Splanchnonema-like species in Pleosporales: Introducing Pseudosplanchnonema gen. nov. in Massarinaceae

Abstract

In this paper we introduce a new genus Pseudosplanchnonema with P. phorcioides comb. nov., isolated from dead branches of Acer campestre and Morus species. The new genus is confirmed based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses of sequence data. Phylogenetic analyses based on combined LSU and SSU sequence data showed that P. phorcioides formed a distinct clade within the family Massarinaceae and is sister to Massarina eburnea, the type species of Massarina. The new genus Pseudosplanchnonema differs from Massarina in having ascomata without clypei, a thick peridium and larger, 1-septate, guttulate, dark brown ascospores. The new genus is compared with genera in the family Massarinaceae and a detailed description and illustrations of the species P. phorcioides, including its asexual morph, is provided.

Full text

Phytotaxa 231 (2): 133–144
www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/
Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press Article PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)
Accepted by Sajeewa Maharachchikumbura: 4 Sept. 2015; published: 20 Oct. 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.2
133
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Splanchnonema-like species in Pleosporales: introducing Pseudosplanchnonema
gen. nov. in Massarinaceae
K.W. THILINI CHETHANA1,2,3, MEI LIU1, HIRAN A. ARIYAWANSA2,3, SIRINAPA KONTA2,3, DHANUSHKA
N. WANASINGHE2,3, YING ZHOU1, JIYE YAN1, ERIO CAMPORESI4, TIMUR S. BULGAKOV5, EKACHAI
CHUKEATIROTE2,3, KEVIN D. HYDE2,3, ALI H. BAHKALI6, JIANHUA LIU1,* & XINGHONG LI1,*
1Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
2Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
4A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy; A.M.B.
Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314, Brescia, Italy; Società per gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna, C.P. 144, Bagnaca-
vallo (RA), Italy
5Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
6 Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA 11442, Saudi Arabia.
* e-mail: ljh0779@sina.com (J.H. Liu), lixinghong1962@163.com (X. H. Li)
Abstract
In this paper we introduce a new genus Pseudosplanchnonema with P. phorcioides comb. nov., isolated from dead branches
of Acer campestre and Morus species. The new genus is confirmed based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses of se-
quence data. Phylogenetic analyses based on combined LSU and SSU sequence data showed that P. phorcioides formed a
distinct clade within the family Massarinaceae and is sister to Massarina eburnea, the type species of Massarina. The new
genus Pseudosplanchnonema differs from Massarina in having ascomata without clypei, a thick peridium and larger, 1-sep-
tate, guttulate, dark brown ascospores. The new genus is compared with genera in the family Massarinaceae and a detailed
description and illustrations of the species P. phorcioides, including its asexual morph, is provided.
Key words: morphology, Morus sp., multi-gene analysis, Pleomassariaceae, SSU
Introduction
The family Massarinaceae was introduced by Munk (1956) to accommodate species with immersed, flattened or
sphaerical ascomata, cellular pseudoparaphyses, clavate to cylindro-clavate asci, and hyaline, fusiform to narrowly
fusiform, 1 to 3-septate ascospores with or without a mucilaginous sheath. Previously these species had been placed
under the genus Massaria (Munk 1956). The family is typified by the genus Massarina, which was established
to segregate taxa with hyaline ascospores based on Massarina, Keissleriella, Metasphaeria, Pseudotrichia and
Trichometasphaeria (Munk 1956, Hyde et al. 2013). Following its introduction, many studies have been conducted
on the above mentioned genera, with the exception of Massarina, have been transferred to other families (Suetrong
et al. 2009, Zhang et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2013, Wijayawardene et al. 2014). Massarina has also been placed within
Lophiostomataceae in Pleosporales (Bose 1961, Barr 1992, Aptroot 1998, Thambugala et al. 2015). Massarinaceae
was considered as a synonym of Lophiostomataceae in some subsequent studies (Barr 1987). However, recent
morphological and molecular studies provide evidence that these two families evolved separately (Thambugala et al.
2015). Hence, Massarinaceae and Lophiostomataceae were treated as separate families in the order Pleosporales (Liew
et al. 2002, Zhang et al. 2009a, 2012, Hyde et al. 2013, Wijayawardene et al. 2014).
Members of the family Massarinaceae are found in terrestrial habitats, and are saprobic on wood or twigs (Hyde
et al. 2013). This narrow generic concept, which has been described above, was also accepted for Massarina, which
comprised M. eburnea (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc. and M. cisti S.K. Bose (Zhang et al. 2009b, 2012); molecular data is
lacking for many other Massarina species. Massarina eburnea, M. cisti and M. igniaria (C. Booth) Aptroot together
with Byssothecium circinans Fuckel forms a distinct monophyletic clade which can be considered as Massarina

