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A reappraisal of Maxillaria (Orchidaceae)
Abstract
It is argued that a broad and expanded circumscription of Maxillaria is to be preferred over a narrower one that
necessitates the recognition of many segregate genera. These more narrowly circumscribed genera are often difficult to diagnose, increasing the risk of misidentifications, especially when material is only identified to genus level. The genera of the Maxillaria alliance as recognised in Genera orchidacearum are treated as sections of an expanded genus Maxillaria. Cryptocentrum, Cyrtidiorchis, Mormolyca, Pityphyllum, and Trigonidium are here included in Maxillaria. Criteria for generic delimitation are discussed, the necessary combinations are made, and a key to the sections as well as a provisional checklist of the 634 species of Maxillaria arranged according to section are provided. Maxillaria prolifera is shown to be the correct name for M. pendens. Maxillaria humilis is a new combination for M. gracilis.
... Ruiz & Pav. sensu lato is one of the most diverse orchid genera in the world, embracing about 651 species (Christenson et al. 2012, Engels & Smidt 2023, Lipińska et al. 2022, Schuiteman & Chase 2015. Plants of Maxillaria grow as epiphytes, lithophytes, or terrestrials in cloudy, wet, or more rarely in seasonally dry forests, from the United States (Florida) and Mexico to northern Argentina, including the Antilles (Schuiteman & Chase 2015). ...
... sensu lato is one of the most diverse orchid genera in the world, embracing about 651 species (Christenson et al. 2012, Engels & Smidt 2023, Lipińska et al. 2022, Schuiteman & Chase 2015. Plants of Maxillaria grow as epiphytes, lithophytes, or terrestrials in cloudy, wet, or more rarely in seasonally dry forests, from the United States (Florida) and Mexico to northern Argentina, including the Antilles (Schuiteman & Chase 2015). In last decades, the circumscription of Maxillaria has been a subject of controversy (Barros 2002, Dressler 1993, Ojeda et al. 2005, Szlachetko et al. 2006, Szlachetko & Miszek 2007, Whitten & Blanco 2011; it was divided into 17 genera , later expanded into 37 genera (Szlachetko et al. 2012), but has recently been lumped into a single genus, including other genera that no previous authors had synonymized with Maxillaria sensu lato (Schuiteman & Chase 2015). ...
... Plants of Maxillaria grow as epiphytes, lithophytes, or terrestrials in cloudy, wet, or more rarely in seasonally dry forests, from the United States (Florida) and Mexico to northern Argentina, including the Antilles (Schuiteman & Chase 2015). In last decades, the circumscription of Maxillaria has been a subject of controversy (Barros 2002, Dressler 1993, Ojeda et al. 2005, Szlachetko et al. 2006, Szlachetko & Miszek 2007, Whitten & Blanco 2011; it was divided into 17 genera , later expanded into 37 genera (Szlachetko et al. 2012), but has recently been lumped into a single genus, including other genera that no previous authors had synonymized with Maxillaria sensu lato (Schuiteman & Chase 2015). This new reclassification includes the genus Chrysocycnis Linden & Rchb.f., Cryptocentrum Benth., Cyrtidiorchis Rauschert, Mormolyca Fenzl, Pityphyllum Schltr., and Trigonidium Lindl. ...
... Ruiz & Pav. sensu lato is one of the most diverse orchid genera in the world, embracing about 651 species (Christenson et al. 2012, Engels & Smidt 2023, Lipińska et al. 2022, Schuiteman & Chase 2015. Plants of Maxillaria grow as epiphytes, lithophytes, or terrestrials in cloudy, wet, or more rarely in seasonally dry forests, from the United States (Florida) and Mexico to northern Argentina, including the Antilles (Schuiteman & Chase 2015). ...
... sensu lato is one of the most diverse orchid genera in the world, embracing about 651 species (Christenson et al. 2012, Engels & Smidt 2023, Lipińska et al. 2022, Schuiteman & Chase 2015. Plants of Maxillaria grow as epiphytes, lithophytes, or terrestrials in cloudy, wet, or more rarely in seasonally dry forests, from the United States (Florida) and Mexico to northern Argentina, including the Antilles (Schuiteman & Chase 2015). In last decades, the circumscription of Maxillaria has been a subject of controversy (Barros 2002, Dressler 1993, Ojeda et al. 2005, Szlachetko et al. 2006, Szlachetko & Miszek 2007, Whitten & Blanco 2011; it was divided into 17 genera , later expanded into 37 genera (Szlachetko et al. 2012), but has recently been lumped into a single genus, including other genera that no previous authors had synonymized with Maxillaria sensu lato (Schuiteman & Chase 2015). ...
... Plants of Maxillaria grow as epiphytes, lithophytes, or terrestrials in cloudy, wet, or more rarely in seasonally dry forests, from the United States (Florida) and Mexico to northern Argentina, including the Antilles (Schuiteman & Chase 2015). In last decades, the circumscription of Maxillaria has been a subject of controversy (Barros 2002, Dressler 1993, Ojeda et al. 2005, Szlachetko et al. 2006, Szlachetko & Miszek 2007, Whitten & Blanco 2011; it was divided into 17 genera , later expanded into 37 genera (Szlachetko et al. 2012), but has recently been lumped into a single genus, including other genera that no previous authors had synonymized with Maxillaria sensu lato (Schuiteman & Chase 2015). This new reclassification includes the genus Chrysocycnis Linden & Rchb.f., Cryptocentrum Benth., Cyrtidiorchis Rauschert, Mormolyca Fenzl, Pityphyllum Schltr., and Trigonidium Lindl. ...
Maxillaria andina, a new orchid species from high-Andean ecosystems of southwestern Colombia and northern Ecuador, is described. The new species is distinguished by having long and narrowly linear white sepals and petals with revolute margins, lip with mucronate epichile, and callus without hairs or trichomes. Distinguishing characters are provided to differentiate it from morphologically similar species, along with ecological and taxonomical notes. Additionally, Maxillaria sibundoyensis is synonymized with Maxillaria floribunda.
... Maxillaria Ruiz & Pavón (1794: 116) a Neotropical genus containing more than 660 species (Govaerts et al. 2014), is the largest genus in Maxillariinae Bentham (1881: 288). Generally the species of Maxillaria grow as epiphytes, lithophytes, or sub-terrestrials in cloudy, wet, or more rarely in seasonally dry forests, from Florida (United States) and Mexico to Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, and northern Argentina, including the Antilles (Dodson 2002a, Schuiteman & Chase 2015, with the Andean countries being the most species rich. ...
... More recently, Arévalo & Cameron (2013) presented a phylogenetic hypothesis of Mormolyca in its broadest circumscription, using combined molecular data sets. Schuiteman & Chase (2015) included this group within their expanded concept of Maxillaria with the name proposed by Christenson (2002), Maxillaria sect. Rufescens. ...
... According to Schuiteman & Chase (2015) there are 28 species recognized in Maxillaria sect. Rufescens. ...
Maxillaria purpureo-nigra Zambrano, Carnevali & Solano, a new species recently collected in Southwestern Ecuador is described and illustrated. Information concerning its distribution, habitat, phenology, and conservation status is provided. The new taxon is a member of Maxillaria sect. Rufescens, and it is compared with morphologically similar species such as M. culebrica, M. dressleriana, M. hedwigiae, and M. richii. However, we consider that it is more similar to M. prunina, from which it differs by its deep purple flowers, with oblong-elliptic sepals, oblong-lanceolate petals with acute apex, and a lip with an oblong-ovate mid-lobe suffused with dark-purple at the center, including the callus. We also provide a key to the Ecuadorean species of M. sect. Rufescens.
... It is a member of Maxil laria sect. Rufescens Christenson, a group of about 30 species distributed mainly throughout northwestern South America, with some species occurring in Mexico, Central America, the Antilles, and Brazil (Arévalo et al. 2015;Schuiteman and Chase 2015;Govaerts et al. 2019). ...
... These species were treated as a separate genus (Mormolyca Fenzl) by Blanco et al. (2007), and this classification was followed by Arévalo et al. (2015). However, more recently, a broader circumscription for Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. has been proposed by Schuiteman and Chase (2015). This broader circumscription is followed here because the similarities among smaller genera do not contribute to taxonomic stability. ...
... species, those included in M. sect. Rufe scens are characterized by having inflorescences produced along the rhizome between older pseudobulbs (Whitten 2009 Schuiteman and Chase (2015) and Govaerts et al. (2019), since these authors included Mormolyca fumea Bogarín & Pupulin as a synonym, a hypothesis rebutted by the phylogenetic study of Arévalo et al. (2015). ...
The distribution of Maxillaria aureoglobula is expanded to northeastern Brazil. This species is probably more geographically widespread than expected, and the new record reported here is a geographical link between the other occurrences of this species in northwestern South America (Colombia and Venezuela) and a recent record from Mato Grosso in the Brazilian Central-West Region. We provide an expanded description of the species, a distribution map, and a key to the Brazilian species of Maxillaria sect. Rufescens.
... of the largest groups of Orchidaceae, it was segregated in many genera such as Mormolyca Fenzel proposed by Blanco et al. (2007). Recently Schuiteman & Chase (2015) reestablished Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. in a broader genus, thereby Mormolyca is now treated as the section Rufescens Christenson. The Maxillaria sect. ...
... The Maxillaria sect. Rufescens encompasses about 30 species (Arévalo et al. 2015, Schuiteman & Chase 2015) distributed from south México to south Brazil (Carnevali & Atwood 1996). Among the Maxillariinae it is characterized by pseudobulbs minutely verrucose, unifoliate, non-foliaceous sheaths; the inflorescences arising from the axils of rhizome bracts behind the younger pseudobulb; perianth open and without fibers, clavate and arcuate column, column foot very short, tomentose and insect-like labellum or callus with a pad of short trichomes, and apical dehiscence of capsules (Blanco et al. 2007, Arévalos et al. 2015). ...
