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Volutellonectria (Ascomycota, Fungi), a new genus with Volutella anamorphs
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A new genus, Volutellonectria with Volutella anamorphs is established, based on and typified by Cosmospora consors. It is characterized by small, red perithecia which may collapse laterally when dry, a Cosmospora-like perithecial wall structure, clavate asci with an apical ring, fusiform ascospores with smooth surface, and growing on decaying plant debris or woody substrates. Two new species are added to the new genus and described as Volutellonectria asiana and V. ciliata. Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS and 28S partial) strongly support the separation of Volutellonectria from Cosmospora and some other species with Volutella anamorphs in Nectriaceae, as well as recognition of the new species.
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... Thelonectria cylindricospora can be distinguished from T. guangdongensis in having aseptate and shorter and wider conidia (41-49.5 × 5-7 vs. 48-70 × 4.8-5.3 Luo and Zhuang 2012;Cannon et al. 2012b;Lombard et al. 2015;Koukol et al. 2020;Crous et al. 2021b) and most species were seldom reported after their original descriptions; Hence the status of these species is still uncertain need to be revised . Only 11 species have sequence data in GenBank. ...
... Recently, seven additional species are introduced in the genus (Dubey and Pandey 2013;Zhang et al. 2017;Tibpromma et al. 2018;Perera et al. 2020;Lechat et al. 2022). Luo and Zhuang (2012) established a sexual genus Volutellonectria (Vo.) with Vo. consors as the type and indicated that the asexual morph of this species is represented by Volutella (V.) minima. However, Gräfenhan et al. (2011) synonymised V. minima under Vo. ...
... Most Volutella species are represented by their asexual morphs, only several species were known as sexual morphs: V. asiana, V. ciliata, V. citronella, V. consors, V. delonicis, V. minutissima, V. saulensis and V. thonneliana (Luo and Zhuang 2012;Perera et al. 2020Perera et al. , 2023Lechat et al. 2022). The sexual morphs of Volutella are characterized by perithecial, solitary, superficial, obpyriform ascomata with an acute apex, turning dark red in 3% KOH and yellow in lactic acid, unitunicate, clavate asci with an apical ring and uniseptate, hyaline, often smooth-walled ascospores (Luo and Zhuang 2012;Lechat et al. 2022).The asexual morphs of Volutella are characterized by discoid sporodochia with marginal setae, simple to verticillate conidiophores, compact and phialidic conidiogenous cells, and 1-celled, ovoid to oblong conidia; synasexual morph present in some species with two or more whorls of conidiogenous cells Lombard et al. 2015;Tibpromma et al. 2018). ...
Hypocreomycetidae is a highly diverse group with species from various habitats. This subclass has been reported as pathogenic, endophytic, parasitic, saprobic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, algicolous, coprophilous and insect fungi from aquatic and terrestrial habitats. In this study, we focused on freshwater fungi of Hypocreomycetidae which resulted 41 fresh collections from China and Thailand. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we identified 26 species that belong to two orders (Hypocreales and Microascales) and six families (Bionectriaceae, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae, Nectriaceae, Sarocladiaceae and Stachybotryaceae). Ten new species are introduced and 13 new habitats and geographic records are reported. Mariannaea superimposita, Stachybotrys chartarum and S. chlorohalonatus are recollected from freshwater habitats in China. Based on phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, ITS, SSU, rpb2 and tef1-α sequences data, Emericellopsis is transferred to Hypocreales genera incertae sedis; Pseudoacremonium is transferred to Bionectriaceae; Sedecimiella is placed in Nectriaceae; Nautosphaeria and Tubakiella are excluded from Halosphaeriaceae and placed in Microascales genera incertae sedis; and Faurelina is excluded from Hypocreomycetidae. Varicosporella is placed under Atractium as a synonym of Atractium. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimates showed that Ascocodina, Campylospora, Cornuvesica and Xenodactylariaceae form distinct lineages in Hypocreomycetidae and they evolved in the family/order time frame. Hence, a new order (Xenodactylariales) and three new families (Ascocodinaceae, Campylosporaceae and Cornuvesicaceae) are introduced based on phylogenetic analysis, divergence time estimations and morphological characters. Ancestral character state analysis is performed for different habitats of Hypocreomycetidae including freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa. The result indicates that marine and freshwater fungi evolved independently from terrestrial ancestors. The results further support those early diverging clades of this subclass, mostly comprising terrestrial taxa and freshwater and marine taxa have been secondarily derived, while the crown clade (Nectriaceae) is represented in all three habitats. The evolution of various morphological adaptations towards their habitual changes are also discussed.
