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Species diversity in the Antrodia crassa group (Polyporales, Basidiomycota)
Abstract and Figures
Antrodia is a polyphyletic genus, comprising brown-rot polypores with annual or short-lived perennial resupinate, dimitic basidiocarps. Here we focus on species that are closely related to Antrodia crassa, and investigate their phylogeny and species delimitation using geographic, ecological, morphological and molecular data (ITS and LSU rDNA, tef1). Phylogenetic analyses distinguished four clades within the monophyletic group including eleven conifer-inhabiting species (five described herein): (1) A. crassa s. str. (boreal Eurasia), A. cincta sp. nova (North America) and A. cretacea sp. nova (holarctic), all three being characterized by inamyloid skeletal hyphae that dissolve quickly in KOH solution; (2) A. ignobilis sp. nova, A. sitchensis and A. sordida from North America, and A. piceata sp. nova (previously considered conspecific with A. sitchensis) from Eurasia, possessing amyloid skeletal hyphae; (3) A. ladiana sp. nova from the southern part of the USA, A. pinea from East Asia, and A. ferox – so far known from subtropical North America, but here reported also from Eurasia. These three species have inamyloid hyphae and narrow basidiospores; (4) the North American A. pini-cubensis, sharing similar morphological characters with A. pinea, forming a separate clade. The habitat data indicate that several species are threatened by intensive forestry.
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... Our recent research (Bohoslavets 2023, Bohoslavets & Prydiuk 2023a, Bohoslavets & Prydiuk 2023b has revealed there several rare wood-inhabiting fungal species, which are known in Ukraine from only a few, mostly historical records. These discoveries encouraged us to continue the study of lignicolous mycobiota in the area, which resulted in a record of Resinoporia piceata (Runnel, Spirin & Vlasák) Audet, a rare Eurasian boreo-montane polypore, confined to old-growth spruce-dominated forests (Spirin et al. 2015;Niemelä 2016). ...
... Brown rotter on the lying dead wood of conifers (mainly Picea spp.). The species is known mostly from undisturbed spruce-dominated forests (Spirin et al. 2015). ...
... Global distribution. Recorded (Vampola & Pouzar 1992, Niemelä et al. 2001, Ryvarden & Melo 2014, Spirin et al. 2015, Liljeblad 2023 in Europe (Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, European part of Russia, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine) and Asia (China, Japan, Russian Far East). The species is extremely rare along all of its distribution range (Holec & Beran 2006, Spirin et al. 2015. ...
Gorgany Nature Reserve is the only protected area in the Ukrainian Carpathians where any forestry or recreational activities are strictly prohibited. Its territory is one of the most prominent fungal biodiversity hotspots of Ukraine, which harbours some of the rarest wood-inhabiting fungal species of Europe, known in Ukraine from only a few, mostly historical records. In this paper we report a new record of Resinoporia piceata, a rare polypore confined to old-growth spruce-dominated forest, which was not recorded in Ukraine for more than 80 years. Detailed description and illustrations of the collected specimen are provided. Ecology, global distribution, conservational significance and taxonomical history of the species is summarized. To safeguard the diversity of rare lignicolous species in the region, it is crucial to secure legal protection for all remaining natural forests in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Equally important is the creation of continuous biodiversity corridors between the Gorgany Nature Reserve and other fungal diversity hotspots.
... Like Laetiporus, the genus Antrodia also belongs to the Fomitopsidaceae and is typified by A. serpens, a fungus that was first described by [53] as Polyporus serpens. The genus presently has more than 50 accepted species [54,55], which are also known to destroy wood by causing brown rot. ...
... KC543176.1) has been generated and uploaded by [55] and also shows high homologies to other species in the family Fomitopsidaceae, to which the genera Laetiporus and Fomitopsis belong. Many of the tropical species of Antrodia and allied genera, especially from Africa, remain widely uncharacterized by modern polyphasic taxonomic methodology, and a recent monograph is not available, which is why we have thus far been unable to classify the specimen MUCL 56049 to species level. ...
Neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (ngf) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) play important roles in the central nervous system. They are potential therapeutic drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated the neurotrophic properties of triterpenes isolated from fruiting bodies of Laetiporus sulphureus and a mycelial culture of Antrodia sp. MUCL 56049. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in combination with high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS). The secondary metabolites were tested for neurotrophin (ngf and bdnf) expression levels on human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells. Neurite outgrowth activity using rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells was also determined. Twelve triterpenoids were isolated, of which several potently stimulated the expression of neurotrophic factors, namely, ngf (sulphurenic acid, 15α-dehydroxytrametenolic acid, fomefficinic acid D, and 16α-hydroxyeburicoic acid) and bdnf (sulphurenic acid and 15α-dehydroxytrametenolic acid), respectively. The triterpenes also potentiated ngf-induced neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report on the compound class of lanostanes in direct relation to bdnf and ngf enhancement. These compounds are widespread in medicinal mushrooms; hence, they appear promising as a starting point for the development of drugs and mycopharmaceuticals to combat neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, they do not show any pronounced cytotoxicity and may, therefore, be better suited for therapy than many other neurotrophic compounds that were previously reported.
... Like Laetiporus, the genus Antrodia also belongs to the Fomitopsidaceae and is typified by A, serpens, a fungus that was first described by [53] as Polyporus serpens. The genus has presently more than 50 accepted species [54,55], which are also known to destroy wood by causing brown rot. ...
... The ITS sequence (GenBank acc no KC543176.1) has been generated and uploaded by [55] and also shows high homologies to other species in the family Fomitopsidaceae, to which the genera Laetiporus and Fomitopsis belong. Many of the tropical species of Antrodia and allied genera, especially from Africa remain widely uncharacterized by modern polyphasic preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. ...
Neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (ngf) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) play important roles in the central nervous system. They are potential therapeutic drugs for treatment of neurodegerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated the neurotrophic properties of triterpenes isolated from fruiting bodies of Laetiporus sulphureus and a mycelial culture of Antrodia sp. MUCL 56049. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in combination with high-resolution Electrospray mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS). The secondary metabolites were tested for neurotrophin (ngf and bdnf) expression levels on human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells. Neurite outgrowth activity using rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells was also determined. Twelve triterpenoids were isolated, of which several potently stimulated the expression of neurotrophic factors namely, ngf (sulphurenic acid, 15α-dehydroxytrametenolic acid, fomefficinic acid D and 16α-hydroxyeburicoic acid) and bdnf (sulphurenic acid and 15α-dehydroxytrametenolic acid), respectively. The triterpenes also potentiated ngf-induced neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report on the compound class of lanostanes in direct relation to bdnf and ngf enhancement. These compounds are widespread in medicinal mushrooms; hence, they appear promising as starting point for development of drugs and mycopharmaceuticals to combat neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, they do not show any pronounced cytotoxicity and may therefore be better suited for therapy than many other neurotrophic compounds that were previously reported.
... Hypsizygus tessulatus отмечен в Чугуевском районе, на п-ове Муравьева-Амурского и в Уссурийском заповеднике (Bulakh, Erofeeva 2021;данные авторов); занесён в Красную книгу Еврейской автономной области (Krasnaya kniga Evreyskoy… 2019). Resinoporia crassa на территории Приморского края обнаружена в Красноармейском районе в окрестностях села Мельничное и в национальном парке «Удэгейская легенда», а также в Сихотэ-Алинском заповеднике (Spirin et al. 2015a;Bogacheva et al. 2020). Rhodotus palmatus встречен несколько раз в Чугуевском и Анучинском районах, на п-ове Муравьева-Амурского, в заповедниках Кедровая падь, Уссурийский, Лазовский и Сихотэ-Алинский (Bulakh, Erofeeva 2021;данные авторов). ...
... Для некоторых из них, кроме того, важен специфический субстрат, растительное окружение (старовозрастные ненарушенные хвойные леса) и достаточное количество минералов в почве. Resinoporia crassa -узкоспециализированный вид в отличие от близкого ему Resinoporia cretacea (Runnel, Spirin et A. Lõhmus) Audet, который имеет гораздо более широкий ареал и экологическую амплитуду, встречаясь во вторичных и эксплуатируемых лесах (Runnel et al. 2014;Spirin et al. 2015a). ...
... In most cases, these hyphae are either amyloid or quickly swelling and partly dissolving in KOH. Moreover, microscopic mounts of species from the A. crassa complex are usually full of resinous droplets (Spirin et al. 2015a). All these features certainly rule out Fomitopsis. ...