... There are only three species from the doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/lank.v16i2.25395 FigurE 1Schuiteman & Chase 2015, Govaerts 2015) and Brazil, where it was found at Mato Grosso state as epiphyte in forests at margins of Teles Pires River in Southern Amazon. These species is distinguished from other species that occur in Brazil by the globose flowers, entirely yellow or with reddish spots at lip, dorsal sepals and petals elliptic-lanceolate, laterals sepals lanceolate and lip with central lobe oblong. ...
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We present the first record of Maxillaria aureoglobula from Brazil, found at Mato Grosso State, in Southern Amazon. A description, illustration, photos and comments about the species are provided.
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... With the advancement of molecular biology, our understanding of relationships between organisms has become more detailed. Within the Orchidaceae, major studies had revolutionised how we classify these plants (Dressler, 1993; Szlachetko, 1995; Chase et al., 2003; Chase et al. 2015Maxillaria Ruiz & Pavón is a mega-genus, with over 650 species ( Schuiteman & Chase, 2015). As currently circumscribed, it contains formerly well recognised genera, both new and old, and is well characterised by a combination of characters, unique within the Maxillariinae: single-flowered inflorescences, column foot with a hinged lip and conduplicate leaves (Schuiteman & Chase, 2015). ...
... Within the Orchidaceae, major studies had revolutionised how we classify these plants (Dressler, 1993; Szlachetko, 1995; Chase et al., 2003; Chase et al. 2015Maxillaria Ruiz & Pavón is a mega-genus, with over 650 species ( Schuiteman & Chase, 2015). As currently circumscribed, it contains formerly well recognised genera, both new and old, and is well characterised by a combination of characters, unique within the Maxillariinae: single-flowered inflorescences, column foot with a hinged lip and conduplicate leaves (Schuiteman & Chase, 2015). Therefore, in recent studies (Molinari-Novoa, 2015b; Schuiteman & Chase, 2015), the systematics of Maxillaria have been revised, resulting in the lumping together of many genera formerly considered to be autonomous entities. ...
... As currently circumscribed, it contains formerly well recognised genera, both new and old, and is well characterised by a combination of characters, unique within the Maxillariinae: single-flowered inflorescences, column foot with a hinged lip and conduplicate leaves (Schuiteman & Chase, 2015). Therefore, in recent studies (Molinari-Novoa, 2015b; Schuiteman & Chase, 2015), the systematics of Maxillaria have been revised, resulting in the lumping together of many genera formerly considered to be autonomous entities. For further comments and insights regarding the taxonomy of Maxillaria, one can refer to the literature cited in our bibliography. ...
Three species of Mormolyca and four species of Pachyphyllum are transferred to Maxillaria and Fernandezia, respectively.
... The specimen was deposited in the MBM herbarium. Accepted names and synonyms of Maxillariinae were adopted according to Schuiteman and Chase (2015), also adopted by Flora e Funga do Brasil (2022) and used in the present study. The morphological terminology of Gonçalves and Lorenzi (2011) was followed. ...
We describe and illustrate Maxillaria luizotavioi, a new orchid species from the Brazilian Amazon belonging to Maxillaria sect. Rufescens. The new species can be distinguished from Maxillaria cruentata from Colombia, the morphologically most similar species, by having pale yellow sepals and petals, lanceolate lateral sepals and dark vinous lip with rounded to obtuse apex. Additionally, we provide an identification key to the species of the section that occurs in Brazil.
... such as the tough perianth fibers, crested or ornamented anther cap ). If the broad generic concept of Maxillaria proposed by Schuiteman & Chase (2015) is accepted, then C. antonellii also differs from the species of the M. platyloba group (Christenson 2013) Fig. 3 ...
The Northern Andean Cordillera in Colombia hosts unique, megadiverse, and fragile ecosystems, including wet tropical lowland, cloud forest, and paramo that are essential for climate regulation and the subsistence of human settlements. The Serrania de Los Paraguas on the Pacific slope of the western range of the Northern Andes, Colombia, is an ecosystem that needs to be preserved in the face of a major threat due to rapid deforestation. However, there have been very few explorations surveying its plant diversity in the area. Here, we describe two new orchid species to science from the genera Camaridium (C. antonellii: Maxillariinae, Cymbidieae) and Lepanthes (L. valerieae: Pleurothallidinae, Epidendreae) discovered during a floristic survey conducted in the region. Camaridium antonellii is similar to C. inauditum but differs in the fractiflex, ovate-elliptic, acute leaves, the flowers with pink sepals and petals, the lip white, distinctly three-lobed, spotted with purple on the lateral lobes and yellow-cream towards the apex, the mid-lobe ovate to transverse ovate and lanceolate sepals. Lepanthes valerieae, which is similar to L. antennata, differs in the long apical lobes of the petals, surpassing the dorsal sepal, the longer connectives > 18 mm, rounded lobes of the lip, and the oblong, flattened appendix. Illustrations, distribution maps, and photographs are provided.
... 116, t. 25. 1794. Maxillaria (Epidendroideae) broadly defined encompasses Cryptocentrum, Cyrtidiorchis, Mormolyca, Pityphyllum and Trigonidium (Schuiteman & Chase 2015) and comprises 658 neotropical species Govaerts et al. 2020), of which 115 occur in Brazil, 30 in the northeast region (Meneguzzo et al. 2020). In the study area, a single species was identified. ...
Lowland forests, also known as tabuleiro forests, are the predominant phytophysiognomy in the Atlantic Coastal Forest in northeastern Brazil. We inventoried the Orchidaceae present in the northern section of those forests, from the state of Rio Grande do Norte until the southern region of the state of Pernambuco. We examined specimens from seven regional herbaria and undertook field expeditions to four conservation units in the region. A total of 65 species belonging to 36 genera and to subfamilies Epidendroideae (44 species), Orchidoideae (16), and Vanilloideae (5) were identified. The most diverse genera are Epidendrum e Habenaria, with eight and seven species, respectively. Native species represented 96 % of the total observed, with 27 % being endemic to Brazil. Epiphytic (35) and terrestrial (27) species predominated; only three species are hemiepiphytic. We registered 14 new records of species for Rio Grande do Norte, two for Paraíba, and one for Pernambuco. Diagnoses of genera and species, as well as an identification key, data on geographic distribution, taxonomic and ecological comments, conservation status, and photos of the species are provided.
Keywords:
Northeastern Brazil; orchids; tabuleiro forest; taxonomy
... For the circumscription of the epiphyte families, we followed the classification of APG IV (The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016) and at the species level that of The Plant List (2013) and Tropicos (2020). In the case of some families such as Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae, and Orchidaceae, the studies of some taxonomic specialists were considered (Schuiteman and Chase, 2015;Cruz et al., 2016;Espejo-Serna and López-Ferrari, 2018). ...
Background and Aims
Epiphytes are an important component of tropical forests, also they are sensitive to disturbance and deforestation caused by humans, since they depend on their host trees and the micro environmental conditions that these provide. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in species richness, composition, and vertical distribution of epiphytic angiosperms between areas with natural and disturbed forest at the Northern Coast of Jalisco state, Mexico.
Methods
The presence/absence of epiphytic angiosperms was evaluated in each vertical zone of a selected tree, as well as those present in the understory, both in natural and disturbed sites in three types of vegetation (gallery forest, oak forest, tropical semideciduous forest) with a total of 30 plots of 20 m × 20 m in six sites. Alpha diversity was calculated for each site, as well as species turnover (beta diversity) between habitats. An analysis of variance was performed to determine if there was a significant difference in species richness between sites and, also to compare the height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the host trees. Multivariate analyzes were used to group the sites according to their floristic composition. Furthermore, a linear regression was performed to detect any relationship between the number of species and the phorophyte structure.
Results
We recorded 45 species, 29 genera and nine families of epiphytic angiosperms. The most diverse families were Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae and the richest genus was Tillandsia . Although the disturbed sites had more species, a significant difference in richness was not found, except for the disturbed gallery forest. Epiphytic angiosperms presented a high beta diversity, since the sites shared only between 2 and 18% of the recorded species. The inner portion of the canopy (Z3 and Z4) hosted most of the species in all sites and the understory had a high representation of epiphytes except for the disturbed oak forest, where these were absent. A relationship between the DBH and the number of species was found only at the disturbed sites, however, it was highly influenced by the high number of taxa registered in disturbed gallery forest. Therefore, the size of the trees could not be considered a factor in determining the diversity of epiphyte species.
Conclusion
The diversity of epiphytic angiosperm species from the North Coast of Jalisco has not been severely affected by the human disturbance. Most of the species have morphological and physiological adaptations that allow their establishment and survival in adverse climatic conditions. Our results suggest that epiphytic angiosperms cannot be considered as a good indicator for natural or disturbed environments in this region but should be considered in environmental conservation, as they present a high beta diversity.
... Maxillaria covers about 4/5 of species belonging to the subtribe (Senghas 2002). Depending on the applied classification, it counts from approximately 420 (Dressler 1993), through 634 (Schuiteman and Chase 2015) to 750 species (Senghas 2002). ...
Neotropical genus Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. belongs to one of the most diverse and species-rich groups of orchids. Several of its representatives are popular, horticultural plants with large and showy flowers, often nicely fragranced. It is not uncommon that some distinctly colored individuals are introduced to the commercial market under names of similar, more or less related species, as informal varieties or color forms, largely causing confusion. While investigating the diversity of Maxillaria in Ecuador, we have encountered plants that were commercially referred to as M. sanderiana xanthina. In the course of conducted morphological and micromorphological analyses, we concluded that it is a new, separate species and hereby, we describe it as M. anacatalinaportillae.
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... As a result, Mario Blanco and collaborators (2007) transferred the species of the former groups into a broad concept of Mormolyca. Recently Mormolyca was included within a broadly circumscribed Maxillaria and treated within this genus at a sectional rank (Schuiteman and Chase 2015). When included in Maxillaria, Mormolyca ringens has to be treated as Max. ...
