Regional Development Disparities and Future challenges of Sri Lanka

Full text

Regional Development Disparities and Future challenges of Sri Lanka
Nishan Sakalasooriya
Senior Lecturer
Department of Geography
University of Kelaniya
Sri Lanka
nishan@kln.ac.lk
m%dfoAaYSh ixj¾Ok úIu;d iy Y%S ,xldfõ wkd.; wNsfhda.
ksYdka il,iQßh
fcHIaG l:sldpd¾h" N+f.da, úµd wOHhkdxYh
le,Ksh úYajúµd,h
› ,xldj
nishan@kln.ac.lk
f,dalfha j¾;udkfha § rgj,a w;r;a" rgj;a ;=<;a m%foaY w;r ixj¾Ok úIu;djhka
mq¿,a fjñka ;sfí' wd¾Ólh" foaYmd,kh" ;dCIKh" wOHdmk yd ixialD;ska wd§ fndfyda foa
f.da,ShlrKh jkakd fia u' f,dal ck;djf.a .eg¨ yd w¾nqohka o f.da,ShlrKh fjhs' ta
wkqj 21 jk Èhjfia fojk oYlhg msúi isák f,dal ck;dj Tjqkaf.a ft;sydisl Wreuhla
jYfhka yd jerÈ f.da,ShlrKfha yd ;dCIKfha m%;sM, jYfhka m%Odk .eg¨ yd w¾nqo rdYshlg
uqyqK md we;' m%Odk jYfhka"
 jdhqf.da,Sh WKqiqu by< hdu
 foaY.=K fjkiaùï
 iajNdúl Wmøj by< hdu
 ;dCIKsl Wmøj j¾Okh ùu
 id.skafkka fmf<k ck ixLHdj j¾Okh ùu
 ÿmam;=kaf.a ixLHdj j¾Okh ùu
 ;%ia;jdoh j¾Okh ùu
 n,j;a rdcHhka rgj,a wdl%uKh lsÍu ^úúO Wml%u u.ska

 ueofmrÈ. yd W;=re wm%sldfõ isÿjk n,y;aldÍ hqOuh l%shdud¾.
 f.da,Sh wd¾Ólh lvd jeàu
tfukau tlai;a cd;Ska u fmkajk mßÈ iyi% ixj¾Ok w¾nqo fyj;a b,lal 8 la o fjhs'
fï wd§ iEu lreKlska u meyeÈ,s jkafka f,dal ck;djf.ka w;suy;a nyq;rh oeä mSvdjlska
Ôj;ajk njh' fuu ;;a;ajhka fmdÿ f,i i,ld f.k tajdg m%Odk;u fya;= y÷kd.;fyd;a th
m%Odk fldgia 2 lg f.dkq l< yelsh'
1' rgj,a w;r yd rgj,a ;=< m%foaY w;r u;=j ;sfnk ixj¾Ok úIu;d mq¿,a ùu yd tajd
cd;sl;ajh" wd.u yd fjkia ixialD;sl idOl u; y÷kd.ekSfuka u;=j we;s .eg¨ yd
w¾nqo
2' f.da,Sh yd m%dfoaYSh mdßißl w¾nqo
by; i|yka lrkq ,enQ wNsfhda. oaú;ajh wvqjla ke;sj yd fjkia whqßka Y%S ,xldfõ o
úoHudk fõ' fuu w¾nqo foflka m<uqjekak w;sYhska Nhdkl h' uka o h;a f,dalfha n,h
úuOH.; lsÍu" n,h fnod yeÍu yd n,h ixflakaøKh lsÍu wd§ úúO l%shdud¾. hgf;a foaYSh
yd úfoaYSh jYfhka Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl iuÕsh yd rdcHfha talSh;ajhg ydks meñKùug;a" tu.ska
Y%S ,dxflah ck;djf.a wkd.; wNsfhda.hg ,la lsÍug jeä yelshdjla mej;Su h' fuu ,smsfha
wruqK Y%S ,xldfõ È.= ld,hl isg mj;sk m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok úIu;djfhys j¾;udk ;;ajh
meyeÈ,s lsÍu;a" thg mdol fjñka w;S;fha .kq ,enQ l%shdud¾. yd j¾;udkfhka wkd.;hg
