Intellectual Migration of Youth: Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract

One of the features of the knowledge economy and post-industrial society is a growing demand for higher education. In this regard, the are two mainstream proccesses we observe in Russia – migration and reduction of the average quality of education. This article deals with the intellectual migration processes in Russian Federation and describes the link between the quality of life and education. The issues of the effective functioning of the regional educational system are highlighted in the article. Special attention is paid to the assessment of the quality of the educational system as a whole and its constituent entities. It describes the educational system as a management object, with its inherent characteristics, internal processes and relevant issues. Special attention is paid to the design of management structures in modern educational systems which affects the competence of graduates and the quality of their employment. The article refers to the existing arrangements for the promotion of youth employment in Russia.

Full text

Procedia Economics and Finance 23 ( 2015 ) 797 – 801
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
2212-5671 © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Selection and/ peer-review under responsibility of Academic World Research and Education Center
doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00478-5
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Intellectual Migration of Youth: Challenges and Opportunities
Kolesnikova Julia
a*
, Fakhrutdinova Elena
b
, Suleymanov Timur
с
, Khalikov Artem
c
a
Kazan Federal University, Chetaeva 54-39, Kazan, 420124, Russia
b
Kazan Federal University, Vishnevskogo 24-907, Kazan, 420043, Russia
c
Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya,6/20, Kazan, 420008, Russia
Abstract
One of the features of the knowledge economy and post-industrial society is a growing demand for higher education. In this
regard, the are two mainstream proccesses we observe in Russia – migration and reduction of the average quality of education.
This article deals with the intellectual migration processes in Russian Federation and describes the link between the quality of life
and education. The issues of the effective functioning of the regional educational system are highlighted in the article. Special
attention is paid to the assessment of the quality of the educational system as a whole and its constituent entities. It describes the
educational system as a management object, with its inherent characteristics, internal processes and relevant issues. Special
attention is paid to the design of management structures in modern educational systems which affects the competence of
graduates and the quality of their employment. The article refers to the existing arrangements for the promotion of youth
employment in Russia.
© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Selection and/ peer-review under responsibility of Academic World Research and Education Center.
Keywords: migration, intellectual migration, employment, educational systems
1. Intellectual potential of the country
Nowadays when the choice of the place to work or study is not associated with citizenship, when the level of
intellectual potential is the main competitive advantage of a person, higher importance (for both commercial
org
anizations and countries, in general) has the question of the implementation of the highest standards quality of
lif
e of young people as the most mobile part of the population.
* Kolesnikova Julia. Tel.:+4-345-43-543.
E-mail address: 2361646@mail.ru
© 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Selection and/ peer
-review under responsibility of Academic World Research and Education Center

798 Kolesnikova Julia et al. / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 ( 2015 ) 797 – 801
Young people, especially students, is the main economic potential of any country. Therefore today for Russia it is
extremely important to create favorable conditions for self-realization of young people in their own country, as well
as acti
ve participation in the struggle for young people from around the world, an increasing number of foreign
students, thereby increasing the country's intellectual potential.
In this process great importance have the regional scientific and educational centers that provide sustainable
development of Russian territories and preve
nt the outflow of personnel from entities of the country to the capital.
The Republic of Tatarstan can serve as an example of a region that active works with youth and plays a big role in
th
e process of formation of a "positive intellectual balance" in Russia. Today the Republi
c of Tatarstan is one of the
most attractive regions for many people, including migrants.
Since 2005, there has been positive growth of the number of f
oreign citizens visiting the Republic of Tatarstan. If
in 2008 there were citizens of 130 countries, in 2012 the republic was visited by 155 citizens of foreign countries.
However, it is not only the intellectual migration of youth. In this case, the growth of the number of migrants is due
to th
e construction of a large number of objects, which confirms the geography of foreign nationals coming to
Tatarstan mainly from countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
In 2012 from foreign countries into the republic arrived 41 918 foreign nationals (Shafigullin, etc, 2013)
Table 1. Percentage of foreign citizens of the Republic of Tatarstan from foreign countries
№
Country
2011
2012
Quantity
Percentage
Quantity
Percentage
1
Turkey
4 850
4,1
6 740
4,7
2
Germany
5 480
4,6
6 128
4,2
3
Italy
1 853
1,6
2 481
1,7
4
China
1 087
0,9
2 353
1,6
5
USA
1 862
1,6
1 931
1,3
6
France
1 557
1,3
1 767
1,2
7
Great Britain
1 283
1,1
1 432
1,0
Total
32 779
27,7
41 918
28,9
Unfortunately, currently working activities carried out by foreign citizens in most cases don’t require any
qualifications, and demand mainly in the co
nstruction sector. Therefore can’t be named as an intellectual. In 2012
there were granted only 21 working permits to highly qualified specialists.
FMS of Russia in the Republic of Tatarstan is working to si
mplify the procedures for entry and stay in the
country of foreign citizens for the purpose of teaching and research in educational institutions. Today in Kazan
u
niversities enrolled about 4,000 international students, representing only 1.5% of the total number of students in
educational institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan. In general, in Russia for 8 million students there are 200
th
ousand foreign students. Percentage of foreign students from the total number of students in Australia is 17 %, in
UK 15 %, in Germany 12 %, in France 11 %, in Japan 5 %, in Russia only 1.6% (Kachofa , etc, 2013).
For comparison, in 1950 all over the world there were 100 thousand foreign students, in 2000 – already 1.8
m
illion students, in 2010 – 4 million people. By 2020 the estimated number of foreign students in the world will be
7 m
illion people. According to the World Trade Org
anization's global education market has a volume of 100 billion
dollars. Almost 20 billion falls on the United States and 2 billion to Australia (Kachofa, etc, 2013).
Obviously, the export of Russian education should be a
priority in public policies contributing equally to the
economic development of the country and its image. Foreign students – is an investment in the Russian economy.
Co
ming to study in Russia, foreign students spend money brought from their country.