Morphological description and Natural History of Mormolyca ringens
... Over the last 150 years, especially recently owing to its lack of clearly defined boundaries, Maxillaria has been recircumscribed several times in a number of different ways (e.g. Christenson, 2002;Szlachetko et al., 2012;Schuiteman & Chase, 2015). ...
Floral morphological adaptations and composition of secretions aim to ensure reproductive success. Maxillariella is part of the largest subtribe of Orchidaceae, and Maxillariella spp. are important components of the orchid flora of the Neotropics. The aim of this paper was to provide a detailed study of the reproductive biology of three morphologically and geographically distinct species: M. sanguinea, M. variabilis and M. vulcanica. For many years, species in this group were considered rewardless, but several studies have revealed that lips of some species may secrete resins. However, most published research has mainly focused on investigating either micromorphology (SEM, TEM, histochemistry) or fragrance composition (GC-MS). In this study, we make the first attempt to investigate Maxillariella flowers in a more comparative manner by combining both aspects. In all investigated species we reported the presence of resins with lipids, sugars and/or proteins, suggesting a potential role as a food reward. Scant quantities of residues indicate that they are produced periodically in small quantities. Chemical analysis revealed significant differences between species, however, the presence of some compounds was constant. Cycloartenal and cycloartenol (main ingredients of resin and wax-like material in some Maxillariinae) were not been found.
... The wide variation of the vegetative and floral characters, together with the lack of clearly defined generic boundaries of Maxillaria, resulted in proposing several taxonomic approaches of the subtribe Maxillariinae over the past 150 years. All these taxonomic changes have been criticized by Schuiteman & Chase (2015) who amalgamated all previously distinguished genera into one megagenus Maxillaria sensu latissimo. ...
The genus Rhetinantha M.A. Blanco was segregated from Maxillaria s.l. in 2007. It embraces about 20 species formerly classified in M. acuminata alliance, section Digammae Christenson and its distribution ranges from Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil. Representatives of Rhetinantha are subcaespitose to long rhizomatous with often ridged pseudobulbs. One to four leaves occur at the apex of the pseudobulb. Flowers are campanulate in general outline with rigid, acuminate perianth parts. During the revision of the materials collected in AMES, COL, and MO herbaria, we came across specimens which do not fit descriptions of any Rhetinantha species known so far. We propose to describe them as new species.
... MA Blanco es uno de los nombres aceptados como sinónimo (The Plant List, 2018). Esta orquídea existe en varios países de América Central, desde México hasta Costa Rica, con hábito epífito en los árboles de los bosques húmedos en elevaciones bajas y también hay registros en los bosques de pinos en elevaciones de hasta 2500 metros (Schuiteman y Chase, 2015) y en cafetales de sombra (Solis-Montero et al., 2005;Espejo-Serna et al., 2005). ...
Maxillaria densa es una orquídea oriunda de América Central extendida en alta montaña y bosques húmedos. El objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar un análisis crítico sobre etnofarmacología, fitoquímica y farmacología de la especie, enfocándose en su potencial para el biocomercio. Para encontrar sus compuestos bioactivos fueron exploradas las bases de datos de PubMed, Scopus, SciELO y SciFinder, Sciencedirect, Springer, la editorial Elsevier y webs especializadas, de esta manera se confirmó cuáles son los compuestos y propiedades de esta planta. M. densa es usada tradicionalmente para el tratamiento de dolores estomacales, como antidiarreico y antiespasmódico.
... Other taxa, depending on the adopted concept, were often combined in the collective genus Maxillaria sensu lato (e.g., Dressler, 1981Dressler, , 1993Christenson, 2002). All these taxonomic changes were neglected by Schuiteman and Chase (2015), who amalgamated all previously segregated genera once again into Maxillaria sensu latissimo. ...
The genus Sauvetrea Szlach. (Orchidaceae) was segregated from Maxillaria sensu lato in 2007. It embraces a group of from 10 to nearly 20 species, all initially defined as Maxillaria sect. Trigonae. Sauvetrea can be easily distinguished from closely related Rhetinantha M.A.Blanco by the lip callus. During the revision of the materials stored in AMES we came across specimens collected by Vargas in Peru, which were initially identified by Schweinfurth as Maxillaria brachypetala Schltr. We compared Vargas’s discovery with the protologue of the latter species and other Sauvetrea, but it does not fit the description of any genus representatives known so far. Wedescribe it below as a new species, Sauvetrea schweinfurthiana Szlach. & Lipińska.
... Para cada especie se presenta el hábito, ambiente, sector de la cuenca, altitud y muestra(s) de herbario de referencia (VEN). Para las familias de Pteridófitos se sigue la clasificación de Smith et al. (2006) (Maas et al. 2015), Asteraceae (Pruski & Robinson 2018), Bignoniaceae (Grose & Olmstead 2007;Lohmann & Taylor 2014), Bromeliaceae (Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge & Govaerts 2015), Celastraceae (Lombardi 2010), Chrysobalanaceae (Sothers et al. 2014(Sothers et al. , 2016, Marantaceae (Borchsenius et al. 2012), Melastomataceae (Penneys et al. 2010;Goldenberg et al. 2013;Gamba & Almeda 2018;Judd et al. 2018), Orchidaceae (Schuiteman & Chase 2015), Poaceae (Zuloaga et al. 2011;da Silva et al. 2015;Grande 2016), Rubiaceae (Taylor 2015; Delprete & Kirkbride 2016) y Smilacaceae (Ferrufino 2010). ...
RESUMEN Como contribución al conocimiento florístico de la Guayana venezolana se exploraron tres sectores de la cuenca del río Cucurital (370, 421 y 1040-1460 m snm). Se recolectaron 2600 muestras botánicas agrupadas en 18 familias de pteridófitos, 113 de angiospermas y una gimnosperma, para un total de 132 familias y 1049 especies, 5 subespecies y 23 variedades. Se preparó una lista anotada de taxa. En pteridófitos predominan Hymenophyllaceae y Polypodiaceae (11 especies cada una) y Dennstaedtiaceae (10). En las angiospermas destacan Melastomataceae (87 especies), Fabaceae s.l. (77), Orchidaceae y Rubiaceae (59) y Poaceae (39). Votomita roraimensis se reportó por primera vez para Venezuela. El 23,39% de las especies está restringido al Escudo Guayanés, 20,91% crece en la región guayano-amazónica, 40,78% tiene amplia distribución neotropical. 31 especies son endémicas de Venezuela, 18 se conocen solo del SE del estado Bolívar. En los bosques las especies leñosas determinan mayores afinidades florísticas de la región Guayano-amazónica con los Andes, y los elementos guayaneses incrementan con la altitud.
... The updated classification of Chase et al. (2015) also recognized Rhetinantha M.A.Blanco as being related to Maxillaria s.l., subtribe Maxillariinae, tribe Cymbidieae. The latter is the taxonomic circumscription adopted in the present work, although a recent and distinct interpretation is available, which accepts a broader circumscription of Maxillaria in Schuiteman and Chase (2015). ...
The structure and composition of the labellar secretory trichomes of Rhetinantha cerifera (Barb. Rodr.) M.A.Blanco were analyzed by scanning electron and light microscopy, as well as histochemistry and chemistry. Histological analyses revealed that the chlorophyllated and dry callus at the basal region of labellum is non-secretory. The white sticky secretion is produced by unicellular secretory trichomes (not papillae), occupying the V-shaped ridge at the apical and median regions of the labellum, and the central portion of the labellar adaxial base, behind the callus. Chemical analyses of dichloromethane extracts of the secretion detected several long carbon chain constituents common in plant waxes (n-alkanes, carboxylic acids, alcohols, esters) and phytosteroids, predominantly cycloartenol derivatives. Histochemical tests showed that the secretion contains terpenoids (oleoresin), free fatty acids, phenolic compounds (including flavonoids), and polysaccharides (mainly mucilage); the results were negative for alkaloids. The secretory unicellular trichomes can concomitantly activate different metabolic pathways, and the exudate should be characterized as “heterogeneous mixtures,” consisting of lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds. Therefore, the labellar secretion is chemically more complex than plant waxes composition. The specific epithet cerifera is thus misleading, and previously reported interpretations regarding the secretion are equivocated. Based on the present results and those from the literature, it is suggested that R. cerifera and R. notylioglossa (Rchb.f.) M.A.Blanco are taxonomical entities that should be merged into a single species, as has been suggested in Flora Brasil 2020 under construction.
... In the latest classification, Schuiteman & Chase (2015) suggested another way of classifying Maxillaria s. l. They concluded that narrowly defined genera are often difficult to diagnose, especially when the material is designated only to the genus level. ...
The genus Maxillaria s.l. constitutes the core of the subtribe Maxillariinae Benth. It is
estimated that ca 56% of the Maxillaria species attract pollinators by 'empty promises'. Among the
rest, there are three types of reward: nectar, pseudopollen and wax-like substances. In this paper we
present the results of the investigation of lip epidermis of 20 species from 11 sections and one complex.
For the study, we used scanning electron microscope (SEM). In all studied species, the presence of the
papillae in various shapes has been demonstrated. Obpyriform papillae seem to be the most common
and their presence has been noticed on the labellar surface of 15 species from all investigated sections.
Conical papillae have been found on the lip surface of 10 species from 8 sections, villiform – in 10
species from 9 sections, clavate papillae – only in 4 species, each from different sections and elliptic
papillae have been noticed only in a single species. Trichomes are limited to 7 species. Pseudopollen
has been recorded only in species from the Grandiflora-complex. Residues of some kind of secretion
were observed on the lip surface of 7 species from different sections. In 5 species papillae occurred
also on the outer surface of the lip.
... They found that Maxillariella forms a monophyletic group including Camaridium Lindl., Maxillaria s.s., Rhetinantha M.A. Blanco and Trigonidium Lindl. Recently, Schuiteman and Chase (2015) proposed an expansion of Maxillaria to include 17 genera: the 12 genera segregated from Maxillaria by Blanco et al. (2007), as well as Cryptocentrum Benth., Cyrtidiorchis Rauschert, Mormolyca Fenzl, Pityphyllum Schltr., and Trigonidium Lindl. They argued that this broadly defined Maxillaria is easier to diagnose than a more narrowly defined Maxillaria and the segregate genera proposed by Blanco et al. (2007). ...