CHETHANA ET AL.
134 • Phytotaxa 231 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press
sensu stricto (Liew et al. 2002, Zhang et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2013). The polyphyletic Massarinaceae sensu lato
clade consists of morphologically diverse asexual species such as Aquaticheirospora lignicola Kodsueb & W.H. Ho,
Corynespora olivacea (Wallr.) M.B. Ellis, Helminthosporium chlorophorae M.B. Ellis, H. solani Durieu & Mont., H.
velutinum Link, Neottiosporina paspali (G.F. Atk.) B. Sutton & Alcorn and Stagonospora sensu stricto (Kodsueb et al.
2007, Shearer et al. 2009, Suetrong et al. 2009, Zhang et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2013, Quaedvlieg et al. 2013).
Splanchnonema is typified by S. pustulatum Corda, and presently thought to belong in the family Pleomassariaceae
(Barr 1979, Zhang et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2013, Liu et al. 2015). It was established by Corda (1829) to accommodate
species with immersed, depressed, subglobose ascomata with a thin peridium, clavate to broadly cylindrical, short,
furcate pedicellate asci and obovoid, asymmetrical, reddish brown ascospores (Zhang et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2013).
Currently 44 species has been described as Splanchnonema (Index Fungorum 2015). Barr (1993) suggested that this
genus was polyphyletic, since it comprises species with different ascospore and ascomata types. Many studies have
stated that Splanchnonema needs further attention, since they suspected that this genus may include morphologically
similar, but phylogenetically distinct Pleomassaria species (Tanaka et al. 2005, Zhang et al. 2012).
This study presents a morpho-molecular study conducted of splanchnonema-like species collected in Italy and
Russia. We introduce a new genus Pseudosplanchnonema and a new combination P. phorcioides. Phylogenetic species
recognition based on combined multilocus alignment of SSU and LSU sequence data, using Maximum-parsimony
(MP), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses showed the phylogenetic position of the new genus in the
family Massarinaceae.
Materials and Methods
Sample collection, specimen examination and isolation
Decaying plant materials were collected in Italy and Russia, and returned to the laboratory in paper bags for further
study. Materials lacking fruiting bodies were incubated in moist chambers to promote their development and were
examined under a Motic SMZ 168 dissecting microscope. Hand sections of the fruiting structures were mounted
in water, agitated gently and observed under a Nikon Eclipse 80i compound microscope and photographed by a
Canon 450D digital camera fitted to the microscope. Measurements were made with the Tarosoft (R) Image Frame
Work, version 0.9.7 software and images were processed with Adobe Photoshop CS3 Extended version 10.0 software
(Adobe Systems Inc., United States). Single ascospores were isolated following the method described in Chomnunti
et al. (2014). Single germinating ascospores were transferred to potato dextrose agar and incubated at 25 °C for
two days. Specimens are deposited in the Mae Fah Luang University herbarium (MFLU), Chiang Rai, Thailand and
BIOTEC Bangkok Herbarium, Thailand. Cultures are deposited in the Culture Collection at Mae Fah Luang University
(MFLUCC), Chiang Rai, Thailand and China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC), Beijing,
China. Facesoffungi numbers were obtained as in Jayasiri et al. (2015).
DNA Extraction, DNA Amplification and Sequencing
Total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh cultures using a modified protocol of Armaleo and Clerc (1995). DNA
amplification was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Partial sequences from large sub unit of nuclear
ribosomal RNA (LSU) and small sub unit of nuclear ribosomal RNA (SSU) were amplified. NS1 and NS4 primer pairs
were used to amplify a region spanning the SSU gene region (White et al. 1990) and LSU gene region was amplified
by primer pairs LROR and LR5 (Vilgalys & Hester 1990).
PCR was performed as follows by modifying the thermal cycling program outlined in White et al. (1990): initial
denaturing step of 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 34 amplification cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing for 30
s and elongation at 72 °C for 1 min, with a final extension step of 72 °C for 10 min. The annealing temperatures differed
for the two gene regions were 52 °C for LSU and 54 °C for SSU. The PCR products, spanning approximately 1200
nucleotides and 950 nucleotides (respectively of LSU and SSU regions), were checked on 1% agarose electrophoresis
gel and stained with ethidium bromide. DNA sequencing was performed at Sunbiotech Company, Beijing, China.
Phylogenetic analyses
SSU and LSU gene data were used in the analysis. DNAStar V.5.1 was used to obtain consensus sequences from data
generated from forward and reverse primers. The generated sequences were analyzed using the GenBank BLAST
search engine of the National Center for Biotehnology Information to establish possible sister groups of the newly

SPLANCHNONEMA-LIKE SPECIES IN PLEOSPORALES Phytotaxa 231 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 135
sequenced taxa. In addition, fungal members from different families of the Pleosporales were also included in the
analyses. All reference sequences were obtained from GenBank based on previously published studies (Zhang et al.
2009a, 2009b, 2012, Ariyawansa et al. 2014, Hyde et al. 2013, Liu et al. 2015) as listed in Table 1. Combined datasets
of SSU and LSU genes were aligned using Clustal X1.81 (Thompson et al. 1997) and using default settings of MAFFT
v.7 (Katoh & Toh 2008, http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/ ). The alignment was checked and improved manually
where necessary using BioEdit (Hall 1999).
TABLE 1. Accession details of Massarinaceae and representative taxa of Pleosporales available in GenBank and newly generated
sequences used in the phylogenetic study.
Taxon Name Culture Collection1GenBank Accessions2
SSU LSU
Aigialus grandis BCC 18419 GU479738 GU479774
Bambusicola bambusae MFLUCC 11-0614 JX442039 JX442035
Bambusicola irregulispora MFLUCC 11-0437 JX442040 JX442036
Bambusicola massarinia MFLUCC 11-0389 JX442041 JX442037
Bambusicola splendida MFLUCC 11-0439 JX442042 JX442038
Bimuria novae-zelandiae CBS 107.79 AY016338 AY016356
Byssosphaeria rhodomphala GKM L153N - GU385157
Byssosphaeria salebrosa SMH 2387 - GU385162
Byssosphaeria schiedermayeriana GKM 1197 - GU385161
Byssosphaeria villosa GKM 204N - GU385151
Byssothecium circinans CBS 675.92 GU205235 GU205217
Cochliobolus heterostrophus CBS 134.39 AY544727 AY544645
Corynespora cassiicola CBS 100822 GU296144 GU301808
Corynespora leucadendri CBS 135133 - KF251654
Corynespora olivacea CBS 114450 - GU301809
Corynespora smithii CABI 5649b - GU323201
Curcurbitaria berberidis CBS 394.84 GQ387544 GQ387605
Didymosphaeria rubi ulmifoli MFLUCC 14-0023 KJ436588 KJ436586
Dothidotthia aspera CPC 12933 EU673228 EU673276
Dothidotthia symphoricarpi CBS 119687 EU673224 EU673273
Entodesmium rude CBS 650.86 - GU301812
Helicascus nypae BCC 36752 GU479755 GU479789
Herpotrichia diffusa CBS 250.62 GU205239 -
Herpotrichia juniperi CBS 200.31 DQ678029 DQ678080
Herpotrichia macrotrichia GKM 196N - GU385176
Kalmusia ebuli CBS 123120 JN851818 JN644073
Karstenula rhodostoma CBS 690.94 GU296154 AY787933
Katumotoa bambusicola MAFF 239641 AB524454 AB524595
Keissleriella cladophila CBS 104.55 GU205241 GU205221
Lentithecium aquaticum CBS 123099 GU296156 GU301823
Lentithecium arundinaceum CBS 123131 GU456298 GU456320
Lentithecium fluviatile CBS 122367 GU296158 GU301825
Leptosphaeria biglobosa CBS 303.51 - GU301826
Leptosphaeria maculans DAOM 229267 DQ470993 DQ470946
Leptosphaerulina australis CBS 317.83 EU754067 EU754166
Letendraea helminthicola CBS 884.85 AY016345 AY016362
Letendraea padouk CBS 485.70 GU296162 GU849951
Massarina cisti CBS 266.62 FJ795490 FJ795447
Massarina eburnea CBS 473.64 GU296170 GU301840
Massarina igniaria CBS 845.96 GU296171 GU301841
Massarina sp.CBS 183.58 GU205250 GU205225
Melanomma pulvis-pyrius CBS 124080 GU456302 GU456323
Monotosporella tuberculata CBS 256.84 - GU301851
Montagnula opulenta CBS 168.34 NG_013127 NG_027581
Morosphaeria ramunculicola BCC 18405 GU925839 GU925854
Morosphaeria velataspora BCC 17059 GU925841 GU925852
Neokalmusia brevispora NBRC 106240 AB524460 AB524601
......continued on the next page

