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Mass Mortalities of Cultured Kuruma Shrimp Penaeus japonicus in Japan in 1993: Electron Microscopic Evidence of the Causative Virus.
Abstract
養殖クルマエビの大量死の原因を解明するため, 自然発症および実験感染個体のリンパ様器官および胃について電顕観察を行った。その結果, 自然発症および実験感染個体いずれにも同じウイルスが観察された。ウイルスのビリオン (直径130±9nm) は, やや楕円形を呈する桿状のヌクレオカプシッドと核内でde novoに形成される3層構造のエンベロープからなり, ヌクレオカプシッドの大きさは直径が約84±6nm, 長さ約226±29nmであった。本ウイルスは封入体を形成せず, 核内で増殖することからDNAウイルスと考えられ, ビリオンの形態や大きさからバキュロウイルス科あるいはポリドナウイルス科に属すると推測される。また, ビリオンの形態やサイズ, 封入体形成の有無, 標的器官, ビリオンの成熟様式などの面で本ウイルスと完全に一致する既報のクルマエビ類の病原ウイルスは無く, 本ウイルスは新しい病原ウイルスと考えられた。
... White spot disease (WSD), which affects several economically significant decapod species, is caused by WSSV. In Asian shrimp farms, WSSV was initially discovered in 1921 (Inouye et al., 1994) [16] . It was then reported in several other nations throughout the world (Karunasagar et al., 1997;Stentiford and Lightner, 2011) [17,38] . ...
... White spot disease (WSD), which affects several economically significant decapod species, is caused by WSSV. In Asian shrimp farms, WSSV was initially discovered in 1921 (Inouye et al., 1994) [16] . It was then reported in several other nations throughout the world (Karunasagar et al., 1997;Stentiford and Lightner, 2011) [17,38] . ...
Disease outbreaks are more prominent in aquaculture throughout the world due to favourable condition which subsequently reduce industry's productivity, profitability, and long-term viability in global aquaculture production. One of the most common diseases in Asia, WSSV causes most dangerous to shrimp aquaculture. Vaccinations and other techniques have shown to be an effective pathogen-prevention strategy against the pathogens. For example, immunizations and other preventive measures that are developed to shield shrimp aquaculture against various viral diseases. But developing such preventive methods as quickly as needed would be difficult because diseases and germs infrequently. This review aims to collect information on the host ranges, immunity to the WSSV virus, genome size, morphology of the virus, pathological changes, and prevention and management procedures that have been used to develop a successful aquaculture.
... The aquaculture industry is one of the fastest-growing food production sectors and constitutes an important economic activity in developing countries. However, climate change and the emergence of pathogens (Chou et al., 1995;Flegel, 1997;Inouye et al., 1994;Takahashi et al., 1994) have negatively impacted the aquaculture industry over the past 20 years (Bostock et al., 2010). Particularly, infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and microsporidia pose a serious threat to shrimp aquaculture and capture fisheries (Sullivan et al., 2019). ...
... Among them, viral diseases are by far the most difficult to manage. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a highly infectious pathogen that has been linked to mass mortalities in shrimp farms worldwide over the past 30 years (Inouye et al., 1994;Takahashi et al., 1994;Chou et al., 1995;Flegel et al., 1997). Penaeid shrimp infected with this highly virulent pathogen has been reported to reach mortality rates of up to 100% within 7 days (Wongteerasupaya et al., 1995). ...
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a highly infectious and influential pathogen that causes mass mortality. Particularly, this virus has had the most severe impact on global shrimp culture over the past 30 years. There are currently no vaccines or treatments for WSSV, and therefore accurate diagnosis strategies are critical for the management of shrimp farms. In this study, a commercial WSSV lateral flow immunoassay (WSSV RP Rapid Test Kit, Innocreate Bioscience Co., Ltd., Taiwan) can be used to assess the level of WSSV infection in shrimp farms was tested. Sensitivity analyses indicated that 0.4 ng of a recombinant target protein could be reliably detected after 15 min. Additionally, this kit did not return false-positive reactions when testing samples infected with PirABVP-producing strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (the causative agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, AHPND), haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). Furthermore, the accuracy and sensitivity of our proposed procedure were assessed using the OIE TaqMan real-time PCR method. Upon analyzing 231 samples, our WSSV immunoassay achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 99.21% and 100%, respectively. Collectively, our findings demonstrated the convenience, stability, sensitivity, and specificity of the WSSV RP Rapid Test Kit, and therefore this kit can be widely used in aquaculture farms to assist disease management.
... Although isolates from different geographical area with different genotypes have been reported, all are classified as a single species within the genus Whispovirus (family Nimaviridae). In earlier days, five baculoviruses have been reported to cause white spot disease in different geographical areas, such as hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis baculovirus (HHNB) in China (Huang et al. 1994); systematic ectodermal and mesodermal baculovirus (SEMBV) in Thailand (Wongteerasupaya et al. 1995b) and Bangladesh (Ahmed 1996); rod-shaped nuclear virus in P. japonicus culture stock (RV-PJ) in Japan, China and South Korea (Inouye et al. 1994); white spot baculovirus (WSBV) in India, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia ; and non-occluded baculovirus in Penaeus monodon (PMNOB) in Taiwan , America (Rosenberry 1996(Rosenberry , 2000 and France (Rosenberry 2002). Later, it has been reported that all viruses in the group are very similar in morphology and replicated in the nuclei of the infected cells of mesodermal and ectodermal origin. ...
... IHHNV was first reported in P. stylirostris and P. vannamei in the early 1980s in the Americas (Lightner et al. 1983a;Lightner 2011b) and later in P. monodon from Asia. After the initial identification, it spread rapidly along the culture regions in Mexico, Central America, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, numerous Caribbean Islands, Hawaii, Guam, Tahiti, New Ahmed (1996); Inouye et al. (1994); Wang et al. (1995); Lo et al. (1995); Volkman et al. (1995); Rosenberry (1996Rosenberry ( , 2000Rosenberry ( , 2002; Maeda et al. (1998); Chang et al. (1998) Caledonia, Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia (Lightner 1996b), India (Rai et al. 2009), Australia (Krabsetsve et al. 2004;Owens et al. 1992;Tang and Lightner 2006) and China (Zhang and Sun 1997). According to the aquatic animal health code, the susceptible host species for IHHNV infection are Penaeus californiensis (yellowleg shrimp), Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn), Penaeus setiferus (northern white shrimp), Penaeus stylirostris (blue shrimp) and Penaeus vannamei (white leg shrimp) (Table 1). ...