.uka lrk úg Y%S ,xldj rdcHhla yd ck;djla yeáhg uqyqKmdk wNsfhda. meyeÈ,s lsÍu;a h'
rgj,a w;r yd rgj,a ;=<u mj;akd ixj¾Ok wiudk;d flfrys m%Odk fya;= 4 la n,mdhs'
1' mdßißl fya;=
2' iudÔh yd ixialD;sl fjkialï
3' ft;sydisl n,mEï
4' foaYmd,k l%ufõo yd m%;sm;a;s
fulS fya;= ksidfjka f,dalfha m%foaY w;r ixj¾Ok úIu;d ksrEmKh fõ' WodyrK
jYfhka f,dalfha ixj¾ê; rgj,a fyj;a merKs ld¾ñl rgj,a 34 la muK Ôj;ajk f,dalfha
ck;djf.ka 18] la muK jQ msßila f,dal iïm;a" wdodhfuka yd ksIAmdokfhka 80] lg;a jvd

jeä N=la;shla ,nhs' ta wkqj f,dal nexl=j yd cd;Hka;r wruqo," tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh
jeks iqmsß cd;sl (Supra National) ixúOdk f,dalfha rgj,a úúO whqßka y÷kdf.k
m%dfoaYShlrKhlg ,lafldg we;'
ta wkqj"
1' ixj¾ê; rgj,a fyj;a merKs ld¾ñl rgj,a
2' ixj¾Okh jk rgj,a fyj;a W!K ixj¾ê; rgj,a
i' kj ld¾ñl rgj,a
ii' Lksc f;,a wmkhkh lrk rgj,a
iii' f.dvìñka jg jQ rgj,a
iv' lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok m%uqL wmkhkh lrk rgj,a
v' wvqu ixj¾Okhla iys; rgj,a fyj;a jvd;au ÿmam;a rgj,a
tfukau f,dal nexl=jg wkqj f,dalfha rgj,a m%Odk ldKAv 4 lg fnfohs'
1' by< wdodhï ,nk rgj,a
2' by< uOHu wdodhï ,nk rgj,a
3' my< uOHu wdodhï ,nk rgj,a
4' my< wdodhï ,nk rgj,a
óg wu;rj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ixj¾Ok jevigyk (UNDP) u.ska 1980 isg
m%ldYhg m;a flfrk udkj ixj¾Ok jd¾;djg (HDR) wkqj tys idudðl rgj,a ,nd we;s ;;ajh
meyeÈ,s flf¾' tg wkqj Y%S ,xldj rgj,a 186 lska 91 jk ia:dkh ^2009& ysñ lrf.k isà'
fï ish¿ fn§ï u.ska ;yjqre jk yd wjOdrKh l< hq;= jeo.;au foh kï f,dalfha
Ôj;ajk tlu udkj úfYaIh jk fydafuda fiamshkaia fiamshkaia fyj;a jvd;a nqoaêu;au
udkjhdf.a Ôjk ;;ajh u; ldKav flÍ we;s nj;a" Tjqka Ôj;a jk m%foaY fjk fjku meyeÈ,sj
y÷kd.; yels nj;ah' ta wkqj ixj¾Ok cd;Ska ixj¾Okfhka by< yr m%foaYfha fyj;a flakaøSh
rgj, o ÿmam;a fyj;a ixj¾Okh jk cd;Ska m¾hka; rgj, fyj;a mßêfha rgj, o Ôj;a fõ'
foaY.=Kh mokï fldg neÆ úg ÈhqKq hhs iïu; cd;Syq fi!uH foaY.=Ksl l,dmfha o ixj¾Okh
fjñka mj;akd ÿmam;a cd;Syq ksj¾;k fyj;a >¾u l,dmSh rgj, o Ôj;a fj;s'
fujeks m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok wiudk;d fya;=fjka u;= úh yels .eg¨ yd w¾nqo lsysmhls'

1' cd;sl wd¾Ól j¾Okh miq neiSu
2' m%dfoaYSh iïm;a úIu;d flfrys wjOdkhla fkdùu
3' m%dfoaYSh .eg¨ W.% ùu
4' rgj,a ;=< uyck ke.sàï" Woaf>daIK" ler<s ;%ia;jdoh yd isú,a hqO .egqï j¾Okh ùu