Maxillariella prostrata, a new species from Costa Rica and Panama is described and illustrated. This species is similar to M. acervata but differs in having a prostrate habit, elliptic leaves up to 2 cm long, pseudobulbs with two unequal apical leaves, one larger and the other smaller, a red-spotted lip, the column apex entire, and the pollinarium made up of two small globose pollinia on an oblong stipe. Maxillariella prostrata also resembles M. dichaeoides from Ecuador and Peru but differs in having yellow to white flowers spotted with red, and the lip with a well-defined callus.
... Recently, Maxillaria has undergone several taxonomic treatments, some of them considering the genus in a broad sense (Schuiteman & Chase 2015), and others separating it in multiple genera, previously treated as subgenera or sections (Blanco et al. 2007). Mormolyca was proposed by Blanco et al. (2007) to include 30 species distributed from Mexico to Brazil. ...
Mormolyca cleistogama has its occurrence unknown in São Paulo state, although widely distributed in South America. In this study, based in field collection, we confirmed the occurrence of M. cleistogama in São Paulo state, Brazil. Morphological descriptions, color images and comparison with the closely related taxon, M. rufescens, are presented. Resumo Mormolyca cleistogama, apresenta sua ocorrência desconhecida no estado de São Paulo, apesar de ser amplamente distribuída na América do Sul. Nesse estudo, através de coleta em campo, confirmou-se a ocorrência desta espécie no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. São apresentadas descrição morfológica, fotografias coloridas e comparação com o táxon morfologicamente mais próximo, M. rufescens. Rodriguésia 69(2): 951-954. 2018
... Palms (Arecaecae) and to an extent orchids (Orchidaceae) provide noteworthy divergence in interpretation of molecular results wherein studies of species-rich morphologically challenging to characterise genera tend to assimilate generic satellites into the corpus, for example the rattan palms Calamus L., whereas for alliances of smaller, although often no less morphologically intractable, genera the preferred route is maintaining and increasing the number of narrowly defined genera (e.g. Baker et al. 2006;Heatubun et al. 2014;Schuiteman and Chase 2015). ...
Phylogenetic relationships within Araceae tribe Schismatoglottideae are elucidated based on nuclear ITS and plastid matK. Thirty genera are recognised, composed of 13 pre-existing genera (Apoballis, Aridarum, Bakoa, Bucephalandra, Fenestratarum, Galantharum, Ooia, Phymatarum, Pichinia, Piptospatha, Schismatoglottis, Schottariella and Schottarum), five resurrected genera (Colobogynium, Gamogyne, Heteroaridarum, Hottarum and Rhynchopyle) and 11 new genera: Bakoaella, Bidayuha, Burttianthus, Gosong, Hera, Kiewia, Nabalu, Pursegloveia, Naiadia, Tawaia and Toga. Significant recircumscription is proposed for the pre-existing genera Aridarum, Bakoa and Piptospatha. Schismatoglottis remains imperfectly delineated despite resolution of a well-supported corpus defined by hapaxanthic stems and containing the nomenclature type. An updated taxonomic treatment is presented and all necessary nomenclatural changes are made including a new generic name, Vesta to replace Hestia, which has been discovered to be preoccupied by Hestia, a fossil lycopsid. All genera, including representatives of each clade pertinent to Schismatoglottis sens. str. are illustrated from living plants.
... The infratribal classification of Maxillariinae proposed by Lindley (1843) has been a topic of discussion among taxonomists worldwide for over 130 years (Bentham 1881;Pfitzer 1887;Rolfe 1911;Schlechter 1926;Dressler 1993;Senghas 1993;Szlachetko 1995;Christenson 2002;Blanco et al. 2007;Whitten et al. 2007;Schuiteman & Chase 2015). Despite fundamental disagreement on the taxonomic position of many genera and divergence between results of molecular and morphological studies, the separateness of few taxa was rarely questionable. ...
... Chase 2015, Zambrano-Romero and Solano-Gomez 2016). The taxonomic classifi cation proposed by Schuiteman and Chase (2015) reverses the previously segregated genera of Maxillaria sensu lato, instead combining them into a supergenus of 17 sections including genera like Cryptocentrum, Cyrtidiorchis, Mormolyca, Pityphyllum, and Trigonidium into Maxillaria, but also includes the former segregate genera Brasiliorchis, Camaridium, Christensonella, Heterotaxis, Inti, Mapinguari, Maxillariella, Nitidobulbon, Ornithidium, Pityphyllum, Rhetinantha, and Sauvetrea. ...
A new species of Maxillaria from Colombia is described and il- lustrated. Similar to M. lueri, but is distinguished by having much broad- er, flat leaves, sheaths without leaf-blades, and elongate fusiform and slightly flattened pseudobulbs.
... Sobralia with Elleanthus and other genera of Sobralieae. Such a new level of combining genera has already been proposed by Schuiteman and Chase (2015) in the case of Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. and related genera. However, such move would increase the confusion by obscuring these morphologically distinct taxa in a single, polymorphic genus that would be impossible to define morphologically. ...
A phylogenetic study of Sobralia (Orchidaceae) confirmed the polyphyletic character of the genus. Sobralia also appears to be highly heteromorphic in the morphology, especially considering the position and architecture of inflorescence, lip form and kind of its outgrowths, length and form of stelidia of column. The infrageneric relationship of Sobralia species was revealed by analyses of three DNA markers (nuclear ITS, xdh and plastid matK). The nominal section of the genus appears to be more related with Elleanthus and other genera of Sobralieae than with the remaining species of Sobralia. Sobralia section Sobralia differs from other representatives of the genus by the position and architecture of inflorescence, smaller floral bracts and the morphology of the flowers. We propose a generic rank to the group despite its paraphyletic nature. Nomenclatural consequences of this proposal are briefly discussed. Appropriate transfers to the newly erected genus Brasolia are proposed. A new species, Brasolia floribunda, previously detected by Reichenbach, but never formally described, is validated. Lectotypes for five species and a neotype for the other one are proposed.
After a confused taxonomic history, Prosthechea (Laeliinae, Orchidaceae) has been circumscribed in a broad sense to include species previously placed in Encyclia subg. Osmophytum. However, recent alternative classifications resurrecting old names such as Anacheilium and Hormidium, and proposing new genera such as Euchile, Panarica, Pollardia, and Pseudencyclia were presented, splitting Prosthechea into narrower genera. In this study, we provide a molecular phylogeny of Prosthechea to reassess alternative generic classifications and shed light on evolutionary aspects of this highly diverse Neotropical lineage. Eighty species of Prosthechea s.l. and 12 species of related genera were sampled. Bayesian and maximum parsimony analyses of sequences from three plastid regions (rpl32-trnL, trnD-trnT, ycf1) and nrITS were included. Possible conflicts between nuclear and plastid data were assessed with partitioned Bremer support. Ancestral state reconstructions of morphological characters relevant to the genus taxonomy are provided. Our results reinforce the monophyly of the lineage corresponding to a broad circumscription of Prosthechea. The small lineages corresponding to Euchile, Panarica, and Hormidium are monophyletic, whereas the larger Anacheilium, Pollardia, and Pseudencyclia are not mono-phyletic. Splitting Prosthechea into smaller genera is not supported by our phylogeny, and nonmonophyly also hinders the proposal of a comprehensive infrageneric classification. The phylogenetic relationships recovered reflect better the biogeographic patterns than the previously proposed morphological affinities, pointing to the existence of homoplastic floral traits within the genus. Conflicts between nuclear and plastid partitions were detected, suggesting a possible scenario of reticulate evolution.
The municipality of Igarapé-Miri is located in the Endemism Center of Belém, which corresponds to the most deforested portion of the Brazilian Amazon with only 38% of its native forest remaining. The family Orchidaceae has several endemic taxa and expressive diversity in the Amazon phytogeographic domain, including in the state of Pará where 97 genera and 395 species have been reported. Considering the advanced state of fragmentation and the loss of diversity in the region, together with the lack of information about the flora of the municipality of Igarapé-Miri (Pará, Brazil), a floristic-taxonomic study was undertaken of the species of Orchidaceae in the municipality, including an identification key, morphological descriptions, taxonomic comments, illustrations and information on habitat, phenology and the geographic distribution of species. Fifty-eight species distributed in 38 genera were recorded for the municipality of Igarapé-Miri. The most diverse genera were Epidendrum (7 spp.) and Catasetum (4 spp.), followed by Maxillaria, Scaphyglottis and Stelis (3 spp. each). Most species occur as epiphytes and in Terra Firme Forest, with 31 species being exclusive to this type of vegetation. The occurrence of Anathallis fastigiata, Catasetum albovirens, Dichaea brachyphylla and Palmorchis triquilhada, species restricted to the Brazilian Amazon, stands out. The distribution of Stelis palmeiraensis is expanded to the Amazon phytogeographic domain and Stelis ciliaris and Uleiorchis ulei are documented in the state of Pará for the first time.
Maxillaria crassifolia (Lindl.) Rchb.f. belongs to the polyphyletic genus Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav., which currently is the subject of several taxonomic research. There are conflicting descriptions of megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, and embryogenesis in orchids from the tribe Cymbidieae, in general, and in the genus Maxillaria, in particular. In the present report, all stages of embryonic development of M. crassifolia were examined using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Some features of the development of the ovule and embryo, which distinguish M. crassifolia from other species of the tribe Cymbidieae were identified. The T-shaped arrangement of megaspores is formed by dividing the micropylar megaspore of the dyad. The megagametophyte develops according to the modified Polygonum-type with an unstable number of nuclei in the embryo sacs. The nucleus of the central cell varies in composition and may include unfused micropylar and chalazal nuclei and daughter nuclei formed during their division. The sequence of embryonal divisions is strictly structured. A special variant of embryogenesis, the Cymbidium-type Maxillaria-variant, has been described. Its characteristic features are the strictly apical nature of embryonic divisions, the absence of basal cell (cb) division, the formation of one to three pairs of tubular suspensor cells, and the localization of all suspensor cells within the inner integument.
