Yield and nutrition of sunflower fertilized with sewage sludge

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermally dried sewage sludge on soil fertility, growth and yield of sunflower. The experiment was conducted in a Nitosol area of the Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, in Montes Claros-MG, Brazil. The treatments consisted of four doses of sewage sludge (0, 10, 20 or 30 t ha-1, dry weight basis), with six replicates in a randomized block design. The levels of nutrients in soil and plant, soil fertility indices, stem diameter, plant height, head diameter and grain yield were evaluated. Stem diameter, plant height, head diameter and grain yield increased with increasing doses of sewage sludge. The application of the residue increased linearly the contents of soil organic matter and N in sunflower leaves. On the other hand, pH, the exchangeable bases, total and effective cation exchange capacity, base saturation, H+Al, Al, soil contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and B, and the leaf contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and B were not influenced by the application of sewage sludge doses of up to 30 t ha-1. © 2015, Departamento de Engenharia Agricola - UFCG/Cnpq. All rights reserved.

Full text

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental
Campina Grande, PB, UAEA/UFCG – http://www.agriambi.com.br
ISSN 1807-1929
v.19, n.6, p.553–559, 2015
Yield and nutrition of sunower fertilized with sewage sludge
Hermann C. de Albuquerque1, Geraldo R. Zuba Junio1, Regynaldo A. Sampaio1,
Luiz A. Fernandes1, Everaldo Zonta2 & Cristiane F. Barbosa1
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n6p553-559
A B S T R A C T
e aim of this study was to evaluate the eect of thermally dried sewage sludge on soil
fertility, growth and yield of sunower. e experiment was conducted in a Nitosol area of
the Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, in Montes
Claros-MG, Brazil. e treatments consisted of four doses of sewage sludge (0, 10, 20 or
30 t ha-1, dry weight basis), with six replicates in a randomized block design. e levels of
nutrients in soil and plant, soil fertility indices, stem diameter, plant height, head diameter
and grain yield were evaluated. Stem diameter, plant height, head diameter and grain yield
increased with increasing doses of sewage sludge. e application of the residue increased
linearly the contents of soil organic matter and N in sunower leaves. On the other hand,
pH, the exchangeable bases, total and eective cation exchange capacity, base saturation,
H+Al, Al, soil contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and B, and the leaf contents of
P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and B were not inuenced by the application of sewage
sludge doses of up to 30 t ha-1.
Produção e nutrição de girassol adubado
com lodo de esgoto
R E S U M O
Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito da aplicação de lodo de esgoto termicamente
seco sobre a fertilidade do solo, o crescimento e a produtividade do girassol. O experimento
foi realizado em área de Nitossolo do Instituto de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal
de Minas Gerais, em Montes Claros, MG. Os tratamentos corresponderam a quatro doses
de lodo de esgoto (0, 10, 20 e 30 t ha-1, em base seca), com seis repetições, no delineamento
em blocos casualizados. Foram avaliados os teores de nutrientes no solo e na planta, os
índices de fertilidade do solo, o diâmetro do caule, a altura da planta, o diâmetro do capítulo
e a produtividade de grãos. O diâmetro do caule, altura da planta, diâmetro do capítulo e a
produtividade do girassol aumentaram com o incremento das doses de lodo de esgoto. A
aplicação do resíduo proporcionou aumento linear no teor de matéria orgânica do solo e
no teor de N nas folhas de girassol. O pH, a soma de bases, a capacidade de troca catiônica
total e efetiva, a percentagem de saturação de bases, o H+Al, o Al e os teores de P, K, Ca,
Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe e B no solo e de P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe e B na folha de
girassol não foram inuenciados pela aplicação de doses de lodo de esgoto de até 30 t ha-1.