The practice and development of the culture of commercially important penaeid shrimp results in the occurrence of infectious and non-infectious diseases worldwide. Most of the diseases are caused by the opportunistic microorganisms which are part of the microflora and fauna of the penaeid shrimp. Once the pathogens get a favourable condition, it will cause diseases to the host organisms. Most of the organisms are ubiquitous and are found and reported all over the cultured area in the world. The pathogens are the bacteria, viruses, parasites and protozoans. Viruses are the most important disease-causing agents in penaeid shrimps. The penaeid viruses are widely spread in geographical areas of shrimp culture. The shipment of broodstock and post larvae from one geographical region to another region often results in spreading of viral diseases. The penaeid viruses are the Whispovirus, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Penaeus monodon baculovirus (monodon baculovirus), infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), Taura syndrome virus (TSV), yellow head virus (YHV), white tail disease (WTD), covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV), Laem–Singh virus (LSNV) and shrimp haemocyte iridescent virus (SHIV). The review examines and highlights the aquaculture penaeid shrimp viral diseases in detail and concludes the need and importance of severe disease surveillance of the global countries through networking and coordination to safeguard the aquaculture practice for our future generation.
... The clinical symptoms of white spot syndrome include loss of appetite, lethargy, and the appearance of white spots on the exoskeleton [5]. White spot disease had been reported from several Asian countries since the early 1990s, and then from South America and from the south-eastern coast of the USA [6][7][8][9]. ...
... White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a rod-shaped crustacean virus with a wide geographic distribution and host range, which belongs to the genus Whispovirus of the Nimaviridae family [10,11]. All the major species of cultivated penaeid shrimp can be naturally infected by this virus [6][7][8][9]. In addition to penaeid species, both natural and experimental infections have also been reported in caridean shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), crayfish (Orconectes punctimanus), wild crabs (Calappa lophos, Portunus sanguinolentus, P. pelagicus, Charybdis sp., Helice tridens and Scylla serrata), wild lobsters (Panulirus sp.), palaemonidian pest shrimp, krill (Acetes sp.), planktonic copepods and pupae of an ephydridian insect [12][13][14]. ...
Hesperetin is a natural flavanone compound, which mainly exists in lemons and oranges, and has potential antiviral and anticancer activities. In this study, hesperetin was used in a crayfish pathogen challenge to discover its effects on the innate immune system of invertebrates. The crayfish Procambarus clarkii was used as an experimental model and challenged with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Pathogen challenge experiments showed that hesperetin treatment significantly reduced the mortality caused by WSSV infection, while the VP28 copies of WSSV were also reduced. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction revealed that hesperetin increased the expression of several innate immune-related genes, including NF-kappaB and C-type lectin. Further analysis showed that hesperetin treatment plays a positive effects on three immune parameters like total hemocyte count, phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. Nevertheless, whether or not infected with WSSV, hesperetin treatment would significantly increase the hemocyte apoptosis rates in crayfish. These results indicated that hesperetin could regulate the innate immunity of crayfish, and delaying and reducing the mortality after WSSV challenge. Therefore, the present study provided novel insights into the potential therapeutic or preventive functions associated with hesperetin to regulate crayfish immunity and protect crayfish against WSSV infection, provide certain theoretical basis for production practice.
... WSSV is considered the most serious problem for shrimp aquaculture in Asia. The virus affects all life stages of Penaeus monodon and mortality rate can reach 100% within 3-10 days of the onset of clinical signs Inouye, et al. [3]. These innovations have made shrimp culture more efficient in controlling diseases, more sustainable, and more environmentally friendly. ...
Present work was aimed to see the quality of the prawn Penaeus monodon under improved extensive aquaculture system collected from Muthukur area of Andhra Pradesh located Pradesh located at 14.29 19 latitude and 80.10383 longitude. To assess the quality of the prawn, prawns were surveyed in the improved extensive pond and collected for histopathological investigation by adopting double staining methods (hematoxylin and eosin). Results showed that WSSV (White Spot Syndrome Virus) was characterised by prominent eosinophilic to pale basophilic intra nuclear inclusion bodies in hypertrophied nuclei of most commonly in the epithelial cells and connective tissue cells of the above target tissues. Monodon baculovirus (MBV) was characterised by intensive stained or multiple spherical or rounded hypertrophied intra nuclear inclusion bodies ranging from 0.1 m to 18 m in the epithelial cells of hepatopancreas. This kind of necrotic behaviour was also found along with acidophilic intra nuclear inclusion in hypertrophic nuclei with marginated chromatin. MBV infected shrimps showed generalised signs of disease such as lethargy, anorexia, poor feeding, dark colouration and reduced growth rate. Intensive stained basophilic hypertrophic rounded intranuclear inclusions symptoms were also found due to those disease both in eye and gill tissues. It is predicted that the prawn collected from the pond showed the symptoms of both viral and bacterial infection.
... In addition to AHPND, the other major threat to the shrimp industry is white spot disease (WSD), a viral disease that first emerged in China in 1991 and is now present in most Asian countries [22,23]. WSD is caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a large, ellipsoid, dsDNA (~300 kbp) invertebrate virus, with a nucleocapsid, tegument and envelope [24,25]. ...
To counter the recurrent outbreaks of bacterial (acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease; AHPND) and viral (white spot disease; WSD) shrimp diseases, which still remain a threat to the global industry, shrimp gut microbiota research has been gaining more attention in recent years, and the use of probiotics in aquaculture has had promising results in improving shrimp gut health and immunity. In this review based on our studies on AHPND and WSD, we summarize our current understanding of the shrimp gastrointestinal tract and the role of the microbiota in disease, as well as effects of probiotics. We focus particularly on the concept of microbiota resilience, and consider strategies that can be used to restore shrimp gut health by probiotic intervention at a crucial time during gut microbiota dysbiosis. Based on the available scientific evidence, we argue that the use of probiotics potentially has an important role in controlling disease in shrimp aquaculture.
