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Cicatricososporites Pflug
&
Thomson· vs.
Schizaeoisporites Potonie ex Delcourt & Sprumont
(striate-monolete fossil spores of Schizaeaceae):
nomenclature, new combinations and Indian records
Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow-226007, India
E-mail: rksaxena2207@yahoo.com
Saxena R. K. 20 I0: Cicatricososporites Pflug
&
Thomson vs. Schizaeoisporites Potonie ex Delcourt
&
Sprumont
(striate-monolete fossil spores of Schizaeaceae): nomenclature, new combinations and Indian records. Geophytology
39(1-2): 87-96.
The nomenclatural position of Cicatricososporites Pflug
&
Thomson in Thomson
&
Pflug 1953 and
Schizaeoisporites Potonie ex Delcourt
&
Sprumont 1955, is discussed and it is inferred that the latter is an obligate
junior synonym of the former. Eighteen species described from the Indian sediments are transferred to
Cicatricososporites. These are: Cicatricososporites benga/ensis (Mathur
&
Chopra) Saxena, comb. nov.,
Cicatricososporites crassimurus (Dutta
&
Sah) Saxena, comb. nov., Cicatricososporites digitatoides (Cookson)
Saxena, comb. nov., Cicatricososporites ghoshii (Ramanujam) Saxena, comb. nov., Cicatricososporites grandi/ormis
(Ramanujam) Saxena, comb. nov., Cicatricososporites grandistriatus(Ramanujam) Saxena, comb. nov., Schizaeoisporites
jugendicus (Mathur
&
Chopra) Saxena, comb. nov., Cicatricososporites kashmiriensis (Lukose) Saxena, comb. nov.,
Cicatricososporites minimus (Ramanujam) Saxena, comb. nov., Cicatricososporites multistriatus (Rao
&
Ramanujam)
Saxena, comb. nov., Cicatricososporites palanaensis (Sah
&
Kar) Saxena, comb. nov., Cicatricososporites perforatus
(Naskar
&
Baksi) Saxena, comb. nov., Cicatricososporites phaseo/us (Delcourt
&
Sprumont) Saxena, comb. nov.,
Cicatricososporites sahii (Samant
&
Phadtare) Saxena, comb. nov., Cicatricososporites sarnuensis (Naskar
&
Baksi)
Saxena, comb. nov., Cicatricososporites sinuata (Ramanujam) Saxena, comb. nov., Cicatricososporites striaei (Baksi)
Saxena, comb. novoand Cicatricososporites suratensis (Samant
&
Tapaswi) Saxena, comb. novoAll the Indian records
of this genus are enumerated.
Key-words: Cicatricososporites, Schizaeoisporites, striate-monolete spores, Schizaeaceae, Mesozoic-Cenozoic,
India.
INTRODUCTION
The fern family Schizaeaceae is well documented
in fossil records. Although its macrofossil evidences are
not many, but there is an extensive spore record in the
Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments. Spores with
a coarsely striate exine of possible affinity with Schizaea
first appear inthe Triassic, but the diversity of this spore
type does not increase significantly until the Early
Cretaceous. These spore data indicate that some living
species or species groups may have lilld much greater
ranges in the past. Schizaeaceae produces spores with
wide range of morphological variations. They are either
trilete or monolete and have exine ornamented with
striae, verrucae, cristae and variety of other sculpture
types. The fossil mono lete, striate schizaeaceous spores
are placed under two genera, viz. CicatricososporUes
Pflug & Thomson in Thomson
&
Pflug 1953 and
Schizaeoisporites Potonie ex Delcourt
&
Sprumont
(1955). The nomenclatural status ofthese genera is
discussed ahead.
CICATRICOSOSPORITES VERSUS
SCHIZAEOISPORITES
Cicatricososporites Pflug
&
Thomson in
Thomson
&
Pflug 1953
Type species: Cicatricososporites eocenicus
(Selling 1944) Jansonius
&
Hills 1976
Schizaea? eocenica Selling 1944, p. 66, plate 4,
figure44.
Sporites dorogensis Potonie 1934, plate
r,
figure
22.
Schizaeoisporites pseudodorogensis Potonie
1951, p. 144, plate 20, figure 19 (gen. et sp. nov.).
Cicatricososporites pseudodorogensis (Potonie
1951) Thomson
&
Pflug 1953,p. 61.