Coelogyne has been shown in analyses of molecular data to be polyphyletic with 14 other genera of Coelogyninae (Arethuseae) embedded. Three possible solutions to establish an alternative classification are considered: lumping all of these in the oldest genus, in this case Coelogyne, distinguishing two genera corresponding to the two main clades in the alliance or recognition of many new genera to accommodate the groups of Coelogyne that are more closely related to some of these other genera. The second and third alternatives are considered non-viable because there are no reliable morphological characters that can be used to identify these taxa. Here, we make the necessary combinations and new names to make the first option possible.
The first complete checklist of the Mexican vascular epiphytes is presented, accompanied by data relating to its geographical
distribution by state, elevational range, endemism, life form and type of vegetation in which each species can be found.
Based on the review of herbarium specimens and specialized literature, as well as in the collection of botanical material
in several regions of the country, we determined that the vascular epiphytes of Mexico are integrated by 24 orders, 37
families, 253 genera, and 1,813 species, of which 583 are endemic to the country. The families with the highest specific
richness are Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Polypodiaceae, and Piperaceae, while the genera with the highest number of taxa
are Tillandsia, Epidendrum, and Peperomia. Only one gymnosperm, Ceratozamia tenuis, was registered as epiphyte. The
types of vegetation that harbor the greatest richness are the cloud forest with 1,079 species and the Quercus forest with 837.
One hundred eighty-six species are found in some category of the NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010
Resumen
Se presenta el primer catálogo completo de las epífitas vasculares de México, acompañado de datos relativos a su distribución
geográfica por estado, intervalo altitudinal, endemismo, forma de vida y tipo de vegetación en el que prospera cada una de
las especies. Con base en la revisión de ejemplares de herbario y de la literatura especializada, así como en la recolección
de material botánico en diversas regiones del país, determinamos que las epífitas vasculares de México están representadas
por 24 órdenes, 37 familias, 253 géneros y 1,813 especies, de las cuales 583 son endémicas al país. Las familias con mayor
riqueza específica son Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Polypodiaceae y Piperaceae, en tanto que los géneros con mayor número
de taxa son Tillandsia, Epidendrum y Peperomia. Solamente una gimnosperma, Ceratozamia tenuis, se registró como epífita.
Los tipos de vegetación que albergan la mayor riqueza son el bosque mesófilo de montaña con 1,079 especies y el bosque de
Quercus con 837. Ciento ochenta y seis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010.
Palabras clave: Angiospermas, Angiospermas basales, bosque mesófilo de montaña, endemismo, Eudicotiledóneas,
Gimnospermas, Helechos, Licofitas, Monocotiledóneas.
Most members of the Neotropical orchid subtribe Maxillariinae lack floral rewards (e.g. nectar, food-hairs, resin or wax) and attract pollinators by food- or sexual-deceit. Of those that produce floral rewards, relatively few produce resin. Members of the Mexican and Central American Camaridium cucullatum complex are considered to be entirely rewardless. Here, we demonstrate that they produce lipoidal or resin-like labellar secretions. They are also characterized by the possession of a prominent, and often brightly coloured, thickened transverse ridge located at the base of the column, above the point of attachment to the labellum. Although the transverse ridge is considered a putative synapomorphy for members of the C. cucullatum complex, a similar structure was observed in the related genus Nitidobulbon. Anatomy and secretory activity of the labella and presumed transverse ridges of both taxa are investigated and compared by means of light and fluorescence microscopy, in conjunction with histochemistry and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Of the representatives of core Maxillariinae investigated, only members of the C. cucullatum complex possessed a transverse ridge, strengthening claims for this synapomorphy. The similar structure in Nitidobulbon comprised the proximal part of the column. Because both these structures were non-secretory and located in juxtaposition to the secretory region of the labellum, where their bright colours contrasted with those of the perianth segments, it is proposed that they act as focal points, guiding insect visitors further into the flower, and thus facilitating pollination. It is also hypothesized that they compensate for a lack of obvious nectar-guides on the labellum, or where these are obfuscated by heavy secretions of resin. Because the transverse ridge was not prominent in some members of the C. cucullatum complex, and not always easily distinguishable from superficially similar structures in related genera (e.g. Nitidobulbon), we recommend it be used in taxonomy only in conjunction with other more reliable characters.
Goodyerinae is a cosmopolitan terrestrial subtribe of Orchidaceae; some currently accepted Goodyerinae genera have been suggested to be non-monophyletic, including the type genus for the subtribe, Goodyera. The polyphyly of Goodyera has been supported by multiple molecular studies, with several primarily Indomalayan and Australasian species forming distinct clades more closely related to genera such as Erythrodes, Lepidogyne, and Platylepis. The potential morphological limits of these clades, however, have not been fully explored. To better reflect the evolutionary relationships of these species, I present a broad-scale taxonomic recircumscription of Goodyera s.l. based on detailed morphological investigation of herbarium and living specimens. Goodyera s.s. is restricted to species bearing commonly marked, often basal leaves, and flowers with a short-footed, stout column. A new genus, Paorchis, is described, four names are transferred to Platylepis, and Cionisaccus, Eucosia, and Salacistis are resurrected, with the following new combinations: Cionisaccus procera, Paorchis thailandica, Eucosia afzelii, E. brachiorrhynchos, E. seikomontana, E. viridiflora, Platylepis flaccida, P. goudotii, P. roseum, P. scirpta, Salacistis angustifolia, S. beccarii, S. clavata, S. elmeri, S. erythrodes, S. fumata, S. lanceolata, S. rhombodoides, S. rubicunda, and S. werneri.
The New Refugium Botanicum is a series based on W. Saunder's The Refugium Botanicum (1809–1879) that intend to present interesting plants of botanical merit to the readers, which are studied and illustrated from living specimens by the best specialists, and accompanied by concise cultural notes.
Six new species of Maxillaria are described and illustrated based on material collected in southern Colombia. The taxonomic affinities of the new entities are discussed and information about their habitat and ecology is provided. Additionally, photographs of all new species are presented.
The recent transfer to the genus Xylobium of three orchid species originally described by Ruiz and Pavón as members of Maxillaria is challenged on the basis of the extant evidence found in the herbarium and the archives of the Royal Botanic Garden, Madrid, where the first set of materials intended for the Flora Peruviana et Chilensis is deposited. The study of the taxonomic literature does not support the claims about a common usage of the three names, Maxillaria alata, M. bicolor, and M. cuneiformis, as being referable to Xylobium.
Keywords: Flora Peruviana et Chilensis, Maxillaria, Orchidaceae, Pavón Jiménez José Antonio, Ruiz López Hipólito, Xylobium
Maxillaria tenebrosa, a new species discovered in Southwestern Ecuador is described and illustrated. Information concerning its distribution, habitat, floral biology, and conservation status is provided. The new taxon is a member of M. variabilis group or M. section Erectae, and it is compared with morphologically similar species such as M. acervata, M. caespitifica, M. caucae, M. costaricensis, M. dichaeoides, M. ponerantha, M. procurrens, M. variabilis, and M. xanthorhoda.
A new species of Christensonella (Orchidaceae, Maxillariinae) is described and illustrated based on herbarium material. Th e most important characters of Christensonella ecallosa Lipi ń ska & Szlach. are the ovate lip, with transversely elliptic middle lobe, minutely dentate margins and very obscure lip callus, which forms an elevated thick pad near the base. Taking into account the habit, it may be misidentifi ed as C. uncata, but they are clearly distinguished by the lip shape. Th e taxonomic affi liations of the new species are briefl y discussed.
Two new combinations and two new names under Maxillaria, a new name under Oncidium, the validation of a species in Cuencaea, and a new nothogenus for hybrids between Gavilea and Chloraea are proposed.
Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie de orquídea, Maxillaria pinasensis, de los bosques siempreverde piemontano y semideciduo montano del suroccidente de Ecuador. Se proporciona información sobre su distribución, hábitat, fenología y estatus de conservación. La nueva especie se compara con Maxillaria estradae de Ecuador, M. flava, M. lankesteri, M. microphyton y M. wercklei de Costa Rica y Panamá, a las cuales se parece morfológicamente.
A new classification of the subtribe Maxillariinae (Orchidaceae) is proposed. The Camaridium-group is divided into seven genera, Adamanthus Szlach., Camaridium Lindl., Pseudomaxillaria Hoehne, Psittacoglossum Lex. in La Llave & Lexarza. and three described here: Chaseopsis Szlach. & Sitko, Chelyella Szlach. & Sitko, Viracocha Szlach. & Sitko. Ornithidium s.l is divided into seven genera:, Heterotaxis Lindl., Laricorchis Szlach., Neo-urbania Fawc. & Rendle, Nitidobulbon I.Ojeda, Carnevali & G.A.Romero, Ornithidium Salisb. ex R.Br., Vazquezella Szlach. & Sitko and Aucellia Szlach. & Sitko, the latter two described here. The type species of all genera are illustrated. 175 new combinations on the species level are validated and the relationships among the genera are briefly discussed. Key to determination of all genera representing Maxillariinae s.str. is provided.
KEY WORDS: Maxillaria, Camaridium, Ornithidium, Maxillariinae, new genera, Neotropics, taxonomy.