... Unfortunately, there is no ITS or LSU sequence available in Genbank for V. asiana, so this species was not included in our phylogenetic analysis. However, this species morphologically differs from our new species by having ascomata turning dark red in 3% KoH and orange-yellow in lactic acid, as well as longer conidia with a median displaced hilum (LUo et al., 2012). Based on the morphological characteristics of the sexual-asexual morphs and phylogenetic analyses of their ITS and LSU sequences, V. minutissima, V. saulensis and V. thonneliana are proposed as new species, raising the number of known Volutella sexual morphs to seven. ...
Three new species of Volutella are described and illustrated based on specimens collected in French Guiana. These species are placed in Volutella based on morphological characteristics of the sexual morph, asexual morph obtained in culture and phylogenetic comparison of ITS and LSU sequences with known species of Volutella, leading us to propose V. minutissima, V. saulensis and V. thonneliana as new species. Résumé : trois nouvelles espèces de Volutella sont décrites et illustrées à partir de spécimens récoltés en Guyane française. Ces espèces sont placées dans le genre Volutella sur la base des caractéristiques mor-phologiques des formes sexuées, des formes asexuées obtenues en cultures, ainsi que de la comparaison phylogénétique des séquences ITS et LSU avec celles d'espèces connues de Volutella, ce qui nous amène à proposer V. minutissima, V. saulensis et V. thonneliana comme nouvelles espèces.
... Fr. Volutella is characterised by discoid sporodochia with marginal setae, simple to verticillate conidiophores, compact and phialidic conidiogenous cells, and 1-celled, ovoid to oblong conidia Luo and Zhuang 2012;Lombard et al. 2015). There are 144 epithets are listed in Index Fungorum (2018), but only eight species have available sequences in GenBank. ...
This paper provides illustrated descriptions of micro-fungi newly found on Pandanaceae in China and Thailand. The fungi are accommodated in 31 families. New taxa described include a new family, seven new genera, 65 new species, 16 previously known species. A new family: Malaysiascaceae (Glomerellales). New genera are Acremoniisimulans (Plectosphaerellaceae), Pandanaceomyces, Pseudoachroiostachy (Nectriaceae), Pseudohyaloseta (Niessliaceae), Pseudoornatispora (Stachybotriaceae) and Yunnanomyces (Sympoventuriaceae). New species are Acremoniisimulans thailandensis, Beltrania krabiensis, Beltraniella pandanicola, B. thailandicus, Canalisporium krabiense, C. thailandensis, Clonostachys krabiensis, Curvularia chonburiensis, C. pandanicola, C. thailandicum, C. xishuangbannaensis, Cylindrocladiella xishuangbannaensis, Dictyochaeta pandanicola, Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis, D. pandanicola, D. xishuangbannaensis, Dictyosporium appendiculatum, Di. guttulatum, Di. hongkongensis, Di. krabiense, Di. pandanicola, Distoseptispora thailandica, D. xishuangbannaensis, Helicoma freycinetiae, Hermatomyces biconisporus, Lasiodiplodia chonburiensis, L. pandanicola, Lasionectria krabiense, Menisporopsis pandanicola, Montagnula krabiensis, Musicillium pandanicola, Neofusicoccum pandanicola, Neohelicomyces pandanicola, Neooccultibambusa thailandensis, Neopestalotiopsis chiangmaiensis, N. pandanicola, N. phangngaensis, Pandanaceomyces krabiensis, Paracylindrocarpon nabanheensis, P. pandanicola, P. xishuangbannaensis, Parasarcopodium hongkongensis, Pestalotiopsis krabiensis, P. pandanicola, Polyplosphaeria nabanheensis, P. pandanicola, P. xishuangbannaensis, Pseudoachroiostachys krabiense, Pseudoberkleasmium pandanicola, Pseudochaetosphaeronema pandanicola, Pseudohyaloseta pandanicola, Pseudoornatispora krabiense, Pseudopithomyces pandanicola, Rostriconidium pandanicola, Sirastachys phangngaensis, Stictis pandanicola, Terriera pandanicola, Thozetella pandanicola, Tubeufia freycinetiae, T. parvispora, T. pandanicola, Vermiculariopsiella hongkongensis, Volutella krabiense, V. thailandensis and Yunnanomyces pandanicola. Previous studies of micro-fungi on Pandanaceae have not included phylogenetic support. Inspiration for this study came from the book Fungi Associated with Pandanaceae by Whitton, McKenzie and Hyde in 2012. Both studies reveal that the micro-fungi on Pandanaceae is particularly rich in hyphomycetes. All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens, coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