5' m%foaY fnod fjka fldg md,kh lsÍug wjYH n,h fnodyeÍu" n,h úuOH.; lssÍu"
n,h uqod yeÍu yd fjku rdcH ixl,am olajd j¾Okh ù fnÿïjdoh cd;sl .eg¨j njg
m;aùu
6' iajNdúl mßirfha u;=jk úúOdldr j¾.fha .eg¨
wjidk jYfhka m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok úIu;d j¾Okh ùu fya;=fjka tu rgj,a j, udkj
ysñlau yd m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd idudkH kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍug wmyiq
;;ajhla mek ke.S tl msg tl fya;= u; udkj ck Ôú;h wjq,a ù hkq we;' fkdtfia kï
m%dfoaYSh .eg¨ l%ufhka W;aikak ù cd;sl w¾nqoh olajd úlikh fõ' tajd m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok
wiudk;d we;s jk fldhs rgg;a fmdÿh' W;=re wh¾,ka;h" ms,smSkfha ñkaokdfjda" bkaÈhdfõ
Bidk È. weieï yd jhUÈ. ldIaór m%foaYh brdlh" we*a.ksia:dkh" m,ia;Skh" fldfidafjda"
áfudarh" iQvdkh" Bðma;=j" tß;%shdj" ihsm%ih" fhaukh" Bðma;=j" W;=re yd ol=Kq fldßhdj wdÈh
fujeks wiykldÍ ;;ajhka fnod fjka lsÍfï wjia:dj olajd j¾Okh jQ rgj,g WodyrK h'
Y%S ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok wiudk;d
Y%S ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okfha j¾;udk ;;ajh úuiSu" w;sYhska jeo.;a jk w;r
tu.ska Y%S ,xldfõ wkd.; wNsfhda. ms<sn|j wjfndaOhlg u. mdokq we;ehs úYajdi lrñ' my;
oelafjk j.=fjka Y%S ,xldfõ m<d;a w;r olakg ,efnk ixj¾Ok úIu;djhka meyeÈ,s fõ'

Income distribution (b)
Gini coefficient of household income (2009/2010) : 0.47
Mean household income (2009/2010) : Rs. 35,495 per month
Median household income (2009/2010) : Rs. 24,106 per month
wxl 1 j.=fjka oelafjk f;dr;=re u.ska oelafjk wdldrhg Y%S ,xldfõ l=vdu m<d; tkï
niakdysr m<d; Y%S ,xldfõ uq¿ N+ñ Nd.fhka 5'7] la ksfhdackh lrk w;r o'foa'ksIamdokhg
51'1] lska odhl;ajh imhhs' ksIAmdok l¾udka; j,ska 72'4] niakdysr m<d;g ixflakaøKh ù
we;s w;r oekg Y%S ,xldfõ msysgd we;s wmkhk ieliqï l,dm 6 ka 5 la u msysgd we;af;a o
niakdysr m<df;a .ïmy Èia;%slalfha h' Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk .=jka f;dgqm," jrdh" mßmd,k yd
wxl 1 j.=j YS% ,xldfõ m<d;a wkqj ixj¾Ok úIu;d
m<d;
úYd,;ajh
^wlalr&
uq¿ N+ñ
m%udKfha
m%;sY;hla f,i
ckixLHdj^2010&
o< foaYSh
ksIamdokhg
olajk
odhl;ajh (2009)
tal mqoa.,
wdodhu remsh,a
(2009)
oßø;dj
^m%;sY;h&
ksIamdok
l¾udka; j,
Þhl;ajh
niakdysr
369,420
5.7 %