We investigated the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of the genera Adipe (= Stenocoryne), Bifrenaria, Cydoniorchis, and Rudolfiella, on the basis of morphology and DNA sequence data. Sixteen species from the Bifrenaria complex and six related genera were sampled. Matrices were analyzed using maximum parsimony. Separate analyses of data partitions resulted in slightly different nonconflicting topologies; therefore, we combined all the data sets. The results support the monophyly of Bifrenaria and of Rudolfiella. Within Bifrenaria, two clades are strongly supported: the Amazonian clade and the southern Brazilian clade. Adipe is a paraphyletic group. Although Cydoniorchis is monophyletic and has many morphological synapomorphies, the acceptance of this genus would demand many nomenclatural changes. We propose recognizing a broad Bifrenaria. The results also indicate an Amazonian origin for Bifrenaria.
A recent phylogenetic analysis of four DNA regions for ca. 354 species of core Maxillariinae strongly indicate that the genus Maxillaria, as traditionally circumscribed, is grossly polyphyletic. We pre-sent a new phylogenetic classification for core Maxillariinae that recognizes 17 genera. Necessary realign-ments include: 1) resurrection of the genera Camaridium, Heterotaxis, and Ornithidium; 2) recognition of the recent segregates Brasiliorchis (=Maxillaria sect. Repentes), Christensonella (=Maxillaria sect. Urceolatae), Nitidobulbon (in press), and a recircumscribed Sauvetrea (=Maxillaria sect. Trigonae); 3) adoption of the new genera Inti (=Maxillaria sect. Polyphyllae), Mapinguari, Maxillariella (=Maxillaria sections Ebulbes and Erectae), and Rhetinantha; 4) transfers from Maxillaria sect. Reflexae to Ornithidium, and Maxillaria sect. Rufescens to Mormolyca; and 5) synonymizing of the genera Adamanthus, Pseudomaxillaria, Psittacoglossum, and Sepalosaccus (under Camaridium), Anthosiphon (under Cryptocentrum), Chrysocycnis (under Mormolyca), Dicrypta, Marsupiaria, and Pentulops (under Heterotaxis), and Laricorchis, Neo-urbania, and Siagonanthus (under Ornithidium). Some new synonyms at the specific level are also presented. RESUMEN. Un reciente análisis filogenético de cuatro regiones de ADN para ca. 354 especies de la subtribu Maxillariinae indican fuertemente que el género Maxillaria, en su circunscripción tradicional, es altamente polifilético. Presentamos una nueva clasificación filogenética para Maxillariinae que reconoce 17 géneros. Los cambios necesarios incluyen: 1) la resurrección de los géneros Camaridium, Heterotaxis, y Ornithidium; 2) el reconocimiento de los recientes segregados genéricos Brasiliorchis (=Maxillaria sección Repentes), Christensonella (=Maxillaria sección Urceolatae), Nitidobulbon (en prensa), y una Sauvetrea recircunscrita (=Maxillaria sección Trigonae); 3) la adopción de los nuevos géneros Inti (=Maxillaria sec-ción Polyphyllae), Mapinguari, Maxillariella (=Maxillaria secciones Ebulbes y Erectae), y Rhetinantha; 4) transferencias de Maxillaria sección Reflexae a Ornithidium, y Maxillaria sección Rufescens a Mormolyca; y 5) puesta en sinonimia de los géneros Adamanthus, Pseudomaxillaria, Psittacoglossum y Sepalosaccus (bajo Camaridium), Anthosiphon (bajo Cryptocentrum), Chrysocycnis (bajo Mormolyca), Dicrypta, Marsupiaria y Pentulops (bajo Heterotaxis), y Laricorchis, Neo-Urbania, y Siagonanthus (bajo Ornithidium). Algunos sinónimos nuevos al nivel de especie también son presentados.
The paper presents the second part of the study of the orchid illustrations produced during the Royal expedition to Peru and Chile, headed by Ruiz and Pavón in late XVIII century. Species of the genera included between Oncidium and Zygopetalum are discussed. For each taxon references to the nomenclatorial types, synonymy, illustrations and exsiccata prepared during the expedition, as well as to Ruiz’ diaries and the unpublished manuscripts of the expedition’s botanists, are provided. In the absence of any specimens referable to the type collections and associated with the protologues, Maxillaria ciliata and M. undatiflora are formally lectotypified with the type illustrations conserved in MA. Rodriguezia lanceolata , originally based on at least two syntypes, is lectotypified. New combinations are propo sed for Bletia uniflora, Humboldtia acutiflora, H. polystachya and Maxilla ria undatiflora .
El trabajo presenta la segunda parte del estudio de las ilustraciones de orquídea producidas durante la Real Expedición al Perú y Chile, liderada por Ruiz y Pavón. Se discuten las especies de los géneros incluidos entre Oncidium y Zygopetalum . Para cada uno de los táxones se proveen referencias a los tipos nomenclaturales, sinonimia, ilustraciones y exsiccata preparados durante la expedición, así como a los diarios de Ruiz y a los manuscritos inéditos de los botánicos de la expedición. En ausencia de especímenes de las recolectas tipo o de alguna manera asociables a los protólogos, se lectotipifican Maxillaria ciliata y M. undatiflora con las ilustraciones de los tipos conservadas en MA. Se lectotipifica Rodriguezia lanceolata , originalmente basada en por lo menos dos sintipos. Se proponen nuevas combinaciones para Bletia uniflora, Humboldtia acutiflora, H. polystachya y Maxillaria undatiflora .
Inspired by King Carlos III in the second half of 18th Century, the Spanish government demonstrated a serious interest in the study of the rich floras of the colonies of the New World. The Royal expedition to Peru and Chile, led by Ruiz and Pavón, continued for 11 years in the two colonies and was followed by the activities of Tafalla and Manzanilla, who botanized in Peru and Ecuador. Two preliminary accounts of the flora of Peru were published in 1794 and 1798, but only three of the planned eleven volumes and five supplements of the Flora Peruviana et Chilensis were eventually published. The seventh volume, devoted to the Orchids, never saw the light of day. Due to the short descriptions published in 1798, and the dispersal of large parts of Ruiz and Pavón’s herbarium, the concepts of several of their orchid species remained obscure to modern botanists. These species can now be identified for the first time through the critical study of the unpublished illustrations and manuscripts of the expedition, kept at the Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid (RJB). The results in orchidology of the expedition, with a discussion of the new findings and interpretations, made possible by the study of Ruiz and Pavón’s orchid iconography, are presented in two contributions. In this first part – an introduction – notes on the illustrators and their work, as well as on the orchid manuscripts and collections, are given. Orchid taxa are presented alphabetically, from Acianthera to Maxillariella . For each taxon references to the nomenclatural types, synonymy, illustrations and exsiccata prepared during the expedition, as well as to Ruiz’s diaries and the unpublished manuscripts of the expedition’s botanists, are provided. In the absence of any actual specimens referable to the type collections and associated with the protologues, Bletia repanda, Epidendrum cordatum, E. viride, Fernandezia laxa, Maxillaria longipetala, M. ramosa, and M. Triphylla are formally lectotypified with the type illustrations conserved in MA. New combinations are proposed for the basionyms Bletia parviflora, Fernandezia punctata, Humboldtia po lystachya, Maxillaria ramosa, and M. Triphylla .
Bajo el impulso del rey Carlos III, el gobierno español demostró en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII un serio interés en el estudio de las ricas floras de sus colonias en el Nuevo Mundo. La Real Expedición al Perú y Chile, liderada por Ruiz y Pavón, trabajó por 11 años en las dos colonias y fue continuada posteriormente por Tafalla y Manzanilla, quienes botanizaron en el Perú y en el Ecuador. En 1794 y 1798 se publicaron dos trabajos preliminares sobre la flora del Perú, pero solamente tres de los 11 volúmenes y cinco suplementos de la Flora Peruviana et Chilensis vieron finalmente la luz. El séptimo volumen, dedicado a las Orquídeas, nunca se publicó. Debido a las descripciones sintéticas publicadas en 1798 y a la dispersión de una parte cuantiosa del herbario de Ruiz y Pavón, muchos conceptos de sus especies de orquídeas quedaron obscuros para los botánicos modernos. El estudio crítico de las ilustraciones y manuscritos inéditos de la expedición, conservados en el Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB), permiten ahora identificar por primera vez muchas de estas especies. Los resultados orquideológicos de la expedición, con una discusión de los nuevos hallazgos e interpretaciones hechos posibles por el estudio de la iconografía de orquídeas de Ruiz y Pavón, se presentan en dos contribuciones. En esta primera parte se proporcionan una introducción, notas sobres los ilustradores y su obra, así como sobre los manuscritos y colecciones de orquídeas. Los táxones de orquídeas se presentan alfabéticamente, de Acianthera a Maxillariella . Para cada uno de los táxones se proveen referencias a los tipos nomenclaturales, sinonimia, ilustraciones y exsiccata preparados durante la expedición, así como a los diarios de Ruiz y a los manuscritos inéditos de los botánicos de la expedición. En ausencia de especímenes de material original o de alguna manera asociable a los protólogos, se lectotipifican Bletia repanda, Epidendrum cordatum, E. viride, Fernandezia laxa, Maxillaria longipetala, M. ramosa y M. Triphylla con las ilustraciones de los tipos conservadas en MA. Se proponen nuevas combinaciones para los basiónimos Bletia parviflora, Fernandezia punctata, Humboldtia polysta chya, Maxillaria ramosa y M. Triphylla .
A taxonomic revision of the recently proposed neotropical genus Christensonella (tribe Cymbideae, subtribe Maxillariinae) is presented. Twelve species are recognized: C. echinophyta, C. ferdinandiana, C. huntii, C. nardoides, C. neowiedii C. pacholskii, C. pachyphylla, C. paranaensis, C. pumila, C. subulata, C. subulifolia and C. uncata. An identification key, diagnostic characters, descriptions, complete synonymy and line drawings are provided. (c) 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 168, 449 similar to 472.