... It is the sole member of the genus Whispovirus within the family Nimaviridae (Wang et al., 2019). It is a large rod to elliptically shaped virus (80-120 × 250-380 nm), with a double-stranded DNA genome of ~300 kb (Inouye et al., 1994;Wang et al., 1995). When the epidemic first broke in 1994 in Taiwan (Chen, 1995;Chou et al., 1995), Penaeus monodon was the dominant cultured species in Asia and the virus caused 100% mortality within 3-10 days from the inception of visible gross signs (Lightner, 1996;Xu et al., 2007). ...
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) continues to cause considerable loss to shrimp farmers globally with frequent outbreaks even in specific pathogen free Peneaus vannamei. Our studies showed that the bodyweight (BW) of PL has a bearing on their susceptibility to the virus. To test this hypothesis, PL of the same age group and family were grouped according to BW (10-20, 30-40, and 50-60 mg) and challenged through immersion route with two viral doses (106 and 107 virus copies/L of water). It was observed that the PL became susceptible to WSSV at ≥50 mg BW. In the 50-60 mg PL group, the higher challenge dose shows a sharp mortality curve with 100% mortality at 10 days post immersion, while the lower dose shows a steady increase in cumulative mortality that reaches 100% on the 13th day post immersion. The study also brings out that an in vivo viral load of approximately 3.5 to 4.5×107WSSV copies/100 ng shrimp DNA results in mortality. This is the first report on the relationship between BW and WSSV susceptibility in shrimp PL. Also reported here is a quantitative assessment of WSSV infection in P. vannamei PL and an optimized challenge protocol.
... White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) (Escobedo et al., 2008;Inouye et al., 1994;Kasornchandra dan Boonyaratpalin, 1996;Kasornchandra et al., 1998;Mahardika et al., 2004;Muliani et al., 1998;Peng et al., 2001;Sudha et al., 1998;Vlak et al., 2002;Wang et al., 2003), Hepatopancreatic Parvo-like Virus (HVP) (Madeali et al., 1998) dan Infectious Mynecrosis Virus (IMNV) (Poulos et al., 2006;Rivers, 1937;Senapin et al., 2007;Taslihan, 2012). ...
... Vaccination prevents infection, but it can only be applied to species of vertebrates with specific immunity and species with high value in manageable populations (USDA, 2014). WSSV has been extensively studied worldwide for 30 years since it was found in 1993 (Huang et al., 1995;Inouye et al., 1994;Wang et al., 1995;Wongteerasupaya et al., 1995), but there is no practical method to cure the infection radically. New technologies based on RNA interference were recently developed to treat infections in aquatic animals, such as injection of vp28-siRNA or VP28 dsRNA to eliminate white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) from infected shrimp (Xu et al., 2007;Ramos-Carreño et al., 2021). ...
CITATION: Guo X-M, Qiu L, Gao W, Wang G-H, Chen X, Huang J. 2022. Radical thermal therapy against infection with decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1), Aquaculture, 561: 738636. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738636.
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ABSTRACT: Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is a newly found double-stranded DNA virus that can cause huge losses to the aquaculture industry. The potential of thermal therapy to treat and cure the disease, namely infection with DIV1 (iDIV1), in white leg shrimp Penaeus vannamei, was evaluated in this study with the thermal treatment and temperature restoration (TT/TR) protocol. After being challenged with DIV1 strain SHIV20141215 via intramuscular injection, the shrimp in different groups received a 15-day TT from 28 °C to 38 °C, respectively, and then 15-day TR at 28 °C. All shrimp in groups with TT below 32 °C died rapidly within 5 d post-infection (dpi) with confirmatory iDIV1 by TaqMan qPCR, histopathological H&E staining and ISDL, and cytopathological TEM. The development of iDIV1 was suppressed at 34 °C but revived after TT to 28 °C. Elimination of DIV1 at 36 °C was confirmed with the same survival curve of the unchallenged control group, no replication of DIV1 DNA copies, and negative results of clinical signs, histopathology, ISDL, and TEM during the TT/TR process. The reproducibility validation of TT/TR at 36 °C verified the elimination of DIV1 from the challenged shrimp. This is the first report of radical thermal therapy from the emerging disease iDIV1 using TT at 36 °C, which provides an innovative measure to cure the fatal viral infection, especially for the larvae and broodstock of shrimp varieties with special genetic properties.
... The disease is caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) which infects shrimp and other crustacean species (Oidtmann and Stentiford 2011;Ramos-Carreño et al. 2014). The disease caused extensive loss of penaeid shrimp culture industries when it emerged during the early 1990s and has caused a serious ongoing epizootic in the major shrimp farming nations of Asia, including China, India, Thailand, Japan, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam (Inouye et al. 1994;Mohan et al. 1998;Chen et al. 2007;Siddique et al. 2018). Apart from this, it has resulted in disastrous outbreaks on the coasts of the USA , Europe (Stentiford and Lightner 2011) as well as Australia (Edgerton 2004). ...
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most devastating shrimp pathogens that causes a potential loss in penaeid shrimp farming. White spot syndrome (WSS) was considered as epizootic in the major shrimp farming nations and currently, no approved medications are available to prevent the infection. Owing to the scientific progress made in the recent decades, it has been possible to identify the genomic mutations and variations of WSSV of distinctive geographic regions. Due to the scarcity of appropriate therapeutics against WSSV, it is crucial to mitigate the risk of infection through early detection of the virus by exploiting suitable diagnostic tools. Also, while ample diagnostic approaches are in use, literature with detailed and updated information is quite limited. The genomic variations in specific loci of WSSV discussed in this review would help in understanding the genomic evolution respective to several lineages of the virus. We have also outlined some important molecular approaches that are being applied for rapid and early diagnosis of WSSV in shrimp. For each method, the basis of detection, specific application(s) and limitation(s) were described. Hence, this review could significantly help in insight of WSSV diagnosis.