Key words:
Helianthus annuus L.
biosolid
organic fertilization
soil pollution
Palavras-chave:
Helianthus annuus L.
biossólido
adubação orgânica
poluição do solo
1 Instituto de Ciências Agrárias/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Montes Claros, MG. E-mail: agrohermann@yahoo.com.br; juniozuba@yahoo.com.br
(Autor correspondente); rsampaio@ufmg.br; larnaldo@ufmg.br; crissp@gmail.com
2 Departamento de Solos/ Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Seropédica, RJ. E-mail: ezonta@ufrrj.br
Protocolo 143-2014 – 07/05/2014 • Aprovado em 19/12/2014 • Publicado em 04/05/2015

554 Hermann C. de Albuquerque et al.
R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.19, n.6, p.553–559, 2015.
I
Sewage treatment has caused sludge accumulation in
treatment stations and problems in its destination, since the
disposal of organic matter in landlls or its incineration also
cause large damages to the environment (Pedroza et al., 2003).
In this context, there is the need to look for sustainable solutions
for the nal disposal of this residue, and its agricultural use is
considered as an excellent alternative from the environmental
perspective (Barbosa et al., 2007).
According to Lemainski & Silva (2006), sewage sludge
represents a good source of organic matter to the soil and of
essential elements to plants, and it can complement mineral
fertilizers and reduce production costs. However, caution
should be taken in its use, due to probable contaminations with
pathogens, heavy metals and persistent organic substances,
besides the possibility of nitrate loss through leaching and
contamination of ground waters.
Many authors report that increments in sludge doses have
caused increases in sunower yield (Ribeirinho et al., 2012;
Lobo et al., 2013); however, other crops have also shown
good yields, like castor bean (Nascimento et al., 2011), maize
and bean (Nascimento et al., 2004). ese positive eects are
attributed to the supply of nutrients, especially nitrogen, by
the residue and to the benecial eects on physical attributes
of soil (Caldeira Júnior et al., 2009; Nascimento et al., 2014).
e high costs of chemical fertilizers, due to the high
energy demand in their industrialization, increase the costs
of cropped areas, besides being counterintuitive when used
in the production of crops for biofuels. us, because it is
rich in nutrients, sewage sludge becomes a viable alternative
in the fertilization of oilseed crops, which can be used as
either a substitute or a complement of nitrogen fertilization
(Ribeirinho et al., 2012).
is study aimed to evaluate the eect of the application of
thermally dried sewage sludge on soil fertility and sunower
growth and yield.
M  M
e experiment was carried out from April to August 2011,
in a Nitosol area of the Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the
Federal University of Minas Gerais, (ICA/UFMG), in Montes
Claros-MG, Brazil. Chemical and physical characteristics of
the soil layers of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m are shown in Table 1.
e single-cross hybrid 250 of sunower (Helianthus annuus
L.) was used in the experiment. Treatments corresponded to 4
doses of sewage sludge (0, 10, 20 and 30 t ha-1, dry weight basis),
with six replicates, in a randomized block design.
Dewatered sewage sludge was collected in the Sewage
Treatment Plant - STP of Montes Claros-MG, administered
by the Sanitation Company of Minas Gerais - COPASA.
e treatment line consists of a pretreatment and an upow
anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. e sludge generated
in the UASB reactor was centrifuged and dewatered in a
thermal drier at 350 ºC, for 30 min.
Sewage sludge doses were based on the content of available
nitrogen (6.0 kg t-1), calculated as described in the Resolution
No. 375 of the National Environmental Council - CONAMA
(Brasil, 2006) and on the recommendation to meet crop
demand (60 kg ha-1), indicated by the Minas Gerais Soil
Fertility Commission (CFSEMG, 1999). Characteristics of
sewage sludge chemical characteristics are presented in Table 2.
e experimental plots constituted of four 3.0 m long rows,
with spacing of 0.3 m between plants and 0.8 m between rows.
e useful area of each experimental plot consisted of the
two central rows (20 plants), disregarding 0.5 m on each side,
considered as borders.
For the soil tillage, the area was harrowed and then the
furrows were opened at depth of 0.20 m. e fertilization
with sewage sludge was performed all at once in the planting
furrows, according to the established treatments, and the
residue was incorporated with the aid of a hoe. ree sunower
seeds were manually planted 0.30 m apart in the row and
thinning was performed 15 days aer emergence, leaving
only one plant; manual weeding was performed at 30 and 60
days aer planting, to control unwanted plants, and sprinkler
irrigation was used during the entire crop cycle.
