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A comprehensive list of the lianas of the Western Ghats of India - Version 2

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Krishnamani Ramanathan at The Rainforest Initiative
Krishnamani Ramanathan
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A COMPREHENSIVE LIST OF THE LIANAS
OF THE WESTERN GHATS OF INDIA
Version 2
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (C) Vinayaraj (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toddalia_asiatica.jpg)
R. Krishnamani, Ph.D.
2015
2
© 2015. R. Krishnamani, The Rainforest Initiative, Coimbatore, India. All Rights Reserved.
Suggested Citation:
Krishnamani, R. (2015). A comprehensive list of the lianas of the Western Ghats of India - Version 2. The
Rainforest Initiative, Coimbatore, India. (Available at: http://www.rainforest-
initiative.org/downloads/pdfs/wghats_lianas_version_2.pdf)
3
This list has been updated with the data available with The Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org).
“The Plant List is a working list of all known plant species. Version 1.1, released in September 2013, aims to be
comprehensive for species of Vascular plant (flowering plants, conifers, ferns and their allies) and of Bryophytes (mosses
and liverworts). It does not include algae or fungi. Version 1.1 contains 1,293,685 scientific plant names of which
350,699 are accepted species names. It includes no vernacular or common plant names”.
The information given below is from the website of The Plant List.
The Status of name records
Each name record included within The Plant List is assigned one of the statuses listed below. The Status of each name is
derived primarily from the data source from which that name record comes (see Derivation of Name Status). The
decision, for example, that one name is the accepted name of a given plant is based upon a taxonomic opinion recorded
within the cited data source. Such decisions were automated using a rules-based approach which, where necessary,
selected from among alternative taxonomic opinions expressed, within or between different data sources. For an
explanation of how these decisions were reached see How The Plant List was Created.
Accepted Name
This is the name which should be used to refer to the species (or to a subspecies, variety or forma).
For each name with Status of ‘Accepted’ The Plant List aims to provide:
the name currently accepted as the one which should be used in preference to refer to this species (or subspecies,
variety or forma);
the author(s) credited with publishing that name;
the place and date of original publication of the name where this was supplied;
a reference to the source database supplying this name record that recorded the opinion that it is an accepted name
(with, where possible, a link to that record in the source database);
other names (synonyms) considered to refer to that species;
the IPNI identifier (linking the name record to the International Plant Names Index, a bibliographic resource which
will provide full original publication details for this name);
an assessment of the Confidence that The Plant List attaches to the name being accepted. (This is an indication of the
confidence that the Status of the name is correct).
Synonym
A Synonym is an alternative name which has been used to refer to a species (or to a subspecies, variety or forma) but
which The Plant List does not consider to be the currently Accepted name. The decision to assign the Status of Synonym
to a name record is based upon a taxonomic opinion recorded in the cited data source (selected using automated rules-
based approach; see How The Plant List was Created).
Synonymy can be derived directly from the source data (showing identical data as the source data) or can be derived
indirectly using the automated decision rules (e.g. if source 1 says that A is a synonym of B and source 2 says that B is a
synonym of C, then The Plant List will show A to be a synonym of C).
For each name with Status of Synonym The Plant List aims to provide:
the name;
the author(s) credited with publishing that name;
the place and date of original publication of the name where this was supplied;
a link to its Accepted name;
a reference to the source database supplying this name record and expressing the opinion that it is a Synonym (with,
where possible, a link to that record in the source database);
4
the IPNI identifier (linking the name record to the International Plant Names Index, a bibliographic resource which
will provide full original publication details for this name);
an assessment of the Confidence that The Plant List attaches to the Status of the name being Synonym.
Unresolved Name
Unresolved names are those to which it is not yet possible to assign a Status of either ‘Accepted’ or ‘Synonym’. For an
explanation of how names were assigned a status please refer to How The Plant List was Created. Unresolved names fall
into two sub-classes:
Unassessed names
for which there is no evidence within any of the contributing data sources that the status of this name had been evaluated
by the data owners. None had recorded that it was either ‘accepted’ or a ‘synonym’. None had recorded that they had
attempted such an evaluation. Since, by definition, a name is accepted by the publishing author at the time of publication,
it could be argued that all names are putatively Accepted until such time as they are demonstrated to be Synonyms.
Unplaced names
for which the data source supplying that record indicated positively that the data owners had sought to resolve its status
and not been able to come to a conclusion so as to place it either in synonymy or as the accepted name of a new species.
This is often the case if the name has insufficient description and no herbarium specimens are known or where one or
more nomenclatural acts are required to provide the accepted name for which the unplaced name would be a synonym.
Among Unresolved names, Unassessed names are much more numerous than Unplaced names.
It is also important to note that in a small number of cases the status ‘Unresolved’ was assigned to a name record during
creation of The Plant List despite a taxonomic opinion having been recorded in the contributing data source. This occurs
where to have followed this opinion would have conflicted with opinions recorded elsewhere in other data sources. To
follow both would have resulted in inconsistencies within the working list of plants. In such cases:
the status of the record on this website is indicated with an ‘*’ to indicate that it derives from the procedures used to
build The Plant List and
the original status of the name (as recorded in the source database) is indicated on the details page for that name.
For each name with Status of ‘Unresolved’ The Plant List aims to provide:
the name;
the author(s) credited with publishing that name
the place and date of original publication of the name where this was supplied;
a reference crediting the source database providing the name; (with, where possible, a link to that record in the source
database)
the IPNI identifier (linking the name record to the International Plant Names Index which will provide full original
publication details for this name);
Unresolved names are generally flagged as ‘Low Confidence’ entries.
Misapplied Names
Some data sets which contributed to The Plant List record not only how plant names should be used but also where in the
published literature a given name may previously have been used inappropriately (to refer erroneously to another
species). Recording such misapplication of names helps users to avoid pitfalls when interpreting the literature. The
decision that a record represents the misuse of a name is derived from the cited data source (see How The Plant List was
Created.)
For each reported misapplication of a plant name we aim to provide:
the name;
5
the author(s) that published that name and wherever possible an indication of where or by whom this was misused (e.g.
‘sensu Smith’ may appear after the publishing author);
a link to the Accepted name of the species to which this name has been previously and erroneously applied;
a reference crediting the source database recording this misuse of the name; (with a link to that record in the source
database and hence the publication details of where this name was misapplied);
an assessment of the Confidence that The Plant List attaches to this name having being erroneously applied to the
other species.
Annotation of names
Sources which contributed name records to The Plant List record included, on relatively few occasions, additional
information about individual names beyond their status as Accepted or Synonym. Where possible this information is
retained within The Plant List and made visible to users as annotations attached to the relevant name record.
Invalid and Illegitimate Names
Some of the names in The Plant List were recorded by the contributing data sets to be either invalidly or illegitimately
published according to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
Spelling variants (or Orthographic variants)
Some data sources include names which are recorded as ‘Orthographic variants’ (or spelling variants) of another name.
These misspelt names may not have been validly published and yet are nevertheless used in the literature and therefore
included in The Plant List to guide those that find them.
The binomials that are in red are the names of the lianas that have been updated from the published literature
given at the end of this report. This updated list (Page 34) has been further compared with the list available
with The Plant List and the accepted names have been given on pages 9 – 33.
6
7
Preface
The Western Ghats of India is one of the most important Biodiversity Hotspots on this planet and is home to
a wide variety of flora and fauna. The Western Ghats is home to 126 species of lianas belonging to 41
families. These lianas play a very vital role in providing food resources to a wide array of faunal resources
during certain times of the year.
This comprehensive list on the lianas provides detailed information on nomenclature and author citation.
This information is corroborated with the most authoritative web portal called the The Plants List
(http://www.theplantlist.org/). This website is part of a global network of around 10 organizations that are
doing pioneering work in the field of plant taxonomy. As Plant Taxonomy as a field of scientific discipline
is dynamic, the liana list keeps changing every now and then.
This list is updated on a regular basic and is available from the web portal ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net/ and from the website of The Rainforest Initiative
(http://www.rainforest-initiative.org/ downloads/pdfs/wghats_lianas_version_2.pdf)
Some more information on the lianas of the Western Ghats can be found at India Biodiversity Portal
http://indiabiodiversity.org/
Krishnamani Ramanathan
The Rainforest Initiative
2015
8
9
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
1
Acacia intsia (L.) Willd.
SYNONYMS
Mimosa caesia "L., p.p.A"
Mimosa intsia L.
Leguminosae
2
Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill
SYNONYMS
Aganope floribunda Miq.
Aganope macrophylla Miq.
Aganope subavenis Miq.
Aganope thyrsiflora var. eualata (Bedd.) Thoth. & D.N.Das
Aganope thyrsiflora var. wallichii (Prain) Thoth. & D.N.Das
Deguelia eualata (Bedd.) Taub.
Deguelia thyrsiflora (Benth.) Taub.
Derris eualata Bedd.
Derris latifolia Prain
Derris platyptera Baker
Derris pyrrothyrsa Miq.
Derris thyrisoflora (Benth.) Benth. [Spelling variant]
Derris thyrsiflora (Benth.) Benth.
Derris thyrsiflora var. eualata (Bedd.) Thoth.
Derris thyrsiflora var. wallichii (Prain) Thoth.
Derris wallichii Prain
Millettia thyrsiflora Benth.
Pterocarpus thyrsiflorus (Benth.) Kuntze
Leguminosae
3
Aganosma cymosa (Roxb.) G.Don
SYNONYMS
Aganosma conferta G.Don
Aganosma cymosa var. cymosa
Aganosma cymosa var. fulva Craib
Aganosma cymosa var. glabra A.DC.
Aganosma cymosa var. lanceolata Hook.f.
Aganosma doniana Wight
Aganosma harmandiana Pierre ex Spire
Echites confertus Wall. [Invalid]
Echites cymosus Roxb.
Apocynaceae
4
Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin subsp. hexapetalum (Lam.)
Wangerin
SYNONYMS
Alangium callosum Wangerin [Invalid]
Alangium frutescens Zoll. & Moritzi
Alangium glandulosum Thwaites
Alangium hexapetalum Lam.
Alangium lamarckii var. glandulosum (Thwaites) C.B.Clarke
Alangiaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Alangium salviifolium var. hexapetalum (Lam.) Gamble
Alangium salviifolium subsp. sundanum (Miq.) Bloemb.
Alangium sundanum Miq.
Alangium sundanum var. insularum Kurz
5
Allophylus concanicus Radlk.
Sapindaceae
6
Allophylus serratus (Hiern) Kurz
SYNONYM
Allophylus cobbe f. serratus Hiern
Sapindaceae
7
Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch.
SYNONYMS
Ampelocissus erioclada (Wight & Arn.) Planch. [Illegitimate]
Vitis erioclada Wight & Arn.
Vitis glabrata Roth in Schult.
Vitis latifolia Roxb.
Vitaceae
8
Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn.
SYNONYMS
Anamirta baueriana Endl.