5865000
28.40%
50.1 %
222,598
8.2
72.4
%
inr.uqj
491,650
7.5%
1943000
09.44%
6.2 %
82,575
24.2
1.2%
ol=Kq
555,960
8.5 %
2494000
12.12%
9.3 %
97,377
13.8
4.7 %
uOHu
558,970
8.6 %
2689000
13.7%
8.8%
85,833
22.3
8.6 %
jhU
781,200
12.0
%
2342000
11.38%
9.3 %
103,792
14.6
2.9 %
W!j
848,130
13.0
%
1326000
6.44%
4.6 %
92,615
27
1.4 %
W;=re
888,460
13.6
%
1193000
5.8%
2.9 %
64,185
no
data
5.4 %
kef.kysr
979,220
15.0
%
1561000
7.59%
4.7 %
75,364
10.8
2.5 %
W;=re ueo
1,051,180
16.1
%
1240000
6.0%
4.1 %
88,333
14.2
1 %
YS% ,xldj
6,524,190
100%
20,653,000
100%
100 %
1O648
5
15.2
100
%
Compiled by Nishan Sakalasooriya Data Source: Central Bank and Dept. Census Reports, Sri Lanka

jdKsc w.kqjr ish,a, niakdysr m<d;g iSud ùu fuu iY%Sl;ajh u. mdod we;' fï i|yd
ft;sydisl idOl yd rdcH m%;sm;a;s iDcqju n,md we;'
fujeks wfkla wka;h fln÷o@ fuu o;a; mÍCId lsÍfï§ niakdysr m<d;a tal mqoa.,
jd¾Isl wdodhu remsh,a 222"595 ^2009& jk w;r W;=re yd kefÕkysr m<df;a ms<sfj,ska re' 64185
yd re' 75"364 fõ' tyu m<d;a j, l¾udka; msysgd we;af;a ms<sfj,ska W;=f¾ 5-4 la o kefÕkysr
m<df;a 2'5] la jYfhks' kuq;a l¾udka; j, jHdma;sh ol=K jhU" inr.uqj yd W;=re ueo
l¾udka; ixLHdj W;=re yd keÕkysrg jvd wvq jk kuq;a tal mqoa., wdodhu jeä h' thg fya;=
lDIsl¾uh yd fiajd wxYfhaa isÿjk m%idrKhhs' ta wkqj ta ta m<d;a w;r mj;sk ixj¾Okfha
úIu;djh iq¿ mgq fkdfõ' WodyrK jYfhka Y%S ,xldfõ jd¾Isl uOHkH tal mqoa., wdodhu
blaujd wdodhï ,nkafka niakdysr m<d; muKs' kuq;a wfkla m<d;a j, o iq¿ msßila tu
wdodhug jvd wdodhï ,nhs' niakdysr m<df;a o by< wdodhula ,nk wh iSñ;h' fuys§
fmfkkafka Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk wdodhï jHdma;sh úIu;dfõ nrm;, ;;ajhhs' th fld;rï o
lshkjdkï Y%S ,xldfõ fmdfydi;au 20] Y%S ,xldfõ o< foaYSh wdodhfuka 52] la ysñ lr.kakd
w;r ÿmam;a 20] ysñ lr.kqfha 4'1] l;a ;rï wvq w.hls' Y%S ,xldfõ iyi% ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾:
jd¾;dfõ fï ms<sn|j úia;r wka;¾.;h'
Y%S ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok wiudk;dj ksoyig fmr;a mej;s w;r tu hq.hkays § o Y%S ,xldfõ
m%dfoaYSh .egqï W;aikak ùug th fya;= úh' rcrg rcq úiska u md,kh lf<ah' ta ksid wfkl=;a
hqj rcjreka md,kh l< iuyr m%foaY miq.dó úh' ta ksid t<drf.a md,khg tfrysj ol=fKys
isg .euqKq l=udrhd igka fldg tu krm;shd foaYmd,kslj fjka l< w;r ixj¾Ok wiudk;dj
