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Huella ecológica de las pesquerías ribereñas en la costa de Jalisco
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La pesca ribereña en todo el mundo representa un insumo importante que provee de recursos y proteína a los habitantes de las zonas costeras, donde una gran proporción de la población vive en condiciones de pobreza. Para América Latina se estima que la pesca artesanal ocupa al 90% de los pescadores de esta región. La disminución de las capturas, la sobreexplotación de las especies, la calidad de vida de los pescadores y el impacto ambiental son variables asociadas que han sido cuestionadas en todo el mundo, por ende la sustentabilidad de esta actividad. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las pesquerías ribereñas en la costa de Jalisco a través de la captura y composición específica, la huella ecológica evaluada a través de las cooperativas pesqueras y la pesca en general, así como el componente social de calidad de vida. Con respecto a la composición específica se encontró que en el periodo del 2002-2012 se capturaron 22,319 t de 73 recursos, donde 92% correspondió a peces. De los muestreos realizados en cinco cooperativas pesqueras de la costa de Jalisco, se identificaron 141 especies donde dominaron los peces y 26% correspondió al pargo lunarejo (Lutjanus guttatus), huachinango (Lutjanus peru) y jurel toro (Caranx caninus). La ecoeficiencia de las cooperativas en toneladas de CO2 /t de captura fue de 0.2 para cada una de las cuatro cooperativas analizadas. La productividad primaria requerida para soportar las capturas fue de 4’240,378 t y su huella indica que se apropiaron en el periodo de estudio, de 0.01% a 0.05% de la biocapacidad del área. Con respecto a la calidad de vida, la mayoría de los pescadores encuestados tienen entre 35 y 50 años de edad, son originarios de la localidad donde viven y tienen casa propia. Sus ingresos mensuales van desde $800 a poco más de $6,500 pesos y un poco más de la mitad de los pescadores tienen servicio de seguridad social. Su calidad de vida es alta y el aspecto más importante para los pescadores es la familia. Perciben el pasado como “mejor” y hay pocas esperanzas de que mejore. Una calidad de vida alta, baja huella ecológica corporativa y huella pesquera, una alta ecoeficiencia indicaría una actividad sustentable, por lo que la pesca ribereña en la costa de Jalisco tiene aspectos que deben mejorarse.
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... En la categoría "sostenibilidad" se engloban tres estudios. Dos relacionados con el uso del concepto "huella ecológica" para evaluar la sostenibilidad de la actividad (Bravo-Olivas, 2014;Bravo-Olivas et al. 2014), y otro que aborda la sostenibilidad de la actividad a partir de la experiencia, percepción y sentires de las y los pescadores de una cooperativa de la CSJ (Ramírez y Poma, 2022). ...
... En la categoría "sostenibilidad" se engloban tres estudios. Dos relacionados con el uso del concepto "huella ecológica" para evaluar la sostenibilidad de la actividad (Bravo-Olivas, 2014;Bravo-Olivas et al. 2014), y otro que aborda la sostenibilidad de la actividad a partir de la experiencia, percepción y sentires de las y los pescadores de una cooperativa de la CSJ (Ramírez y Poma, 2022). ...
La ciencia desempeña un papel fundamental en el manejo pesquero. Sin embargo, a pesar de su evidente producción y acumulación, existe una desconexión con su uso en la mitigación y solución de problemáticas. Analizar literatura para identificar los esfuerzos de investigación ayuda a comprender cómo se han llevado a cabo los proyectos, así como a identificar las tendencias y brechas de conocimiento, reconociendo algunos aspectos que pueden impulsar una pesca más responsable. El presente estudio analiza la información científica en el tema pesquero, poniendo como estudio de caso la pesca artesanal de la costa sur del estado de Jalisco, en el Pacífico central mexicano. Se analiza, a través de un enfoque interpretativo crítico, la información científica existente para la zona, y se identifica desde qué campos disciplinarios ha sido estudiada la actividad, señalando las prioridades y necesidades actuales en su abordaje. Los estudios biológicos son los más comunes; por el contrario, temas de organización social son pobremente abordados a pesar de reconocer su importancia. Reflexionamos sobre cuáles son los requerimientos para apoyar el desarrollo de la pesca ribereña y su investigación en la región, mostrando cómo un análisis crítico de la literatura puede contribuir a que la comunidad científica y el sector público identifiquen rutas hacia una ciencia pesquera más integral y una gestión sostenible.
... Fishing is done aboard small boats called " pangas " and conducted through fishery cooperative organizations. In addition to commercial fish species, they also fish for tuna, snapper and dorado, and are allowed to fish for octopus, lobster, flake, crab, shrimp, rock oyster, gorro (Chinese hat gastropod) and river shrimp [39,47]. The catch is distributed in the villages for self-consumption as well as in the cities of Puerto Vallarta, Guadalajara and the states of Colima, Guerrero and Sonora, often at fish markets operated by the collectives. ...
... The recorded catches include 75 species: 94% of registered species are fish, 4% crustaceans and 2% mollusks. The largest catches correspond to fish and octopus, which together represent 80% of the total catch [47]. ...