Maxillaria bomboizensis is synonymized under Camaridium carinatum. Two previously published combinations based on Maxillaria bomboizensis (Camaridium bomboizense and Sauvetrea bomboizensis) are invalid. A complete synonymy is provided for Camaridium carinatum, and lectotypes are designated for its basionym Maxillaria carinata and its synonym Maxillaria imbricata. The name Maxillaria jenischiana has been misapplied to Camaridium carinatum since 1959.Maxillaria bomboizensis es puesta en la sinonimia de Camaridium carinatum. Dos combinaciones previamente publicadas, basadas en Maxillaria bomboizensis (Camaridium bomboizense y Sauvetrea bomboizensis) son inválidas. Se provee una sinonimia completa para Camaridium carinatum, y se designan lectotipos para su basónimo Maxillaria carinata y su sinónimo Maxillaria imbricata. El nombre Maxillaria jenischiana ha sido mal aplicado a Camaridium carinatum desde 1959.
O gênero Brasiliorchis R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali, é proposto para conter aquelas espécies de orquídeas antes incluidas na Aliança Maxillaria picta; um agrupamento primariamente endêmico do bioma Mata Atlântica, no Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Este novo gênero é sustentado tanto por caracteres morfológicos quanto por estudos de biologia molecular em andamento. O novo gênero é facilmente diagnosticado pelos seus pseudobulbos bifoliados, sulcados a canaliculados e pelas suas flores campanuladas, duradouras e sem recompensas florais. Os polinários destas espécies normalmente carecem de estipes. Apresenta-se a diagnose formal do novo gênero, bem como treze novas combinaçoes taxonômicas: Brasiliorchis barbozae (Loefgren) R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali, B. chrysantha (Barbosa Rodrigues) R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali, B. consanguinea (Klotzsch) R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali, B. gracilis (Loddiges) R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali, B. heismanniana (Barbosa Rodrigues) R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali, B. kautskyi (Pabst) R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali, B. marginata (Lindley) R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali, B. phoenicanthera (Barbosa Rodrigues) R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali, B. picta (Hooker) R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali, B. polyantha (Barbosa Rodrigues) R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali, B. porphyrostele (Reichenbach f.) R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali, B. schunkeana (Campacci & Kautsky) R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali e B. ubatubana (Hoehne) R. Singer, S. Koehler & Carnevali. São propostos lectótipos para B. barbozae, B. chrysantha, B. heismanniana, B. phoenicanthera, B. picta e B. polyantha. Propõe-se um neótipo para B. consanguinea. Além disto apresenta-se uma chave dicotômica para separar Brasiliorchis das outras orquídeas Maxillariinae bifoliadas brasileiras.
The orchid genus Maxillaria is one of the largest and most common of neotropical orchid genera, but its current generic boundaries and relationships have long been regarded as artificial. Phylogenetic relationships within subtribe Maxillariinae sensu Dressler (1993) with emphasis on Maxillaria s.l. were inferred using parsimony analyses of individual and combined DNA sequence data. We analyzed a combined matrix of nrITS DNA, the plastid matK gene and flanking trnK intron, and the plastid atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer for 619 individuals representing ca. 354 species. The plastid rpoC1 gene (ca. 2600 bp) was sequenced for 84 selected species and combined in a more limited analysis with the other data sets to provide greater resolution. In a well-resolved, supported consensus, most clades were present in more than one individual analysis. All the currently recognized minor genera of "core" Maxillariinae (Anthosiphon, Chrysocycnis, Cryptocentrum, Cyrtidiorchis, Mormolyca, Pityphyllum, and Trigonidium) are embedded within a polyphyletic Maxillaria s.l. Our results support the recognition of a more restricted Maxillaria, of some previously published segregate genera (Brasiliorchis, Camaridium, Christensonella, Heterotaxis, Ornithidium, Sauvetrea), and of several novel clades at the generic level. These revised monophyletic generic concepts should minimize further nomenclatural changes, encourage monographic studies, and facilitate more focused analyses of character evolution within Maxillariinae.
Species' boundaries applied within Christensonella have varied due to the continuous pattern of variation and mosaic distribution of diagnostic characters. The main goals of this study were to revise the species' delimitation and propose a more stable classification for this genus. In order to achieve these aims phylogenetic relationships were inferred using DNA sequence data and cytological diversity within Christensonella was examined based on chromosome counts and heterochromatin patterns. The results presented describe sets of diagnostic morphological characters that can be used for species' identification.
Phylogenetic studies were based on sequence data of nuclear and plastid regions, analysed using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood criteria. Cytogenetic observations of mitotic cells were conducted using CMA and DAPI fluorochromes.
Six of 21 currently accepted species were recovered. The results also support recognition of the 'C. pumila' clade as a single species. Molecular phylogenetic relationships within the 'C. acicularis-C. madida' and 'C. ferdinandiana-C. neowiedii' species' complexes were not resolved and require further study. Deeper relationships were incongruent between plastid and nuclear trees, but with no strong bootstrap support for either, except for the position of C. vernicosa. Cytogenetic data indicated chromosome numbers of 2n = 36, 38 and 76, and with substantial variation in the presence and location of CMA/DAPI heterochromatin bands.
The recognition of ten species of Christensonella is proposed according to the molecular and cytogenetic patterns observed. In addition, diagnostic morphological characters are presented for each recognized species. Banding patterns and chromosome counts suggest the occurrence of centric fusion/fission events, especially for C. ferdinandiana. The results suggest that 2n = 36 karyotypes evolved from 2n = 38 through descendent dysploidy. Patterns of heterochromatin distribution and other karyotypic data proved to be a valuable source of information to understand evolutionary patterns within Maxillariinae orchids.
Compilation of unfinished manuscript by Eric A. Christenson (1956-2011), published posthumously. Edited by Patrica A. Harding, with assistance by Michael McIllmurray and Mario A. Blanco. 938 pages in two volumes, 21x 28 cm.
Published in 2012 by Patricia Ann Harding for Robert Christenson.
39127 Griggs Dr., Lebanon, OR, 97355 USA. patriciaorchids@gmail.com
Library of Congress Control Number 2012905747 vol. 1; 2012905748 vol. 2.
After the recent classification proposal for the Orchidaceae by M.W.Chase and his co-workers, the genus Maxillaria is here understood in its widest sense. Some changes are required in order to avoid inconsistency in the genus nomenclature and reflect this circumscription properly. Here, those combinations are proposed.
Since the last classification of Orchidaceae in 2003, there has been major progress in the determination of relationships, and we present here a revised classification including a list of all 736 currently recognized genera. A number of generic changes have occurred in Orchideae (Orchidoideae), but the majority of changes have occurred in Epidendroideae. In the latter, almost all of the problematic placements recognized in the previous classification 11 years ago have now been resolved. In Epidendroideae, we have recognized three new tribes (relative to the last classification): Thaieae (monogeneric) for Thaia, which was previously considered to be the only taxon incertae sedis; Xerorchideae (monogeneric) for Xerorchis; and Wullschlaegelieae for achlorophyllous Wullschlaegelia, which had tentatively been placed in Calypsoeae. Another genus, Devogelia, takes the place of Thaia as incertae sedis in Epidendroideae. Gastrodieae are clearly placed among the tribes in the neottioid grade, with Neottieae sister to the remainder of Epidendroideae. Arethuseae are sister to the rest of the higher Epidendroideae, which is unsurprising given their mostly soft pollinia. Tribal relationships within Epidendroideae have been much clarified by analyses of multiple plastid DNA regions and the low-copy nuclear gene Xdh. Four major clades within the remainder of Epidendroideae are recognized: Vandeae/Podochileae/Collabieae, Cymbidieae, Malaxideae and Epidendreae, the last now including Calypsoinae (previously recognized as a tribe on its own) and Agrostophyllinae s.s. Agrostophyllinae and Collabiinae were unplaced subtribes in the 2003 classification. The former are now split between two subtribes, Agrostophyllinae s.s. and Adrorhizinae, the first now included in Epidendreae and the second in Vandeae. Collabiinae, also probably related to Vandeae, are now elevated to a tribe along with Podochileae. Malaxis and relatives are placed in Malaxidinae and included with Dendrobiinae in Malaxideae. The increased resolution and content of larger clades, recognized here as tribes, do not support the ‘phylads’ in Epidendroideae proposed 22 years ago by Dressler. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 177, 151–174.
The Neotropical orchid genus Mormolyca Fenzl, as currently circumscribed, encompasses a diverse group of ca. 27species. Many of these were included traditionally in Maxillaria sect. Rufescens, when similarity of floral morphology was considered foremost in their classification rather than the evolutionary history of the taxa. In order to begin revising species delimitation and clarifying the evolution and biology of the genus, we present a phylogenetic hypothesis using sequence data from five plastid loci (rpoC1, matK gene and flanking trnK intron, atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer, and the 3' portion of ycf1) and the nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacers (ITS, ETS). Resulting trees using both Bayesian and parsimony inference are congruent with each other, and generally well resolved. Based on current level of sampling across Maxillariinae, these molecular data support the monophyly of Mormolyca and shed light on the interspecific phylogenetic patterns within the genus. These include an early divergent paraphyletic grade of Mormolyca species successively sister to a clade with at least two definable subclades within. The latter are characterized by two different flower morphologies that are likely related to their pollination systems. Although not all relationships within the genus are fully resolved or supported, these results offer a first glimpse into the phylogeny of a small group of epiphytic orchids characterized by an unusually high level of variable vegetative characters, floral fragrance profiles, and pollination systems.