wju fkdùh' ta ksid rcjreka w;r .egqï È.ska È.gu j¾Okh úh' uyd mrdl%undyq rc;=ud o
rg tlafiai;a lrkq ,enqj;a fmdf<dkakre rdcOdkshg iEu foiska u i;=re wdl%uK t,a, jQfha
rfÜ wfkl=;a m%foaY j, mej;s wka; miq.dó ;;ajhkag ms<s;=re fkd§fï fya;=fjks' úchnd
fld,a,hg o fya;=j wiudk iïm;a fn§hdu yd ixj¾Okfha m%dfoaYSh wiudk;djhkah'
hqfrdamShkaf.a md,k iufha§ ixj¾Okh isÿ jQfha wm rfÜ wjYH;d imqrd,Sug fyda ,xldfõ
wNsjDoaêh msKsi fkdfõ' ta ksid jrdh yd k.r mokï lr.;a ixj¾Okhla o Bg iß,k wmr
jHqy ixj¾Okhka o ,xldfõ we;s lrñka m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok wiudk;d ;j;a mq¨,a lf<ah' Y%S
úl%u rdcisxy rc;=udf.a w;a;fkdau;sl md,kh fya;=fjka rg ;=< ixj¾Ok úIu;d mq¿,a ù
.sfhka ;u m%;sjdÈhdg uqyqK§ug isxy, kdhl;ajh hgf;a ì%;dkHkag rg mdjd §ug o lghq;=
lf<a Tjqka fuu rfÜ iu;=,s; ixj¾Okhla lrkq we;ehs úYajdifhks' kuq;a 1818 §u ì%;dkHhg
úreoaOj ñksiqka igka lf<a Wla; wruqKq Tjqkaf.ka o bgq fkdjqkq ksidh'

ksoyig miqj Y%S ,xldfõ n,hg m;a úúO wdKavq yd tajdfha m%;sm;a;ska u.ska ;jÿrg;a m%foaY
w;r wiudk;dj mq¿,a lf<ah' 1971 § Y%S ,xldfõ .%dóh kd.ßl m%foaY ixj¾Ok úIu;d uq,a
fldg f.k we;s jQ uyck ke.sàu o 1956 § fou< cd;Ska úiska Y%S ,xldfõ 50 g 50 b,a,Su o th
j¾Okh ù 1980 oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha we;s jQ fou< ck;djf.a ke.sàï j,g o m%Odku fya;=j
jQfha m%foaY w;r ixj¾Ok wiudk;dj we;s ùuhs' t;eka isg n,hg m;a wdKavq iuÕ t,aààB
ixúOdkh ;%ia;jd§ lghq;= u.ska hqOuh .kqfokqjlg uq, msÍ h' tys m%;súmdl wm ldg;a fyd¢ka
jegyS we;' wjik§ Tjqka fjku rdcH ixl,amhla o ta i|yd is;shï o wfkla wjYH;d o l%ufhka
ch.%yKh lrñka ;sìh§ furfÜ ish¨ n,fõ. j, tl;=fjka óg jir follg muK fmr
fnÿïjdofha hqOuh jYfhka ;djld,slj mrdchg m;a fldg ;sfí' kuq;a f,dal wêrdcHjd§ka yd
bkaÈhdkq jHdma; jdoh u.ska wo;a Y%S ,xldjg kej; kej; n,mEï lrñka ;sfí' Y%S ,xldj
oreiaudka jd¾;dj u.ska o bkaÈhdkq .súiqï u.ska o iSudjg m;a fldg ;sfí' hqoaOh wjidk ù
iEfyk l,la .; ù we;;a Y%S ,xldj wvq jYfhka W;=re yd kef.kysr m%foaY j, mj;sk uQ,sl
wjYH;d iïmdokh lrñka Ôjk ;;ajh j¾Okh lsÍug mshjr fkd.ekSu nrm;, .eg¨jls'
jrdh" .=jka f;dgqfmd, uyd ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ;ju;a isxy, nyq;rh isák m%foaY j,g
flakaø.;h' m%foaY w;r wiudk;djh cd;sh;a" wd.u;a" l=,h fyda jD;a;suh jYfhka m%ldY ùug
