using Fisher's protected test (i.e., LSD), with a significance level of 0.05. ...
... Subsequently, orthogonal contrast tests were performed: C1-Witness vs All; C2-Spirulina vs Sumakcrop ® Biofertilizer. For the analysis of the variable Calibers of Lactuca sativa, contingency tables were elaborated. All analyses were performed in the INFOSTAT Software.(Di Rienzo & al, 2001) ...
Organic Agriculture has developed sustainable technologies capable of significantly improving crop yield and quality. The use of algae has diversified in plant nutrition, since they are organisms with high content of macro and micronutrients, growth promoters, amino acids, as well as adjuvants that facilitate better absorption of nutrients. Both seaweed and "microalgae" have been used a replace chemical fertilizers that generate high residuality, pollution and excessive costs. In the present study, 3 types of organic biofertilizers were used: Biol (T0), seaweed extract (A. nodosum) Sumakcrop® (T1) and a Spirulina biofertilizer (T2) in the cultivation of (Lactuca sativa) in 12 properties of the Parish of Fajardo. The agronomic, morphological, physiological, and nutritional variables were analyzed weekly, as well as an economic analysis of partial budget and cost/benefit. The treatment with the best results in all variables was T2 obtaining a fresh weight in week 8 of 783.50 ± 12.27 gr (foliar), 24.06 ± 2.47 gr (root) and a dry weight of 137.64 ± 1.37 gr (foliar), 2.51 ± 0.01 gr (root). A root length of 21.30 ± 0.33 cm, a leaf area of 718.92 ± 7.01 cm 2, a head diameter of 32.32 ± 2.29 cm. Regarding physiological parameters, the levels of NO 3- were 375 ± 54.34 mg / L, chlorophyll 7.48 ± 0.04 mg * g-1 , 4.80 ± 0.14 brix, organic matter 8.39 ± 0.30 %, fiber 67.15 ± 0.83 %, protein 2.104 ± 0.06 %, fat 6.38 ± 0.48 % and ash 23.25 ± 0.22 %. The correlation analysis was strongly positive between the agronomic and morphological variables, agreeing with the nutritional and physiological values. Finally, a yield of 10.48 ± 0.08 kg* m 2 was reported and the partial budget analysis obtained a net benefit of 96.50 USD with a C/B of 3.10 being T2 the most profitable treatment based on T0 and T1.
... To compare the influence of local environmental conditions (atmospheric pressure) at each location (Table 1), the different configurations (columns 1, 2, 3, and 4) and the airflow rate (low, medium, and high), a non-parametric Wilcoxon test was employed. All statistical analysis tests were performed using INFOSTAT V. 2019 [23] with a significance level of α = 0.05. ...
This research evaluated the oxygen transfer efficiency in beds to be used as aerated con- structed wetlands. The research methods included oxygen transfer efficiency evaluations in several bed configurations using diffused aeration systems. Experiments were conducted at two locations with different environmental conditions: a) Talca (Chile), 120 m above sea level (m.a.s.l.), 0.99 Atm and b) Cajicá (Colombia), 2550 m.a.s.l., 0.76 Atm. A column with only clean water and three bed configurations representing aerated constructed wetlands were evaluated. These configurations included: (a) coarse gravel, (b) coarse gravel with an empty core in the middle (inner container), and (c) fine gravel. Three airflow rates were evaluated: (a) low, 0.7 L/min; (b) medium, 2.5 L/min; and (c) high, 3.6 L/min. The overall oxygen mass transfer coefficient, standard oxygen transfer rate, and standard oxygen transfer efficiency were the variables calculated from the oxygen transfer evaluation tests. The research results indicated that in diffused aeration systems, oxygen transfer efficiency was negatively influenced by environmental conditions, particularly altitude, which limits the driving force for oxygen transfer into water. Furthermore, the results showed that the size of the gravel used in the bed is related to the oxygen transfer efficiency: the larger the gravel size, the higher the oxygen transfer, regardless of the altitude. Finally, research regarding oxygen transfer in aerated constructed wetlands has signaled the need for a standard procedure for aeration testing, and this work suggests a new methodology.
... A linear regression analysis was performed to determine the relationships between A n and g s at a significance level equal to P < 0.05 and 0.01. The statistical analysis was performed using INFOSTAT software (Balzarini et al. 2008). ...