Dathe, S. & Dietrich, H.: Comparative molecular and morphological studies in selected Maxillariinae orchids. - Willdenowia 36 (Special Issue): 89-102. - ISSN 0511-9618; ©2006 BGBM Berlin- Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.36.36106 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) The phylogenetic relationships within Orchidaceae subtribe Maxillariinae s.str. were investigated by Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian analyses of nuclear ribosomal ITS1 and ITS2 DNA se- quences in 27 species. While the monophyly of Maxillariinae is supported, Maxillaria in its current, narrower circumscription is clearly paraphyletic, since all presently accepted genera examined (Chrysocycnis, Cryptocentrum, Mormolyca, Trigonidium) and the former segregates Camaridium, Heterotaxis, Marsupiaria, Neourbania, Ornithidium and Pseudomaxillaria are nested within it. Ca- maridium, Heterotaxis and Ornithidium are, moreover, polyphyletic. The resulting molecular trees show six more or less well supported clades but are not very well resolved in their basal parts. To study character evolution, the molecular data were compared with pollinarium morphology, using scanning electron microscopy in 22 taxa, and further morphological data. The comparison indicates that most features have evolved several times independently. In growth habit a trend from caespitose to rhizomatous is found. Palynologically three morphological lines are indicated: (1) from four greater pollinia in two pairs to four smaller, equal, separate pollinia; (2) from spherical to clavate pollinia; (3) from pollinia with rugulate (sometimes gemmate, granulate, fossulate, microfoveolate) to psilate surface. A more extensive taxon sampling is needed to decide if and how Maxillaria s.l. has to be divided in smaller monophyletic genera.
A synopsis of theMaxillaria rufescens Lindl. complex is provided for Mexico, Central, America, and the Greater Antilles. Five species are recognized in the complex,
of which one,Maxillaria sotoana Carnevali & Gómez-Juárez, is herewith proposed as new. TrueMaxillaria rufescens is restricted to South America. The treatment includes a key to their identification, descriptions, geographical accounts,
discussions of their affinities, and illustrations. In addition,Maxillaria acutifolia var.minor Fawcett & Rendl., from the Greater Antilles, is given full specific rank asMaxillaria pudica Carnevali & Tapia-Muñoz.
Se presenta una sinopsis del complejoMaxillaria rufescens para México, América Central y las Antillas Mayores. Cinco especies se reconocen, una de las cuales,Maxillaria sotoana Carnevali & Gómez-Juárez se propone como nueva. El tratamiento incluye una clave para la identificación de las especies reconocidas,
descripciones, discusiones de sus afinidades y referencias geográficas.Maxillaria acutifolia var.minor Fawcett & Rendl., de las Antillas Mayores, es reconocida al nivel de especie comoMaxillaria pudica Carnevali & Tapia-Muñoz.
Type: Camaridium ochroleucum Lindl
- Camaridium Lindl
- Bot
- Reg
Camaridium Lindl., Bot. Reg. 10: t. 844 (1824). Type: Camaridium ochroleucum Lindl.
Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m
- Marsupiaria
- Bateman Ex Rchb Hoehne
- Arq
- Bot
Marsupiaria iridifolia (Bateman ex Rchb.f.) Hoehne, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m., 2: 71 (1947).
Caulescentes subsect
- Maxillaria
Maxillaria sect. Caulescentes subsect. Tenuifoliae Rchb.f., Bot. Zeit. 10: 857 (1852), nom. inval.
Type: Maxillaria cucullata Lindl
- Maxillaria Sect. Cucullatae Christenson
Maxillaria sect. Cucullatae Christenson, Proc. 16th World Orchid Conf.: 283 (2002). Type: Maxillaria cucullata Lindl.
- Adamanthus Szlach
Adamanthus Szlach., Richardiana 7: 30 (2007 publ. 2006). Type: Adamanthus dendrobioides (Schltr.) Szlach.
Type: Chaseopsis microphyton (Schltr.) Szlach. & Sitko Chelyella Szlach. & Sitko Type: Chelyella densa (Lindl.) Szlach. & Sitko Viracocha Szlach Type: Viracocha schlechteriana (J.T.Atwood) Szlach. & Sitko Maxillaria sect Type: Maxillaria imbricata Barb
- Chaseopsis Szlach
- Sitko
- Biodiv
- Res
- Conserv
Chaseopsis Szlach. & Sitko, Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 25: 25 (2012). Type: Chaseopsis microphyton (Schltr.) Szlach. & Sitko
Chelyella Szlach. & Sitko, Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 25: 25 (2012). Type: Chelyella densa (Lindl.) Szlach. & Sitko
Viracocha Szlach. & Sitko, Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 25: 36 (2012). Type: Viracocha schlechteriana (J.T.Atwood) Szlach. & Sitko
Maxillaria sect. Basitrilobata Christenson, Maxillaria Unfin. Monogr.: 492 (2013). Type: Maxillaria imbricata Barb.Rodr.
Type: Maxillaria sigmoidea (C.Schweinf
- Maxillaria Sect
- Maxillaria Sigmoidea Christenson
- Unfin
- Monogr
Maxillaria sect. Sigmoidea Christenson, Maxillaria Unfin. Monogr.: 495 (2013). Type: Maxillaria sigmoidea (C.Schweinf.)
Ames & Correll.
Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m
- Maxillaria Tenuis Var
- Pabst
- Arq
- Bot
Maxillaria tenuis var. amazonica Pabst, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m., 3: 132 (1955).
Rodr.) Szlach. & Sitko
- Christensonella
- Barb
Christensonella paranaensis (Barb. Rodr.) Szlach. & Sitko, Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 25: 27 (2012), isonym.
Rodr.) Hoehne, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m
- Camaridium
- Barb
Camaridium carinatum (Barb.Rodr.) Hoehne, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m., 2: 72 (1947).
Hoehne var. carinatum (Barb.Rodr.) Hoehne, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m
- Camaridium
- Barb
- Rodr
Camaridium imbricatum (Barb.Rodr.) Hoehne var. carinatum (Barb.Rodr.) Hoehne, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo,
n.s., f.m., 6: 127 (1952).
ORCHIDACEAE) Camaridium simile Schltr
- A Reappraisal
- Maxillaria
A REAPPRAISAL OF MAXILLARIA (ORCHIDACEAE)
Camaridium simile Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 19: 239 (1923).
(year not known), nom. inval
- Cact Maxillaria Glomerata Galeotti
- Et Orch
- Brux
Maxillaria glomerata Galeotti, Cact. et Orch. Brux.: 6 (year not known), nom. inval.
Orquídea (Mexico City), n.s
- Soto Maxillaria Tonsoniae
- Arenas
Maxillaria tonsoniae Soto Arenas, Orquídea (Mexico City), n.s., 12: 245 (1992).
Type: Rhetinantha acuminata
- M A Rhetinantha
- Blanco
Rhetinantha M.A.Blanco, Lankesteriana 7: 534 (2007). Type: Rhetinantha acuminata (Lindl.) M.A.Blanco
Hoehnella Szlach. & Sitko, Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 25: 28 (2012), nom. illeg. (not Hoehneella Ruschi). Type:
Hoehnella witsenioides (Schltr.) Szlach. & Sitko.
SCHUITEMAN & CHASE
26 @BULLET Phytotaxa 225 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press
Maxillaria aciantha Rchb.f., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 10: 858 (1852).
) © 2015 Magnolia Press Maxillaria unguilabia Schltr
- Colombia
- Schuiteman
- Chase
Colombia.
SCHUITEMAN & CHASE
28 @BULLET Phytotaxa 225 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press
Maxillaria unguilabia Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 7: 174 (1920).
Type: Maxillaria marginata
- Maxillaria Sect. Repentes
- Pfitzer
Maxillaria sect. Repentes Pfitzer, Natürl. Pflanzenfam. 2(6): 187 (1889). Type: Maxillaria marginata (Lindl.)
Type: Maxillaria graminifolia (Kunth) Rchb.f
Maxillaria sect. Ebulbes Pfitzer, Natürl. Pflanzenfam. 2(6): 187 (1889). Type: Maxillaria graminifolia (Kunth)
Rchb.f.
Type: Maxillariella diuturna
- M A Maxillariella
- Blanco
- Carnevali
Maxillariella M.A.Blanco & Carnevali, Lankesteriana 7: 527 (2007). Type: Maxillariella diuturna (Ames &
C.Schweinf.) M.A.Blanco & Carnevali.
ramosus ') Isochilus grandiflorus Lindl
Laricorchis ramosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Szlach. & Sitko, Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 25: 29 (2012). (' ramosus ')
Isochilus grandiflorus Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 27: t. 1 (1841).
& Christenson) Szlach. & Sitko
- ( D E Maxillariella Dichaeoides
- Benn
Maxillariella dichaeoides (D. E. Benn. & Christenson) Szlach. & Sitko, Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 25: 31 (2012).
ORCHIDACEAE) Maxillaria pastensis Rchb
- A Reappraisal
- Maxillaria
A REAPPRAISAL OF MAXILLARIA (ORCHIDACEAE)
Maxillaria pastensis Rchb.f., Bonplandia (Hannover) 3: 239 (1855).
Lectotype: M. setigera Lindl
- Maxillaria Pfitzer
Maxillaria sect. Aggregatae Pfitzer, Natürl. Pflanzenfam. 2(6): 187 (1889). Lectotype: M. setigera Lindl.
(designated by Christenson 2002a).
- Dicrypta Baueri Lindl
Dicrypta baueri Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 44 (1830).
Type: Pentulops discolor Raf
- Pentulops Raf
- Fl
- Tellur
Pentulops Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 42 (1836). Type: Pentulops discolor Raf.
- Vazquezella Szlach
- Sitko
Vazquezella Szlach. & Sitko, Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 25: 36 (2012). Type: Vazquezella equitans (Schltr.) Szlach. &
Sitko.
Type: Maxillaria chartacifolia
- Maxillaria Sect. Polyphyllae Christenson
Maxillaria sect. Polyphyllae Christenson, Proc. 16th World Orchid Conf.: 284 (2002). Type: Maxillaria
chartacifolia Ames & C.Schweinf.
- M A Inti
- Blanco
Inti M.A.Blanco, Lankesteriana 7: 524 (2007). Type: Inti chartacifolia (Ames & C.Schweinf.) M.A.Blanco
Maxillaria bicallosa (Rchb.f.) Garay, Caldasia 8: 527 (1962).
Type: Mapinguari longipetiolatus
- Mapinguari Basionym
- R B Carnevali
- Singer
Basionym: Mapinguari Carnevali & R.B.Singer, Lankesteriana 7: 525 (2007). Type: Mapinguari longipetiolatus (Ames & C.
Schweinf.) Carnevali & R.Singer.