CHETHANA ET AL.
136 • Phytotaxa 231 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press
TABLE 1. (Continued)
Taxon Name Culture Collection1GenBank Accessions2
SSU LSU
Neokalmusia scabrispora NBRC 106237 AB524453 AB524594
Neottiosporina paspali CBS 331.37 EU754073 EU754172
Ophiosphaerella sasicola MAFF 239644 AB524458 AB524599
Paraconiothyrium fuckelii CBS 508.94 - JX496209
Paraconiothyrium fungicola CBS 113269 AY642527 JX496133
Paraconiothyrium hawaiiense CBS 120025 EU295655 JX496140
Paraconiothyrium minitans CBS 122788 EU754074 EU754173
Paraphaeosphaeria michotii CBS 591.73 GU456305 GU456326
Phaeosphaeria oryzae CBS 110110 GQ387530 GQ387591
Phoma exigua CBS 431.74 EU754084 EU754183
Pleomassaria siparia CBS 279.64 DQ678027 DQ678078
Pleospora herbarum CBS 191.86 GU238232 GU238160
Pseudosplanchnonema phorcioides MFLUCC 14-0618 KP683374 KP683373
Pseudosplanchnonema phorcioides MFLUCC 13-0533 KM875455 KM875454
Pseudosplanchnonema phorcioides MFLUCC 13-0611 KP683377 KP683376
Prosthemium betulinum CBS 127468 AB553644 AB553754
Prosthemium canba JCM 16966 AB553646 AB553760
Prosthemium intermedium MAFF 242292 AB553647 AB553771
Prosthemium neobetulinum CBS 121.51 AB553640 AB553747
Prosthemium orientale JCM 16965 AB553642 AB553750
Prosthemium stellare CBS 126964 AB553650 AB553781
Pyrenochaeta nobilis CBS 407.76 EU754107 EU754206
Pyrenophora phaeomes DAOM 222769 JN940960 JN940093
Setomelanomma holmi CBS 110217 GQ387572 GQ387633
Splanchnonema platani CBS 221.37 DQ678013 DQ678065
Splanchnonema pupula MFU 14-0807 - KP659197
Stagonospora duoseptata CBS 135093 - KF251758
Stagonospora macropycnidia CBS 114202 GU296198 GU301873
Stagonospora cf. paludosa CBS 130005 - KF251757
Stagonospora paludosa CBS 135088 - KF251760
Stagonospora perfecta CBS 135099 - KF251761
Stagonospora pseudocaricis CBS 135132 - KF251762
Stagonospora pseudovitensis CBS 135094 - KF251764
Stagonospora uniseptata CBS 135090 - KF251767
1BCC: BIOTEC Culture Collection, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok, Thailand; CABI:
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International, UK; CBS: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CPC:
Center for Plant Conservation, US; DAOM: Plant Research Institute, Department of Agriculture (Mycology), Ottawa, Canada; GKM:
G.K. Mugambi; JCM: Japanese Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN Institute of Physical & Chemical Research, Japan; MAFF:
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; MFLUCC: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection,
Chiang Rai, Thailand; MFU: Mae Fah Luang University Herbarium, Chiang Rai, Thailand; NBRC: NITE Biological Resource Center
Culture Collection; SMH: S.M. Huhndorf.
2 SSU: Small (18S) Sub Unit rRNA gene; LSU: Large (28S) Sub Unit rRNA gene. Taxonomic novelties are shown in bold face.
Maximum-parsimony (MP) analysis was performed using PAUP v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) to obtain the most
parsimonious tree. Ambiguously aligned regions were excluded and gaps were treated as missing data. Trees were
inferred using the heuristic search option with Tree Bisection Reconnection (TBR) branch swapping and 1000
random sequence additions. Maxtrees were set up to 5000 and branches of zero length were collapsed and all multiple
parsimonious trees were saved. Descriptive tree statistics for parsimony such as Tree Length (TL), Consistency Index
(CI), Retention Index (RI), Relative Consistency Index (RC) and Homoplasy Index (HI) were calculated under different
optimality criteria. Clade stability was evaluated by 1000 bootstrap replications resulting from maximum parsimony
analysis (Hillis & Bull 1993). The Kishino-Hasegawa tests (KHT) (Kishino & Hasegawa 1989) were performed to
determine whether the trees inferred under different optimality criteria, were significantly different.
The best model of evolution for each gene region was determined by using MrModeltest 2.2 (Nylander 2004). A
maximum likelihood analysis was performed in raxmlGUIv.0.9b2 (Silvestro & Michalak 2010). The search strategy
was set to rapid bootstrapping with one thousand non parametric bootstrapping iterations using the general time