The genus Cicatricososporites was instituted by
Pflug and Thomson in Thomson and Pflug (1953) for
monolete, striate schizaeaceous spores. In the "Division
Monoletes Ibrahim", Thomson and Pflug (1953) gave
the following diagnosis: "Cicatricose or canaliculate
sculpture or structure". Selling (1944,66) described
Schizaea? eocenica Selling 1944, the basionym ofthe
type species, as follows: Spore monolete, measuring
about 60 x 38 ~m. Dehiscence mark bordered by one
ridge on each side. The rest ofthe exospore surface
covered by other, more or lesslongitudinal ridges, only
slightlyspiraland about 2 ~m broad. Furrows between
them measure about one-fourth ofthis. Potonie (1956,
p. 81) formulated the diagnosis as follows: Type 59
microns; monolete microspores, cicatricose to
canaliculate,i.e.exinewith veryregular,parallel,narrow
ribs which are separated by canals or narrow grooves.
On either side ofthe monolete mark is a rib; the other
ribs also more or less parallel to the monolete mark,
somewhat converginginthedirectionofthe narrow ends
ofthe equator, which may result in a slight spiralling.
Potonie (1960, p. 70) emended the diagnosis ofthis
genus, alsoto accommodate spores havingparallel ribs
broken into cristae (rows of verrucae).
Krutzsch (1959,
p. 227) also published a detailed description.
Schizaeoisporites Potonie 1951 ex Delcourt
&
Sprumont 1955
Type species: Schizaeoisporites eocenicus
(Selling 1944) Potonie 1956
Schizaea? eocenica Selling 1944, p. 66, plate 4,
figure44.
Sporites dorogensis inPotonie
i
934, plate 1,figure
22.
Holotype re-illustrated inPotonie (1951, p. 144,
plate 20, figure 19)and alSoinKrutzsch (1954, p. 291,
plate 2, figures 1-3)
The generic name Schizaeoisporites was published
by Potonie (1951, p. 144) for monolete, striate
schizaeaceous spores. This generic name, however,
cannot be accepted as validlypublished as its type was
published earlier.A new mono typic genus, not based
on a new species, must be validated with diagnosis
which is lacking in Potonie (1951). Delcourt
&
Sprumont (1955, p. 46) validated the genus by giving
the followingdiagnosis:Monolete sporeswith cicatrices
or channels, analogous to those ofCicatricosisporites
Nomenclatural comments: Selling(1944, p. 66)
gave a new name to the monolete ribbed spore
illustrated by Potonie 1934 and based a new species
ofSchizaea on
it
(Schizaea? eocenica'Selling 1944).
Unaware ofthis, Potonie (1951 p. 144) erected anew
genus Schizaeoisporites based on the very same
specimen, referring to its earlier description (Potonie
1934). As already explained, this generic name cannot
be accepted as validlypublished. The validation ofthe
generic name by Delcourt
&
Sprumont (1955) was
predated by the publication of Cicatricososporites
Pflug
&
Thomson in Thomson
&
Pflug 1953. Since
both the genera, Cicatricososporites Pflug
&
Thomson
and Schizaeoisporites Potonie ex Delcourt
&
Sprumont, are based on the same type species, the
later published generic name (Schizaeoisporites) is
illegitimate (being a homotypic synonym) and must be
rejected in favour offormer. Consequently, eighteen
species described from the Indian sediments, under the
generic name Schizaeoisporites, are here transferred
to Cicatricososporites.
CICATRICOSOSPORITES SPECIES FROM
INDIA
Cicatricososporites bengalensis (Mathur
&
Chopra 1982) Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites bengalensis
Mathur
&
Chopra, Geoscience
n.
3: 68, plate 3, figure
58. 1982.
Description (Mathur & Chopra 1982, p. 68):
Equatorial outline oval-elliptical, size 70-80 x 40-50
~m, monolete, suture obscure, not extending up to the
periphery, exine thin, ornamented with less than 1/lm
thick and closely placed ridges, ridges parallel to each
other but obliquely disposed to the laesura.
Indian records: Mathur and Chopra 1982: 68,
plate 3, figure 58, Late Miocene-Early Pliocene,
Offshore WellBB-A-l, Bay of Bengal.
Cicatricososporites crassimurus (Dutta
&
Sah
1970) Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites crassimurus Dutta
&
Sah, Palaeontographica Abt. B 131: 24, plate 3,
figures 32-34. 1970.