... It infects all of the life Handling Editor: Kalpana Agnihotri. stages of Penaeus monodon and Marsupenaeus japonicas shrimp and other crustaceans, causing mortality within 3-10 days [3][4][5][6][7][8]. VP28 plays a significant role in the initial steps of systemic WSSV infection as an envelope protein and as an attachment protein by binding the virus to shrimp cells, thereby helping the virus to enter the cytoplasm [9,10]. ...
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a significant threat to the aquaculture sector, causing mortality among crabs and shrimps. Currently available diagnostic tests for WSSV are not rapid or cost-effective, and a new detection method is therefore needed. This study demonstrates the development of a biosensor by functionalization of magnetosomes with VP28-specific antibodies to detect WSSV in seafood. The magnetosomes (1 and 2 mg/ml) were conjugated with VP28 antibody (0.025–10 ng/µl), as confirmed by spectroscopy. The magnetosome-antibody conjugate was used to detect the VP28 antigen. The binding of antigen to the magnetosome-antibody complex resulted in a change in absorbance. The magnetosome-antibody-antigen complex was then concentrated and brought near a screen-printed carbon electrode by applying an external magnetic field, and the antigen concentration was determined using impedance measurements. The VP28 antigen (0.025 ng/µl) bound more efficiently to the magnetosome-VP28 antibody complex (0.025 ng/µl) than to the VP28 antibody (0.1 ng/µl) alone. The same assay was repeated to detect the VP28 antigen (0.01 ng/µl) in WSSV-infected seafood samples using the magnetosome-VP28 antibody complex (0.025 ng/µl). The WSSV in the seafood sample was also drawn toward the electrode due to the action of magnetosomes controlled by the external magnetic field and detected using impedance measurement. The presence of WSSV in seafood samples was verified by Western blot and RT-PCR. Cross-reactivity assays with other viruses confirmed the specificity of the magnetosome-based biosensor. The results indicate that the use of the magnetosome-based biosensor is a sensitive, specific, and rapid way to detect WSSV in seafood samples.
... the virus has become a major hindrance to the development of shrimp farms (Nunan and Lightner 2011). Once shrimps are infected with WSSV, cumulative mortality can reach 100% within 2-10 days (Inouye et al. 1994;Seibert and Pinto 2012). Currently, there is no commercial treatment available. ...
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is the most harmful and pathogenic infectious agent in shrimp aquaculture. Vp28, a protein used to protect hosts against this virus, has successfully been expressed in nine hosts since 2004; however, to date, it has not been used commercially. We constructed transgenic Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 expressing vp28 and enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) genes simultaneously to enable the easy detection of vp28 expression. GFP has been expressed in cyanobacteria previously and was used in this study to construct transgenic cyanobacteria that can easily be detected. The optimal growth conditions for the transgenic cyanobacteria were determined using a liquid-phase oxygen electrode. At the optimum light intensity, the net photosynthetic rate of the transgenic cyanobacteria increased by 12.6% compared with that of the wild-type. Furthermore, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 harboring vp28 and vp28-egfp were fed to shrimp in order to protect them against WSSV infection. The cumulative survival rate of the groups fed with transgenic cyanobacteria was 75%.
... WSSV, an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the genus Whispovirus of the family Nimaviridae (Witteveldt et al., 2004), was discovered in 1992 and has since been found in shrimp producing countries around the world NACA, 2007). The case of WSSV infection had been reported in China, Japan, North Korea, Thailand, South Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the United States and Mexico (Inouye et al., 1994;Momoyama et al., 1994;Nakano et al., 1994;Takahashi et al., 1994;Huang et al., 1995;Wang et al., 1995;Lightner, 1999;Porchas-Cornejo et al., 2018). What's more, WSSV is known to infect a wide range of crustaceans. ...
The impacts of mariculture on coastal ecosystems are increasingly raising attention recently. To study the prevalence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in wild crustaceans, a pathogenic agent of cultured shrimps, continuous and large-scale surveys in the Bohai Sea were firstly conducted from 2016 to 2018. A total of 820 samples were collected from 59 sampling sites. The results of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay showed that 11 of the 19 wild species were identified to be WSSV positive. Among them, Alpheus distinguendus had the highest WSSV-positive rate at 21.9%. The percentage of WSSV positive sampling sites was 76.7%, 55.0%, 43.7% in 2016, 2017, 2018, respectively. The percentage of WSSV positive samples was 17.4%, 12.2% and 7.8%, respectively. The multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the WSSV VP26 gene cloned from the wild crustaceans was consistent with those from WSSV strains previously reported in India, China, Brazil, Thailand, as well as Mexico, which was clustered tightly into one branch. The presence of WSSV virions in the epithelial cells of wild southern rough shrimp Trachypenaeus curvirostris was confirmed by TEM assay, which further verifying the occurrence of WSSV infection in wild crustaceans. The results of present study demonstrated that WSSV had colonized in the populations of offshore wild crustaceans in the Bohai Sea, and the potential negative impact of WSSV prevalence on the wild crustacean populations together with marine ecosystem deserved close attention and further investigation.
... /2020 WSSV is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the genus Whispovirus of the family Nimaviridae (Witteveldt et al., 2004). According to previous reports, WSSV had been prevalent in the major shrimp producing countries around the world since it was first discovered in 1992 , including China, Japan, North Korea, Thailand, South Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and the United States Inouye et al.,1994;Momoyama et al., 1993;Nakano et al.,1993;Takahashi et al., 1994;Wang et al., 1995;Lightner et al., 1999). The prevalence of WSSV caused huge economic losses to the shrimp farming industry of the world. ...
The ecological risks of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an important aquatic pathogen, has been causing increasing concern recently. A continuous survey on the prevalence of WSSV in the wild crustaceans of the Bohai Sea was conducted in present study. The result of loop-mediated isothermal amplification detection showed that WSSV positivity rates of sampling sites were determined to be 76.73%, 55.0% and 43.75% in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. And the WSSV positivity rates of samples were 17.43%, 12.24% and 7.875% in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Meanwhile, the investigation revealed that 11 wild species from the sea were identified to be WSSV positive. The WSSV infection in wild crustacean species was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy analysis. The results of this study suggest that WSSV had been colonized in wild species offshore and the impact caused by WSSV to the wild marine ecosystem cannot be ignored.