SPLANCHNONEMA-LIKE SPECIES IN PLEOSPORALES Phytotaxa 231 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 137
reversible model (GTR) with a discrete gamma distribution. The best scoring tree was selected with a final likelihood
value of –9735.27. The resulting replicates were plotted on to the best scoring tree obtained previously.
FIGURE 1. Phylogram generated from Maximum Likelihood analysis based on combined SSU and LSU gene dataset. Bootstrap support
values for maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) greater than 50 % are indicated near the nodes and branches with
Bayesian posterior probabilities above 0.90 are indicated in bold. The tree is rooted with Aigialus grandis (BCC 18419). The ex-types
strains are in bold and the species introduced in the study are indicated in blue.

CHETHANA ET AL.
138 • Phytotaxa 231 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press
Posterior probabilities (PP) were determined by Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling (BMCMC) in MrBayes
v. 3.0b4 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003). Kimura 2-parameter model coupled with discrete gamma distribution and
a proportion of invariant site (K80+I+G) was applied for SSU gene region and symmetrical model with discrete
gamma distribution coupled with a proportion of invariant sites (SYM+I+G) was applied for LSU gene region. Four
simultaneous Markov chains were run for 1000000 generations and trees were sampled every 100th generation and
10000 trees were obtained. The first 2000 trees, representing the burn-in phase of the analyses, were discarded while
remaining 8000 trees were used for calculating posterior probabilities in the majority rule consensus tree (critical
value for the topological convergence diagnostic set to 0.01) (Crous et al. 2006). Phylogenetic trees were drawn using
Treeview v. 1.6.6 (Page 1996). The sequences of novel species in this study are deposited in GenBank.
Results and Discussion
Phylogenetic Analyses
The combined dataset of SSU and LSU alignment composed of 81 strains representing 81 taxa with Aigialus grandis
(BCC 18419) as the outgroup taxon. Individual trees resulted from the maximum parsimony analysis, maximum
likelihood and Bayesian analyses were similar in topology and not significantly different from the combined tree, and
comprised 1875 total characters (1017 characters in the SSU region and 858 in the LSU region) including gaps. Among
them, 1446 were constant, 150 were variable and parsimony uninformative and the remaining 279 were parsimony
informative. Kishino-Hasegawa (KH) test showed length= 1275 steps, CI= 0.435, RI= 0.772, RC= 0.336 and HI=
0.565. Maximum Likelihood analysis used 1000 bootstrap replicates and yielded a tree with the following model
parameters: alpha= 0.1651, Π(A)= 0.257288, Π(C)= 0.208787, Π(G)= 0.285140 and Π(T)= 0.248785. The first of
1,000 equally most parsimonious trees is shown (Fig. 1).
The 81 taxa analyzed in the phylograms formed 14 familial clades, i.e. Bambusicolaceae, Corynesporaceae,
Curcurbitariaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Didymellaceae, Dothidotthiaceae, Lentitheciaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae,
Massarinaceae, Melanommataceae, Morosphaeriaceae, Pleomassariaceae, Pleosporaceae and Phaeosphaeriaceae. The
genus Massarina together with Byssothecium circinans, Corynespora olivacea, C. leucadendri, Neottiosporina paspali
and Stagonospora sensu stricto clustered in Massarinaceae and formed a distinct clade with strong support, similar to
previous studies (Liew et al. 2002, Kodseub et al. 2007). The phylogenetic analyses provides good evidence that the
clade comprising of splanchnonema-like species herein, described as a new genus, Pseudosplanchnonema, belongs
in Massarinaceae, where it forms a distinct clade separated from other genera of the family with a relatively high
bootstrap value (100%) and high Bayesian posterior probability (1.00) (Fig. 1). Pseudosplanchnonema phorcioides
separated from Massarina eburnea (CBS 473.64), the type species of the genus Massarina with a ML bootstrap
value (67%) and a significant support of 0.90 Bayesian posterior probability. Pseudosplanchnonema phorcioides also
forms a sister clade with M. cisti (CBS 266.62) with MP and ML bootstrap supports of 57% and 59% respectively
and Bayesian posterior probability of 0.66. In accordance with this result, LSU (27.37 %) and SSU (24.90 %) gene
regions also shows very low similarity between P. phorcioides and M. cisti. LSU region showed 36 base differences
with 5 indels and SSU region showed 13 base pair differences with 4 indels. Pseudosplanchnonema phorcioides differs
morphologically from other Massarina species such as M. beaurivagea. Morphology coupled with molecular data
suggests it is better to accommodate these species in a new genus.
Taxonomy
The genus Pseudosplanchnonema, typified by P. phorcioides, is introduced in the family Massarinaceae. It is well-
differentiated from the other genera in the family based on morphology and molecular phylogeny.
Pseudosplanchnonema Chethana & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
Index Fungorum number: IF551021, Facesoffunginumber: FoF 00568.
Etymology:—The specific generic epithet Pseudosplanchnonema is given based on its morphological resemblance to
the genus Splanchnonema.
Type species:—Pseudosplanchnonema phorcioides (I. Miyake) Chethana, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde.