Description (Dutta
&
Sah 1970, p. 24):
(Diagnosis): Size range 30-40 /lm; holotype 27 x 32
/lm; amb ovoid-elongate to bean shaped, extremities
rounded; monolete, laesura long, about % the longer
axis;exinethin, surface ornamented with few and rather
thick ridges, oriented obliquely to the laesura, but
parallel to one another. (Description): Miospores
bilateral, mono lete. Equatorial outline ovoid-elongate
to sometimes reniform. Monolete generally fairly
distinct, sometimes obscured by sculptural elements,
laesura long, 23-32 /lm in length, lips bordered by
slightly raised ridges, contact area generally smooth.
Exineup to 1.5/lm thick,sculpturalelementscomposed
ofthick parallel muri, 7-12 innumber, muri sometimes
bifurcating. Muri 2-4 /lm thick, intervening spaces 1-
1.5 /lm wide.
Indian records: Dutta and Sah 1970: 24, plate
3, figures 32-34, Cherra Formation (Palaeocene),
Umstew, ShillongPlateau, Meghalaya; Kar and Kumar
1986: 178, Lakadong Sandstone (Palaeocene), Khasi
Hills, Meghalaya; MandaI 1987: 196, Lakadong
Sandstone (palaeocene), Sutunga, JaintiaHillsDistrict,
Meghalaya; MandaI 1990: 325, Lakadong Sandstone
Member, Sylhet Limestone Formation (Palaeocene),
Thanjinath, Khasi Hills,Meghalaya; Singh 1990: 219,
Tura Formation (palaeocene), Langrin Coalfield,Khasi
Hills, Meghalaya; Mandaokar 1993: 139, p12, fig 8,
Tikak Parbat Formation (Late Oligocene), Dangri
Kumari Colliery, Dibrugarh District, Assam; Kumar
1994: 206, Lakadong Sandstone (Palaeocene), Jarain
and Laitrymbai, Jaintia Hills District, Meghalaya;
Mandaokar 1996: 41, Tikak Parbat Formation (Late
Oligocene), Dilli-Jeypore Colliery, Dilli-Jeypore
Coalfields, Dibrugarh DistriCt, Assam; Mandaokar
2000a: 180,Tikak Parbat Formation (Late Oligocene),
Jeypore Colliery, Dilli-Jeypore Coalfields, Dibrugarh
District, Assam; Mandaokar 2000b: 45, p12, fig 13,
Tikak Parbat Formation (Late Oligocene), Namchik
River Section, Changlang District, Arunachal Pradesh;
Mandaokar 2002b: 21, Tikak Parbat Formation (Late
Oligocene), Borjan Coalfield, Nagaland.
Cicatricososporites digitatoides (Cookson 1957)
Saxena,comb.no~
Basionym: Schizaea digUatoides Cookson,
Proc. Royal Soc. Victoria 69: 44, plate 9, figure 1.
1957.
Schizaeoisporites digitatoides (Cookson 1957)
Potonie, Beih. Geol.
Th.
39: 70. 1960.
Indian records: Ramanujam 1967:35, figures25-
27, Cuddalore Series (Miocene-Pliocene), Neyveli,
SouthArcotDistrict, TamilNadu; SahandDutta 1968:
186,plate 1,figure 15,Palaeogene, Assam;Rarnanujam
1972: 250, plate 1,figure 8, Warkallilignite(Miocene),
Warkalli,QuilonDistrict, Kera1a;Singh 1977: 193,Tura
Formation (Palaeocene), NongwalBibra, Garo Hills,
Meghalaya; Rawat et a1.1977: 186, Kadi Formation
(Early Eocene), Cambay Basin, Gujarat; Ramanujam
and Rao 1977: 161, Warkalli Beds (Early-Middle
Miocene), Kerala; Naskar and Baksi 1978: 317,plate
1,figure 11,AkliFormation; (palaeocene-Eocene); near
Kapurdi, Barmer District, Rajasthan; Baksi and Deb
1980: 205, plate 4, figure 34, : Jalangi and Sylhet
limestone formations (Eocene), Bengal Basin, West
Bengal; Siddhanta 1986: 64, plate 1,figure 3, Neyveli
Formation (Palaeocene-Eocene), Neyveli, SouthArcot
District, Tamil Nadu; Ramanujam 1987: 36, Warkalli
Beds (Miocene), Kerala; Sarma and Ramanujam 1988:
144,figure 17,Neyvelilignite(Miocene), second lignite
mine, Neyveli, South Arcot District, Tamil Nadu;
Saxena and Khare2004: 73, Late Palaeocene-Middle
Eocene, Jayamkondacholapuram Well12,Tiruchirapalli
District, TamilNadu.