... Conidia hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, with obtuse ends, solitary, 5.5-11.5 × 2-3.5 µm (mean = 7.5 ± 1.5 × 2.7 ± 0.4 µm, n = 40). Notes -Volutella is characterised by discoid sporodochia with marginal setae, simple to verticillate conidiophores, compact and phialidic conidiogenous cells, and 1-celled, ovoid to oblong conidia; synasexual morph present in some species and with two or more whorls of conidiogenous cells (Gräfenhan et al. 2011, Luo & Zhuang 2012, Lombard et al. 2015. Only four species in the genus were known to produce sporodochia and verticillium-like synasexual morphs, i.e., V. asiana, V. ciliata, V. consors, and the new species V. aeria described in this study. ...
Karst caves are distinctly characterised by darkness, low to moderate temperatures, high humidity, and scarcity of organic matter. During the years of 2014-2015, we explored the mycobiota in two unnamed Karst caves in Guizhou province, China, and obtained 563 fungal strains via the dilution plate method. Preliminary ITS analyses of these strains suggested that they belonged to 246 species in 116 genera, while 23.5 % were not identified to species level. Among these species, 85.8 % (211 species) belonged to Ascomycota; 7.3 % (18 species) belonged to Basidiomycota; 6.9 % (17 species) belonged to Mucoromycotina. The majority of these species have been previously known from other environments, mostly from plants or animals as pathogens, endophytes or via a mycorrhizal association. We also found that 59 % of these species were discovered for the first time from Karst caves, including 20 new species that are described in this paper. The phylogenetic tree based on LSU sequences revealed 20 new species were distributed in six different orders. In addition, ITS or multi-locus sequences were employed to infer the phylogenetic relationships of new taxa with closely related allies. We conclude that Karst caves encompass a high fungal diversity, including a number of previously unknown species. Novel species described include: Amphichorda guana, Auxarthronopsis guizhouensis, Biscogniauxia petrensis, Cladorrhinum globisporum, Collariella quadrum, Gymnoascus exasperatus, Humicola limonisporum, Metapochonia variabilis, Microascus anfractus, Microascus globulosus, Microdochium chrysanthemoides, Paracremonium variiforme, Pectinotrichum chinense, Phaeosphaeria fusispora, Ramophialophora globispora, Ramophialophora petraea, Scopulariopsis crassa, Simplicillium calcicola, Volutella aeria, and Wardomycopsis longicatenata. © 2017 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute.
Monocotyledons are one of the important groups of flowering plants that include
approximately 60,000 species with economically important crops including coconut (Cocos nuciferanucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus comosus), and rice (Oryza sativa sativa). Studies on these hosts are mainly focused on pathogenic fungi; only a f ew saprobic species have been reported. This study investigated the saprobic ascomycetes associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice in southern China and northern Thailand. Approximately 200 specimens were collected, and 100 fungal strains were isolated and identified to 77 species based on phylogenetic approaches and morphological characteristics. Among the 77 species, 29, 38, and 12 were found on coconut, pineapple, and rice, respectively, distributed in Dothideomycetes (41), Eurotiomycetes (one), and S ordariomycetes (35). Pseudomycoleptodiscus , Pseudosaprodesmium Pseudosetoseptoria, Pseudostriatosphaeria and
Pseudoteichospora are introduced as new genera and Anthostomella cocois, Apiospora ananas, Chromolaenicola ananasi, Epicoccum yunnanensis, Exserohi lum ananas, Hypoxylon cocois, Lasiodiplodia ananasi, Muyocopron chiangraiense, Myrmecridium yunnanense, Occultitheca ananasi, Periconia chiangraiensis, Placidiopsis ananasi, Pseudomycoleptodiscus ananas, Pseudosaprodesmium cocois, Pseudosetoseptoria oryzae, Pseudostriatosphaeria chiangraiensis,
Pseudoteichospora thailandensis, Savoryella chiangraiensis, Savoryella cocois, and Tetraploa oryzae are introduced as novel species. In addition, 51 species are reported as new hosts or geographical records, and six species are reported as new collections. Pseudopithomyces pandanicola and P. palmicola are synonymized under P. chartarum, P. diversisporus synonymized under P. atro olivaceus based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics.