SPLANCHNONEMA-LIKE SPECIES IN PLEOSPORALES Phytotaxa 231 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 139
Saprobic or parasitic on dead branches or wood. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata with immersed, perithecial
ascomata solitary, scattered, gregarious, subglobose to globose, verruculose, dark brown to black, ostiolate. Ostiole
short, papillate, opening to exterior through bark. Peridium comprising several-layers, outer layer composed of dark
brown to reddish brown, heavily pigmented, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, inner layer comprising hyaline to
pale brown, thin-walled cells. Hamathecium comprising filiform, broad, pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the
asci, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, with a short pedicel
and an ocular chamber best seen in immature asci. Ascospores overlapping, uni to biseriate, fusiform to ellipsoidal,
widest near the centre, with acute rounded ends, sometimes slightly curved, hyaline to pale brown when young, dark
brown at maturity, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, sometimes with pseudosepta, smooth-walled, surrounded by
a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous, phoma-like. Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or aggregated,
slightly erumpent, oval to globose, with a verruculose wall, initially brown and becoming black at maturity. Pycnidial
wall comprising multi-layered, brown, outer cells of textura angularis and thin, hyaline, inner cells. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline, smooth-walled, formed from the
inner layer of the pycnidial wall. Conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, hyaline, aseptate, straight to curved, smooth and
thin-walled, with rounded ends.
Pseudosplanchnonema phorcioides (I. Miyake) Chethana, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, comb. nov.
Basionym: Massaria phorcioides (I. Miyake), Techn. Rep. Imper. Sericult. Exp. Stat. Tokyo 1:316 (1916).
≡ Splanchnonema phorcioides (I. Miyake) P. Leroy, L. Gauthier & M.E. Barr, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 116(3): 209 (2001).
Index Fungorum number: IF550800, Facesoffunginumber: FoF: 00199; Figs. 2, 3.
Saprobic on dead branch of Morus sp. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata with immersed, perithecial ascomata, 159–
483 µm diam. (x̅=307.53 µm, n=20), solitary, gregarious, globose, black, short ostiolate. Ostiole 60–90 µm high,
80–120 µm diam. (x̅=78.6 × 108.6 µm, n=10), short, papillate, opening to exterior through bark. Peridium 30.5–82
µm (x̅=47.14 µm) wide at side walls, up to 18.9 µm wide near the apex and 60.48 µm wide at the base, comprising 6
to 7 layers of cells, outer 3–4 layers composed of dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, inner 2–3 layers
comprising hyaline to pale brown, thin-walled cells. Hamathecium comprising broad, filiform 2–4 (x̅=3.4) µm wide,
septate pseudoparaphyses, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 161–286 × 35–51 µm (x̅=193.2×41.9 µm, n=10), 8-
spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, with a short pedicel and an ocular chamber best seen in immature
asci. Ascospores 50–66 × 14–20 µm (x̅=56.6 × 17.1 µm, n=15), overlapping biseriate, hyaline to pale brown when
young, dark brown at maturity, fusiform to ellipsoidal, widest near the centre, with acute rounded ends, sometimes
slightly curved, 1-sub-median septate, constricted at the septum, 5-guttulate, sometimes with pseudosepta between
the guttules, smooth-walled, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Ceolomycetous, phoma-like.
Conidiomata 382–805 µm high, 270–480 µm diam. (x̅=556.8 × 425.8 µm, n=10), pycnidial, solitary or aggregated,
slightly erumpent, oval to globose, with verruculose wall, initially brown and becoming black at maturity. Pycnidial
wall comprising multi-layered, brown, outer cells of textura angularis and thin, hyaline, inner cells. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3.2–6.9 µm×1.5–2.5 µm (x̅=4.5 × 1.7 µm, n=10), enteroblastic,
hyaline, smooth-walled, formed from inner layer of pycnidial wall. Conidia 3.4–8.6 µm × 1.2–3.5 µm (x̅=5.9 × 2.1 µm,
n=40), subglobose to oblong, hyaline, aseptate, straight or occasionally slightly curved, 0–2-guttulate, smooth-walled,
with rounded ends.
Cultural Characteristics:—Ascospores germinating on water agar within 24 h and the germ tubes of 3–4 µm
diam. produced near the septum. Colonies slow growing on PDA, attaining 6 mm diam. after 14 days at 28 °C, edge
entire, greenish black in the centre, greenish grey towards rim, white at the margin with a circular cottony mycelium
on the surface and reverse black in the centre and grey towards the ends of the mycelium. Conidia in mass, white.
Material examined:—ITALY. Province of Forlì-Cesena: Modigliana, Montebello (Ibola Valley), on dead
branches of Morus sp. (Moraceae), 13 May 2013, E. Camporesi IT-1220 tris (MFLU 14-0929, holotype), (isotype in
BBH, under the code of BBH 39847); ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 13-0533, CGMCC 3.17583; ITALY. Province
of Forlì-Cesena: Santa Sofia, Camposonaldo, dead and hanging branches of Acer campestre L. (Aceraceae), 3 May
2013, E. Camporesi IT-1254 (MFLU 14-0752), living culture, MFLUCC 13-0611; RUSSIA. Rostov region: Shakhty
city, Central Park, on dead branch of Morus alba L. (Moraceae), 5 May 2014, Timur Bulgakov (MFLU 15-0004),
living culture, MFLUCC 14-0618.
Notes:—Morphologically Pseudosplanchnonema shows a resemblance to genus Splanchnonema, as typified
by Splanchnonema pustulatum. Splanchnonema pustulatum differs from Pseudosplanchnonema phorcioides in