Cicatricososporites eocenicus (Selling 1944)
Jansonius
&
Hills 1976
Synonym: Schizaeoisporites eocenicus (Selling
1944) Potonie 1956.
Description (Selling 1944, p. 66): Spore
monolete, measuring about 60 /lm (59 /lm?; largest
equatorial diameter) x 38 /lm (smallest d:o); polar
diameter unknown. Dehiscence mark bordered by one
ridge on each side. The rest ofthe exospore surface
covered by other, more or lesslongitudinal ridges, only
slightlyspiraland about 2 /lm broad. Furrows between
them measure about one-fourth ofthis.
Indian records: Dutta and Sah 1970: 24, plate
3, figure 35, CherraFormation(Palaeocene), Umstew,
ShillongPlateau, Meghalaya;Venkatachalaand Sharma
1974a: 193, Late Cretaceous, Pondicherry area,
Cauvery Basin, TamilNadu; Venkatachala and Sharma
1974b: 170, plate 1, figure 13, Late Cretaceous,
Kallamedu, well, Vridhachalam area, Cauvery Basin,
Tamil Nadu; Siddhanta 1986: 64, plate 1, figure 4,
Neyveli Formation (Palaeocene-Eocene), Neyveli,
South Arcot District, Tamil Nadu; Misra and Kapoor
1994: 152, 155, 159, plate 1, figures 2-3, Subathu
and Basal Dharmsala and Lower Dharmsala
(Palaeocene-Early Eocene and Middle Eocene,
Jwalamukhi-B Well, northern part of Jwalamukhi
Structure, Himachal Pradesh; Acharya 2000: 22, Early
Eocene, Borehole No. MIl 128, Mannargudi area,
Thanjavur District, Cauvery Basin, TamilNadu.
Cicatricososporites ghoshii (Ramanujam 1967)
Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites ghoshii
Ramanujam, Palynol. Bull. 2-3: 35, figure 28. 1967.
Description (Ramanujam 1967, p. 35): Spores
golden-yellow, monolete, lateral view plano-convex,
proximal view almost oblong 50-55 x 22-26 /lm (E
1
x
P). Laesura surrounded by a ridge, fairly broad and
extending the whole of the E
1
axis, ends pointed.
Exosporium 2.5-4.5 /lm thick, surface prominently
striate;striaelongitudinallyoblique,oftenalmostparallel,
relatively few in number, widely spaced. Ridges
considerably broad, simple or occasionally bifurcated.
Grooves much narrower than ridges.
Indian records: Ramanujam 1967: 35, figure 28,
Cuddalore Series (Miocene), Neyveli, SouthArcot
District, Tamil Nadu; Sarma and Ramanujaml988:
144, figure 10,Neyv":-11ignite(Miocene), second lignite
mine, Neyveli, SouthArcot District, TamilNadu.
Cicatricososporites grclndiformis (Ramanujam
1972) Sax~na, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites grandiformis
Ramanujam in Ghosh A. K. et al. (Editors) -
Proceedings ofthe Seminar"on Paleopalynology and
Indian Stratigraphy, Calcutta, 1971:251, plate 1,figure
10. 1972.
Description (Rarnanujam 1972, p. 251): Spores
golden-yellow, monolete, plano-convex, large, 60-72
x 30-40 /lm, proximal view broadly oval; laesura
conspicuous with blunt ends, long, almostreachingboth
ends ofspore. Exosporium 3.5 /lmthick, surface finely
striated due to numerous obliquely longitudinal ridges
and grooves. Ridges fine, (1 /lm thick), closely spaced,
either simple or forked.
Indian records: Rarnanujam 1972: 251, plate 1,
figure 10,Warkallilignite (Miocene), Warkalli,Quilon
District, Kerala; Kar and Singh 1986: 107, plate 8,
figures 5, 19,Mahadek Formatioh (Late Cretaceous),
Nongnah, Pungtung-Lyngkhat Road Section,
Meghalaya; Ramanujam 1987: 36, Warkalli Beds
(Miocene), Kerala; Sarrna and Ramanujam 1988: 144,
figure 18,Neyvelilignite(Miocene), second lignitemine,
Neyveli, South Arcot District, TamilNadu; Singhet al.
1992: 56, pi 1,fig5, Cuddalore Formation (Miocene),
Neyveli Lignite field, Tamil Nadu; Ramanujam et al.
1991: 53, Early Miocene, Pattanakad Borewell,
Alleppey District, Kerala.