Based on seven-and three-gene datasets, we discuss four alternative approaches for a reclassification of Fomitopsidaceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota). After taking into account morphological diversity in the family, we argue in favour of distinguishing three genera only, viz. Anthoporia, Antrodia and Fomitopsis. Fomitopsis becomes a large genus with 128 accepted species, containing almost all former Fomitopsis spp. and most species formerly placed in Antrodia, Daedalea and Laccocephalum. Genera Buglossoporus, Cartilosoma, Daedalea, Melanoporia, Neolentiporus, alongside twenty others, are treated as synonyms of Fomitopsis. This generic scheme allows for morphologically distinct genera in Fomitopsidaceae, unlike other schemes we considered. We provide arguments for retaining Fomitopsis and suppressing earlier (Daedalea, Caloporus) or simultaneously published generic names (Piptoporus) considered here as its synonyms. Taxonomy of nine species complexes in the genus is revised based on ITS, ITS + TEF1, ITS + TEF1 + RPB1 and ITS + TEF1 + RPB2 datasets. In total, 17 species are described as new to science, 26 older species are reinstated and 26 currently accepted species names are relegated to synonymy. A condensed identification key for all accepted species in the genus is provided.
... Phylogenetically, specimens of Austroporia formed a well-supported clade that is related to Adustoporia, Amyloporia, Lentoporia, Resinoporia and Rhodonia (Figs. 1, 2). Morphologically, Adustoporia differs by having annual and thin basidiocarps with pale brown pore surface when fresh, larger pores and mainly grows on gymnosperm trees (Chiu 2007;Yu et al. 2010;Rajchenberg et al. 2011); Amyloporia differs by having amyloid skeletal hyphae (Singer 1944;Rajchenberg et al. 2011); Lentoporia differs by having amyloid skeletal hyphae and ellipsoid to oblong basidiospores (Vampola and Pouzar 1993;Ryvarden and Melo 2014); Resinoporia differs by its skeletal hyphae dissolving in KOH, abundant resinous matter in the subiculum and tubes, cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores and mainly grows on the gymnosperm trees (Trass et al. 1999;Niemelä 2005;Dai 2012;Cui and Dai 2013;Spirin et al. 2015a;Audet 2017g); Rhodonia differs by its white to redbrown subiculum and a monomitic hyphal system (Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1994;Bernicchia 2005;Niemelä et al. 2005;Shen et al. 2019). ...
The brown-rot fungi play an important role in forest ecosystems; they can degrade celluloses and hemicelluloses of wood and maintain nutrient cycling. Some of the brown-rot fungi also have important economic value as medicinal or edible mushrooms. Recent studies showed that the ability to produce brown rot has evolved independently at least five times. Nevertheless, the Polyporales contains the vast majority of the species of the brown-rot fungi. In this study, the classification system of the brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales is revised. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships of brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales are analysed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences (mtSSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). The study showed that the brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales formed fourteen lineages, which are assigned at family level, including four new families: Auriporiaceae, Piptoporellaceae, Postiaceae, Taiwanofungaceae, and ten existing families: Adustoporiaceae, Dacryobolaceae, Fibroporiaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Laetiporaceae, Laricifomitaceae, Phaeolaceae, Pycnoporellaceae, Sarcoporiaceae, and Sparassidaceae. Meanwhile, eleven new genera, viz., Austroporia, Aurantipostia, Austropostia, Daedalella, Nothofagiporus, Pseudoantrodia, Pseudofomitopsis, Rhodoantrodia, Tenuipostia, Wolfiporiella and Wolfiporiopsis are proposed; eighteen new species, viz., Amyloporia nivea, Antrodia subheteromorpha, Aurantipostia macrospora, Austropostia hirsuta, A. plumbea, A. subpunctata, Cystidiopostia subhibernica, Daedalella micropora, Fuscopostia subfragilis, Lentoporia subcarbonica, Melanoporia tropica, Neolentiporus tropicus, Phaeolus fragilis, Postia crassicontexta, Pseudoantrodia monomitica, Pseudofomitopsis microcarpa, Resinoporia luteola and Rhodonia subrancida are described; and twelve new combinations, viz., Austroporia stratosa, Austropostia brunnea, A. pelliculosa, A. punctata, Nothofagiporus venatus, Rhodoantrodia tropica, R. yunnanensis, Tenuipostia dissecta, Wolfiporiella cartilaginea, W. curvispora, W. dilatohypha and Wolfiporiopsis castanopsidis, are proposed. Illustrated descriptions of the new species are provided. Notes on the genera of brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales are provided.
... alpina. Further molecular markers (e.g., factor 1-α and LSU) are needed to confirm the identities of these strains [41]. ...