Anamirta jucunda Miers
Anamirta paniculata Colebr.
Anamirta populifolia (DC.) Miers
Anamirta racemosa Colebr. ex Steud.
Anamirta toxifera Miers
Cocculus indicus Royle
Cocculus lacunosus DC.
Cocculus populifolius DC.
Cocculus suberosus DC.
Menispermum cocculiferum Stokes
Menispermum cocculus L.
Menispermum heteroclitum Roxb.
Menispermum lacunosum Lam.
Menispermum monadelphum Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.
Menispermum populifolium Spreng.
Tinospora lacunosus Miers
Menispermeaceae
9
Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex J.Graham
Ancistrocladaceae
10
Anodendron paniculatum A.DC.
SYNONYMS
Anodendron lanceolatum King & Gamble
Anodendron manubriatum Merr.
Anodendron moluccanum Miq.
Anodendron rhinosporum Thwaites
Apocynaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Anodendron sutepense Kerr
Anodendron tenuiflorum (Miq.) Miq.
Echites manubriatus Wall. [Invalid]
Echites paniculatus Roxb. [Illegitimate]
Echites parviflorus Roxb.
Echites polyanthus Wall. [Invalid]
Echites trichotomus Desf.
Epigynum parviflorum (Roxb.) Hook.f.
Gymnema nepaulense J.Graham
Ichnocarpus paniculatus Moon [Invalid]
Strophanthus balansae Franch.
Tabernaemontana tenuiflora Miq.
11
Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook.f. & Thomson
Annonaceae
12
Baeolepis nervosa (Wight & Arn.) Decne. ex Moq.
Apocynaceae
13
Bauhinia scandens L.
SYNONYMS
Bauhinia anguina Roxb.
Bauhinia anguina var. horsfieldii (Miq.) Prain
Bauhinia debilis Hassk.
Bauhinia japonica var. subrhombicarpa (Merr.) Hiroe
Bauhinia piperifolia Roxb.
Bauhinia scandens var. anguina (Roxb.) H. Ohashi
Bauhinia scandens var. scandens
Bauhinia subrhombicarpa Merr.
Lasiobema anguina (Roxb.) Miq.
Lasiobema anguinum (Roxb.) Miq. [Spelling variant]
Lasiobema scandens (L.) de Wit
Lasiobema scandens var. horsfieldii (Miq.) de Wit
Phanera bifoliata Miq.
Phanera debilis (Hassk.) Miq.
Phanera scandens (L.) Raf.
Leguminosae
14
Bauhinia phoenicea Wight & Arn.
SYNONYMS
Bauhinia benthamii Bedd.
Phanera phoenicea (Wight & Arn.) Benth.)
Leguminosae
15
Beaumontia jerdoniana Wight
Apocynaceae
16
Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb.
SYNONYMS
Mezoneuron cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.
Mezoneuron cucullatum var. grandis Baker
Mezoneuron cucullatum var. robustum Craib
Leguminosae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Mezoneuron macrophyllum Miq.
Mezoneurum cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. [Spelling variant]
Mezonevron cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.
17
Canthium angustifolium Roxb.
SYNONYMS
Canthium leschenaultii (DC.) Wight & Arn.
Canthium trachystyle Ridl.
Dondisia leschenaultii DC.
Rubiaceae
18
Canthium rheedei DC.
SYNONYMS
Canthium amarum Oken
Canthium rheedei var. minus Thwaites
Plectronia rheedei (DC.) Bedd.
Rubiaceae
19
Capparis moonii Wight
Capparaceae
20
Carissa spinarum L.
SYNONYMS
Antura edulis Forssk.
Antura hadiensis J.F.Gmel. [Illegitimate]
Arduina brownii K.Schum.
Arduina campenonii Drake
Arduina edulis (Forssk.) Spreng.
Arduina inermis (Vahl) K.Schum.
Arduina laxiflora (Benth.) K.Schum.
Arduina xylopicron (Thouars) Baill.
Azima pubescens Suess.
Cabucala brachyantha Pichon
Carandas edulis (Forssk.) Hiern
Carissa abyssinica R. Br.
Carissa axillaris Roxb.
Carissa brownii F.Muell. [Illegitimate]
Carissa brownii var. angustifolia Kempe
Carissa campenonii (Drake) Palacky
Carissa candolleana Jaub. & Spach
Carissa carandas Lodd.
Carissa carandas var. congesta (Wight) Bedd.
Carissa carandas var. paucinervia (A.DC.) Bedd.
Carissa cochinchinensis Pierre ex Pit.
Carissa comorensis (Pichon) Markgr.
Carissa congesta Wight
Carissa coriacea Wall. ex G.Don
Carissa coriacea Wall.
Carissa cornifolia Jaub. & Spach
Carissa dalzellii Bedd.
Carissa densiflora Baker
Apocynaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Carissa densiflora var. microphylla Danguy ex Lecomte
Carissa diffusa Roxb.
Carissa dulcis Schumach. & Thonn.
Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl
Carissa edulis var. ambungana Pichon
Carissa edulis var. comorensis Pichon
Carissa edulis subsp. continentalis Pichon
Carissa edulis var. densiflora (Baker) Pichon
Carissa edulis var. edulis
Carissa edulis var. horrida (Pichon) Markgr.
Carissa edulis var. lucubea Pichon
Carissa edulis subsp. madagascariensis (Thouars) Pichon
Carissa edulis var. major Stapf
Carissa edulis var. microphylla (Danguy ex Lecomte) Pichon
Carissa edulis f. nummularis (Pichon) Markgr.
Carissa edulis var. nummularis Pichon
Carissa edulis f. pubescens (A.DC.) Pichon
Carissa edulis var. revoluta (Scott-Elliot) Markgr.
Carissa edulis var. sechellensis (Baker) Pichon
Carissa edulis var. septentrionalis Pichon
Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia Pichon
Carissa gangetica Stapf ex Gamble
Carissa hirsuta Roth
Carissa horrida Pichon
Carissa inermis Vahl
Carissa lanceolata Dalzell [Illegitimate]
Carissa lanceolata R.Br.
Carissa laotica Pit.
Carissa laotica var. ferruginea Kerr
Carissa laxiflora Benth.
Carissa macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don
Carissa macrophylla Wall.
Carissa madagascariensis Thouars
Carissa mitis Heynh. ex A.DC.
Carissa obovata Markgr.
Carissa oleoides Markgr.
Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines
Carissa ovata R.Br.
Carissa ovata var. pubescens F.M.Bailey
Carissa ovata var. stolonifera F.M.Bailey
Carissa papuana Markgr.
Carissa paucinervia A.DC.
Carissa pilosa Schinz [Illegitimate]
Carissa pubescens A.DC.
Carissa revoluta Scott-Elliot
Carissa richardiana Jaub. & Spach
Carissa scabra R.Br.
Carissa sechellensis Baker
Carissa septentrionalis (Pichon) Markgr.
Carissa spinarum Lodd. ex A.DC. [Illegitimate]
Carissa stolonifera (F.M.Bailey) F.M.Bailey ex Perrot & Vogt [Invalid]
Carissa suavissima Bedd. ex Hook.f.
Carissa tomentosa A.Rich. [Illegitimate]
Carissa velutina Domin
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Carissa villosa Roxb.
Carissa xylopicron Thouars
Carissa yunnanensis Tsiang & P.T.Li
Damnacanthus esquirolii H.Lév.
Jasminonerium densiflorum (Baker) Kuntze
Jasminonerium dulce (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze
Jasminonerium edule (Forssk.) Kuntze
Jasminonerium inerme (Vahl) Kuntze
Jasminonerium laxiflorum (Benth.) Kuntze
Jasminonerium madagascariense (Thouars) Kuntze
Jasminonerium ovatum (R.Br.) Kuntze
Jasminonerium pubescens (A.DC.) Kuntze
Jasminonerium sechellense (Baker) Kuntze
Jasminonerium suavissimum (Bedd. ex Hook.f.) Kuntze
Jasminonerium tomentosum (A.Rich.) Kuntze [Illegitimate]
Jasminonerium xylopicron (Thouars) Kuntze
21
Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Gagnep.
SYNONYMS
Cayratia pedata var. glabra Gamble
Cissus heptaphylla Retz.
Cissus pedata Lam.
Cissus serratifolia Rottler ex Wight
Lagenula pedata Lour.
Vitis pedata (Lam.) Wallich ex Wight
Vitaceae
22
Celastrus paniculatus Willd.
SYNONYMS
Catha paniculata Scheidw.
Ceanothus paniculatus Roth
Celastrus alnifolius D.Don
Celastrus euphlebiphyllus (Hayata) Makino & Nemoto
Celastrus euphlebiphyllus (Hayata) Kaneh.
Celastrus metzianus Turcz.
Celastrus nutans Roxb.
Celastrus pubescens Wall. [Invalid]
Celastrus rothianus Schult.
Diosma serrata Blanco
Euonymus euphlebiphyllus Hayata
Scutia paniculata G.Don
Celastraceae
23
Chilocarpus denudatus Blume
SYNONYMS
Alstonia micrantha Ridl.
Chilocarpus alyxifolius Pierre
Chilocarpus amboinensis Markgr.
Chilocarpus atroviridis (G.Don) Blume1
Apocynaceae
1
Chilocarpus atrovirens (G.Don) Bl. is a CORRUPTED NAME of (Chilocarpus atroviridis (G.Don) Blume) and hence not valid
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Chilocarpus denudatus var. nicobaricus M.Gangop. & Chakrab.
Chilocarpus embelioides King & Gamble
Chilocarpus leytensis Elmer
Chilocarpus malabaricus Bedd.
Chilocarpus minutiflorus King & Gamble
Chilocarpus sunainaianus Yogan.
Hunteria atrovirens G.Don
Winchia atroviridis (Blume) Kurz
24
Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston
SYNONYMS
Beluttakaka grandieriana Pierre [Invalid]
Beluttakaka griffithii (Hook.f.) Kuntze
Beluttakaka macrophylla (G.Don) Kuntze
Cercocoma macrantha Teijsm. & Binn. [Invalid]
Chonemorpha blancoi Merr. [Illegitimate]
Chonemorpha elliptica Merr. & Rolfe
Chonemorpha grandieriana Pierre ex Spire
Chonemorpha grandiflora G.Don
Chonemorpha griffithii Hook.f.
Chonemorpha macrantha Pit.
Chonemorpha macrophylla G.Don
Chonemorpha macrophylla var. grandis A.DC.
Chonemorpha penangensis Ridl.
Chonemorpha rheedei Ridl. [Illegitimate]
Chonemorpha valvata Chatterjee
Chonemorpha yersinii Vernet
Echites fragrans Moon
Echites grandiflorus Roth [Illegitimate]
Echites grandis Wall. [Invalid]
Echites latifolius Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid]
Echites macranthus Spreng. [Illegitimate]
Echites macrophyllus Roxb. [Illegitimate]
Epichysianthus macrophyllus (G.Don) Voigt
Rhynchodia macrantha Pharm. ex Wehmer
Tabernaemontana elliptica Blanco [Illegitimate]
Apocynaceae
25
Cissampelopsis walkeri (Arn.) C.Jeffrey & Y.L.Chen
Compositae
26
Combretum latifolium Blume
SYNONYMS
Combretum cyclophyllum Steud.