Cicatricososporites grandistriatus (Ramanujam
1972) Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites grandistriatus
Ramanujam in Ghosh A. K. et al. (Editors) -
Proceedings ofthe Seminar on Paleopalynology and
IndianStratigraphy,Calcutta, 1971:251, plate 1,figures
11-12. 1972.
Description (Rarnanujam 1972, p. 251): Spores
brownish-yellow, plano- to faintly concavo-convex,
proximal view oval to elliptical, 20-28.5 x 18-24 /lm.
Laesura conspicuous, long, almost reaching both ends
of spore along its longest axis, leasura margins thick-
walled and slightlyraised, ends pointed. Exosporium 2
/lm thick, surface longitudinally and coarsely striated
due to ridges and grooves. Ridges straight to slightly
slanting, seldom fork, 3-4.5 Jlm thick, few in number
(5-7), widely spaced; grooves 2.5-5 Jlm thick,
COnspICUOUS.
Indian records: Ramanujam 1972: 251, plate 1,
figures 11-12, Warkalli lignite (Miocene), Warkalli,
Quilon District, Kerala; Ramanujam 1987:36, Warkalli
Beds (Miocene), Kerala; Sarma and Ramanujam 1988:
144, figure 9,Neyveli lignite(Miocene), second lignite
mine, Neyveli, SouthArcot District, TamilNadu.
Schizaeoisporitesjugendicus (Mathur
&
Chopra
1982) Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites jugendicus Mathur
&
Chopra, Geoscience J1.3: 68, plate 3, figure 59.
1982.
Description (Mathur
&
Chopra 1982, p. 68):
Spores ± plano-convex in lateral view; size 44-50 x
17-24
Jlm,
monolete, laesura long, extending almost
from end to end ofthe longer axis, striated, ridges less
than 1Jlmthick, closelydisposed parallelto the laesura.
Indian records: Mathur and Chopra 1982: 68,
plate 3, figure 59, Pleistocene-Recent, Diamond
Harbour WellNo.1, depth 260 - 265 m., West Bengal.
Cicatricososporites kashmiriensis (Lukose
1964) Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaea kashmiriensis Lukose,
Nature 204(4958): 566, figure 1,1964.
Description (Lukose 1964, p. 566): The spore is
large,bilateralandbean-shaped; monolete, 1aesuralong;
exine sculptured with unbranched broad striations.
Striations 4 Jlmthick are spaced about 3'5-4 Jlm and
parallel to each other and run along the long axis ofthe
spore. Length, 85·8
Jlm;
breadth, 39
Jlm;
broad end,
42·9
Jlm;
narrow end, 31·2 Jlrn.
Indian records: Lukose 1964: 566, figure 1,Late
Jurassic, Wakkachu Traverse, Ladakh District, Jammu
and Kashmir; Ghosh and Lukose 1967: 239, plate 1,
figure 1,Late Jurassic, Wakkachu Traverse, Ladakh
District, Jammu and Kashmir.
Cicatricososporites minim us (Ramanujam 1967)
Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites minimus
Ramanujarn, PalynoI.Bull 2-3: 35, figures5, 29.1967.
Description (Ramanujam 1967, p. 35): Spores
colourless, monolete, lateral view plano-convex to
faintlybiconvex, proximal view elliptical, 33 x 23 Jlm
(E
1
x P). Laesura very narrow, surrounded by a ridge,
deep, fairlylong, ends rather blunt. Exosporium 1.5-2
Jlmthick, surface striated; striae fine, closely spaced,
rarely forked. Ridges and grooves more or lessof same
thickness (1 Jlmthick).
Indian records: Ramanujam 1967: 35, figures 5,
29, Cuddalore Series (Miocene), Neyveli, SouthArcot
District, TamilNadu; Ramanujam 1972: 250, plate 1,
figure 9, Warkalli lignite (Miocene), Warkalli, Quilon
District, Kerala; Saxena and Khare 2004: 73, Late
Palaeocene-Middle Eocene, Jayamkondacholapuram
Well 12,Tiruchirapalli District, TamilNadu.
Cicatricososporites muftistriatus (Rao
&
Ramanujam 1978) Saxena, comb~ novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites multistriatus Rao
&
Ramanujam, Palaeobotanist 25: 409, plate 3, figure
30. 1978.
Description (Rao
&
Ramanujam 1978, p. 409):
Spores golden yellow, plano-convex laterally,41-50 x
25-30
Jlm,
monolete, laesura long, reaching both ends
of spore, margins slightly thickened, ends pointed to
blunt.Exosporium 1·5 Jlmthick, surfacewithnumerous
longitudinal striae formed of extremely fine grooves;
striae essentiallysimple, straight to locallyslanting.