Table 1. Chemical and physical characteristics of the soil
used in the experiment
1 Analysis according to methodologies recommended by EMBRAPA (1997);
2 Fertility classes according to Alvarez V. et al. (1999)
Analysis according to: Tedesco et al. (1995) and Abreu et al. (2006); OC - Organic carbon (g kg-1); Navail - Content of available nitrogen calculated according to the CONAMA Resolution nº
375 (Brasil, 2006)
Table 2. Sewage sludge chemical characteristics and the amounts of nutrients applied with the different doses

555Yield and nutrition of sunower fertilized with sewage sludge
R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.19, n.6, p.553–559, 2015.
At the beginning of the owering stage, leaf samples were
collected from the upper third part of 12 plants, randomly
chosen in the observation area of each plot, for analysis of N,
P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and B (Tedesco et al., 1995;
Malavolta et al., 1997; Oliveira, 2004).
At the end of the experiment, in the harvesting phase (R9),
when capitula were facing down, the following parameters
were evaluated in the observation area of each plot: stem
diameter, plant height, head diameter and grain yield. Stem
diameter was measured close to the soil surface using a
digital caliper rule; plant height was measured with a steel
tape measure, from soil surface to the apex of the plant, the
head diameter was measured using a tape measure and grain
yield was estimated using the weight of grains determined
with a precision scale.
Aer harvesting, 8 subsamples of soil were collected in each
plot, between plants and in the layers of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40
m, to form the composite samples for the analysis of organic
matter, pH, H+Al, exchangeable Al and contents of available
P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and B (Tedesco et al., 1995;
EMBRAPA, 1997). With these data, sum of bases (SB), eective
cation exchange capacity (CEC(t)), total cation exchange
capacity (CEC(T)) and base saturation (V) were calculated.
e data were subjected to analysis of variance and the data
of sewage sludge doses were adjusted to regression models,
testing the coecients up to 0.10 of probability by t-test. In
addition, Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed between
head diameter and crop yield.
R  D
Sunower grain yield increased linearly with the application
of increasing sewage sludge doses of up to 30 t ha-1 (Table 3).
According to Caldeira Júnior et al. (2009) and Nascimento
et al. (2014), the increase in yield of plants under sewage
sludge application can be attributed to the increase in nutrient
availability and the improvement of chemical, physical and
biological conditions of soil, caused by the addition of organic
matter.
Sunower stem diameter (SD) increased as sewage sludge
doses increased, with the highest value, 34.63 mm, observed
for the maximum dose of the residue (Table 3). Guimarães
et al. (2009), evaluating initial growth of Jatropha curcas as
a function of dierent fertilizer doses and sources, veried
higher response for SD at the highest sewage sludge dose, 340
kg ha-1. On the other hand, Prates et al. (2011) did not nd
increase in SD of Jatropha curcas plants fertilized with sewage
sludge, in doses of up to 19.2 t ha-1. According to Modesto
et al. (2009), the increase in SD reects the increase in root
system, representing a larger soil volume explored by plants,
which tend to show better nutritional state and higher water
decit resistance.
ere was also linear increase in plant height (PH) with the
increase of sewage sludge doses (Table 3). is result agrees
with Backes et al. (2009), who obtained linear response of
castor bean plants to the application of up to 32 t ha-1 of sewage
sludge. Zuba Junior et al. (2011) also veried increase in the
height of castor bean plants when the maximum dose, 60 t ha-1,
was applied. However, Prates (2011) did not nd dierences in
PH of Jatropha curcas fertilized with increasing sewage sludge
doses of up to 19.2 t ha-1. As previously stated, the higher PH
caused by the application of sewage sludge can be explained by
the improvement of physical and chemical conditions of soil,
which are essential for fast plant growth (Nascimento, 2012).