Combretum extensum Roxb. ex G.Don.
Combretum formosum Griff.
Combretum leucanthum Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
Combretum macrophyllum Roxb.
Combretum macrostachyum Wall. [Invalid]
Combretum micropetalum Llanos [Illegitimate]
Combretum platyphyllum Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
Combretum rotundifolium Roxb. [Illegitimate]
Combretaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Combretum wightianum Wall. [Invalid]
Combretum wightianum Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
Embryogonia latifolia (Blume) Blume
27
Connarus sclerocarpus (Wight & Arn.) Schellenb.
Connaraceae
28
Connarus wightii Hook.f.
SYNONYMS
Connarus ritchiei Hook.f.
Rourea sclerocarpa Wight & Arn. ex Hook.f.
Connaraceae
29
Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr.
SYNONYMS
Coscinium maingayi Pierre
Coscinium miosepalum Diels
Coscinium peltatum Merr.
Coscinium usitatum Pierre
Coscinium wallichianum Miers
Coscinium wightianum Miers ex Diels
Menispermum fenestratum Gaertn.
Menispermaceae
30
Cosmostigma cordatum (Poir.) M.R.Almeida
SYNONYMS
Asclepias racemosa Roxb. [Illegitimate]
Cosmostigma acuminatum Wight
Cosmostigma racemosum Wight
Cosmostigma racemosum var. glandulosum Costantin
Tylophora punctata Kostel.
Asclepiadaceae
31
Croton caudatus Geiseler
SYNONYMS
Croton aromaticus Gaertn. [Illegitimate]
Croton caudatus var. denticulatus Müll.Arg.
Croton caudatus var. harmandii Gagnep.
Croton caudatus var. klotzschianus Müll.Arg.
Croton caudatus var. malaccanus Hook.f.
Croton caudatus var. oblongifolius Müll.Arg.
Croton caudatus var. obovoideus N.P.Balakr. & Chakrab.
Croton denticulatus Blume [Illegitimate]
Croton drupaceus Roxb.
Croton malvifolius Griff. [Illegitimate]
Croton racemosus Burm.f.
Oxydectes caudata (Geiseler) Kuntze
Oxydectes denticulata Kuntze
Euphorbiaceae
32
Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb.
Leguminosae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
SYNONYMS
Amerimnon horridum Dennst.
Amerimnon sympatheticum (Nimmo) Kuntze
Dalbergia horrida var. horrida
Dalbergia multiflora B.Heyne
Dalbergia multiflora Prain
Dalbergia sympathetica Nimmo
33
Decaloba leschenaultii (DC.) M.Roem. is an unresolved name
SYNONYM
Passiflora leschenaultii DC.
Passifloraceae
34
Derris benthamii (Thwaites) Thwaites
SYNONYMS
Brachypterum benthamii Thwaites
Deguelia paniculata (Benth.) Taub.
Derris benthamii var. benthamii
Derris paniculata Benth.
Leguminosae
35
Derris brevipes (Benth.) Baker
SYNONYMS
Derris brevipes var. brevipes
Derris heyneana var. brevipes Benth.
Leguminosae
36
Derris canarensis (Dalzell) Baker
SYNONYMS
Brachypterum canarense (Dalzell) Dalzell
Deguelia canarensis (Baker) Taub.
Deguelia oblonga (Benth.) Taub.
Derris ovalifolia (Wight & Arn.) "Benth., p.p."
Pongamia canarensis Dalzell
Leguminosae
37
Derris heyneana (Wight & Arn.) Benth.
SYNONYMS
Derris bakeri Thoth.
Derris heyneana var. paniculata Baker
Pongamia heyneana Wight & Arn.
Leguminosae
38
Derris trifoliata Lour.
SYNONYMS
Dalbergia heterophylla Willd.
Deguelia trifoliata (Lour.) Taub.
Deguelia uliginosa (Willd.) Baill.
Leguminosae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Deguelia uliginosa var. loureiri Benth.
Derris affinis Benth.
Derris floribunda Prain
Derris forsteniana Miq.
Derris heterophylla (Willd.) K.Heyne
Derris heteropylla (Willd.) Backer
Derris uliginosa (Willd.) Benth.
Galedupa uliginosa (Willd.) Roxb.
Pongamia madagascariensis Baker
Pongamia madagascariensis Bojer ex Oliver
Pongamia uliginosa (Willd.) DC.
Pterocarpus frutescens Blanco
Pterocarpus uliginosus Roxb.
Robinia uliginosa Willd.
39
Desmos viridiflorus Saff.
SYNONYMS
Unona viridiflora Bedd. [Illegitimate]
Annonaceae
40
Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume) Diels
SYNONYMS
Cebatha macrocarpa (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze
Cocculus glaucescens Blume
Cocculus macrocarpus Wight & Arn.
Diploclisia inclyta Miers
Diploclisia lepida Miers
Diploclisia macrocarpa (Wight & Arn.) Miers
Diploclisia pictinervis Miers
Menispermum glaucescens Spreng.
Sicyos peltatus Noronha
Menispermaceae
41
Elaeagnus conferta Roxb
SYNONYMS
Elaeagnus acuminata Link
Elaeagnus arborea Roxb.
Elaeagnus arborea var. dendroidea Schltdl.
Elaeagnus arborea var. maculata Servett.
Elaeagnus breyniastrum Fisch. ex Schltdl.
Elaeagnus conferta subsp. balansae Servett.
Elaeagnus conferta var. balansae (Servett.) Lecomte
Elaeagnus conferta var. calcuttensis Servett.
Elaeagnus conferta var. conferta
Elaeagnus conferta subsp. dendroidea (Schltdl.) Servett.
Elaeagnus conferta subsp. javanica (Blume) Servett.
Elaeagnus conferta var. maculata (Servett.) D.Basu
Elaeagnus conferta var. malaccensis Servett.
Elaeagnus conferta var. mekongensis Lecomte
Elaeagnus conferta var. menghaiensis W.K.Hu & H.F.Chow
Elaeagnus conferta subsp. mollis Servett.
Elaeagnaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Elaeagnus conferta var. mollis (Servett.) Lecomte
Elaeagnus conferta var. septentrionalis Servett.
Elaeagnus conferta var. silhetensis Servett.
Elaeagnus dendroidea (Schltdl.) Schltdl.
Elaeagnus gaudichaudiana Schltdl.
Elaeagnus grandifolia Bojer ex Schltdl.
Elaeagnus gussoni Gasp.
Elaeagnus javanica Blume
Elaeagnus kologa Schltdl.
Elaeagnus nepalensis Salm-Dyck
Elaeagnus spadicea Savi
Elaeagnus wallichiana Schltdl.
42
Embelia basaal (Roem. & Schult.) A.DC. is an unresolved name
Primulaceae
43
Embelia ribes Burm.f.
SYNONYMS
Antidesma grossularia Raeusch.
Antidesma ribes (Burm.f.) Raeusch.
Ardisia tenuiflora Blume
Calispermum scandens Lam.
Embelia burmanni Retz.
Embelia dentata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid]
Embelia garciniifolia Wall. ex Ridl.
Embelia glandulifera Wight
Embelia indica J.F.Gmel.
Embelia paniculata Moon
Embelia ribes var. ribes
Embelia ribes subsp. ribes
Embelia sumatrana Miq.
Ribesiodes ribes (Burm. f.) Kuntze
Samara ribes (Burm. f.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kurz
Primulaceae
44
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A.DC.
SYNONYMS
Ardisia basaal Roem. & Schult.
Ardisia tsjeriam-cottam Roem. & Schult
Dauceria acuta Dennst.
Dauceria obtusa Dennst.
Embelia ferruginea Wall. ex A.DC.
Embelia robusta Roxb.
Embelia robusta var. ferruginea (Wall. ex A.DC.) C.B.Clarke
Embelia sootepensis var. thorelii Pit.
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam var. ferruginea (Wall. ex A.DC.) Harid. & R.R.Rao
Embelia tsjeriamcottam var. ferruginea (A. DC.) Larsen & C.M. Hu
Embelia villosa Wall.
Embelia villosa A.DC. [Illegitimate]
Pattara acuta Raf.
Pattara basal Raf.
Ribesiodes robustum (Roxb.) Kuntze
Primulaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Samara picta Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.
Samara robusta Benth. & Hook.f. ex Kurz
45
Entada rheedii Spreng.
SYNONYMS
Acacia scandens auct. non Willd.
Adenanthera gogo Blanco
Entada gigalobium "sensu auct., p.p."
Entada gigas G.C.C.Gilbert & Boutique
Entada gogo (Blanco) I.M.Johnst.
Entada monostachya DC.
Entada phaseoloides sensu auct.
Entada pursaetha DC.
Entada pusaetha DC. [Spelling variant]
Entada rheedei Spreng. [Spelling variant]
Entada rheedii subsp. rheedii
Entada scandens sensu auct.
Entada scheffleri Ridl.
Mimosa entada L.
Leguminosae
46
Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.
SYNONYMS
Epipremnum angustilobum K.Krause
Epipremnum elegans Engl.
Epipremnum elegans f. ternatensis Alderw.
Epipremnum formosanum Hayata
Epipremnum glaucicephalum Elmer [Invalid]
Epipremnum merrillii Engl. & K.Krause
Epipremnum mirabile Schott
Epipremnum mirabile f. eperforatum Engl.
Epipremnum mirabile f. multisectum Engl.
Epipremnum pinnatum f. multisectum (Engl.) Engl.
Epipremnum robinsonii K.Krause
Monstera caudata (Roxb.) Schott
Monstera dilacerata (K.Koch & Sello) K.Koch
Monstera pinnata (L.) Schott
Philodendron dilaceratum Engl.
Philodendron nechodomae Britton
Polypodium laciniatum Burm.f.
Pothos caudatus Roxb.
Pothos decursivus Wall. [Illegitimate]
Pothos pinnatifidus Roxb.
Pothos pinnatus L.
Rhaphidophora caudata (Roxb.) Schott
Rhaphidophora cunninghamii Schott
Rhaphidophora dilacerata (K.Koch & Sello) K.Koch
Rhaphidophora formosana (Hayata) M.Hotta [Illegitimate]
Rhaphidophora laciniata (Burm.f.) Merr.
Rhaphidophora lovellae F.M.Bailey
Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl.
Araceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Rhaphidophora neocaledonica Guillaumin
Rhaphidophora pertusa var. vitiensis (Schott) Engl.
Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.) Schott
Rhaphidophora pinnatifida (Roxb.) Schott
Rhaphidophora vitiensis Schott
Rhaphidophora wallichii Schott
Scindapsus bipinnatifidus Teijsm. & Binn.