... Lightner et al. (1983) 1981 Japón Necrosis Baculoviral de la Glándula Digestiva BMN Viral Sano et al. (1981) 1982 Tailandia Gregarinosis Nematopsis spp. Protista Ruangpan (1982) 1982 Tailandia Fusariosis Fusarium solani Fúngica Ruangpan (1982) 1985 Malasia Parvovirosis Hepatopancreática HPV Viral Lightner y Redman (1985) 1988 Cuba Haplosporidiosis Hepatopancreática HPH Protista Dyková et al. (1988) 1989 Ecuador Necrosis Séptica del Hepatopáncreas SHPN Bacteriano Gómez-Gil et al. (1998) 1990 Texas, EEUU Hepatopancreatitis Necrotizante Hepatobacter penaei (NHP) Bacteriano Johnson (1995) 1991 Tailandia Virosis de la Cabeza Amarilla YHV Viral Lightner (2003) 1992 Australia Virosis Vacuolizante del Órgano Linfoide LOVV Viral Spann y Lester (1997) 1992 Ecuador Virosis del Síndrome de Taura TSV Viral Hasson et al. (1995) 1993 Japón Enfermedad de las manchas blancas WSSV Viral Inouye et al. (1994) 1993 En esta Tabla 1 se percibe claramente la continuidad en la ocurrencia de brotes y aparición de nuevas enfermedades. Siempre ha habido una enfermedad emergente, un enemigo de moda al cual combatir. ...
La camaronicultura ha venido creciendo significativamente en las últimas décadas, particularmente en el sudeste asiático, India y Ecuador. Paralelamente, la bioseguridad se ha presentado como una necesidad del aparato productivo debido a la frecuencia, magnitud y naturaleza de las enfermedades que afectan a los camarones penaeidos. En este artículo se revisan las estrategias que han sido incluidas en este concepto y las que pudieran serlo en el futuro, para asegurar la sustentabilidad del sector productivo. Entre los aspectos más conocidos, pero no necesariamente aplicados, pueden citarse la definición precisa y constante de la condición sanitaria de los camarones cultivados, la concepción de planes de bioseguridad, la utilización de cepas libres de patógenos específicos (Specific Pathogen Free o SPF), el fortalecimiento de las capacidades diagnósticas en sus tres niveles (signos clínicos, presuntivo y avanzado), la incorporación de análisis de los riesgos sanitarios, la regulación del ingreso de personas a los centros productivos, el establecimiento de protocolos de buenas prácticas de cultivo y la completa restricción de la fauna silvestre o doméstica dentro de las instalaciones de cultivo. Algunos paradigmas no son tan ampliamente manejados, aunque revisten gran importancia, como el involucramiento de múltiples niveles de acción, la implementación del mapeo sanitario, la formulación de planes de contingencia y simulacros, la definición de planes de compensación, la masificación del conocimiento sobre patobiología de los camarones penaeidos y bioseguridad entre los participantes del ciclo productivo, la sustitución de alimentación fresca, el mayor control del entorno, la apropiada disposición de residuos orgánicos, la aplicación de probióticos y manejo de microbiomas, y el fomento de investigación aplicada. La bioseguridad ha venido adquiriendo relevancia y actualmente es imprescindible para el mantenimiento del cultivo de camarones penaeidos como actividad productiva rentable y sostenible.
Palabras clave: Enfermedad, Patógeno, Penaeus, Riesgos sanitarios
... White Spot Syndrome Virus was first detected in 1992 following an outbreak of WSD in shrimp farms of China (Chou et al., 1995) and has since spread throughout the major zones of shrimp farming in Asia, Australia, Central and South America (Bondad Reantaso et al., 2001;Inouye et al., 1994;Karunasagar et al., 1997;Park et al., 1998;Stentiford and Lightner, 2011;Zhan et al., 1998). It is currently listed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) as the sole member of the genus Whispovirus within the family Nimaviridae (Mayo, 2002a(Mayo, , 2002b. ...
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) causes White Spot Disease (WSD) and is historically the most devastating disease in the shrimp industry. Global losses from this disease have previously exceeded $3 bn annually, having a major impact on a global industry worth US$19 bn per annum. Shrimp are cultured predominantly in enclosed ponds that are subject to considerable fluctuations in abiotic conditions and WSD outbreaks are increasingly linked to periods of extreme weather, which may cause major fluctuations in pond culture conditions. Combined with the intensity of production in these systems, the resulting suboptimal physicochemical conditions have a major bearing on the susceptibility of shrimp to infection and disease. Current knowledge indicates that pond temperature and salinity are major factors determining outbreak severity. WSSV appears to be most virulent in water temperatures between 25-28 oC and salinities far removed from the iso-osmotic point of shrimp. Elevated temperatures (>30 oC) may protect against WSD, depending on the stage of infection, however the mechanisms mediating this effect have not been well established. Other factors relating to water quality that may play key roles in determining outbreak severity include dissolved oxygen concentration, nitrogenous compound concentration, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and pH, but data on their impacts on WSSV susceptibility in cultured shrimps is scarce. This illustrates a major research gap in our understanding of the influence of environmental conditions on disease. For example, it is not clear whether temperature manipulations can be used effectively to prevent or mitigate WSD in cultured shrimp. Therefore, developing our understanding of the impact of environmental conditions on shrimp susceptibility to WSSV may provide insight for WSD mitigation when, even after decades of research, there is no effective practical prophylaxis or treatment.
... According to a report, WSSV affected 300,000 tonnes of shrimp of value more than 1000 million [37]. The major species of penaeid shrimps in nature infected by the virus are P. monodon, P. japonicas, P. chinensis, P. penicillates, P. indicus [13,38], P. setiferus [39] and Solenocera indica, Metapenaeus dobsoni, Parapenaeopsis stylifera [40]. ...
Nanotechnology a multidisciplinary field involves the design and production of functional systems at the molecular level. In aquaculture, the application of nanotechnology it’s still at infant stage and it potent enough to solve many issues related to nutrition, animal production, reproduction, disease diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Worldwide, during the last decade though shrimp culture has been one of the most prevalent practices in marine industry and it has been threatened by viral diseases frequently. Among various shrimp viral pathogens, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is exceedingly pathogenic and conscientious for huge economic loss in shrimp culture industry. In this review, the application of nanotechnology in diagnosis and management of WSSV in aquaculture is discussed in detail.