yelsh' ta ksid Y%S ,xldfõ th m%ldY ù we;af;a fou< NdIdj l;d lrk ck;dj Ôj;a jk W;=re
kef.kysr yd uOHu l÷lrfhah'

fï ish¨ idOl i,ld n,k úg Y%S ,xldj m%Odku wNsfhda.h kej; ysi Tijk fnÿï jdohhs'
th mdol ù we;af;a m%foaY w;r wiudk;djhhs' fnÿïjdohg iu.dój rfÜ úúO m%foaY j,ska
u;=jk úfrdaO;d" w¾nqO " Woaf>daIK yd Wmjdi j, uQ, flakaøh m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh yd ne£
mj;S'
fuu ;;ajh fjkia l< yelafla flfiao@ fujeks ;;ajhka u;=ùu j<laajkq msKsi 1930 .Kka
j, isgu f,dalfha újO m%foaY j, úoaj;=ka yd jD;a;slhka m%fõY y÷kd.;a w;r tajd fï jk
f;la u ixj¾Okh lrñka úoHdkql+, m%fõYhka y÷kdf.k we;' ta ish¨ m%fõY m%fõYfuka
iudf,dapkh l<fyd;a m%foaY w;r wiudk;dj f.dvkexùu flfrys n,mdk m%Odk l%shdj,s 3
ls'
1' wd¾Ól lghq;= i|yd jvd;a jdisodhl m%foaY flfrys ;rÕldÍ;ajhla we;s ùu'
(Competition)

2' m%foaY w;r ÿ¾j, taldnoaO;djh (Intergration)
3' ck ixLHdj" kd.rSlrKh" kj ;dCIKh" N+ñ mßfNdackh jeks úúO ,CIK j, jHdma;
ùfï rgd (Diffusion)
by; ;;ajhka hym;a w;g yerjSu ;=<ska m%foaY w;r mj;sk wiudk;djh fndfyda ÿrg
wju l< yelsh' tfy;a m%foaY j, mj;akd wiudk;djhkag fnod fjka lsÍu fyda n,h fnod
yeÍu" n,h úuOH.; lsÍu" n,h flakaø.; lsÍu fyda n,h uqod yer NS;sh m< lsÍu u.ska m%foaY
w;r wiudk;d bj;a fkdjk w;r tfia isÿ l< rgj, isÿjQ úkdYhg WodyrK ´kE ;rï
m%udKhla fidhd .; yels w;r tlS l%ufõo fnfyúka wid¾:l yd mej;s ;;ajh ;jÿrg;a
ìysiqKq lsÍug o fya;= ù we;'
ta wkqj m%foaY w;r wiudk;d wju lsÍfuka tajd m%ldY jk wdldrhla j<lajd .; yels
w;r ta u; wkd.; Y%S ,xldj mßmd,kh úuOH.; flfrk ldg;a iyNd.s úh yels iyNd.s;aj
ixj¾Ok m%fõYhkaf.ka furg wkd.; mrmqrg j;a hym;a rgl Ôj;aùug wjYH mßirh ilia
lr .ekSug Wr§ug;a hy md,kh u.ska ;sridr ixj¾Okh fj; Y%S ,xldj m%fõY lsÍug o úoaj;a"
jD;a;sl yd ,dxlsl wm ieuf.a o j.lSu jkafka h¡
uQ,dY%
Central Bank of Sri Lanka (2000-2010) Annual Report, Central Bank, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Department of Census and Statistics (2010) Poverty Indicators, Household Income and Expenditure Survey -
2009/10,Ministry of Finance and Planning, Sri Lanka
Department of National Planning (2010) Sri Lanka, The Emerging Wonder of Asia; Mahinda Chintana
– Vision for the Future, Ministry of Finance and Planning Sri Lanka
http://www.mdg.lk/inpages/mdg_reports/2005/mdg_report_2005.htm
http://www.statistics.gov.lk/poverty/PovertyIndicators2009_10.pdf