Scindapsus caudatus (Roxb.) Schott
Scindapsus decursivus Moritzi [Illegitimate]
Scindapsus dilaceratus K.Koch & Sello
Scindapsus forsteri Endl.
Scindapsus pinnatifidus (Roxb.) Schott
Scindapsus pinnatus (L.) Schott
Tornelia dilacerata (K.Koch & Sello) Schott
47
Erycibe paniculata Roxb. is an unresolved name
Convolvulaceae
48
Erythropalum scandens Blume
SYNONYMS
Dactylium vagum Griff.
Decastrophia inconspicua Griff.
Erythropalum grandifolium Elmer
Erythropalum populifolium Mast.
Erythropalum vagum (Griff.) Mast.
Mackaya populifolia Arn.
Modeccopsis vaga Griff.
Passiflora heyneana Wall.
Olacaceae
49
Gardneria ovata Wall.
SYNONYMS
Gardneria wallichii Wight ex Wall.
Loganiaceae
50
Getonia floribunda Roxb.
SYNONYMS
Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Lam. ex Poir.
Calycopteris nutans (Roxb.) Kurz
Calycopteris nutans var. glabriuscula Kurz
Calycopteris nutans var. roxburghii Kurz
Combretum sericeum (Walp.) Wall. ex C.B. Clarke
Getonia nitida Roth
Getonia nutans Roxb.
Poivrea sericea Walp.
Combretaceae
51
Gnetum ula Brongn.
SYNONYMS
Gnetum pyrifolium Miq. ex Parl. [Invalid]
Gnetaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
52
Grewia carpinifolia Juss.
SYNONYMS
Grewia biflora G.Don
Grewia rautanenii Schinz
Grewia rhamnifolia Roth [Illegitimate]
Vinticena carpinifolia (Juss.) Burret
Malvaceae
53
Grewia umbellifera Bedd.
Malvaceae
54
Hippocratea bourdillenii Gamble is an unresolved name
Hippocrateaceae
55
Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz
SYNONYMS
Banisteria benghalensis L.
Gaertnera obtusifolia Roxb.
Hiptage benghalensis var. benghalensis
Hiptage javanica Blume
Malpighiaceae
56
Hugonia ferruginea Wight & Arn. is an unresolved name
Linaceae
57
Jasminum azoricum L.
SYNONYMS
Jasminum azoricum mult. auct., non L.
Jasminum suaveolens Salisb. [Illegitimate]
Jasminum trifoliatum Moench [Illegitimate]
Oleaceae
58
Jasminum brevilobum DC.
SYNONYMS
Jasminum brevilobum var. mollissimum Wall. ex DC.
Jasminum mollissimum Wall. ex DC. [Invalid]
Jasminum nilagiricum Hohen. ex C.B.Clarke [Invalid]
Oleaceae
59
Jasminum coarctatum Roxb.
SYNONYMS
Jasminum bracteatum Wall. [Invalid]
Jasminum coarctatum var. coarctatum
Jasminum exsertum Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid]
Jasminum hirsutum Wall. [Invalid]
Jasminum latifolium Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid]
Jasminum reticulatum Wall. & G.Don
Jasminum rigidum Thwaites
Jasminum rottlerianum Wall. ex DC.
Jasminum rottlerianum var. glabrior C.B.Clarke
Jasminum rottlerianum var. thwaitesii C.B.Clarke
Oleaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
60
Jasminum malabaricum Wight
Oleaceae
61
Jasminum scandens (Retz.) Vahl
SYNONYMS
Jasminum laetum Wall. ex G.Don
Jasminum sambac var. scandens (Retz.) Kuntze
Jasminum scandens var. laetum (Wall. ex G.Don) Kurz
Mogorium scandens (Retz.) Lam.
Nyctanthes scandens Retz.
Oleaceae
62
Kunstleria keralensis C.N.Mohanan & N.C.Nair
Leguminosae
63
Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.
Apocynaceae
64
Loeseneriella arnottiana (Wight) A.C. Sm.
SYNONYM
Hippocratea arnottiana Wight
Celastraceae
65
Loeseneriella bourdillonii (Gamble) Ramamoorthy is an unresolved name
Celastraceae
66
Lonicera ligustrina Wall.
SYNONYMS
Lonicera buxifolia H. Lév.
Lonicera ligustrina var. ligustrina
Lonicera ligustrina subsp. ligustrina
Lonicera missionis H. Lév.
Lonicera virgultorum W.W. Sm.
Lonicera wightianum Wall.
Xylosteon ligustrinum (Wall.) D. Don
Caprifoliaceae
67
Luvunga sarmentosa Kurz is an unresolved name
Rutaceae
68
Millettia rubiginosa Wight & Arn.
Leguminosae
69
Millettia splendens Wight & Arn.
Leguminosae
70
Moullava spicata (Dalzell) Nicolson
SYNONYMS
Caesalpinia spicata Dalzell
Wagatea spicata (Dalzell) Wight
Leguminosae
71
Mussaenda frondosa L.
Rubiaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
SYNONYMS
Gardenia frondosa (L.) Lam.
Mussaenda belilla Buch.-Ham.
Mussaenda dovinia Buch.-Ham.
Mussaenda flavescens Buch.-Ham.
Mussaenda formosa L. [Illegitimate]
Mussaenda fruticosa L.
Mussaenda ingrata Wall. ex Hook.f.
Mussaenda macrophylla Kurz [Illegitimate]
Mussaenda sumatrensis B.Heyne ex Roth
Mussaenda tomentosa Wight ex Hook.f. [Invalid]
Mussaenda villosa Schltdl. ex Hook.f. [Illegitimate]
72
Myxopyrum smilacifolium (Wall.) Blume
SYNONYMS
Chionanthus smilacifolius Wall.
Chondrospermum laurifolium Voigt
Chondrospermum smilacifolium (Wall.) Wall.
Ligustrum laurifolium Roxb. [Invalid]
Myxopyrum ellipticilimbum H.T.Chang
Myxopyrum serratulum A.W.Hill
Myxopyrum smilacifolium var. ilicifolium Kurz
Myxopyrum smilacifolium subsp. smilacifolium
Oleaceae
73
Olax scandens Roxb. is an unresolved name
SYNONYMS
Fissilia psittacorum Lam.
Roxburghia baccata K.D.Koenig ex Roxb.
Olacaceae
74
Opilia amentacea Roxb.
SYNONYMS
Opilia amentacea var. tomentella Oliv.
Opilia angiensis De Wild.
Opilia celtidifolia (Guill. & Perr.) Endl. ex Walp.
Opilia celtidifolia var. sphaerocarpa Chiov.
Opilia celtidifolia var. tomentella (Oliv.) G.Ll.Lucas
Opilia fragrans Elmer
Opilia javanica Miq.
Opilia pentitdis Blume
Opilia ruwenzoriensis De Wild.
Opilia senegalensis Baill. [Illegitimate]
Opilia thorelii Gagnep.
Opilia tomentella (Oliv.) Engl.
Pentitdis scandens Zipp. ex Blume [Invalid]
Tetanosia olacioides (Wight & Arn.) M.Roem.
Opiliaceae
75
Oxyceros rugulosus (Thwaites) Tirveng.
Rubiaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
SYNONYMS
Aidia rugulosa (Thwaites) Swamin.
Griffithia rugulosa Thwaites
Randia rugulosa (Thwaites) Hook.f.
Randia rugulosa (Thwaites) Bedd.
76
Paramignya armata Oliv. is an unresolved name
SYNONYM
Arthromischus armatus Thwaites
Rutaceae
77
Paramignya monophylla Wight is an unresolved name
SYNONYMS
Atalantia correae Guillaumin
Atalantia scandens (Griff.) Engl.
Micromelum monophyllum Wight
Rutaceae
78
Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb.
SYNONYMS
Aganosma concanensis Hook.
Aganosma laevigata (Moon) J.Graham
Apocynum reticulatum L.
Apocynum reticulatum Lour.
Apocynum vincifolium Burm.f.
Chaetosus volubilis Benth.
Cudicia trichotoma Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn
Echites laevigatus Moon
Echites spiralis Blanco
Helicandra sinensis Hook. & Arn.
Heligme javanica (Blume) Blume
Heligme korthalsiana Miq.
Heligme minahassae Teijsm. & Binn.
Heligme rheedei Wight [Illegitimate]
Heligme spiralis (Wall. ex G.Don) Thwaites
Helyga javanica Blume
Lyonsia sumatrana Ridl.
Lyonsia viridiflora F.M.Bailey
Parsonsia acuminata Wall. [Invalid]
Parsonsia aterinervia Elmer [Invalid]
Parsonsia confusa Merr.
Parsonsia cumingiana A.DC.
Parsonsia helicandra Hook. & Arn.
Parsonsia howii Tsiang
Parsonsia javanica (Blume) K.Schum. [Illegitimate]
Parsonsia korthalsiana (Miq.) Boerl.
Parsonsia kunstleri King & Gamble
Parsonsia laevigata (Moon) Alston
Parsonsia longipedunculata Merr.
Parsonsia magnifolia Elmer
Parsonsia minahassae (Teijsm. & Binn.) Koord.
Parsonsia momiensis Kaneh. & Hatus.
Apocynaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Parsonsia oblancifolia Merr.
Parsonsia oblonga Wall. ex G.Don
Parsonsia oblongifolia Merr.
Parsonsia panniculata Pichon
Parsonsia pauciflora Wall. [Invalid]
Parsonsia reticulata (L.) Woodson
Parsonsia rheedei Fern.-Vill. [Illegitimate]
Parsonsia spiralis Wall. ex G.Don
Parsonsia spiralis Vidal [Illegitimate]
Periploca alboflavescens Dennst.
Spirostemon spiralis Griff.
79
Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross
SYNONYM
Polygonum chinense L.
Polygonaceae
80
Piper argyrophyllum Miq. is an unresolved name
Piperaceae
81
Piper hymenophyllum (Miq.) Wight is an unresolved name
SYNONYM
Artanthe hymenophylla Miq.
Piperaceae
82
Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
SYNONYM
Piper guigual Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
Piperaceae
83
Piper nigrum L.
SYNONYM
Muldera multinervis Miq.
Piperaceae
84
Piper schmidtii Hook.f. is an unresolved name
Piperaceae
85
Piper trichostachyon (Miq.) C. DC.
SYNONYM
Muldera trichostachya Miq.
Piperaceae
86
Pothos scandens L.
SYNONYMS
Batis hermaphrodita Blanco
Podospadix angustifolia Raf.
Pothos angustifolius Reinw. ex Miq. [Illegitimate]
Pothos angustifolius (Raf.) C.Presl
Pothos chapelieri Schott
Araceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Pothos cognatus Schott
Pothos decipiens Schott
Pothos exiguiflorus Schott
Pothos fallax Schott
Pothos hermaphroditus (Blanco) Merr.
Pothos horsfieldii Miq.