Similarly to the other biometric characteristics, head
diameter (CD) increased as the sewage sludge dose increased
(Table 3). These results agree with the ones obtained by
Figueiredo et al. (2007), who verified the highest mean values
of CD in the treatment with the highest sewage sludge dose,
approximately 30.4 t ha-1. Still according to these authors,
sewage sludge fertilization increased the availability of
nitrogen to sunflower, influencing its head growth. Nobre
et al. (2010) pointed out that capitulum growth has direct
implications in the potential number of achenes, which
confirms the results obtained in this study, with a positive
and significant correlation (r = 0.92**) between head diameter
and grain yield.
At the end of the cycle, nutrient contents of soil did not vary
with the applied sewage sludge doses (Table 4). Similar behavior
was observed in sunower by Nascimento (2012), who found
that sewage sludge fertilization did not inuence soil content
of K, Ca and S. is is possibly related to the slower release of
nutrients, since it is an organic residue containing persistent
organic substances, and to higher nutrient extraction, because
SSD - Sewage sludge dose causing the maximum value of the variable; MV - maximum value
of the variable within the experimental interval
***Signicant at 0.01 of probability by t-test
Table 3. Regression equations of yield (Y), stem diameter
(SD), plant height (PH) and head diameter (HD) of
sunower as a function of the sewage sludge doses applied
in the soil
1There was no equation tting with signicant coefcients;
2Fertility classes according to Alvarez V. et al. (1999); Ym - Mean value
Table 4. Relationship between soil nutrient content and
the applied sewage sludge doses

556 Hermann C. de Albuquerque et al.
R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.19, n.6, p.553–559, 2015.
of the high grain yield with the application of sewage sludge. In
addition, Nascimento et al. (2011) point out that sewage sludge
is an important source of N to plants, but it does not contain the
proper amounts of the other nutrients, which makes necessary
to complement it with other sources.
Soil K availability in the layers of in 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40
m was classied as very good and good (CFSEMG, 1999),
respectively, before the experiment (Table 1). With the
application of 10, 20 and 30 t ha-¹ of sewage sludge, 25.6, 51.2
and 76.8 kg ha-¹ of K were added to the soil, respectively.
ese values are close to or much higher than the amount
of K recommended by the CFSMG (2009), which is equal to
24.9 kg ha-1 of K2O. Despite the increase in K amounts added
by the sewage sludge, soil K contents were similar in all the
treatments (Table 4), but lower than the soil contents before
the experiment (Table 1). is can be explained by the fact
that K is the element most required by sunower (Zobiole
et al., 2010). However, the classication of very good and
good was maintained for the layers of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40
m, respectively.
Soil P availability before the experiment (Table 1) was
classied as very good and medium (CFSEMG, 1999) for the
layers of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m, respectively. Aer applying
10, 20 and 30 t ha-¹ of sewage sludge, 7.7, 15.4 and 23.1 kg ha-¹
of P were added to the soil, respectively, which are close to or
much higher than 13.0 kg ha-1 of P, the value recommended
by the CFSMG (2009). At the end of the cultivation, regardless
of sewage sludge application, soil P availability increased,
compared with the condition observed before the experiment,
in the layer of 0.20-0.40 m, with a change from medium to
good in the classication for this layer (Table 4). ese results
disagree with the ones obtained by Nascimento (2012), who
veried a reduction in the soil contents of available P in the
layers of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m, despite the increase in the
applied amounts of P in sunower cultivation. e author
claims that these results can be related to a slower P release,
since it is a recalcitrant organic residue, and to a higher nutrient
extraction, resulting from higher grain yield.
e application of 10, 20 and 30 t ha-¹ of sewage sludge
added 27, 54 and 81 kg ha-¹ of Ca to the soil, respectively. e
classication of very good and good, in the layers of 0-0.20
and 0.20-0.40 m (Table 1), changed to very good (CFSEMG,
1999) in both layers aer sewage sludge application (Table
4). According to Zobiole et al. (2010), Ca is the second most
required element by sunower plants, reaching values close to
116 kg ha-¹ for a yield of 3.0 t ha-¹.