Indian records: Rao and Ramanujam 1978:409,
plate 3, figure 30, Quilon Beds (Miocene),
Padappakkara, Quilon District, Kerala; Sarma and
Ramanujam 1988: 144, figure 11, Neyveli lignite
(Miocene), second lignite mine, Neyveli, South Arcot
District, TamilNadu; Ramanujam et al. 1991: 53, Early
Miocene, Pattanakad Borewell, Alleppey District,
Kerala; Ramanujam et al. 1992: 21, Mayyanad and
Quilon formations (Early Miocene), Kalaikode
Borewell, Quilon District, Kerala; Mandaokar 1993:
139,Tikak Parbat Formation (Late Oligocene), Dangri
Kumari Colliery,Dibrugarh District, Assam; Rao et al.
1995: 372, Early Miocene, Borewell at
Kulasekharamangalam, Kottayam District, Kerala;
SamantandPhadtare 1997: 12, pI2, fig4, Tarkeshwar
Formation (Early Eocene), Rajpardi, Cambay Basin,
Gujarat; Samant 2000: 104,pI 1,fig 14, KharsaliaClay
Formation (Early Eocene), near Bhavnagar, Cambay
Basin, Gujarat; Samant and Tapaswi 200 1: 128, Surat
lignite, Cambay Shale Formation (Early Eocene),
Tarkeshwar, Surat District and Valia,Bharuch District,
Gujarat.
Cicatricososporites palanaensis (Sah
&
Kar
1974) Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites palanaensis Sah
&
Kar, Palaeobotanist 21: 164, plate 1, figures 4-5.
1974.
Description (Sah
&
Kar 1974, p. 164): Spores
± elliptical 40-55 /lm; Monolete distinct or indistinct,
extending up to three-fourths along longer axis. Exine
l'5-2'5/lmthick, ribs 8-14, well developed, 3-7/lm
broad, parallel to each other, mostly extending from
one end to other.
Indian records: Sah and Kar 1974: 164,plate 1,
figures 4-5, Palana lignite, (Early Eocene); Bikaner
District, Rajasthan; Kar and Kumar 1986: 178,
Lakadong Sandstone (Palaeocene), Khasi Hills,
Meghalaya; Kar and Sharma 200 1: 129,plate 1,figures
11-12, Palana Formation (Late Palaeocene-Early
Eocene), Bikaner-Nagaur area, Bikaner District,
Rajasthan.
Cicatricososporites perforatus (Naskar
&
Baksi
1978) Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites perforatus Naskar
&
Baksi, Palaeobotanist 25: 317-318, plate 2, figure
14. 1978.
Description (Naskar
&
Baksi 1978, p. 317-318):
Spores monolete, 24-26 x 30- 33'/lm; lateral view
concavo-convex; lete long, slender with pointed ends.
Exine 1/lmthick,surfacedistinctlystriated,striaeclosely
spaced, longitudinally oblique, pitted, pits distributed
uniformly throughout the surface, ridges thin, grooves
comparatively thicker
(1'5/lm)
than the ridges.
Indian records: Naskar and Baksi 1978: 317-
318, plate 2, figure 14,Akli Formation; (Palaeocene-
Eocene); near Kapurdi, Barmer District, Rajasthan;
Sarma and Ramanujam 1988: 144, figure 4, Neyveli
lignite (Miocene), second lignite mine, Neyveli, South
Arcot District, TamilNadu; Ramanujam et al. 1991: 3,
pi 1, fig 17, Neogene, MynagapalliBorewell, Quilon
District, Kerala.
Cicatricososporites phaseolus (Delcourt
&
Sprumont 1955) Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites phaseolus
Delcourt
&
Sprumont, Mem. Soc. Belg. Geol. 4(5):
46, figure 13.1955.
Description (Delcourt
&
Sprumont 1955,p. 46):
Laterally, many of the striations go oblique to the
dehiscence mark and contour ofthe spore. At the ends
ofthe dehiscence mark, striations radiate in several
directions. Spores very dark. As inCicatricosisporites,
the superposition of the two sides gives a quadrille.
Length: 59-68/lm. Width: 35-50
11m.