Pothos leptospadix de Vriese
Pothos longifolius C.Presl
Pothos microphyllus C.Presl
Pothos scandens f. angustior Engl.
Pothos scandens var. cognatus (Schott) Engl.
Pothos scandens var. helferianus Engl.
Pothos scandens var. sumatranus de Vriese
Pothos scandens var. zeylanicus de Vriese
Pothos scandens var. zollingerianus (Schott) Engl.
Pothos zollingeri Engl. [Spelling variant]
Pothos zollingeri Schott
Pothos zollingerianus Schott
Tapanava indica Raf.
Tapanava rheedei Hassk.
87
Premna coriacea C.B.Clarke
SYNONYMS
Gumira coriacea (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze
Premna cordifolia Wight [Illegitimate]
Premna coriacea var. coriacea
Lamiaceae
88
Pseudaidia speciosa (Bedd.) Tirveng.
SYNONYMS
Aidia rugulosa var. speciosa (Bedd.) Swamin.
Griffithia speciosa Bedd.
Randia rugulosa var. speciosa Hook.f.
Rubiaceae
89
Quisqualis malabarica Bedd.
SYNONYM
Quisqualis indica Blanco
Combretaceae
90
Rhamnus wightii Wight & Arn. is an unresolved name
SYNONYM
Ceanothus wightianus Wall. [Invalid]
Rhamnaceae
91
Rosa leschenaultiana (Redout‚ & Thory) Wight & Arn.
SYNONYMS
Rosa sempervirens var. leschenaultiana Redout‚ & Thory
Rosa wallichii Sabine
Rosaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
92
Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Alston
SYNONYMS
Aegiceras minus Gaertn.
Cnestis acuminata Wall. [Invalid]
Cnestis erecta Blanco
Cnestis florida Jack
Cnestis glabra Blanco
Cnestis monadelpha DC.
Connarus roxburghii Hook. & Arn.
Connarus santaloides Vahl
Rhizophora aegiceras C.F.Gaertn.
Rourea afselii R.Br. ex Planch.
Rourea bamangensis De Wild.
Rourea bipindensis Gilg ex G. Schellenb.
Rourea erecta Merr.
Rourea gudjuana Gilg
Rourea platysepala Baker
Rourea santaloides (Vahl) Wight & Arn.
Rourea splendida Gilg
Santaloides afzelii (R.Br. ex Planch.) G.Schellenb.
Santaloides erectum (Blanco) G. Schellenb.
Santaloides floridum (Jack) Kuntze
Santaloides gossweileri Exell & Mendonça
Santaloides gudjuanum (Gilg) G.Schellenb.
Santaloides minus (Gaertn.) G. Schellenb.
Santaloides platysepalum (Baker) G. Schellenb.
Santaloides roxburghii (Hook. & Arn.) Kuntze
Santaloides splendidum (Gilg) G.Schellenb.
Santaloides splendidum (Gilg) Schellenb. ex Engl.
Santaloides urophyllum G. Schellenb.
Connaraceae
93
Rubus ellipticus Sm.
SYNONYM
Rubus ellipticus var. ellipticus
Rosaceae
94
Rubus micropetalus Gardner is an unresolved name
Rosaceae
95
Rubus niveus Thunb.
SYNONYMS
Dyctisperma lasiocarpus (Sm.) Raf. ex B.D.Jacks.
Rubus albescens Roxb.
Rubus bonatii H.L‚v.
Rubus distans D.Don
Rubus donianus Spreng.
Rubus foliolosus D.Don
Rubus godongensis Y.Gu & W.L.Li
Rubus incanus Sasaki ex T.S.Liu & T.Y.Yang
Rosaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
Rubus lasiocarpus Sm.
Rubus lasiocarpus var. micranthus (D.Don) Hook.f.
Rubus longistylus H.L‚v.
Rubus micranthus D.Don
Rubus mysorensis B.Heyne
Rubus niveus var. niveus
Rubus pinnatus D.Don
Rubus pyi H.L‚v.
Rubus tongtchouanensis H.L‚v.
96
Rubus racemosus Roxb. is an unresolved name
Rosaceae
97
Rubus rugosus Sm. is an unresolved name
SYNONYM
Cumbata villosa Raf.
Rosaceae
98
Salacia beddomei Gamble is an unresolved name
Celastraceae
99
Salacia chinensis L.
SYNONYMS
Salacia prinoides (Willd.) DC.
Tontelea prinoides Willd.
Celastraceae
100
Salacia fruticosa Wall. is an unresolved name
Celastraceae
101
Salacia malabarica Gamble is an accepted name
Celastraceae
102
Sarcostigma kleinii Wight & Arn.
SYNONYMS
Chailletia edulis Kurz
Sarcostigma edule Kurz
Sarcostigma horsfieldii R.Br.
Sarcostigma wallichii Baill.
Icacinaceae
103
Schefflera stellata (Gaertn.) Baill.
SYNONYMS
Hedera terebinthinacea Vahl
Hedera vahlii Thwaites [Illegitimate]
Heptapleurum acutangulum Gaertn.
Heptapleurum stellatum Gaertn.
Paratropia terebinthinacea (Vahl) Arn.
Araliaceae
104
Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arn.) Harms
Araliaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
SYNONYMS
Heptapleurum venulosum (Wight & Arn.) Seem.
Paratropia venulosa Wight & Arn.
Schefflera elliptica var. obliquinervia (Gamble) Karthik. & Moorthy
Schefflera venulosa var. obliquinervia Gamble
105
Schefflera wallichiana (Wight & Arn.) Harms
SYNONYMS
Aralia wallichiana (Wight & Arn.) D.Dietr.
Heptapleurum wallichianum (Wight & Arn.) Seem.
Paratropia wallichiana Wight & Arn.
Araliaceae
106
Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz
SYNONYMS
Adolia capensis Kuntze
Adolia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kuntze
Blepetalon aculeatum Raf.
Catha zeylanica G.Don
Ceanothus capensis DC.
Ceanothus circumscissus Gaertn.
Ceanothus circumscissus var. pauciflorus DC.
Ceanothus zeyhanicus B.Heyne ex Roth
Celastrus zeylanicus Roth
Rhamnus circumscissa L. f.
Rhamnus myrtina Burm.f.
Scutia capensis f. obcordata (Boivin & Tul.) Radlk.
Scutia circumcissa (L. f.) W. Theob.
Scutia commersonii Brongn.
Scutia eberhardtii Tardieu
Scutia obcordata Boivin & Tul.
Ziziphus capensis Thunb. ex Poir.
Rhamnaceae
107
Smilax perfoliata Lour.
SYNONYMS
Smilax annamensis Rendle
Smilax laurina Kunth
Smilax prolifera Roxb.
Smilax siamensis T.Koyama
Smilacaceae
108
Spatholobus parviflorus (DC.) Kuntze
SYNONYMS
Butea parviflora DC.
Butea parviflora Roxb.
Butea sericophylla Wall.
Spatholobus roxburghii Benth.
Spatholobus roxburghii var. denudatus Baker
Spatholobus roxburghii var. platycarpus Baker
Leguminosae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
109
Sphenodesme involucrata var. paniculata (C.B.Clarke) Munir
SYNONYM
Sphenodesme paniculata C.B.Clarke
Lamiaceae
110
Strychnos aenea A.W.Hill is an unresolved name
Loganiaceae
111
Strychnos colubrina L. is an unresolved name
Loganiaceae
112
Strychnos dalzellii C.B.Clarke is an unresolved name
Loganiaceae
113
Strychnos vanprukii Craib is an unresolved name
Loganiaceae
114
Strychnos wallichiana Steud. ex A. DC.
SYNONYMS
Strychnos bourdillonii Brandis
Strychnos cinnamomifolia Thwaites
Strychnos cinnamomifolia var. wightii A.W. Hill
Strychnos cirrhosa Stokes
Strychnos gauthierana Pierre ex Dop
Strychnos pierriana A.W. Hill
Strychnos rheedei C.B. Clarke
Strychnos tubiflora A.W. Hill
Loganiaceae
115
Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston
SYNONYMS
Cissus leucostaphyla Dennst.
Vitis leucostaphylum (Dennst.) B.D. Jacks.
Vitaceae
116
Tetrastigma muricatum (Wall.) Gamble
SYNONYM
Vitis muricata Wall.
Vitaceae
117
Tetrastigma sulcatum (P. Lawson) Gamble
SYNONYM
Vitis sulcata P. Lawson
Vitaceae
118
Thunbergia mysorensis (Wight) T.Anderson
SYNONYM
Hexacentris mysorensis Wight
Acanthaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
119
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.
SYNONYMS
Aralia labordei H.Lév.
Cranzia aculeata (Sm.) Oken
Cranzia asiatica (L.) Kuntze
Cranzia nitida Kuntze
Limonia oligandra Dalzell
Paullinia asiatica L.
Rubentia angustifolia Bojer ex Steud.
Scopolia aculeata Sm.
Scopolia angustifolia Spreng.
Toddalia aculeata (Sm.) Pers.
Toddalia angustifolia Lam.
Toddalia asiatica var. floribunda (Wall.) Kurz
Toddalia asiatica var. gracilis Gamble
Toddalia asiatica var. obtusifolia Gamble
Toddalia floribunda Wall.
Toddalia nitida Lam.
Toddalia rubricaulis Roem. & Schult.
Toddalia tonkinensis Guillaumin
Zanthoxylum floribundum Wall.
Rutaceae
120
Tylophora ovata (Lindl.) Hook. ex Steud.
SYNONYMS
Diplolepis ovata Lindl.
Tylophora atrofolliculata F.P. Metcalf
Tylophora hispida Decne.
Tylophora hispida var. brownii Hayata
Tylophora jacquemontii Decne.
Tylophora lanyuensis Liu & Lu
Tylophora mollissima Wall. ex Wight
Tylophora ovata var. ovata
Tylophora panzhutenga Z.Y. Zhu
Apocynaceae
121
Uvaria narum (Dunal) Blume is an unresolved name
Annonaceae
122
Uvaria zeylanica L. is an unresolved name
SYNONYMS
Guatteria malabarica Dunal
Guatteria montana DC.
Waria seylanica Aubl.
Annonaceae
123
Ventilago bombaiensis Dalzell is an unresolved name
SYNONYM
Smythea bombaiensis (Dalzell) S.P.Banerjee & P.K.Mukh.
Rhamnaceae
Liana species of the Western Ghats of India
Family
124
Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn.
Rhamnaceae
125
Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Tutcher
SYNONYM
Zanthoxylum ovalifolium var. ovalifolium
Rutaceae
126
Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill.2
SYNONYM
Rhamnus oenopolia L.
Rhamnaceae
2
The name of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. (mentioned here) is spelt without the “o” as Ziziphus oenoplia
(L.) Mill. in India Biodiversity Portal (http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/32385)
List of lianas present in the Western Ghats of India based on the publications cited in this report.