Mg content in before the experiment (Table 1), was
classied as very good and good in the layers of 0-0.20 and
0.20-0.40 m, respectively (CFSEMG, 1999). e application of
10, 20 and 30 t ha-¹ of sewage sludge added 2.7, 5.4 and 8.1 kg
ha-¹ of Mg to the soil, respectively. Mg contents decreased in the
layers of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m (Table 4), compared with the
condition before the experiment. e classication, according
to CFSEMG (1999), changed from very good to good. Unlike
the results obtained in this study, Nascimento (2012) veried
increase in soil Mg contents when the maximum sewage sludge
dose, 29.04 t ha-¹, was applied.
Soil S availability was classified as very good and good
in both soil layers (Table 4). Only from the dose of 20 t
ha-1 on, the applied amount of S reached the value of 30 kg
ha-1, recommended by the CFSMG (2009) for sunflower
fertilization.
Zn, Mn and Fe contents in soil (Table 4) were classied by
CFSEMG (1999) as varying from good, to medium or high,
whereas Cu had a medium value and B was classied as low
and very low, respectively in the layers of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40
m. According to Table 2, all the applied sewage sludge doses
provided Zn amounts higher than 4 kg ha-1, the recommended
value for sunower fertilization by the CFSMG (2009).
As for B, even the highest sewage sludge dose added only
0.33 kg ha-1 to the soil, which corresponds to approximately
1/3 of the dose for sunower fertilization recommended by
the CFSMG (2009), which is equal to 1 kg ha-1. According to
Marchetti et al. (2001), B is essential to sunower growth and
inuences its dry matter production, and the highest grain
yield was obtained with the dose of 2 kg ha-1.
Fe was the most concentrated microelement in the sewage
sludge, with the doses of 10, 20 and 30 t ha-1 adding 0.42, 0.84
and 1.26 t ha-1 of Fe to the soil (Table 2), which represents a
high amount transported to the soil. However, because of its
insolubilization reactions under pH closer to alkalinity, the
complexing power of organic matter and the fast Fe oxidation
when it is released from organic matter, as described by Cunha
et al. (2011), no eect was observed on soil with the sewage
sludge application (Table 4). Nascimento (2012) found that,
although Fe had been the metal in the highest concentration
in the sewage sludge, there was no inuence of the application
of this residue on the available Fe content in the soil.
Soil organic matter, at the end of the cultivation, increased
with the sewage sludge doses in the layer of 0-0.20 m (Table
5), reaching its maximum value with the dose of 30 t ha-1 of
this residue. Similar results were obtained by Nascimento et
al. (2004), who veried increase in soil organic matter content
with the addition of sewage sludge. Also, soil organic matter
content, which were equal to 3.39 and 2.00 dag kg-1 in the
layers of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m before the experiment, and
classied as medium and low, increased to 3.62 and 2.10 dag
kg-1, respectively, resulting in the change of classication for
the layer of 0.20-0.40 m from low to medium, according to
Alvarez V. et al. (1999). Chiba et al. (2008), studying sugarcane,
also veried increase in soil organic matter content with the
application of sewage sludge.
Soil pH (Table 5) was not inuenced by sewage sludge
application at the end of the cultivation. However, the
agronomic classication for the layer of 0.20-0.40 m changed
from low to high. is increase in the layer of 0.20-0.40 m
can be related to the use of calcareous water to irrigate the
experiment. These results corroborate the ones obtained
by Nascimento (2012), who veried increases in soil pH,
compared with the values before the experiment, resulting
from irrigation with calcareous water.
e treatments with sewage sludge did not inuence the
sum of bases (K, Ca and Mg) of the soil at the end of the
cultivation (Table 5). However, the mean values observed in
the layers of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m, 9.8 and 6.6 cmolc dm-3,
respectively, were higher than the ones before the experiment
(9.51 and 5.15 cmolc dm-3) in these layers, with a change in
the agronomic classication for the layer of 0.20-0.40 m, from

557Yield and nutrition of sunower fertilized with sewage sludge
R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.19, n.6, p.553–559, 2015.
good to very good, according to Alvarez V. et al. (1999). is
fact can be attributed to a contribution to nutrient supply by
the irrigation water, since the increase was also observed in
the treatment without sewage sludge application.