... It is an important shrimp pathogen that has been devastating the shrimp farming industry worldwide, causing up to 100% mortality of farmed shrimps within 3 to 10 days (Lightner, 1996. WSSV was first recognized in cultured penaeid shrimps in Asia and the Indo-Pacific Region in 1993Wongteerasupaya et al., 1995;Inouye et al., 1994;Inouye et al., 1996). The virus spread rapidly and reached the western hemisphere in 1995 in pond reared Litopenaeus setiferus in a Texas farm (Lightner, 1996). ...
The relative virulence of the China isolate of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV-CN) in the penaeid shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei and Farfantepenaeus duorarum, was assessed by a comparison of 7-d median lethal dose (LD50), survival curve, and mean lethal load after exposure by injection. Shrimps were injected intramuscularly with known WSSV dose. Median lethal dose of L. vannamei was lower than that of F. duorarum. Log LD50 in L.vannamei was 4.20 WSSV genome copies μg-1 total DNA. Log LD50 in F.duorarum was 5.32 WSSV genome copies μg-1 total DNA. Median survival times of L. vannamei and F. duorarum injected with 104 and 105 WSSV genome copies were 54.17 h and 38.91 h, respectively for L. vannamei whereas they were 119.58 h and 82.67 h, respectively for F. duorarum. Mean log of the WSSV lethal load for L. vannamei was 9.34(SE ± 9.09) copies μg-1 of total DNA and for F. duorarum was 11.80 (SE ± 11.55). No significant difference was noted in lethal load for the shrimp species using Student’s t-test. Overall mean WSSV lethal load was 2.86 x 1011(SE+1.63 x 1011) genome copies μg-1 oftotal DNA. In conclusion, WSSV was found to be less virulent in F.duorarum than in L. vannamei by L50 and mean survival time but not in mean lethal load. This suggests that shrimp resistance is imparted by controlling WSSV loads rather than by tolerating higher loads.
... Penyakit HPV disebabkan oleh parvovirus yang mengandung deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) berukuran kecil dengan diameter 22-24 nm. Selain menyerang hepatopankreas udang, virus kadang-kadang menyerang organ insang dan usus dan menyebabkan tubuh udang menjadi berwarna pucat dan hepatopankreas berwarna coklat, kotoran yang dikeluarkan udang berwarna putih akibat kerusakan dan pembusukan serta disfungsi hepatopankreas sebagai pusat metabolisme tubuh (Inouye et al., 1994). Selanjutnya pertumbuhan udang menjadi lambat dan bahkan mengalami kematian. ...
Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui gambaran histopatologis hepatopankreas udang windu yang terinfeksi hepatopancreatica parvovirus (HPV). Sebanyak 10 ekor udang windu yang berasal dari tambak rakyat digunakan sebagai sampel penelitian terdiri atas 5 sampel positif terinfeksi HPV dan 5 sampel normal. Semua udang dinekropsi untuk diambil hepatopankreas dan difiksasi dengan larutan Davidson. Selanjutnya hepatopankreas dibuat preparat histopatologis sesuai dengan prosedur teknik yang biasa dilakukan di Laboratorium Patologi Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Syiah Kuala Darussalam Banda Aceh dan diwarnai dengan hematoksilin eosin (HE) serta diamati di bawah mikroskop. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada hepatopankreas udang windu yang terinfeksi HPV ditemukan adanya hipertrofi basofilik badan inklusi intranuklear, degenerasi, dan lisis sel.
... The first reports of white spot disease in penaeids were in mainland China and Taiwan in 1992 [2,5,6]. By the end of the decade, the disease had spread to Korea [7], Japan [8,9], and throughout South-East Asia (Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia) and India [10,11]. This rapid proliferation of the disease was most likely through transboundary movement of infected animals. ...
White spot disease, caused by infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), is a serious panzootic affecting prawn aquaculture. The disease has spread rapidly around the prawn-culturing regions of the world through a number of previously identified mechanisms. The ability to distinguish and trace strains of WSSV is of great benefit to identify, and then limit, the translocation routes of the disease. Here, we describe a novel genotyping method using 34 short tandem repeat regions of the viral genome concurrently. This technique is highly sensitive to strain differences when compared to previous methods. The efficacy of the described method is demonstrated by testing WSSV isolates from around the globe, showing regional genotypic differences. The differences in the genotypes were used to create a global minimum spanning network, and in most cases the observed relationships were substantiated with verification of transboundary movement. This novel panel of STR markers will provide a valuable epidemiological tool for white spot disease. We have applied this to an outbreak of the disease in Queensland, Australia, that occurred in 2016. While the results indicate that the source of this outbreak currently remains cryptic, the analyses have provided valuable insights with which to further study the origins of the strains involved.
... White spot disease is one of the most important shrimp diseases in the world. It is affect most of the commercially cultured shrimp species [17,18]. The clinical signs of this disease include white spots in the carapace and six abdominal segments, the hepatopancreas was swollen and yellow, the intestine and abdomen was empty and the body colour of infected shrimp become reddish. ...