Species
1
Aganosma cymosa (Roxb.) G. Don
2
Alangium salvifolium (L.f) Wang. var. hexapetalum Wang.
3
Allophylus concanicus Radlk.
4
Allophylus serratus (Roxb.) Kurz
5
Ampelocissus eriocladus (Wight & Arn.) Planch.
6
Anamirta cocculus Wt.&Arn
7
Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex Graham
8
Anodendron rhinosporum Thw.
9
Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook.f. & Thoms.
10
Baeolepsis nervosa
11
Bauhinia anguina Roxb.
12
Bauhinia phoenicea Heyne ex Wt. & Arn.
13
Beaumontia jerdoniana Wt.
14
Butea parviflora Roxb.
15
Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb.
16
Calamus gamblei Becc.
These 4 species of Calamus sp. have
not been taken into accont because
these are not strictly lianas, but rattan.
17
Calamus gamblei Becc.ex Becc. & Hook.f.
18
Calamus pseudo-tenuis Beccari ex Beccari & Hook.f.
19
Calamus thwaitesii var. canarana Becc. & J.D. Hook
20
Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Poir
21
Canthium angustifolium Roxb.
22
Canthium rheedii DC.
23
Capparis moonii Wight
24
Carissa inermis Vahl.
25
Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Juss. ex Gagnep.
26
Celastrus paniculatus Willd.
27
Chilocarpus atrovirens (G.Don) Bl.
28
Chilocarpus denudatus Bl.
29
Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston
30
Cissampelopsis walkeri (Arn.) C.Jeffrey & Y.L.Chen
31
Combretum latifolium Bl.
32
Connarus ritchiei J.Hk
33
Connarus sclerocarpus (Wight & Arn.) Schellenb.
34
Connarus sclerocarpus Schellenb.
35
Connarus wightii J,Hk.
36
Coscinium fenestratum Colebr.
37
Cosmostigma racemosum (Roxb.) Wight
38
Croton caudatus Geiseler
39
Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabber.
40
Decaloba leschenaultii (DC.)
41
Derris benthamii (Thw.) Thw.
42
Derris benthamii (Thw.) Thw.var. benthamii
43
Derris brevipes (Benth.) Baker
44
Derris canarensis (Dalz) Baker;
45
Derris heyneana (Wight & Arn.) Benth.
46
Derris thyrsiflora Benth. var. eualata (Bedd) Thoth.
47
Derris trifoliata Lour.
48
Diploclisia glaucescens (B1)Diels.
49
Dregea volubilis
50
Ehretia canarensis (Clarke) Gamble
51
Elaeagnus conferta Roxb.
52
Embelia basaal A.DC.
53
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam
54
Entada pursaetha DC. (Fabaceae)
55
Erycibe paniculata Roxb.
56
Erythropalum populifolium (Arn.) Mast.
57
Gardneria ovata Wall.
58
Gnetum ula Brongn.
59
Grewia rhamnifolia Heyne ex Roth
60
Grewia umbellifera Bedd.
61
Hippocratea bourdillonii Gamble
62
Hiptage benghalensis Kurz
63
Hugonia ferruginea
64
Jasminum azoricum L.
65
Jasminum brevilobum DC.
66
Jasminum malabaricum Wt.
67
Jasminum rottlerianum Wall. ex A.DC.
68
Jasminum scandens Vahl
69
Kunstleria keralensis Mohanan & N. C. Nair
70
Leptadenia reticulata Wt. & Arn.
71
Loeseneriella arnottiana (Gamble) Ramam.
72
Loeseneriella bourdillonii (Wt)Smith;
73
Lonicera ligustrina Wall.
74
Luvunga sarmentosa (Blume) Kurz
75
Meiogyne lawii
76
Mezoneuron cucullatum (Roxb.) Wt. & Arn. is now Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb.
77
Millettia rubiginosa Wt& Arn.
78
Millettia splendens Wt&Arn.
79
Mimosa intsia L.
80
Moullava spicata (Dalz.) Nicolson
81
Mussaenda belilla Buch.-Ham.
82
Myxopyrum serratulum A.W. Hill
83
Myxopyrum smilacifolium B1
84
Olax scandens Roxb.
85
Opilia amentacea Roxb.
86
Paramignya armata (Thw.) Oliver
87
Paramignya monophylla Wight
88
Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabberley
89
Passiflora leschenaultii
90
Piper argyrophyllum
91
Piper hymenophyllum
92
Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham.ex D. Don
93
Piper nigrum L.
94
Piper schmidtii
95
Piper trichostachyon
96
Polygonum chinense L.
97
Pothos scandens L.
98
Premna coriacea Cl.
99
Pseudaidia rugulosa var. rugulosa
100
Pseudaidia speciosa (Bedd.) Tirveng.
101
Quisqualis malabarica Bedd.
102
Randia rugulosa (Thw.) J.Hk.
103
Raphidophora laciniata (N. Burm.) Merrill
104
Rhamnus wightii
105
Rhaphidophora laciniata (Burm.f.) Men.
106
Rosa leschenaultiana
107
Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Alston
108
Rourea santaloides Wight & Arn.
109
Rubus ellipticus Smith
110
Rubus micropetalus Gard.
111
Rubus niveus
112
Rubus racemosus
113
Rubus rugosus
114
Salacia beddomei Gamble
115
Salacia chinensis L.
116
Salacia fruticosa Lawson
117
Salacia malabarica Gamble
118
Sarcostigma kleinii Wt. & Arn.
119
Schefflera stellata Harms
120
Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arn.) Harms
121
Schefflera wallichiana Harms
122
Scutia myrtina Kurz.
123
Smilax perfoliata Lour.
124
Spatholobus roxburghii Benth.
125
Sphenodesme paniculata DC.
126
Strychnos aenea A. W.Hill;
127
Strychnos colubrina L.
128
Strychnos dalzellii C.B. Clarke
129
Strychnos vanprukii Craib
130
Strychnos wallichiana Steud ex DC.
131
Tetrastigma leucostaphylum
132
Tetrastigma muricatum Gamble
133
Tetrastigma sulcatum (Lawson) Gamble
134
Thunbergia mysorensis T. And.
135
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.
136
Tylophora ovata
137
Unona viridiflora Bedd.
138
Uvaria narum (Dunal) Wt. & Arn.
139
Uvaria zeylanica L.
140
Ventilago bombaiensis Dalz.
141
Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn.
142
Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Wight
143
Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.
1
Acanthaceae
1
2
Alangiaceae
1
3
Ancistrocladaceae
1
4
Asclepiadaceae
1
5
Capparaceae
1
6
Caprifoliaceae
1
7
Compositae
1
8
Convolvulaceae
1
9
Elaeagnaceae
1
10
Euphorbiaceae
1
11
Gnetaceae
1
12
Hippocrateaceae
1
13
Icacinaceae
1
14
Linaceae
1
15
Malpighiaceae
1
16
Opiliaceae
1
17
Passifloraceae
1
18
Polygonaceae
1
19
Smilacaceae
1
20
Araceae
2
21
Lamiaceae
2
22
Malvaceae
2
23
Olacaceae
2
24
Sapindaceae
2
25
Araliaceae
3
26
Combretaceae
3
27
Connaraceae
3
28
Menispermaceae
3
29
Primulaceae
3
30
Annonaceae
4
31
Rhamnaceae
5
32
Rubiaceae
5
33
Rutaceae
5
34
Vitaceae
5
35
Loganiaceae
6
36
Oleaceae
6
37
Piperaceae
6
38
Rosaceae
6
39
Celastraceae
7
40
Apocynaceae
10
41
Leguminosae
17
References
Davidar, P., Mohandass, D. and Vijayan, L. (2007). Floristic inventory of woody plants in a tropical montane
(shola) forest in the Palni hills of the Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology, 48: 15-25.
Krishnamani, R. (2002). Phyto-ecology of the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) habitats in southern India.
Ph.D thesis, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. (Available at: https://www.thesica.org/phd-
theses/biology/7-phyto-ecology-of-the-lion-tailed-macaque-macaca-silenus-habitats-in-southern-india)
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2502.9603
Mhaskar, M., Joshi, S., Chavan, B., Joglekar. A., Barve, N. and Patwardhan, A. (2011). Status of Embelia
ribes Burm f. (Vidanga), an important medicinal species of commerce from northern Western Ghats of
India. Current Science, 100: 547-552.
Mohandass, D. and Davidar, P. (2014). Floristic composition and reproductive traits of lianas in shola forests
of the Nilgiri Mountains, Western Ghats, India. International Journal of Science and Nature, 5: 131-140.
Mohandass, D., Davidar, P., Somasundaram, S., Vijayan, L. and Beng, K. C. (2015). Influence of disturbance
regime on liana species composition, density and basal area in the tropical montane evergreen forests
(sholas) of the Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology, 56: 169-182.
Mohandass, D., Hughes, A. C., Campbell, M. and Davidar, P. (2014). Effects of patch size on liana diversity
and distributions in the tropical montane evergreen forests of the Nilgiri Mountains, southern India.
Journal of Tropical Ecology, 30: 579–590.
Muthuramkumar, S. and Parthasarathy, N. (2000). Alpha diversity of lianas in a tropical evergreen forest in
the Anamalais, Western Ghats, India. Diversity and Distributions, 6: 1–14.
Muthuramkumar, S. and Parthasarathy, N. (2001). Tree-liana relationships in a tropical evergreen forest at
Varagalaiar, Anamalais, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 17: 395–409.
Muthuramkumar, S., Ayyappan, N., Parthasarathy, N., Mudappa, D., Raman, T. R. S., Selwyn, M.A. and
Pragasan, L. A. (2006). Plant community structure in tropical rain forest fragments of the Western Ghats,
India. Biotropica, 38: 143–160.
Padaki, A. and Parthasarathy, N. (2000). Abundance and distribution of lianas in tropical lowland evergreen
forest of Agumbe, central Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology, 41: 143–154.
Parthasarathy, N., Muthuramkumar, S. and Reddy, M. S. (2001). Patterns of liana diversity in tropical
evergreen forests of peninsular India. Forest Ecology and Management, 190: 15–31.
... Schefflera comprises lianoids or arboreal genera in the family Araliaceae [13]. Schefflera venulosa (W.&A.) ...