Moreover, comprehensive checklists of fungi associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice are also provided.
This is a continuation of a series of studies incorporating asexually reproducing fungi in a natural classification. Over 3653 genera (ca. 30,000 morphological species) are known from asexual reproduction (1388 coelomycetes and 2265 hyphomycetes) in their life cycle. Among these, 687 genera are pleomorphic (305 coelomycetous; 378 hyphomycetous and four genera show both coelomycetous and hyphomycetous morphs). We provide notes for these pleomorphic genera in this paper. The 1544 unlinked genera without molecular data (which comprise ca. 3850 species) are listed as Ascomycota genera incertae sedis. It is essential to recollect the fungi which are placed in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis and subject them to DNA based phylogenetic analysis as they might represent new fungal lineages.
Until August 2011 an unusual situation had prevailed in fungal nomenclature for many decades: different forms of sporulation of a fungus were allowed to have different names in different genera, depending on whether a sexual (teleomorphic) or asexual (anamorphic) reproduction was involved (the so-called dual nomenclature). Because of great morphological differences between these morphs, their modes of reproduction often being independent from each other, and incongruent delimitation of correlated genera, this system had great advantages for the morphological identification of a fungus, but it was incompatible with the presently much more reliable possibilities of identification with molecular methods. A change toward unification was predicted to have drastic repercussions, destabilizing nomenclature in an uncontrollable way. After heavy debates among mycologists, the mainly botanical community of the nomenclature sessions at the International Botanical Congress in Melbourne nevertheless voted for such a change. Since 30 July 2011, dual nomenclature is no longer permitted and a choice must be made among the available names, no matter whether anamorphic or teleomorphic, according to the nomenclatural principle of priority. To provide for some stability, provisions are introduced for the preparation of lists of protected/suppressed names, in which deviation from temporal priority is possible when leading to meaningful generic circumscription and following established usage; names on these lists will subsequently be regarded as conserved/suppressed. The work on these lists for some groups of fungi has been very intense in recent months, and preliminary results were presented at the International Mycological Congress (IMC10) in Bangkok in August 2014.
G-protein coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) receptor is a rhodopsin-like, class A Gαs-coupled receptor, predominantly expressed in pancreatic islet cells and intestinal entero-endocrine cells. GPR119 has been emerged as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the effect of APD668, a GPR119 agonist alone and in combination with linagliptin, a DPPIV inhibitor on oral fat tolerance test. Our findings demonstrate that APD668, a GPR119 agonist inhibits the intestinal triglyceride absorption after acute fat load in mice. Single dose administration of APD668 increases incretin secretion and enhances total PYY levels in presence of fat load in mice. We found that, the anti-dyslipidemic action of APD668 was reversed in presence of exendin-3 in oral fat tolerance test. In addition, our results showed that exendin-3 (9–39) failed to block the effect of APD668 on gastric emptying indicating that gastric emptying effects of APD668 are indeed mediated through GPR119 receptor dependent mechanism. Combined administration of APD668 and linagliptin significantly increased plasma active GLP-1 levels in-vivo and showed improvement in fat tolerance. However, APD668 failed to show anti-dyslipidemic activity in tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia in mice. Furthermore, we investigated the chronic effects of APD668 on hepatic steatosis in high trans-fat diet fed steatohepatitis model in mice. Oral administration of APD668 in HTF diet fed mice ameliorated hepatic endpoints such as plasma ALT, AST, liver weight and steatosis. These findings suggest that GPR119 agonists may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Severe localization of plastic flow into shear bands is typically accompanied by local heating. In metallic glasses, the small lateral extension of shear bands, the short duration of their intermittent plastic slips, and the unpredictable position of their initiation make in-situ investigations of local changes in temperature during shear banding difficult. An alternative is to estimate shear-band temperature using calculations for a given assumed deformation model, which generates predictions of temperature changes from 5 °C to more than 1000 °C. In this study we review four models of plastic slip accumulation and present first results on temporally resolved shear-band heating in metallic glasses via infrared thermography. We find that the heat evolution in a shear band during plastic slip is best modelled by shear that occurs simultaneously within serration time scales. This illustrates clearly that temperature changes within shear bands are less than 6 °C during stable plastic flow.