CHETHANA ET AL.
140 • Phytotaxa 231 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press
possessing larger, depressed, subglobose ascomata and clavate, reddish brown, 2-septate ascospores (Zhang et al.
2012, Liu et al. 2015). Our new collection of Pseudosplanchnonema phorcioides is identical to Splanchnonema
phorcioides. Both collections have immersed, ostiolate ascomata, 8-spored, clavate, biseriate asci and fusiform,
dark brown, ascospores surrounded by a gelatinous sheath (Tanaka et al. 2005). Hence we transfer this species to
Pseudosplanchnonema as a new combination. According to the molecular data, P. phorcioides clusters in a well-
separated clade in Massarinaceae. Leroy et al. (2000) has described Splanchnonema phorcioides as parasitic. Hence
we have described the Pseudosplanchnonema phorcioides as also parasitic. Pseudosplanchnonema differs from M.
eburnea in having smaller ascomata lacking a clypeus, a thicker peridium composed of two layers the inner of hyaline
and outer of dark brown cells, anastomosing pseudoparaphyses, and larger, dark brown, 1-septate, guttulate ascospores
which sometimes have pseudosepta.
FIGURE 2. Pseudosplanchnonema phorcioides (MFLUCC 13-0533). A. Pseudostroma immersed in the host tissue, B. Section of the
ascoma (TS), C. Section of the peridium, D. Hyaline, pseudoparaphyses, E. Immature ascus, F–G. Mature asci, H–J. Brown ascospores,
K. Ascospore with a gelatinous sheath stained in Indian ink, I. Germinating ascospore. Scale bars: A= 1 mm, B= 500 µm, C= 20 µm, D=
10 µm, E–G= 20 µm, H= 20 µm, I–L= 10 µm.
Several asexual genera have been shown to be associated with Massarinaceae by molecular phylogenetic studies
(Kodsueb et al. 2007, Shearer et al. 2009, Suestrong et al. 2009, Zhang et al. 2012). Byssothecium, represented
by B. circinans differs from Pseudosplanchnonema in having minute, thin-walled conidiomata and subglobose,
broadly papillate pseudothecia with smaller asci and ascospores in its sexual morph (Boise 1983). Aquaticheirospora
represented by A. lignicola differs from Pseudosplanchnonema in possessing synnematous conidiomata, larger,
hyaline to pale brown, cheiroid conidia (Kodsueb et al. 2007). Cheirosporium represented by C. triseriale differs by
having sporodochial conidiomata, macronematous, septate conidiophores, monoblastic, doliiform or broad-cylindrical
conidiogenous cells, larger, olivaceous to brown, 0–1-septate, cheiroid conidia truncated at the base (Cai et al. 2008,

SPLANCHNONEMA-LIKE SPECIES IN PLEOSPORALES Phytotaxa 231 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 141
Kodsueb et al. 2007). Corynespora represented by C. olivacea, Helminthosporium represented by H. chlorophorae, H.
solani, H. velutinum and Periconia represented by P. igniaria differed from the asexual morph of Pseudosplanchnonema
by possessing macronematous, mononematous conidiophores, Corynespora and Helminthosporium differed by
possessing brown, elongate, multi-cellular, tretic conidia, whereas Periconia differed by globose to cylindrical conidia
(Ellis 1971, Hyde et al. 2013). Neottiosporina represented by N. paspali and Saccharicola represented by S. bicolor
differed from Pseudosplanchnonema in having smaller conidiomata and transversely septate conidia (Sutton 1980).
FIGURE 3. Asexual morph of Pseudosplanchnonema phorcioides (MFLUCC 13-0533). A. Conidiomata on the PDA, B. Conidiogenous
cells, C. Conidia, D. Upper-view (right) and the reverse view (left) of the colony on PDA. Scale bars: A= 200 µm, B= 3 µm, C= 5 µm.
Many studies have been conducted on splanchnonema-like species isolated from the Morus species, with distinct
phylogeny and morphological characters similar to Pseudosplanchnonema (Tanaka & Harada 2004, Tanaka et al.
2005, Liu et al. 2015). Our study shows the importance of studying these splanchnonema-like taxa since they are
scattered across Pleosporales with distinct phylogenetic lineages. Therefore, further studies with molecular data are
essential to interpret correct generic concepts for splanchnonema-like taxa.
Acknowledgements
The project was funded by CARS-30. MFLU grant number 56101020032 and BRG5580009 are also thanked for
supporting studies on Dothideomycetes. We are grateful to the Mushroom Research Foundation, Chiang Rai, Thailand.
K.D. Hyde thanks The Chinese Academy of Sciences, project number 2013T2S0030, for the award of Visiting
Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany. The authors would like to thank the
Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding this Prolific Research group (PRG-1436-09).