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LIANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LIANOID AND ARBOREAL SPECIES OF SCHEFFLERA FROM SOUTHERN INDIAANOID AND ARBOREAL SPECIES OF SCHEFFLERA FROM SOUTHERN INDIA
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2020
Objective: The genus Schefflera belongs to the family Araliaceae. The secondary metabolites of Schefflera include triterpene glycosides, oleanolic acid, and benzyl glycosides with proven biological activities. The objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial potentials of lianoid and arboreal Schefflera spp., from southern India. Methods: Schefflera venulosa, Schefflera stellata, and Schefflera racemosa were collected from the natural forests of Kodagu and Mysore regions of southern Karnataka. The plant parts such as stem bark, leaves, and inflorescence were dried, powdered and known quantity was subjected to Soxhlet extraction based on the solvent polarity. The solvent extracts from each of the species were subjected to preliminary antibacterial screening against five test bacterial strains, namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Klebsiella pneumoniae by agar disc diffusion method and the inhibition zones were measured. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC’s) were calculated for the positive extracts and represented. Results: Of the 30 solvent extracts tested, six solvent extracts showed antibacterial activity. The ethanol and ethyl acetate solvent extracts of all three plants showed positive results for antibacterial activity. The zone of inhibition against the bacterial test pathogens ranged from 6.00±0.00 to 15.00±0.00 mm against B. subtilis, E. aerogenes, S. pyogenes, and K. pneumoniae. The highest zones of inhibition were observed for S. racemosa leaf ethanol extract against B. subtilis, E. aerogenes, and S. pyogenes (10.00 mm to 15.00±0.00 mm). The MIC values of the positive extracts were 5.0 mg/ml in the leaf, flower ethanol, and stem bark ethyl acetate extracts of S. venulosa, leaf ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of S. stellata and the leaf ethanol extract from S. racemosa, respectively. Conclusion: Schefflera spp. from southern India possesses antibacterial potentials, which can be exploited pharmaceutically for potential health benefits against bacterial infections.
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Ethnomedicinal Uses of Climbers and Woody Lianas Species in Alluri Sitarama Raju District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Article
  • Oct 2022
The present study focused on the ethnomedicinal uses of climbers and woody lianas species in Chintapalli Mandal, Alluri sitarama Raju district, Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 60 climbing and woody lianas species belonging to 48 genera and 25 families were recorded in the ten study plots. Out of 25 families with regard to the number of species found within families, Apocynaceae was the most diverse climbing and woody lianas family in samples being represented by 13 species, followed by Convolvulaceae with (10 species), Fabaceae with (5 species), Vitaceae and Diascoriaceae with (4 species). Four families Aristolochiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rhamnaceae and Smilacaceae with (2 species). Sixteen Families were represented by single species. Lianas are even rich in the field of ethnomedicine having diverse group of active biomolecules.
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Medico Bio-wealth of India VOL VI
Book
Full-text available
  • Aug 2022
From last two to three decades, we are facing lots of infectious diseases and pandemic. It reveals that we are forgetting our traditional food, medicine and practices. People globally were consuming their food as per climates, seasons and landscapes, but due to urbanization adopting junk and unsuitable foods. The metallic life also leading to poor immunity and therefore, the documentation of such traditional plants having food and medicinal values associated with a particular boundary is the need of hour. Now also need the culture of – “Let food be the medicine and medicine be the food”. In this aspect, the published book chapters in the book entitled “Medico-Biowealth of India” Vol VI, will provide a baseline data for future advance research works in mitigating the contemporary health problems. I wish the book will be helpful to the researchers, academicians and intellectuals.
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Some common medicinal lianas of India
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Jul 2022
Lianas are abundantly available around the world. They are an indicator for healthy forest as they help in regeneration of forest, carbon sequestration, in understanding environmental and climatic changes. They play a vital role in forest ecosystems. They provide food for human beings and wildlife as well as used for medicinal purposes but lack of scientific knowledge is observed. Keeping this in view, an attempt has been to enumerate the common lianas of India to bring attention towards their importance. The chapter also highlights the medicinal values of some common lianas of the country.
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Phyto-ecology of the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) habitats in southern India
Thesis
Full-text available
  • Jan 2002
The causal factors for the very high species diversity in tropical rainforests have been the focus of ecological research for several decades. It has become obvious that the high tropical species diversity has three major components, local (often called α-diversity), regional (β-diversity), and landscape (γ-diversity). Contribution of each of these components to overall diversity might vary from place to place, and from taxon to taxon. The pattern of variation in plant diversity is of particular interest since this would have a profound impact of the distribution and abundance of sec -ondary consumers. In this study, I examine the nature and extent of spatial variation in the species diversity of woody plants in the rainforest of the Western Ghats mountain ranges in south India, one among the eight most threatened biodiversity hotspots of the world. I also examine whether the diversity of food trees of the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus), an endemic to the tropical rainforest of the Western Ghats and phylogenetically the ancestor of all extant Asian macaques, also show variation at different spatial scales that is similar to that of all wood plants. Since the phenology of plants also affects the secondary consumers, this issue is examined at one site. Although the Western Ghats mountain ranges extend over 1600 km, from 8°-21° N, this study was restricted to the tropical rainforest between 8°30' and 14°17' N within an altitudinal range of 100-1500 m, which formed the habitat of the lion-tailed macaque. The rainforest north of this is also heavily disturbed and highly fragmented. The variation in the woody plant community was examined primarily with reference to their species richness, density, and basal area. The above study area was divided into four zones, and plants were enumerated from 12 belt transects (250x10 m, 0.25 ha) in each zone, and 48 belt transects in total (12 ha). Species richness was examined at the plot level, as well as pooled at the zone level. Sorensen and Morisita-Horn’s indices of overlap were used as an indicator of species turnover at different spatial scales. The study was done from 1994 to 2000. There were totally 391 species, representing 210 genera and 64 plant families, with 5443 individual stems contributing to a basal area of 552.41 m2 in an area of 12 ha. The species richness varied from 14 to 51 with a mean of 35.02 species per plot. Although there was no latitudinal gradient in species per plot, zonal species richness showed decline from Zone 4 to 1. Species richness was correlated although weakly with altitude, as did density and basal area. The pristine rainforests in the southern Western Ghats are confined to the higher reaches and hence species richness is higher at higher altitude. This could explain the higher densities and basal areas also in higher altitudes. However, at altitudes higher than that sampled, this may not hold true. Many of the dominant plant families in the study area were dominant in other parts of the world. The girth-class frequencies decreased monotonically with an increasing girth classes that were in concordance with other studies in India and elsewhere. However, the percentage of woody plant species in the higher girth classes decreased from south to north. The distribution of most of the woody plant species (65.99%) was spatially clumped or aggregated while 22.25% were randomly and 11.76% were uniformly dispersed. Although, α-diversity (species/plot) did not vary among zones, β-diversity (between plots within a zone) was high in all the zones, especially in the southern part of the lion-tailed macaque habitat. The patterns exhibited by Sorenson and Morisita-Horn similarity indices were similar. The γ-diversity (between plots in different zones) was the highest between Zones 1 and 4, which was expected because they occupy the extreme limits of the lion-tailed macaque habitat. As is the case with any ecological study on plant communities, an estimate to determine the overall species richness including ‘missing species’ was attempted. Various recent models, which take into account turnover of species, were used to estimate this, and Harte’s Self-similarity model was selected as the best one. The estimated overall species richness of trees was 853 compared to 823 species that are currently known from the Western Ghats. However, this estimate is limited to the study area (8°30' and 14°17' N). In this study special attention was given to the plant species that are used by the lion-tailed macaque as a food resource. A total of 114 woody food species were recorded during the survey, compared to 218 species reported as food sources. The food species recorded formed 29.16% of all species recorded from all the zones. However, the lion-tailed macaque food-species formed 39.5% to 41.5% of the total species richness in each Zone. The food species richness was not correlated with altitude or latitude. The density and basal area of the lion-tailed macaque food-species for the entire habitat was 54.60% and 62.18% respectively. Unlike the species richness and density, the food species basal area was correlated with altitude and latitude, although the variance in basal area accounted for by these gradients was quite low. The Ficus (fig) densities were also calculated and it was found that their density decreased from north to south. Cullenia exarillata, an important food species, was dominant in the southern part of this macaque’s habitat, above 700 m. The flowers of this trees species, much favoured by these macaques, is available during periods of general fruit scarcity. This tree species could serve a pivotal role on these macaques and could be a limiting factor along with several Ficus species. Phenology of 584 trees from 129 woody plant species was monitored in a lowland rainforest of Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka for a period of 2 years, from 1997 to 1998. The presence/absence of vegetative and reproductive parts were recorded from 2 to 12 trees per species in two trails of 4 km and 12 km respectively. Phenological pattern was examined with reference to percentage of individual trees as well as species. The general fruiting patterns were more or less similar between years but that of the food species of the lion-tailed macaques were not. The fruiting of the food-species was more or less predictable although there was an inter-annual difference in fruiting. The eight Ficus species that were also monitored fruited in all the months of the years. The phenological pattern was similar between years for all species together. However, there was significant difference between years in the percentage of food species that fruited, showing that overall fruiting need not reflect food availability for a specialized frugivore like the lion-tailed macaque. The finding that, basal area of food trees show spatial variation is significant for the continued existence of the lion-tailed macaque. The areas best suited for these macaques, based on this parameter, are: Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu, Silent Valley National Park and Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala and Sharavathy Valley Wildlife Sanctuary and Kudremukha National Park and its adjacent areas in Karnataka. It is interesting to note that the rainforests of Madikeri (Coorg), although quite big (ca. 700 km2), have the lowest lion-tailed macaque densities and poaching could be the reason attributed to this. The rainforests in Western Ghats harbour very high species diversity. This is basically due to a very high β- and γ-diversity. Although α-diversity is also very high it is not correlated with latitude. Species richness decreased from the northern limit of the lion-tailed macaque to its southern limit. The food species richness of the lion-tailed macaque mirrored the general pattern. Higher girth classes were observed from the southern limit of this macaque’s habitat. Also available at: https://www.thesica.org/phd-theses/biology/7-phyto-ecology-of-the-lion-tailed-macaque-macaca-silenus-habitats-in-southern-india
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Status of Embelia ribes Burm f. (Vidanga), an important medicinal species of commerce from northern Western Ghats of India
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2011
  • CURR SCI INDIA
Embelia ribes is a red-listed medicinal plant species that contains embelin, which has wide clinical applications. Its great demand in Ayurveda and the pharmaceutical industry (> 100 t/yr) has imposed tremendous pressure on natural populations from the Western Ghats of India. In this study, we have prepared a distribution map of E. ribes for the northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra. Issues regarding misidentification, adulteration and the status of its trade with respect to its population decline have been critically discussed.