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Kolesnikova Julia et al. / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 ( 2015 ) 797 – 801
2. Steps taken to ensure the "positive intellectual balanc
e"
Obviously, the export of Russian education should be a priorit
y in the state policy contributing equally to the
economic development of the country and its image. Foreign students – is a type of investment in the Russian
econ
omy. Coming to study in Russia, foreign students spend money brought from their countries. The number of
f
oreign students coming to Russia is first of all connected with the quality of education and life in their own country:
Foreig
n students have to adapt not only to the institution, or living in a dorm, but, in general, to the life in a foreign
c
ountry.
Most of the foreign students studying in the Republic of T
atarstan consider Russian education highly prestigious
(50.8%), among other important motives for choosing education in Russia is an interest in staying in another country
(39.7%), th
e advise of relatives (22.9% ), having friends who study in Russia (14.8%) and relatively low cost of
education in the Russian Federation (13.7%) (Zhukova, etc, 2013).
In the greatest extent the prestigious of Russian education is estimated by foreign students from Kazan state
energ
etic university (KSEU) (64.4%), Kazan State Medical university (
KSMU) (54.8%) and Kazan Federal
university (KFU) (45.1%). 20.8% of foreign students are willing to study in Russia following the example of their
relativ
es and friends, as joint stay in a foreign country is psychologically easier. Foreign students studying in Russia
agree i
n the opinion that education in our city is cheaper than in the universities in other cities tooken under
co
nsideration (KFU-18,7%, KNITU (Kazan State Technological University) - 11.2%, KSMU - 6.8%. KSEU -
10.2%) (Zhukova I., etc, 2013).
Foreign students named the following difficulties experienced in the beginning of their education in Kazan:
in
sufficient knowledge of the Russian language (48.9%), difficulties in taking notes of lectures (40.7%), difficulties
in
communication with students in the group (20.1%), difficulties in t
he establishment of everyday life (21.9%), to
master the city infrastructure (19.6%).
Despite visiting by the majority of respondents the orientation programs and meetings about Russia in general
and Kazan in particular, most of them indicated that the greatest diff
iculty in the integration into Russia's education
system is the language barrier (46.4% of foreign respondents from KFU, 47,9% of KNITU (Kazan State Technical
university), 55.6% of KNITU (Kazan State Technological University), 53.3% of KSEU). This problem entails
difficulties in taking notes of lectures, which is marked by more than 40% of respondents from Kazan universities
(KFU - 40.2%, KNITU (Kazan State Technical university) - 44.5%, KNITU (Kazan State Technological University)
- 38.9%, KSMU – 38,7%, KSEU - 43.6%) .
Obviously, the question of improving the quality of li
fe of foreign students in Russia should be given the priority
by the heads of educational institutions and the country in general. In the long and even medium term this will
positiv
ely affect the "intellectual balance" of the Republic of Tatarstan and Russia.
However in comparison with the solution to the issue of attracting
foreign students in the universities of our
country the much more urgent issue today is to counter the effects of "brain drain" f
rom Russia's regions to the
capital city and abroad.
Current demographic trends lead to a sharp decline in the share of people of working age, including youth, in the
total popu
lation, and increasing the share of pensioners. Throughout the country it is predicted that by 2025 the
prop
ortion of young people in the population will decrease from 24.5% to about 18%, while the proportion of people
of retirement age will rise from 11.6% to 15.8%. In Tatarstan the situation will generally correspond to the all-
Russian: the proportion of young people is ex
pected to be 18.4%, the proportion of seniors - 15.7% (Kachofa, etc,
2013).
Critical imbalance, which has developed in the age structure of the scientific staff in Russia is particularly evident
in
comparison with a similar structure in the United States. If the last one is accepted as the closest approach to the
optim
um, the Russian science reveals more than double shortage of workers of average ages and more than double
ex
cess of the number of employees over 60 years.
Massive outflow of young and middle-aged qualified experts from science followed by dramatic aging and the
retire
ment of experienced scientific staff make a real threat of losing the continuity of scientific knowledge,
techn
ologies and continuity between generations of scientists, significantly reduce effectiveness of their work, leads
to th
e collapse of scientific schools and personnel capacity of science in general. Years of practical experience in the