A new genus in the Hypocreales, Leuconectria, is described for Pseudonectria clusiae based on its unique perithecial wall anatomy and the anamorph Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium produced from single ascospores of L. clusiae. The teleomorph had previously been placed in Pseudonectria, a genus defined for Nectria-like species with nonseptate ascospores. Pseudonectria is redefined based on the type species P. rousseliana and its anamorph Volutella buxi. Pseudonectria rousseliana causes a disease of boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) in the Buxaceae. The two other species included in Pseudonectria, P. coronata and P. pachysandricola, also occur on members of the Buxaceae. All three species are described and illustrated, and a key to species is provided.
The Hypocreales with over one thousand described species have been the repository for all light- to bright-colored, soft-textured, perithecial ascomycetes with a Nectria-type centrum. Rogerson (1970) published a key to the genera in the Hypocreales and accepted over 115 genera with 26 generic synonyms in the order. Since then, 58 genera have been added. For this study all available type specimens of the type species of genera classified in the Hypocreales were examined. Fifty six genera, including six newly described genera with 43 generic synonyms, are accepted in three families, Bionectriaceae fam, nov., Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae, of the order. Although now considered either part of or closely related to the Hypocreales, neither the Niessliaceae nor the Clavicipitaceae are treated comprehensively in this study. Fourteen genera with two generic synonyms are included in the Niessliaceae and six genera with one generic synonym are placed in the Clavicipitaceae. The remaining 84 genera are excluded from the Hypocreales and redisposed in their appropriate family and order. Genera excluded from the Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Nectriaceae are described and illustrated based on their type species. For 16 genera previously placed in the Hypocreales the type specimen was either not located or not sufficient to make a modern taxonomic evaluation of the type species. For each genus the type species and species not recently treated are fully described and documented. A key to species is presented unless a recent key to species in that genus is available. In the Bionectriaceae a new genus, Ochronectria, is introduced for Nectria calami. Nectriella minuta, N. rubricapitula, N. utahensis, Pronectria echinulata, P. pertusariicola, and Protocreopsis viridis are described as new species. The following new specific combinations are proposed: Dimerosporiella cephalosporii, D. gnarapiensis, D. leucorrhodina, D. oidioides, D. pipericola, and D. sensitiva; Hydropisphaera arenula, H. arenuloides, H. boothii, H. cyatheae, H. dolichospora, H. erubescens, H. gigantea, H. haematites, H. hypoxantha, H. leucotricha, H. macrarenula, H. multiloculata, H. multiseptata, H. nymaniana, H. pachyderma, and H. suffulta; Ijuhya peristomialis, I. chilensis, I. aquifolii, I. bambusina, I. corynespora, I. dentifera, I. dictyospora, I. leucocarpa, I. paraparilis, and I. parilis; Lasionectria sylvana and L. vulpina; Nectriella curtisii, N. dakotensis, and N. galii; Nectriopsis sasae and N. queletii; Ochronectria calami; Peethambara spirostriata and for its anamorph Didymostilbe echinofibrosa, Protocreopsis foliicola, P. freycinetiae, P. javanica, P. pertusa, P. pertusoides, and P. phormiicola; Stilbocrea gracilipes and S. impressa. Two new names, Nectriella crouanii for Nectria aurea P. & H. Crouan, and N. halonata for Charonectria umbelliferarum, are proposed. In the Nectriaceae five new genera are introduced: Albonectria for species related with Nectria rigidiuscula, Haematonectria for the Nectria haematococca complex, Lanatonectria for the Nectria flavolanata-group, Rubrinectria for a species previously known as Nectria olivacea, and Viridispora for teleomorphs of Penicillifer. Cosmospora dingleyae and C. obscura are described as new species. The following new specific combinations are proposed: Albonectria rigidiuscula, A. albosuccinea, and A. verrucosa; Corallomycetella repens and C. jatrophae; Cosmospora