The surveillance study of WSSV and MBV for selected 7 hatcheries of Tamil Nadu and 11 hatcheries from
Andhra Pradesh for the period of two years from October 2011 to September 2012 and October 2012 to September 2013,
the surveillance of WSSV for October 2011 to September 2012 for Tamil Nadu in individual hatcheries it has been shown
to range from 3.49% to 0.94% and Andhra Pradesh is ranges from 0.94% to 3.23% respectively. The data for month wise
in all the 7 hatcheries of Tamil Nadu it shows mostly higher level of infection in October 2011 in the hatcheries, the low
level infections was in the month of April 2012 and the medium level infection was medium level infection was recorded
in March 2012. For the surveillance of WSSV in Andhra Pradesh the infection range was between 0.94% to 2.33%. The
maximum and minimum levels of infection were recorded in the month of October 2011and May 2012. The medium level
of infection was found in February 2012 and September 2012 from entire Andhra Pradesh hatcheries. In the period of
October 2012 to September 2013, the infection ranges was found in between 0.83% to 2.61% from Tamil Nadu and the
month wise infection level was found in maximum level of prevalence of WSSV (high level infection) was in the month of
August 2013, low level of infection was observed in April 2013 and medium level infection was recorded in November
2012. Albeit, in Andhra Pradesh for the same period, the surveillance of WSSV was found in between 0.82% to 2.84%
and the surveillance of month wise readings shows in higher level infection during in month of November 2012, lower
level of infection was noticed in June 2013 and medium level of infections were found in March month of 2013. The MBV
prevalence study for the selected 7 hatcheries of Tamil Nadu and 11 hatcheries from Andhra Pradesh for the period of
two years from October 2011 to September 2012 and October 2012 to September 2013 shows various level of infection in similar like WSSV prevalence studies. The surveillance of MBV in the months of October 2011 to September 2012 showed
a range of level of infection from 0.95% to 4.76%. For the month wise study of MBV in all 7 hatcheries of Tamil Nadu it
was presented in maximum level of infections on November 2011, minimum level of infections in July 2012 and medium
level of infections was found in the month of April 2012. Similarly, the same periods in Andhra Pradesh also were
recorded in the level of infection range was in 0.95% to 4.76% respectively. For the month wise the maximum level of
MBV prevalence was observed in the of November 2011, minimum level of infections were recorded in August 2012 and
medium level of infections was noticed in the month of April 2012. In the period of October 2012 to September 2013 the
MBV prevalence in the selected 7 hatcheries of Tamil Nadu were shows in the range 0.80% and 2.82%. In addition that,
the month wise prevalence study was showed in maximum level of infections were recorded in September 2013, minimum
level of infection in March 2013 and medium level of infection was found in May 2013 respectively. For the period of
October 2012 to September 2013 the MBV surveillance in Andhra Pradesh was noticed in between 0.80% to 2.50%. The
month wise surveillance level was observed in maximum level of MBV infection in November 2012, low level infection in
June 2013 and the medium level of infection was noticed in the month of March 2013.
... Th e fi rst outbreak of the WSD was reported in Fujian Province of China in 1992 (Zhan et al., 1998). Soon aft er, it was reported in Taiwan and Japan and has since become serious threat throughout shrimp farming regions of Asia and the Americas (Inouye et al., 1994;Chou et al., 1995;Flegel, 1997). In India, according to the existing reports, WSSV was fi rst noticed in 1994 on black tiger shrimp (P. ...
The intensification of aquaculture has been unique in showing the overwhelming changes in global food production in the last 100 years. Presently, it is playing a vital role in the economies of several countries. Conversely, it is also to be noted that the progression of aquaculture has been the foundation of anthropogenic alteration of a gigantic hierarchy and hence not astonishingly, it resulted in spread and emergence of an increasing group of new unknown diseases. In India, Penaeus monodon, black tiger shrimp was previously the foremost-cultivated shrimp species. Subsequently in 2008, the American white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei has effectively replaced it. The change in dominant species has affected disease concerns in India as well as in world shrimp aquaculture. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most deleterious for both species. Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV), Monodon baculovirus (MBV) and Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) are the other significant infectious agents of P. monodon and L. vannamei. An emerging disease of loose shell syndrome (LSS) was already reported from India during late 1998. A more recent disease of L. vannamei in India is monodon slow growth syndrome (MSGS), a component of which seems to be Laem-Singh virus (LSNV). Thus, most of the information in this review relates to new emerging pathogens that threaten the cultivation shrimp industry in India.
... WSSV has been referred to by various other names including penaeid rod-shaped DNA virus (PRDV) or rod-shaped nuclear virus of P. japonicus (RV-PJ) [24], systemic ectodermal and mesodermal baculovirus (SEMBV) [25], white spot baculovirus (WSBV) [21], P. monodon non-occluded baculovirus (PmNOB) and Chinese baculovirus (CBV) [28]. Recent analysis of the WSSV DNA revealed the presence of putative genes for the large and the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RR1 and RR2) by van Hulten et al., [27] who surmise that it belongs to the eukaryotic branch of an unrooted parsimonius tree. ...
The shrimp industries make a remarkable economic development in the aquaculture industries in India. The task behaving the forming is the viral contaminations in the cultural industries. India was means with pre diagnosis carried mostly against WSSV and very less enquiries on IHHNV. This review article deals on major DNA viruses White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV), Monodon Baculovius (MBV), Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis virus (IHHNV) and Hepatopancreatic Parvovirus (HPV) with making an details molecular understanding and diagnostic awareness.
... The virus was originally discovered in 1991 in Penaeus japonicus farmed in China and Taipei, spreading rapidly throughout Asia and then to the Americas by the late 1990s (Cai et al., 1995;Stentiford et al., 2009). The virus has been referred to in the literature by a variety of different names, including Chinese Baculo-like virus (Nadala et al., 1997), White Spot Syndrome , White Spot Bacilliform virus, White Spot Syndrome Baculovirus (WSBV) Lightner, 1996;Wang et al., 1995), Penaeid rod shaped DNA virus (PRDV) (Inouye et al., 1996), Rod-shaped virus of P. japonicus (RV-PJ) (Inouye et al., 1994), Penaeid haemocytic rod-shaped virus (PHRV) (Owens, 1993), P. monodon nonoccluded baculovirus I and III (PmNOBIII) , Systemic Ectodermal and Mesodermal Baculovirus (SEMBV) (Wongteerasupaya et al., 1995), Hypodermic and Hematopoietic Necrosis Baculovirus (HHNBV) . Synonymisation to White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) improved detection and standardised reporting of this agent, which has been listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) for many years (OIE, 2016). ...
Numerous infections by viral pathogens have been described from wild and cultured crustacean hosts, yet relatively few of these pathogens have been formally characterized and classified. To date viruses have generally been tentatively assigned to families based upon morphological and developmental characteristics and their location of infection within the host cell. Often nucleotide sequence information is unavailable. Some of these viral infections have caused well-documented devastating consequences on the global crustacean farming industry whilst their effects on wild populations remain largely unstudied. This paper provides an up to date review of all known viruses described infecting crustacean hosts. Full characterisation and harmonisation of these descriptions utilising specifications proposed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is required to synonymise numerous examples of differential naming or abbreviation of naming, of the same virus in some cases. Development and application of techniques such as viral purification and high throughput sequencing of viral genomes will assist with these full descriptions and, provide appropriate diagnostic targets for surveillance of known and novel relatives. This review also highlights the importance of comparative study with viruses infecting insects and other arthropods to assist this process.