Photo-selective colored nets have been used as a tool to reduce climatic stress and improve yields in horticultural crops, but there is no knowledge regarding responses of hazelnut crops under these nets. The objective of this research was to study the influence of photo-selective nets on the microclimate, physiological characteristics of leaves, and yield in hazelnut. During three consecutive seasons, a hazelnut orchard ´Tonda di Giffoni´ was covered with black, blue-gray, and pearl-gray colored nets with a standard density of 4 warp and weft threads cm−1. Uncovered trees were used as the control. Microclimatic conditions (solar radiation intensity and composition, air temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit, VPD), yield components (accumulated yield; yield by harvest date; fruit weight, FW; and seed weight, SW), and leaf physiological characteristics (net photosynthesis rate, An; stomatal conductance, gs; specific leaf weight, SLW; and stomatal density, SD) were evaluated. Pearl-gray netting had the greatest increase in diffuse (47%) and global (5%) solar radiation compared to blue-gray and black nettings. VPD decreased by 12% under black netting, but only by 5% under pearl-gray and blue-gray netting. Pearl-gray nets significantly increased accumulated yield, FW, and SW by 12, 13, and 6% compared to the control, respectively. Black and blue-gray nets reduced SD by 8 and 30% and SLW by 15 and 20%, respectively. Pearl-gray netting did not alter either SD or SLW. A significant relationship between An and gs was found under all nets, but not for the control. The relationship between An and gs was significantly positive for pearl-gray netting and negative for blue-gray netting. Photo-selective netting is a physiology-based tool that improves yield in hazelnut orchards under extreme climate conditions. Pearl-gray netting is the most promising alternative for this fruit crop.
... were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine main genotype (WT, P106S-rr, TIPS-RR, TIPS-Rr) and glyphosate (control, 1080 g/ha) effects on traits, using InfoStat statistical software (Di Rienzo et al., 2020). Means were separated using Tukey's HSD (honestly significant difference) test (α = .05). ...
Introduction
Concurrent natural evolution of glyphosate resistance single and double point EPSPS mutations in weed species provides an opportunity for the estimation of resistance fitness benefits and prediction of equilibrium resistance frequencies in environments under glyphosate selection.
Methods and Results
Assessment of glyphosate resistance benefit was conducted for the most commonly identified single Pro‐106‐Ser and less frequent double TIPS mutations in the EPSPS gene evolved in the global damaging weed Eleusine indica. Under glyphosate selection at the field dose, plants with the single Pro‐106‐Ser mutation at homozygous state (P106S‐rr) showed reduced survival and compromised vegetative growth and fecundity compared to TIPS plants. Whereas both homozygous (TIPS‐RR) and compound heterozygous (TIPS‐Rr) plants with the double TIPS resistance mutation displayed similar survival rates when exposed to glyphosate, a significantly higher fecundity in the currency of seed number was observed in TIPS‐Rr than TIPS‐RR plants. The highest plant fitness benefit was associated with the heterozygous TIPS‐Rr mutation, whereas plants with the homozygous Pro‐106‐Ser and TIPS mutations exhibited, respectively, 31% and 39% of the fitness benefit revealed by the TIPS‐Rr plants. Populations are predicted to reach stable allelic and genotypic frequencies after 20 years of glyphosate selection at which the WT allele is lost and the stable genotypic polymorphism is comprised by 2% of heterozygous TIPS‐Rr, 52% of homozygous TIPS‐RR and 46% of homozygous P106S‐rr. The high inbreeding nature of E. indica is responsible for the expected frequency decrease of the fittest TIPS‐Rr in favour of the homozygous TIPS‐RR and P106S‐rr.
Discussion
Mutated alleles associated with the glyphosate resistance EPSPS single EPSPS Pro‐106‐Ser and double TIPS mutations confer contrasting fitness benefits to E. indica under glyphosate treatment and therefore are expected to exhibit contrasting evolution rates in cropping systems under recurrent glyphosate selection.