CHETHANA ET AL.
142 • Phytotaxa 231 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press
References
Aptroot, A. (1998) A world revision of Massarina (Ascomycota). Nova Hedwigia 66: 89–162.
Ariyawansa, H.A., Tanaka, K., Thambugala, K.M., Phookamsak, R., Tian, Q., Camporesi, E., Hongsanan, S., Monkai, J., Wanasinghe,
D.N., Mapook, A., Chukeatirote, E., Kang, J.C., Xu, J.C., McKenzie, E.H.C., Jones, E.B.G. & Hyde, K.D. (2014) A molecular
phylogenetic reappraisal of the Didymosphaeriaceae (= Montagnulaceae). Fungal Diversity 68 (1): 69–104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-014-0305-6
Armaleo, D. & Clerc, P. (1995) A rapid and inexpensive method for the purification of DNA from lichens and their symbionts. Lichenologists
27: 207–213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-2829(05)80019-2
Barr, M.E. (1979) A classification of Loculoascomycetes. Mycologia 71: 935–957.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3759283
Barr, M.E. (1987) Prodromus to class Loculoascomycetes. Published by the author, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Barr, M.E. (1992) Notes on the Lophiostomataceae (Pleosporales). Mycotaxon 45: 191–221.
Barr, M.E. (1993) Notes on the Pleomassariaceae. Mycotaxon 49: 129–142.
Boise, J. (1983) On Trematosphaeria circinans and reinstatement of the genus Byssothecium. Mycologia 75: 666–669.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3792996
Bose, S.K. (1961) Studies on Massarina Sacc. and related genera. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 41: 151–213.
Cai, L., Guo, X.Y. & Hyde, K.D. (2008) Morphological and molecular characterisation of a new anamorphic genus Cheirosporium, from
freshwater in China. Persoonia 20: 53–58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158508X314732
Chomnunti, P., Hongsanan, S., Aguirre-Hudson, B., Tian, Q., Peršoh, D., Dhami, M.K., Alias, A.S., Xu, J.C., Liu, X.Z., Stadler, M. &
Hyde, K.D. (2014) The sooty moulds. Fungal Diversity 66: 1–36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-014-0278-5
Corda, A.C.J. (1829) Deutschlands Flora, Abt. III. Die Pilze Deutschlands 2: 115.
Crous, P.W., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M.J., Rheeder, J., Marasas, W.F.O., Phillips, A.J.L., Alves, A., Burgess, T.I., Barber, P.A. &
Groenewald, J.Z. (2006) Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Studies in Mycology 55: 235–253.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/sim.55.1.235
Ellis, M.B. (1971) Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew.
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic
Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
Hillis, D.M. & Bull, J.J. (1993) An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic
Biology 42: 182.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/42.2.182
Hyde, K.D., Jones, E.B.G., Liu, J.K., Ariyawansha, H., Eric, B., Boonmee, S., Braun, U., Chomnunti, P., Crous, P.W., Dai, D., Diederich,
P., Dissanayake, A., Doilom, M., Doveri, F., Hongsanan, S., Jayawardena, R., Lawrey, J.D., Li, Y.M., Liu, Y.X., Lücking, R., Monkai,
J., Nelson, M.P., Phookamsak, R., Muggia, L., Pang, K.L., Senanayake, I., Shearer, C.A., Wijayawardene, N., Wu, H.X., Thambugala,
K.M., Suetrong, S., Tanaka, K., Wikee, S., Zhang, Y., Aguirre-Hudson, B., Alias, S.A., Aptroot, A., Bahkali, A.H., Bezerra, J.L.,
Bhat, J.D., Binder, M., Camporesi, E., Chukeatirote, E., Hoog, S.D., Gueidan, C., Hawksworth, D.L., Hirayama, K., Kang, J.C.,
Knudsen, K., Li, W.J., Liu, Z.Y., Mapook, A., Raja, H.A., Tian, Q., Scheuer, C., Schumm, F., Taylor, J., Yacharoen, S., Tibpromma,
S., Wang, Y., Yan, J.Y. & Zhang, M. (2013) Families of Dothideomycetes. Fungal Diversity 63: 1–313.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0263-4
Index Fungorum (2015) Index Fungorum. Available from: http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/Names.asp (accessed 6 February 2015)
Jayasiri, S.C., Ariyawansa, H.A., Liu, J-K., Jones, E.B.G. & Hyde, K.D. (2015) The Faces of Fungi database: Fungal names linked with
morphology, molecular and human attributes. Fungal Diversity. [in press]
Katoh, K. & Toh, H. (2008) Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. Briefings in Bioinformatics 9:
276–285.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbn013
Kodsueb, R., Lumyong, S., Ho, W.H., Hyde, K.D., Mckenzie, E.H.C. & Jeewon, R. (2007) Morphological and molecular characterization
of Aquaticheirospora and phylogenetics of Massarinaceae (Pleosporales). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 155: 283–296.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00685.x
Kishino, H. & Hasegawa, M. (1989) Evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from DNA
sequence data. Journal of Molecular Evolution 29: 170–179.