Indian records: Dutta and Sah 1970: 24, plate
3, figure 31, Cherra Formation (Palaeocene), Shillong
Plateau, Meghalaya; Ramanujam and Rao 1977: 161,
Warkalli Beds (Early-Middle Miocene), Kerala;
Siddhanta 1986:64,plate 1,figure2,NeyveliFormation
(Palaeocene-Eocene), Neyveli, South Arcot District,
Tamil Nadu; Mandai 1987: Lakadong Sandstone
(Palaeocene), Sutunga, Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya;
Ramanujam 1987: 28, plate 1, figure 4, WarkalliBeds
(Miocene), Kerala; Sarma and Ramanujam 1988: 144,
figure 19,Neyvelilignite(Miocene), secondlignitemine,
Neyveli, South Arcot District, Tamil Nadu; MandaI
1990: 325, PALAEOCENE (Lakadong Sandstone
Member, Sylhet Limestone Formation), Thanjinath,
Khasi Hills, Meghalaya; Mandai et al. 1996: 80, age
not mentioned, mud volcano in Baratang Island,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Mandai 1997: 99,
Barail Group (Late Eocene), Mariani-Mokokchung
Road, Mokokchung District, Nagaland; Mandaokar
1999: 241, Disang Group (Late Eocene), Tirap River
Section, Tinsukia District, Assam; Mandaokar 2002a:
116, Dulte Formation (Early Miocene), 2 km from
Dulte village on Dulte-Keifang Road, Aizawl District,
Mizoram.
Cicatricososporites sahii (Samant
&
Phadtare
1997) Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites sahii Samant
&
Phadtare, PalaeontographicaAbt. B 245(1-6): 12-13,
plate 2, figure 5. 1997.
Description (Samant
&
Phadtare 1997, p. 12-
13):(Diagnosis): Spores oval monolete; laesura more
than2/3 ofthe spore length,thickmargined;exosporium
2-5 ~m thick, striate, striations parallel to laesura.
(Description): Spores almost oval inshape, about 34-
38 x 43-50 ~m in size, monolete; laesura long, more
than 2/3 ofthe longer axis ofthe spore (about 32 ~m
long),closed,endspointed, thickmargined;exosporium
about 2 ~m thick,striate, striationsalmostparallel,rarely
bifurcating.
Indian records: Samant andPhadtare 1997: 12-
13, plate 2, figure 5, Tarkeshwar Formation (Early
Eocene), Rajpard~ Cambay Basin, Gujarat.
Cicatricososporites sarnuensis (Naskar
&
Baksi
1978) Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites samuensis Naskar
&
Baksi, Palaeobotanist 25: 317, plate 1,figures 12-
13. 1978.
Description (Naskar
&
Baksi 1978, p. 317):
Spores monolete, 28-30 x 42-46 ~m; lateral view
plano-convex, proximal view oval; lete long, extending
almost end to end, slender with pointed ends. Exine
I·5 ~m thick, surface prominently striated, striaewidely
spaced, 14-16 innumber, longitudinally oblique, ridges
and grooves are more or less unifonnlythick (2-2'5
~m).
Indian records: Naskar and Baksi 1978: 317,
plate 1, figures 12-13, Akli Formation (Palaeocene-
Eocene), near Kapurdi, Barmer District, Rajasthan.
Cicatricososporites sinuatus (Ramanujam 1967)
Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites sinuata
Ramanujam, Palynol.Bull. 2-3: 35-36, figure30. 1967.
Description (Ramanujam 1967, p. 35-36):
Spores brownish, monolete, lateralview plano-convex,
proximal view oval, 50 x 37 ~m (E
1
x P). Laesura
narrow, long, faint,tenuimarginate. Exosporium 2.5 ~m
thick, surface longitudinally and slightly obliquely
striated. Striaesinuate,sinuationbeingprominent locally.
Ridges broader than grooves. Some portions ofthe
grooves show the presence of more or less rounded,
deeper areas, often with their own faint margins.
Indian records: Ramanujam 1967: 35-36, figure
30, CuddaIore Series (Miocene), SonthArcot District,
TamilNadu; Sarma and Ramanujam 1988: 144, figure
21, Neyveli lignite (Miocene)~ second lignite mine,
Neyveli, SouthArcot District, TamilNadu; Saxena and
Khare 2004: 73, Late Palaeocene-Middle Eocene,
Jayamkondacholapuram Well12,TiruchirapalliDistrict,
TamilNadu.
Cicatricososporites striatus (Baksi 1962)
Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Monocolpopites striaei Baks~ Bull.
GeoL Min. Metal!. Soc. India 26: 17, plate 2, figure
19. 1962.
Description (Baksi, 1962, p. 17): Equatorial
compression; longer axis 46 ~m; surface
characteristically ornamented with converging fine
parallel striations; monocolpate, colpus narrow.
