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Das Mallorquinische: gesprochenes Katalanisch auf Mallorca : deskriptive, typologische und soziolinguistische Aspekte
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Obgleich das Balearische mit seinem Hauptdialekt, dem Mallorquinischen, als der charakteristischste und am stärksten differenzierte Dialekt des Katalanischen gelten kann, ist es bislang kaum je monographisch erforscht und beschrieben worden. Diese Lücke will der vorliegende Band zu schließen helfen. Neben den dialektologischen Fragestellungen befasst sich die Studie auch mit den soziolinguistischen Aspekten der mallorquinischen Regionalsprachigkeit, die in ihrer geschichtlichen und gegenwärtigen Entwicklung kontrastierend einer Reihe ausgewählter westeuropäischer Regionalsprachensituationen gegenübergestellt werden. Die sprachliche Situation auf Mallorca zeigt sich geprägt durch eine komplexe Varietätenarchitektur mit den Hauptvarietäten Mallorquinisch (stark dialektales Katalanisch) und Spanisch im Nähediskurs und den konkurrierenden Standardvarietäten des Katalanischen und Spanischen im Distanzbereich. Das größte Problem bei der Normalisierung des Katalanischen auf Mallorca besteht darin, dass die Sprachloyalität der Sprecher sich mehrheitlich nur auf das dialektale Register ihrer Sprache bezieht, während die Identifikation mit der katalanischen Standardsprache gering bleibt. Gegenstand weiterer Kapitel ist die Geschichte des Schreibens auf Mallorca (in der das langsame Einsickern dialektaler Elemente in die verschiedenen Skriptae Mallorcas vom Mittelalter bis in die Neuzeit dokumentiert wird) sowie die linguistischen und kulturellen Aspekte des mallorquinischen Regionalspanischen. Den Kern des Buchs bildet indes eine kontrastiv zum Standardkatalanischen angelegte dialektologische Beschreibung des Mallorquinischen, die zugleich die traditionelle Einordnung des Mallorquinischen als ostkatalanischen Dialekt kritisch beleuchtet.
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The article studies parallels and interrelationships between urban processes and the evolution of language, starting from the idea of the “contemporaneity of the non-contemporary” (Bloch). In a situation such as that of Barcelona, where two languages with different political and social status compete, the processes of urbanization and modernization will be precisely those that favor the entry and diffusion of the dominant language: "more modern", "more urban" than the local language, at least in the perception of "normal" speakers, with little access to the literary language. These processes affect both the linguistic structure, at the lexical level (formation of neologisms) and the semantic level (specialization / extension of meanings), as well as, and above all, the forms of communication, framework and basis of the aforementioned structural changes. The relations between communicative patterns, linguistic forms and urban processes are demonstrated through the detailed study of three "representatives" of a generation with roots and socialization still markedly rural, but experiencing, to varying degrees, the impact of environmental urbanization. The polarization / transition between rural experiences and growing urban impact is studied based on the biographical data of the people observed, at the following levels: — the forms of reference to the social context (neighborhood) used in the conversation (concepts that express the rural vs. urban world, the “old” vs. “the new”, and their respective social meaning); — the communication templates and the corresponding degree of “bilingualism”; — the “interferences” between native language (L1) and dominant language (L2), in relation to aspects of urbanization / modernization; — and, finally, the internal mechanisms and functions of language, “spontaneous” (internal) processes of linguistic innovation / evolution, confronted with the influence of contact with a related dominant language. In all three examined cases, with native speakers aged between 56 and 88 years, there is a growing presence of Castilian elements representing aspects of innovation, but integrated within the framework of an essentially Catalan repertoire and showing a clear preference for that language. Generally, the linguistic elements of Spanish origin incorporated into, or adapted to, Catalan turn out to be functional, with pragmatic, semantic or communicative criteria of use, or have the effect of introducing simpler and / or clearer grammatical schemes (i.e. lead to reduction of complexity or ambiguity), coinciding in this with the tendencies of internal “regularization” in the spoken colloquial language.
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