SPLANCHNONEMA-LIKE SPECIES IN PLEOSPORALES Phytotaxa 231 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 143
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100115
Leroy, P., Gauthier, L. & Barr, M.E. (2000) A little known mushroom parasite of mulberry in France: Splanchnonema phorcioides. Bulletin
de la Société Mycologique de France 116: 209–215.
Liew, E.C.Y., Aptroot, A. & Hyde, K.D. (2002) An evaluation of the monophyly of Massarina based on ribosomal DNA sequences.
Mycologia 94: 803–813.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761695
Liu, J.K., Hyde, K.D., E.B.G. Jones, Ariyawansha, H., Bhat, J.D., Boonmee, S., Maharachchikumbura, S., McKenzie, E.H.C., Phookamsak,
R., Phukhamsakda, C., Shenoy, B.D., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Buyck, B., Chen, J., Chethana, K.W.T., Singtripop, C., Dai, D., Dai,
Y., Daranagama, D.A., Dissanayake, A., Doilom, M., D’souza, M.J., Fan, X.L., Goonasekara, I.D., Hirayama, K., Hongsanan, S.,
Jayasiri, S.C., Jayawardena, R., Karunarathna, S.C., Li, W.J., Mapook, A., Norphanphoun, C., Pang, K.L., Perera, R.H., Peršoh,
D., Pinruan, U., Senanayake, I., Somrithipol, S., Suetrong, S., Tanaka, K., Thambugala, K.M., Tian, Q., Tibpromma, S., Udayanga,
D., Wijayawardene, N., Wanasinghe, D., Wisitrassameewong, K., Abdel-Aziz, F.A., Adamčík, S., Bahkali, A.H., Boonyuen, N.,
Bulgakov, T., Callac, P., Chomnunti, P., Greiner, K., Hashimoto, A., Hofstetter, V., Kang, J.C., Lewis, D., Li, X.H., Liu, X.X., Liu,
Z.Y., Matumura, M., Mortimer, P.E., Rambold, G., Randrianjohany, E., Sato, G., Indrasutdhi, V.S., Tian, C.M., Verbeken, A., von
Brackel, W., Wang, Y., Wen, T.C., Xu, J.C., Yan, J.Y., Zhao, R.L. & Camporesi, E. (2015) Fungal Diversity Notes 1–110: Taxonomic
and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species. Fungal Diversity 72: 1–197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0324-y
Munk, A. (1956) On Metasphaeria coccodes (Karst.) Sacc. and other fungi probably related to Massarina Sacc. (Massarinaceae n. fam.).
Friesia 5: 303–308.
Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) MrModeltest 2.0. Program distributed author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
Page, R.D.M. (1996) TreeView: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Computer Applications in the
Biosciences 12: 357–358.
Quaedvlieg, W., Verkley, G.J.M., Shin, H.D., Barreto, R.W., Alfenas, A.C., Swart, W.J., Groenewald, J.Z. & Crous, P.W. (2013) Sizing up
Septoria. Studies in Mycology 75: 307–390.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/sim0017
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
Shearer, C.A., Raja, H.A., Miller, A.N., Nelson, P., Tanaka, K., Hirayama, K., Marvanova, L., Hyde, K.D. & Zhang, Y. (2009) The
molecular phylogeny of freshwater Dothideomycetes. Studies in Mycology 64: 145–153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/sim.2009.64.08
Silvestro, D. & Michalak, I. (2010) RaxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML. Available from: http://sourceforge.net/projects/raxmlgui/
(accessed 29 September 2015)
Suetrong, S., Schoch, C.L., Spatafora, J.W., Kohlmeyer, J., Volkmann–Kohlmeyer, B., Sakayaroj, J., Phongpaicht, S., Tanaka, K.,
Hairayama, K. & Jones, E.B.G. (2009) Molecular systematics of the marine Dothideomycetes. Studies in Mycology 64: 155–173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/sim.2009.64.09
Sutton, B.C. (1980) The Coelomycetes. Fungi imperfecti with pycnidia, acervuli and stromata. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. pp
1–696.
Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP* 4.0: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
Tanaka, K. & Harada, Y. (2004) Pleosporales in Japan (4): The genus Massariosphaeria. Mycoscience 45: 96–105.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10267-003-0160-X
Tanaka, K., Ooki, Y., Hatakeyama, S., Harada, Y. & Barr, M.E. (2005) Pleosporales in Japan (5): Pleomassaria, Asteromassaria, and
Splanchnonema. Mycoscience 46: 248–260.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10267-005-0245-9
Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D.G. (1997) The Clustal X windows interface: flexible strategies
for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 24: 4876–4882.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876
Thambugala, K.M., Chunfang, Y., Camporesi, E., Bahkali, A.H., Liu, Z-Y. & Hyde, K.D. (2015) Pseudodidymosphaeria gen. nov. in
Massarinaceae. Phytotaxa. [in press]
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several
Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246.
Wijayawardene, N.N., Crous, P.W., Kirk, P.M., Hawksworth, D.L., Boonmee, S., Braun, U., Chomnunti, P., Dai, D.Q., D’souza, M.J.,
Diederich, P., Dissanayake, A., Doilom, M., Hongsanan, S., Jones, E.B.G., Groenewald, J.Z., Jayawardena, R., Lawrey, J.D., Liu,
J.K., Lücking, R., Madrid, H., Manamgoda, D.S., Muggia, L., Nelsen, M.P., Phookamsak, R., Suetrong, S., Tanaka, K., Thambugala,
K.M., Wikee, S., Zhang, Y., Aptroot, A., Ariyawansa, H.A., Bahkali, A.H., Bhat, J.D., Gueidan, C., De Hoog, G.S., Knudsen,

CHETHANA ET AL.
144 • Phytotaxa 231 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press
K., McKenzie, E.H.C., Miller, A.N., Mortimer, P.E., Wanasinghe, D.N., Phillips, A.J.L., Raja, H.A., Slippers, B., Shivas, R.S.,
Taylor, J.E., Wang, Y., Woudenberg, J.H.C., Piątek, M., Cai, L., Jaklitsch, W.M. & Hyde, K.D. (2014) Naming and outline of
Dothideomycetes–2014 including proposals for the protection or suppression of generic names. Fungal Diversity 69: 1–55.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-014-0309-2
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J.W. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics.
In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications. Academic,
New York, pp. 315–322.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Zhang, Y., Wang, H.K., Fournier, J., Crous, P.W., Jeewon, R., Pointing, S.B. & Hyde, K.D. (2009a) Towards a phylogenetic clarification
of Lophiostoma /Massarina and morphologically similar genera in the Pleosporales. Fungal Diversity 38: 85–102.
Zhang, Y., Schoch, C.L., Fournier, J., Crous, P.W., Gruyter, J. de, Woudenberg, J.H.C., Hirayama, K., Tanaka, K., Pointing, S.B., Spatafora,
J.W. & Hyde, K.D. (2009b) Multi-locus phylogeny of Pleosporales: a taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary re-evaluation. Studies
in Mycology 64: 85–102.
Zhang, Y., Crous, P.W., Schoch, C.L. & Hyde, K.D. (2012) Pleosporales. Fungal Diversity 53: 1–221.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0117-x