aurantiicola, C. biasolettiana, C. camelliae, C. chaetopsinae, C. chaetopsinae-catenulatae, C. chaetopsinae-penicillatae, C. chaetopsinae-polyblastiae, C. chlorina, C. consors, C. digitalicola, C. diminuta, C. diploa, C. episphaeria, C. flammea, C. flavoviridis, C. ganymede, C. geastroides, C. glabra, C. joca, C. jucundula, C. kurdica, C. lasiodiplodiae, C. leptosphaeriae, C. macrochaetopsinae, C. magnusiana, C. meliopsicola, C. metepisphaeria, C. nothepisphaeria, C. papilionacearum, C. peponum, C. pseudepisphaeria, C. pseudoflavoviridis, C. purtonii, C. rickii, C. rishbethii, C. rubrisetosa, C. sansevieriae, C. stilbellae, C. stilbosporae, C. thujana, C. triqua, C. tungurahuana, C. vilior, C. viliuscula, C. wegeliana, and C. xanthostroma; Haematonectria haematococca, H. illudens, H. ipomoeae, H. monilifera, and H. termitum; Lanatonectria flocculenta with anamorph Actinostilbe macalpinei, L. flavolanata, L. mammiformis with anamorph Actinostilbe mammiformis, and L. raripila; Neonectria coccinea and N. galligena; Rubrinectria olivacea; Viridispora penicilliferi, V. alata, V. diparietispora, and V. fragariae; Xenonectriella leptaleae, X. ornamentata, and X. streimannii. In the checklist, some genera are excluded from the families treated here and placed among 19 families in 12 orders of ascomycetes and one basidiomycetous genus. Two genera are uniloculate, discomycetous loculoascomycetes; some have true apothecia and belong in the Helotiales and Pezizales, or are lichenized Lecanorales. Many of these taxa are placed in the Diaporthales and Xylariales (Hyponectriaceae and Thyridiaceae). Genera having immersed ascomata are often difficult to place; they include Charonectria and Hyponectria, now placed in the Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales; and Cryptoleptosphaeria, Cryptonectriella and Schizoparme, now placed in the Diaporthales. Several genera are placed in the Niessliaceae and Clavicipitaceae of the Hypocreales. In this section a new species, Charonectria amabilis, is described, and the new combinations Thyridium ohiense, Charonectria sceptri, Cryptoleptosphaeria gracilis, Cryptonectriella geoglossi, and Thelocarpon citrum, are proposed.
Colonies derived from solitary ascospores of Nectria consors produced a Volutella in pure culture that was indistinguishable from V. ciliata. This is the first report of a Nectria with a Volutella state. Nectria consors and its Volutella state are redescribed.
A new genus in the Hypocreales, Leuconectria, is described for Pseudonectria clusiae based on its unique perithecial wall anatomy and the anamorph Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium produced from single ascospores of L. clusiae. The teleomorph had previously been placed in Pseudonectria, a genus defined for Nectria-like species with nonseptate ascospores. Pseudonectria is redefined based on the type species P. rousseliana and its anamorph Volutella buxi. Pseudonectria rousseliana causes a disease of boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) in the Buxaceae. The two other species included in Pseudonectria, P. coronata and P. pachysandricola, also occur on members of the Buxaceae. All three species are described and illustrated, and a key to species is provided.
— We studied sequence variation in 16S rDNA in 204 individuals from 37 populations of the land snail Candidula unifasciata (Poiret 1801) across the core species range in France, Switzerland, and Germany. Phylogeographic, nested clade, and coalescence analyses were used to elucidate the species evolutionary history. The study revealed the presence of two major evolutionary lineages that evolved in separate refuges in southeast France as result of previous fragmentation during the Pleistocene. Applying a recent extension of the nested clade analysis (Templeton 2001), we inferred that range expansions along river valleys in independent corridors to the north led eventually to a secondary contact zone of the major clades around the Geneva Basin. There is evidence supporting the idea that the formation of the secondary contact zone and the colonization of Germany might be postglacial events. The phylogeographic history inferred for C. unifasciata differs from general biogeographic patterns of postglacial colonization previously identified for other taxa, and it might represent a common model for species with restricted dispersal.