Sustainable fishing includes the socioeconomic status of fishers. We combined empirical quality of life (QOL) and subjective lived experiences methods to explore the social sustainability of artisanal fishers in five fishery collectives along the coast of Jalisco, Mexico, where the average daily income is slightly above the poverty level. The QOL scores were also related to annual catch and incomes within each collective. A QOL index is used in this study that combines importance and achievement ratings scores; the results are indicative of an acceptable QOL for fishermen. The concept of lived experiences, incorporating aspects of life relating to Mind, Body, Work and People was explored through interviews with 12 fishers. The QOL data revealed that family and friends are important indicators related to positive QOL reported by the sample, while economic indicators were not important. Although four of the five collectives perceived that the future looks worse than the present and past, there was limited correlation between catch or income and QOL. However, while the lived experiences exercise in part supported the QOL findings, in that People was the most important dimension for almost all of the fishers interviewed, negative economic gaps related to poor catches and incomes were prevalent in the Mind and Work dimensions. The findings suggest that to understand the socioeconomic component of sustainable fisheries, both of these approaches should be considered, as they can illuminate different aspects of fishers’ lives that need to be considered during the development of fisheries’ management policies.
... The productivity of the coastal zone [2] is related to spatial heterogeneity, since there may be significant differences between littoral and pelagic systems and particularly between biotopes: bays, beaches, estuaries and coastal lagoons [24,25]. Moreover, the small variation in the trophic level over time is consistent with multispecies fisheries, low technological levels and ecosystems with high biodiversity [26,27]. ...
... In addition, fishermen need less fuel for boats and are aware of their dependence on marine resources [26]. The catch is done using fishing gear, like gillnets, hand lines, cast nets, long lines, seines, crab rings and diving equipment, in a few cases. ...
Coastal fisheries contribute to global food security, since fish are an important source of protein for many coastal communities in the world. However, they are constrained by problems, such as weak management of fisheries and overfishing. Local communities perceive that they are fishing less, as in other fisheries in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fisheries sustainability in the Jalisco coast through the fishing footprint, or fishprint (FP), based on the primary productivity required (PPR) and the appropriated surface by the activity (biocapacity). The total catch was 20,448.2 metric tons from 2002–2012, and the average footprint was calculated to be 65,458 gha/year, a figure that quadrupled in a period of 10 years; the biocapacity decreased, and the average trophic level of catches was 3.1, which implies that it has remained at average levels, resulting in a positive balance between biocapacity and ecological footprint. Therefore, under this approach, the fishing activity is sustainable along the coast of Jalisco.
La importancia económica y social de la pesca a nivel global está basada en la producción de alimento y en la generación de empleo. A pesar de que las cooperativas se han fortalecido como modelo de negocio exitoso, en México las cooperativas pesqueras enfrentan problemas diversos. El uso de indicadores de sustentabilidad es útil para identificar áreas de oportunidad. Uno de estos es la huella ecológica de donde derivó el de huella ecológica corporativa que mide el impacto ambiental en unidades de superficie. El objetivo de este trabajo es calcular la huella de una cooperativa pesquera, para identificar las áreas de oportunidad en la mejora ambiental mediante la evaluación y análisis de la huella, para generar estrategias. El cálculo se hizo a través del Método Compuesto en Cuentas Financieras. Se encontró una huella bruta de 299.24 hectáreas globales, así como 688.96 toneladas de dióxido de carbono. Las áreas de oportunidad son la reducción de la categoría de materiales, y la reducción tanto del uso de suelo de recursos forestales como del ecosistema bosque, ambos con mayor impacto de la huella. Se recomienda a futuro la implementación del monitoreo de la huella con el fin de estimar las reducciones anuales.
This collaborative project on quality of life (QOL) focuses on the collection and analysis of data from a sample of individuals in three towns near to Puerto Vallarta, in Jalisco, Mexico. The three towns are El Tuito, Ixtapa and Las Palmas. The study is part of a long-term enterprise that seeks to examine the effects of tourism on the QOL of places and people in Jalisco as tourism increases in the coming years. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the importance and achievement levels for a set of 15 factors relating to QOL. Each individual interviewed was asked to score importance and achievement levels. The data were used to provide an overall QOL score for each town. Also a multicriteria technique was used to derive a ranking of individuals in each town in terms of their QOL. Comments on relevant QOL literature are included and the results are discussed.
Some features of underdevelopment in Third World countries are reviewed with emphasis on their impact on fisheries and fisheries management. Poverty in rural communities is highlighted as the key issue preventing rational management of tropical inshore fisheries and shown to be ‐ along with (misguided) export‐oriented development strategies ‐ the root cause for destructive fishing techniques and environmental degradation. Some implications for modelling are outlined.
A reorientation of investments towards job creation in fish‐erfolk and other rural communities is advocated as the key aspect of any solution of fisheries problems in Third World countries.
The purpose of this paper is to develop a heuristic model to account for the attachment that many particularly successful fishermen seem to have to their occupation. It is argued here that the relatively risky nature of the occupation of fishing attracts and holds individuals manifesting an active, adventurous, aggressive, and courageous personality; hence, these risky components of the job have a positive influence on their levels of happiness. There is more to fishing than money. What other occupation is reflected in a popular recreational activity like marine sport fishing? It takes one into a different environment, away from shore-based activities and allows participants to become involved in the thrill of the hunt, pitting ones' luck and skill against others as well as against elusive prey hidden beneath the water. As a consequence, some fishermen resist leaving the occupation even when economic returns suggest they should. The paper first develops a heuristic human ecology model that illustrates relationships between aspects of the physical, political, and social environments that generate stress among commercial fishermen. The model is then elaborated to include psychological, biobehavioral, technological, ideological and social adaptations that mediate between the stress causing variables and the individual fisherman, reducing or eliminating the stress. A possible genetic component is also discussed. The model is discussed in terms of its application to fisheries management in New England and elsewhere.