Since sewage sludge doses did not inuence the contents
of exchangeable Al, H+Al and sum of bases in the layers of
0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m, no inuence was found for CEC(t) and
CEC(T) (Table 5).
e treatments with sewage sludge also did not inuence
V% in the layers of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m (Table 5), which
is related to the lack of inuence in sum of bases, CEC(t) and
CEC(T), as previously mentioned.
Leaf N content was inuenced by sewage sludge application,
reaching a value higher than the one considered adequate
for the dose of 30 t ha-¹ (Table 6). Sludge is known to be an
important source of N to plants, which is the determinant
element in the calculation of fertilization, as established by
the CONAMA Resolution nº 375 (Brasil, 2006). However,
depending on soil fertility, it usually needs to be complemented
by fertilization with other nutrients (Nascimento, 2012).
As observed in the soil, the contents of P, K, Ca, Mg and S
in sunower leaves were not inuenced by the application of
increasing doses of sewage sludge (Table 6). In spite of that, the
contents of P, K and Ca in the plant are considered adequate
(Malavolta et al., 1997), while Mg and S remained below the
recommended range, evidencing that these two elements can
have limited plant growth and development.
As for micronutrients (Table 6), sewage sludge application
also did not cause increase in the leaf contents. Except for
Cu, all were within the nutrient suciency range, according
to Oliveira (2004). For Cu, Fe and Mn, similar results were
obtained by Lobo & Grassi Filho (2009), which did not
nd increase in the leaf contents of these elements with the
application of sewage sludge. However, these results diverge
from the ones obtained by Nascimento et al. (2014), which
found increase in the contents of Zn, Mn and Cu in sunower
leaf tissues with the increase in sewage sludge doses. It should
be pointed out that, because of the high complexing power
of the metals of the organic matter from the sludge, soil pH
close to alkalinity, irrigation with calcareous water and high
Fe absorption by the plant, the absorption of Cu by the plant
might have been inhibited (Malavolta et al., 1997).
e limitation of Mg, S and Cu can explain the linear
response of the sunower yield to the application of increasing
sewage sludge doses. In this situation, the Law of the Minimum
occurs, where the scarcest nutrient tends to limit plant growth
and development. is behavior has been observed in other
studies using fertilization with only sewage sludge, like
Nascimento (2012).
C
1. Stem diameter, plant height, head diameter and sunower
yield increased as sewage sludge doses increased.
Table 5. Relationships between chemical attributes and soil fertility classes with the applied sewage sludge doses
SSD - Sewage sludge dose required to reach maximum concentration in soil; MVS - Maximum value in soil; MVY - Value in soil with the sewage sludge dose for maximum yield; Ym - Mean
value; ¹Fertility classes according to Alvarez V. et al. (1999); * Signicant at 0.05 of probability by t-test
Table 6. Relationship between nutrient content in sunower leaves and the applied sewage sludge doses
SSD - Sewage sludge dose causing maximum nutrient concentration in the plant; MCP - Maximum nutrient content in the plant; ¹ Nutrient sufciency range, according to Malavolta et al.
(1997); 2 Nutrient sufciency range, according to Oliveira (2004); °,*Signicant at 0.1 and 0.05 of probability by t-test

558 Hermann C. de Albuquerque et al.
R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.19, n.6, p.553–559, 2015.
2. e addition of sewage sludge promotes linear increase in
the contents of soil organic matter and N in sunower leaves.
3. Values of pH, SB, CEC(t), CEC(T), V%, H+Al, exchangeable
Al and the contents of available P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe
and B are not inuenced by the application of sewage sludge
doses of up to 30 t ha-1 in sunower cultivation.
4. e contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and B
in sunower leaves are not inuenced by the application of
sewage sludge doses of up to 30 t ha-1.
A
e authors are sincerely thankful to the Minas Gerais
Research Support Foundation (FAPEMIG) and to the National
Council for Scientic and Technological Development (CNPq),
for the nancial support, which made this study possible.
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