Indian records: Baksi 1962: 17, plate 2, figure
19,Tertiary, Simsang River Section, Shi1longPlateau,
Meghalaya.
Remarks: The photograph of this species clearly
exhibitsmonolete mark.
Cicatricososporites suratensis (Samant
&
Tapaswi 2001) Saxena, comb. novo
Basionym: Schizaeoisporites suratensis Samant
&
Tapaswi, 1.Palaeont. Soc. India 46: ]23, plate],
figure 3. 2001.
Description (Samant
&
Tapaswi 2001, p. 123):
Spores oval, measuring 40-53 x 27-31 ~m in size;
monolete; leasura extend the length ofthe long axis,
slightly crassimarginate, ends ofleasurae pointed to
blunt; exospore 2 ~m thick; striate, striationsparallelto
each other and bifurc:1ting,grooves about 2 ~m wide,
grooves and ridges
0
fapproximately the same width.
Indian records: Samant and Tapaswi 2001: 123,
plate 1,figure 3, Surat lignite,CambayShale Formation
(Early Eocene), Tarkeshwar, Surat District and Valia,
Bhamch District, Gujarat.
OTHER RECORDS OF
CICATRICOSOSPORITES
Other Indian records of Cicatricososporites
(including those referred to Schizaeoisporites), not
assigned to any named species, are given below.
North-eastern India: Meghalaya: Sah and
Dutta 1966: 75, plate 1, figure 13, CherraFormation
(Palaeocene); Salujha et al. 1974: 273, plate 2, figure
25, Palaeogene; Tripathiand Singh 1985: 173,plate 3,
figure 44, Therria Formation (Palaeocene); Kar and
Singh 1986: 107, 108,plate 8, figures3-4, 20, Jadukata
and Mahadek formations (Late Cretaceous). Assam:
Kumar 1994: 40,84,94, 101, plate 7, figure 8, plate
40, figures 6, plate 47, figure 8,plate 48, figures 6,8,
plate 49, figure 3, Jenam, Bokabil, Tipam and Dupitila
formations (Middle Oligocene-Pliocene).Tripura: Kar
1990: 176, 182, plate 1, figure 20, Surma and Tipam
groups (Miocene). Arunachal Pradesh: Prasad and
Dey 1986: 69, Eocene, nala sections around Yinkiong
and Da1buing,East Siang District.
Western India: Kutch Basin, Gujarat: Sah and
Kar 1969: 118,plate 2, figure 27, Laki Series (Early
Eocene); Venkatachala et al. 1969: 195,plate 2, figure
36, Katrol Series (Late Jurassic); Kar 1978: 163,166,
plate 1,figure 14,Naredi andHarudi formations (Ear1y-
Middle Eocene); Kar 1985: 57, 68,111,119, plate
39, figure 4, Naredi and Harudi formations (Early-
Middle Eocene); Kar and Bhattacharya 1992: 251,
257, plate 1,figure26, Early Eocene. CambayBasin,
Gujarat: Mathur and Chowdhary 1977: 167, Kalol
Formation (?Early Eocene); Koshal and Uniya11984:
240, plate 2, figure 1,Palaeocene-Early Eocene; Koshal
and Uniyal (1986: 212, plate 1, figures 9-10,
Palaeocene-Miocene. Rajasthan: Jain et al. 1973:
152-153, plate 1, figure 31, Barmer Sandstone
(Palaeocene); Sahand Kar 1974: 164, plate 1, figure
6, Palanalignite(EarlyEocene); Sharma 2000: 54, Late
Palaeocene.
Northern India: Himachal Pradesh: Saxenaand
Bhattacharyya 1990: 110,plate 1,figure 9, Dharmsala
Group (Oligocene-Early Miocene).
Southern India: Tamil Nadu: Venkatachala and
Rawat 1972: 295, plate 1, figure 6, Palaeocene-
Eocene; Sarma and Ramanujam 1988: 148, figure 16,
Neyveli lignite (Miocene); Acharya 2000: 22, Early
Eocene. Andhra Pradesh: Bose et al. 1982: 131,
Gangapur Formation (Early Cretaceous). Kerala: Rae
et al. 1993: 81, plate 1, figure 22, Early Miocene.
Bengal Fan, Indian Ocean: Chandra and Kumar
1998: 64-65, plate 2, figure 6, Late Tertiary, DSDP
Leg 22, Site 218.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author isgrateful to the Director, BirbalSahni
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