800 Kolesnikova Julia et al. / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 ( 2015 ) 797 – 801
world science show that the absolute majority of its most significant results was obtained by the researchers of 27-
40-year-olds. This age range is considered to be
the most productive in science. For example, half of the scientists in
Japan are younger than 35 years (Fakhrutdinova & Kolesnikova, ect, 2013). In domestic science today the
proportion of young scientists is extremely low, which negatively affects the efficiency of science at present and the
f
oreseeable future.
That’s why the conscious and systematic work with youth directed on enhancing the attractiveness of the
ed
ucation and continuing to work in the country play special importance today.
Tatarstan's economy today pays great attention to IT-direction, although still largely remains an industrial and
resou
rce dependant. Transformation of the region in the direction
of innovation is one of most urgent tasks that can
adjust the strategic goals towards the Economics of Knowledge. In this process the central place is occupied by the
iss
ue of creating conditions for the development of young people - providing quality education, professional
oppo
rtunities, creative and cultural self-realization for a young man capable of generating innovations and motivated
to do it in
the Republic of Tatarstan.
Table 2. University students of the Republic of Tatarstan (according to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan)
2012/2013
2013/2014
Number of higher education institutions
81
76
Governmental institutions
17
17
Nongovernmental institutions
10
10
Branches of governmental institutions
28
27
Branches of nongovernmental institutions
26
22
Number of students
190490
180115
Students in Governmental institutions
116214
102464
Students in Nongovernmental institutions
24132
24459
Students in Branches of governmental institutions
31724
38437
Students in Branches of nongovernmental institutions
18420
14755
Table 3. Students of secondary and primary education of the Republic of Tatarstan (according to the Ministry of Education and Science
of the Republic of Tatarstan)
Institutes of secondary and primary vocational education of the Republic of
Tatarstan
2012/2013
2013/2014
Number of institutes of secondary vocational education
100
103
Number of students
78812
80205
Number of institutes of primary vocational education
22
4
Number of students
5946
699
3. Conclusion
Analysis of the trajectories of life paths of young people
shows that career is formed depending on if human
capital and its qualifications (expertise, knowledge and skills) meet or do not meet the demand in the labor market.
And this is a basic point – the combination of supply and demand – the main thing in a career, whether used or not
u
sed special education, acquired additional knowledge or skills. These are the factors that do work and such an
ap
proach to the analysis of career paths is the only productive (Konstantinovsky, etc, 2008).
Intellectual migration of young people is a process that in the twentieth century was usually limited with the
territory
of one country, but today, largely due to the development of information technology, gets much more active
development. Today, intellectual migration of young people is an opportunity for powerful states to become more
powerful, creating the best conditions for the most progressive young people all over the world, and the threat for
not enough powerful countries lag behind the leaders for a long time.
In our opinion, providing a positive balance of intellectual capacit
y in Russia, can not be achieved only by
solving the problem of attracting young people to science. Russia needs to create the conditions in the country to
involve the young professionals in science and provide their con
sistent professional growth, as well as create the

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Kolesnikova Julia et al. / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 ( 2015 ) 797 – 801
necessary conditions for the extension of the creative activity of the older generation and transfer their experience to
youth.
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