In recent years, fungi, particularly lignicolous fungi, have been reconsidered as a source for biotechnological and industrial applications. Lignicolous basidiomycetes are the most effective at degrading wood, particularly cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, which are among the most resistant biopolymers. This study aims to constitute a research collection of lignicolous fungal strains that are useful for further studies and applications in different production fields. The basid-iomata used to isolate the strains in a pure culture were, firstly, identified through macroscopic and microscopic characteristics integrated with ecological data. To obtain pure cultures of dikaryotic mycelia, 96 different strains of Agaricomycetes belonging to 76 different species and related to 51 genera (18 families and 5 orders) were isolated using a malt extract agar (MEA) medium enriched with hydrogen peroxide. The identity of the isolated strains was then confirmed by molecular analysis through the sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster. All the strains are currently conserved using different methods, and their vitality is periodically tested.
... Several DNA-based studies have reported remarkable species diversity within previously recognized morphospecies-including Antrodia spp. (Spirin et al. 2015a(Spirin et al. , 2016a(Spirin et al. , 2017, Ceriporia purpurea (Spirin et al. 2016b), Jahnoporus hirtus (Spirin et al. 2015b), Laetiporus sulphureus (Lindner and Banik 2008; Song et al. 2014Song et al. , 2018, Skeletocutis nivea (Korhonen et al. 2018), Sparassis crispa (Hughes et al. 2014), and Wolfiporia cocos (Wu et al. 2020a). One of the most striking examples of hidden species diversity revealed by molecular phylogenetic studies was observed in Cyanosporus (previously: Postia caesia complex). ...
Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology. Biodiversity undertakings, for instance, require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and translatable. However, a perfect species concept does not exist for Fungi. Here, we review the species concepts commonly used in Basidiomycota, the second largest phylum of Fungi that contains some of the best known species of mushrooms, rusts, smuts, and jelly fungi. In general, best practice is to delimitate species, publish new taxa, and conduct taxonomic revisions based on as many independent lines of evidence as possible, that is, by applying a so-called unifying (or integrative) conceptual framework. However, the types of data used vary considerably from group to group. For this reason we discuss the different classes of Basidiomycota, and for each provide: (i) a general introduction with difficulties faced in species recognition, (ii) species concepts and methods for species delimitation, and (iii) community recommendations and conclusions.
Desarmillaria caespitosa, a North American vicariant species of European D. tabescens, is redescribed in detail based on recent collections from the USA and Mexico. This species is characterized by morphological features and multilocus phylogenetic analyses using portions of nuc rDNA 28S (28S), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), actin (act), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd). A neotype of D. caespitosa is designated here. Morphological and genetic differences between D. caespitosa and D. tabescens were identified. Morphologically, D. caespitosa differs from D. tabescens by having wider basidiospores, narrower cheilocystidia, which are often irregular or mixed (regular, irregular, or coralloid), and narrower caulocystidia. Phylogenetic analyses of five independent gene regions show that D. caespitosa and D. tabescens are separated by nodes with strong support. The new combination, D. caespitosa, is proposed.
The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an exotic forest pest that has killed millions of ash trees in the United States and Canada, resulting in an ecological disaster and billions of dollars in economic losses of urban landscape and forest trees. The beetle was first detected in Michigan in 2002 and has spread through much of the Eastern and Midwestern U.S., reaching Minnesota in 2009. Since then, it has spread across the state and poses a great risk to the more than 1 billion ash trees in Minnesota. The larval stage of EAB creates wounds on trees as they feed on the inner bark, causing disruption of water and sap flow that results in tree death. The fungal community associated with EAB larval galleries is poorly understood and the role these fungi may play in tree death is not known. This study describes fungi isolated from EAB larval galleries sampled throughout the main geographic areas of Minnesota where ash is affected by EAB. Fungal cultures were identified by extracting genomic DNA and sequencing the ITS region of the rDNA. Results from 1126 isolates reveal a diverse assemblage of fungi and three functional guilds comprised of canker pathogens, wood decay, and entomopathogenic fungi. The most common canker-associated genera were Cytospora followed by Phaeoacremonium, Paraconiothyrium, Coniothyrium, Nectria, Diplodia, and Botryosphaeria. Fungi in the Basidiomycota were nearly all wood decay causing fungi and many were species of pioneer colonizing genera including Sistotrema, Irpex, Peniophora, Phlebia and Ganoderma. Some of these fungi seriously affect urban trees, having the potential to cause rapid wood decay resulting in hazardous tree situations. Several entomopathogenic genera with the potential for biological control of EAB were also isolated from galleries. Purpureocillium was the most commonly isolated genus, followed by Beauveria, Clonostachys, Lecanicillium, Akanthomyces, Cordyceps, Microcera, Tolypocladium, and Pochonia. The results identify important fungal functional guilds that are occupying a new niche in ash trees resulting from EAB and include fungi that may accelerate decline in tree health, increase hazard tree situations, or may provide options for biological control of this destructive invasive insect.