Broccoli heads (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) are one of the most valuable vegetable crops parts due to their high nutritional content. Nevertheless, they are quickly decomposed during postharvest, with the consequent loss of commercial quality. Several postharvest treatments have been analyzed to delay this process, but the influence of preharvest treatments has been little studied. Previously, we have examined the effect of foliar application of sodium selenate and selenite (50 and 100 g ha⁻¹) on selenium accumulation and commercial quality of broccoli at harvest time. Here, we analyze the effect of these preharvest treatments on postharvest shelf‐life of broccoli grown under field and pot conditions, in “Belstar” and “Legend” cultivars. Examination of the external appearance of the heads, quantified by Hue and L parameters, showed a marked delay in yellowing in treated samples compared to controls. In addition, selenium treatments mostly maintained the firmness and diameter of the heads. Similar results were obtained for both growing conditions and cultivars. Noticeably, the nutritional composition of broccoli heads was maintained or even improved after several foliar treatments with selenium compared with the control ones. Finally, the same analysis was performed in broccoli heads stored at low temperature, also showing different parameters improvement in the selenium‐treated groups compared to control. So, we can conclude that foliar selenium treatment, besides being an overcoming strategy to obtain selenium‐enriched broccoli, also contributes to improving the quality of heads during postharvest.
Jerusalem artichoke tuber is one of the main sources of fructans (inulin and fructooligosaccharides) along with chicory roots. Its ease of cultivation and good production yield make this tuber a valuable underutilized ingredient, but its short shelf life demands its conversion to a more stable form. Jerusalem artichoke flour from whole (unpeeled) tubers resulted rich in minerals, especially potassium (27.6 mg/g db), and showed a particularly high water retention capacity, being able to retain more than three times its weight in water. This was related to its total dietary fiber content (13.0% db). Fructans were extracted from Jerusalem artichoke flour with similar efficiency as from the tuber (85.0% and 87.8% db, respectively). The diffusion syrup was concentrated by rotavapor or by evaporation on a hot plate, and fructans were precipitated by freeze-thaw cycles or alcoholic precipitation. All the fructan powders obtained showed lower whiteness indexes (61.5-67.3) than commercial inulin from chicory roots (97.5). No significant differences were observed in the fructans obtained from both concentration methods. Alcoholic precipitation showed the highest yield (14.8-16.3%), MW (7190-7870 Da), and whiteness index (66.9-67.3), while freeze-thaw cycles provided MW of 5850-5950 Da and showed greater similarity in their FTIR spectra with commercial inulins (>94%).
BACKGROUND
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (goosegrass) is a major weed in global cropping systems. It has evolved resistance to glyphosate due to single Pro‐106‐Ser (P106S) or double Thr‐102‐Ile + Pro‐106‐Ser (TIPS) EPSPS target site mutations. Here, experiments were conducted to evaluate the single effect of soybean competition and its combined effect with a glyphosate field dose (1080 g ae ha⁻¹) on the growth and fitness of plants carrying these glyphosate resistance endowing target site mutations.
RESULTS
TIPS E. indica plants are highly glyphosate‐resistant but the double mutation endows a substantial fitness cost. The TIPS fitness penalty increased under the effect of soybean competition resulting in a cost of 95%, 95% and 96% in terms of, respectively, vegetative growth, seed mass and seed number investment. Glyphosate treatment of these glyphosate‐resistant TIPS plants showed an increase in growth relative to those without glyphosate. Conversely, for the P106S moderate glyphosate resistance mutation, glyphosate treatment alone reduced survival rate, vegetative growth, aboveground biomass (34%), seed mass (48%) and number (52%) of P106S plants relative to the glyphosate nontreated plants. However, under the combined effects of both soybean competition and the field‐recommended glyphosate dose, vegetative growth, aboveground biomass, seed mass and number of P106S and TIPS plants were substantially limited (by ≤99%).
CONCLUSION
The ecological environment imposed by intense competition from a soybean crop sets a significant constraint for the landscape‐level increase of both the E. indica single and double glyphosate resistance mutations in the agroecosystem and highlights the key role of crop competition in limiting the population growth of weeds, whether they are herbicide‐resistant or susceptible. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
In embryonic stem (ES) cells, oxidative stress control is crucial for genomic stability, self‐renewal and cell differentiation. Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) is a key player of the anti‐oxidant system, and is also involved in stem cell differentiation and pluripotency acquisition. We found that the HO‐1 gene is expressed in ES cells and induced after promoting differentiation. Moreover, downregulation of the pluripotency transcription factor (TF) OCT4 increased HO‐1 mRNA levels in ES cells, and analysis of ChIP‐seq public data revealed that this TF binds to the HO‐1 gene locus in pluripotent cells. Finally, ectopic expression of OCT4 in heterologous systems repressed a reporter carrying the HO‐1 gene promoter and the endogenous gene. Hence, this work highlights the connection between pluripotency and redox homeostasis.
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