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FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF LIANAS IN SHOLA FORESTS OF THE NILGIRI MOUNTAINS, WESTERN GHATS, INDIA
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Full-text available
  • Mar 2014
The aim of the study is to describe liana diversity, floristic composition and reproductive traits among discrete patches of shola forests, Nilgiri Mountains, India. Samples were undertaken from 19 shola patches over > 2100m amsl. Sampling plots were laid 30 × 30 m randomly and subdivided into 10 × 10 m subplots. All liana individuals ≥1 cm dbh (diameter at breast height) were enumerated, identified, permanently tagged above 1.3 m from ground level with sequentially numbered aluminium tags from 127.78 plots (30m2 ) in 11.5 ha. A total of 1290 liana individuals belonging to 14 species in 10 genera and 9 families were recorded. The stem density per hectare was 112.2, basal area 4.98 m2 ha-1 and Fisher’s alpha was 2.98. Based on Importance Value Index (IVI), Elaeagnus conferta (65.4%) ranked first dominant species followed by Gardneria ovata (61.3%) and Piper trichostachyon (30%). Common species were Rubus ellipticus and Piper mullesua (2.9%) and rare species Rosa leschenaultiana (0.34%) and Passiflora leschenaultii (0.08%). According to the Family value index (FIV), Piperaceae (31%) was first ranked dominant family followed by Rosaceae (23%), Elaeagnaceae (10%) and Loganiaceae (8.9%) were recorded. Frequency distribution of top eight diameter stem class exhibited normal distribution curve that indicates smaller stems (> 1< 10) are more in abundance. Stem twinner was higher among total species richness and tendril climber was higher among total abundance. Reproductive traits of lianas significantly associated with species diversity, however the majority of the species were hermaphrodite, no record of dioecious and monoecious. We conclude that the lianas were relatively low diversity, lower level of species and family composed for forest structure among sholas. However, lianas and their reproductive traits are structurally associated with forest communities.
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Influence of disturbance regime on liana species composition, Density and basal area in the tropical montane evergreen forests (Sholas) of the Western Ghats, India
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Full-text available
  • May 2015
Lianas have been shown to respond to natural and anthropogenic disturbances in many tropical forests worldwide. However, little is known about how disturbance affects liana composition, density and basal area in the tropical montane evergreen forests (sholas) of the Western Ghats, India. We used a large dataset from permanent monitoring plots across four sites to examine whether liana composition, stem density and basal area were influenced by moderate level disturbance. Vegetation data were collected from four sampling sites that cover 13.58 ha in the southern montane evergreen forests (sholas) of the Western Ghats. All liana individuals with diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥1 cm were tagged, counted, mapped and identified to species level. A total of 1658 individuals belonging to 18 families, 24 genera and 33 species were recorded. Species richness did not differ significantly between disturbed and undisturbed sholas in Amaggal (AG), Kukkal (KK) and Upper Bhavani (UB) sites, but it differed significantly in Korakundah (KR) site (P < 0.05). Species composition of lianas responded to disturbance at lower percentage (9 %) among four sites. Density of lianas was significantly higher in disturbed than in undisturbed sholas across all four sites. Mean densities were 10.19 ± 6.10 and 5.69 ± 3.35 in disturbed and undisturbed sholas, respectively, while the proportions of stem densities were 66 % and 34 % in disturbed and undisturbed sholas, respectively. Surprisingly, basal area showed contrasting trends in disturbed and undisturbed sholas. In KR and UB sites, mean basal area was significantly higher in undisturbed than in disturbed sholas, while in AG and KK sites, mean basal area was significantly higher in disturbed than undisturbed sholas. The findings of the study indicate that moderate level human disturbance influenced liana composition, abundance and basal area within the studied region.
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Effects of patch size on liana diversity and distributions in the tropical montane evergreen forests of the Nilgiri Mountains, southern India
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Full-text available
  • Aug 2014
  • J TROP ECOL
We investigate the effect of patch size on liana diversity and distribution in 19 patches of montane evergreen forest in the Nilgiri hills, Western Ghats, southern India. Additionally, we examined how liana species richness and community assemblage in both edge (within 10 m of the forest edge) and interior regions of forest patches respond to patch size, in order to infer the impact of forest expansion or reduction on the liana communities. A total of 1276 woody liana individuals of 15 species were identified, belonging to 10 genera and nine families. Total species richness of lianas was significantly positively related to forest-patch area, both when analyzed for the entire patch, in addition to both core and edge regions when examined separately. Species richness of larger lianas also showed a significant positive relationship with increasing forest patch area. Community assemblage varied with respect to forest edge, with shade-dependent species only occurring in interior patch regions, shade-averse species in edge regions, and shade-tolerant species occurring throughout. Disturbance also played a role in determining the response of liana diversity to patch size, with heavily disturbed patches showing no relationship between patch size and diversity, whereas positive relationships exist in low to moderately disturbed patches. The most significant result is the change in liana community composition between small and larger fragments. Many species present in smaller patches are also present in edge zones of larger fragments. This suggests that lianas are important structural components of montane forest ecosystems, and their compositional patterns are possibly driven by succession. Moreover, this study reveals the importance of edge effect and patch size in influencing liana species richness and compositional patterns.
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Abundance and distribution of lianas in tropical lowland evergreen forest of Agumbe, central Western Ghats, India
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Full-text available
  • Jan 2000
Species diversity and density of all woody climbers (lianas)  5 cm gbh were in- ventoried in three one-hectare plots (at 650 m, 200 m and 100 m elevations) in the tropical low- land evergreen forest of Agumbe, in central Western Ghats, India. In all a total of 1,138 lianas belonging to 40 species were recorded. Mean liana density was 379 stems ha-1. Plots 1, 2 and 3 contained 211, 668 and 259 lianas ha-1 respectively. Their corresponding species richness was 15, 24 and 24. The number of lianas twining over individual trees ranged from 1 to 3, but ma- jority of the hosts supported only a single liana. Rutaceae and Papilionaceae were the most species-rich plant families of lianas followed by Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Con- naraceae, and Piperaceae. Twiners formed the bulk (>70%) of liana types followed by rattans and root climbers, while tendril and hook climbers were rare. Greater proportion of individuals was represented in the lower girth classes in all the plots. There was aggregated distribution of lianas on host trees in all the plots. Very few liana species showed any kind of association with host trees in the three plots indicating that the selection of hosts was largely random.
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Floristic inventory of woody plants in a tropical montane (Shola) forest in the Palni hills of the Western Ghats, India
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Full-text available
  • Jun 2007
Woody plants (≥ 1 cm dbh) were inventoried in December 2004 in a tropical montane (shola) forest in the Kukkal Reserve Forest, Palni hills, India. Twelve randomly placed 30 x 30 m plots were used for sampling the vegetation. The total area sampled was 1.08 ha. All woody stems were permanently tagged and dbh at 1.3 m above ground level was recorded. Identifications were made using floras and confirmed at herbaria. The sampling adequately captured the species diversity in the shola. The species abundance distribution did not differ significantly from log normal indicative of a diverse tropical community. A total of 2279 stems belonging to 83 species, 68 genera and 40 families were inventoried. Of these, 16 species from 12 genera and 12 families were lianas. About 30% of the species were endemic to the Western Ghats. Species diversity as measured by Fisher's alpha index was 13.15 for trees and 4.64 for lianas, and basal area was 62 m2 ha-1 for trees and 0. 58 m 2 ha-1 for lianas. The most abundant species (≥ 1 cm dbh) was Psychotria nilgiriensis var. astephana (Rubiaceae), which accounted for 12% of the stems sampled. Xantolis tomentosa var. elengioides had the largest basal area. Lauraceae was the dominant family accounting for 20% of the stems. Montane evergreen forests, which are unique to the higher elevations of the Western Ghats, should be conserved on a priority basis.
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Plant Community Structure in Tropical Rain Forest Fragments of the Western Ghats, India1
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2006
  • BIOTROPICA
Changes in tree, liana, and understory plant diversity and community composition in five tropical rain forest fragments varying in area (18–2600 ha) and disturbance levels were studied on the Valparai plateau, Western Ghats. Systematic sampling using small quadrats (totaling 4 ha for trees and lianas, 0.16 ha for understory plants) enumerated 312 species in 103 families: 1968 trees (144 species), 2250 lianas (60 species), and 6123 understory plants (108 species). Tree species density, stem density, and basal area were higher in the three larger (> 100 ha) rain forest fragments but were negatively correlated with disturbance scores rather than area per se. Liana species density, stem density, and basal area were higher in moderately disturbed and lower in heavily disturbed fragments than in the three larger fragments. Understory species density was highest in the highly disturbed 18-ha fragment, due to weedy invasive species occurring with rain forest plants. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and Mantel tests revealed significant and similar patterns of floristic variation suggesting similar effects of disturbance on community compositional change for the three life-forms. The five fragments encompassed substantial plant diversity in the regional landscape, harbored at least 70 endemic species (3.21% of the endemic flora of the Western Ghats–Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot), and supported many endemic and threatened animals. The study indicates the significant conservation value of rain forest fragments in the Western Ghats, signals the need to protect them from further disturbances, and provides useful benchmarks for restoration and monitoring efforts.
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Tree-liana relationships in a tropical evergreen forest at Varagalaiar, Anamalais, Western Ghats, India
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2001
  • J TROP ECOL
In a 30-ha permanent plot of tropical evergreen forest at Varagalaiar, Indian Western Ghats, all trees � 30 cm girth at breast height (gbh) were examined for the presence of lianas � 1 cm dbh. The plot contained 13 445 trees in 152 species and 11 200 lianas in 75 species. Twenty-eight per cent of trees supported lianas and the mean number of lianas per tree was 0.38 ± 0.72. Association analysis between lianas and trees of 16 tree families and 20 abundant tree species indicated that tree susceptibility to lianas was better pronounced at species rather than at family level. Overall, at Varagalaiar site, the aggregation of lianas followed neither Poisson nor clumped distribution. Among the four dominant tree families Dipterocarpaceae and Clusiaceae fit to the negative binomial model better than Euphorbiaceae and Meliaceae. These four families differed in their susceptibility level with 34.6% , 36.7% , 24.1% and 27.7% of trees � 30 cm gbh respectively supporting lianas. At the species level, the proportion of trees with lianas was positively correlated with the mean branch free bole height of trees � 30–40 and � 40 cm gbh classes, and the mean number of lianas per tree was also positively correlated with the mean branch bole height of trees � 30 cm gbh. Of the 16 abundant families, Euphorbiaceae contributed 31% and dominated the lower canopy, but its susceptibility to lianas was lower when compared to most other families.
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Patterns of liana diversity in tropical evergreen forests of peninsular India
Article
  • Mar 2004
  • FOREST ECOL MANAG
The quantitative liana inventories made in five peninsular Indian independent forest sites, distributed in the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and on the Coromandel coast, were examined particularly with reference to site altitude and forest stature. Liana diversity totaled 148 species in 101 genera of 47 families, in a total sample of 47ha. The coefficient of variability in species distribution among the five sites was used to identify an oligarchy in liana species by taking 55 abundant species from the species pool. Ordination analysis, based on presence–absence as well as relative density of liana species indicated a geographical differentiation among the five sites in both the ordinations with respect to site altitude. Liana density (stems>1.6cm diameter) decreased with increasing altitude, whereas richness was highest at intermediate elevations. The mean liana density across the forest sites showed a weak negative correlation with forest stature. The lianas encountered in the five study sites fell under six climber types, of which twining was the chief climbing mechanism, both in terms of species diversity and density, and tendril climbers were more abundant in dry evergreen forests than in the wet evergreen forests. In liana diaspore dispersal modes, the majority of evergreen forest species possessed animal dispersal guilds, whereas wind-dispersal was prevalent in semi-evergreen and dry evergreen forests.
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