... Virus tersebut mempunyai inang yang sangat luas, dapat menyerang berbagai jenis udang penaeid, di antaranya P. monodon, P. japonicus, P. chinensis, P. Indicus, P. marguensis, dan L. vannamei (Kasornchandra et al., 1998, Koesharyani et al., 2001Flegel. 1999 ;Kimura et al., 1996;Inouye et al., 1994;Rodriguez et al., 2003). ...
Penelitian ini dilakukan karena adanya masalah yang dihadapi seperti pertumbuhan udang yang tidak seragam (ukuran bervariasi), penampakan klinis yang abnormal dan organ yang tidak sempurna. Gejala tersebut akibat dari infeksi penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus. Untuk mengetahui jenis virus yang menyerang udang tersebut, maka dilakukan analisis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dan Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) menggunakan berbagai jenis spesifik primer WSSV, IHHNV, MBV, TSV, IMNV, dan PvNV. Sampel udang yang secara visual normal dan abnormal diambil lalu disimpan dalam larutan pengawet 90% Ethanol dan RNAlater kemudian dianalisis di laboratorium dengan metode yang sudah dikembangkan oleh Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perikanan Budidaya. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa udang yang tumbuh lambat dan mempunyai rostrum bengkok dan warna otot daging memutih ternyata tidak hanya diserang oleh satu virus namun dua virus IHHNV dan IMNV. Hasil penelitian ini juga mengindikasikan bahwa udang yang terserang IHHNV akan tumbuh lambat walaupun tidak mematikan, sedangkan udang yang diserang IMNV otot daging di tubuh memutih terutama pada bagian punggung dan dapat menimbulkan kematian.
... WSSV has been named in different names by different workers. Durand et al. (1996) named WSSV as hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis baculovirus (HHNBV); Wang et al. (1995) named as Penaeus monodon non-occluded baculovirus (PmNOBIII); Inouye et al. (1994) as rod-shaped nuclear virus (RV-PJ); Whereas Venegas et al. (2000) called as penaeid rod-shaped DNA virus. Wongteerasupaya et al. (1995) and Hameed et al. (1998) named systemic ectodermal and mesodermal baculovirus (SEMBV); Chou et al. (1995) and Lightner (1996) named as white spot baculovirus, but now it has been named in single name as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). ...
Indian aquaculture industry was growing steadily and showed a sixfold growth in production over the last two decades. However, the overall development of aquaculture in India did not reach the levels as projected due to frequent disease outbreaks and related issues. Shrimp and fish are predominantly affected by viruses including white spot syndrome virus, monodon baculovirus, hepatopancreatic parvovirus, viral nervous necrosis, white tail disease, and hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis baculovirus that cause outbreaks across the countries. Owing to these viral pathogens, the production of aquaculture fishes and crustaceans has dramatically been dropped. There are no specific measures to control these viral infections since it causes mortality at all life stages of cultured aquatic organisms. Early detection of the diseases may be beneficial to prevent the spreading and mass mortality. In India, the Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture has developed a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early and precise detection of monodon baculovirus infection in Indian tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon using SYBR Green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. More than twenty-five cell lines from freshwater, brackish water, and marine fish have been developed, characterized, and stored in C. Abdul Hakeem College for research and viral diagnosis. This review reveals the distinctive tools that are being used in aquaculture for the detection of pathogens and preventive measures. Advanced molecular methods such as nested PCR and SYBR Green-based real-time PCR are found to be sensitive and effective for the quantitation. Simple and inexpensive methods such as microscopic evaluation and histopathological analysis detects the progression of the disease. These assays can be used as a diagnostic method for emerging diseases in addition to avoid forthcoming of another.
... This virus has caused the loss of several million dollars in shrimp culture industries in India and the loss continues even now. WSSV was first reported from farmed Marsupenaeus japonicus in Japan in 1993 and named as Penaeid rod shaped DNA virus [3]. The WSSV has been isolated from Penaeus monodon and its morphology has been studied [4e7]. ...
Aquaculture is becoming more important in the overall fishery sector. It accounted for 16 percent of the gross weight and 29 percent of the value of the total production in 1993, while in 1963, it accounted for only 6 percent and 14 percent, respectively. Although aquaculture is rapidly developing, it is now faced with some new problems, one of which is diseases, especially in intensive culture. The damage caused by diseases in 1991 was estimated at about 18 thousand tons or 26 billion yen. This loss corresponds to about 5 percent of the gross weight and about 7 percent of the value of the total production of intensive culture. At present, many diseases are found in fish farms in Japan. Some pathogens seem to be ubiquitous and cause serious problems as intensive culture develops. Apart from ubiquitous or endemic pathogens, a considerable number of exotic germs and parasites are suspected to have accompanied fish eggs and larvae imported for aquaculture purposes. This paper focusses on such cases that have recently occurred in Japan.
The sudden outbreaks of IHN in 1971, BKD in 1973, and coldwater disease around 1985 were thought to have originated from salmon eggs imported from North America. Since 1991, a monogenean parasite, Neobenedenia girellae, has been found among amberjack fry imported from Hong Kong and Hinan, China. In 1993, a viral disease, causing serious mass mortality in shrimp farms was introduced through Penaeus japonicus fry imported from Fukien, China. There is only a limited system for quarantine of aquaculture seedlings. The Japan Fisheries Resources Conservation Association (JFRCA), a semi-governmental organization, conducts voluntary inspection of pathogens in imported seedlings for aquaculture. It seems that there is no system for providing overall security against exotic pathogens that accompany imported aquaculture seedlings. However, appropriate regulations for trading fish should be established to protect aquaculture from epizootics.
This study detected two potential pathogens, Vibro parahaemolyticus, which causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), in fishing bait in South Korea. However, their infectious nature was not confirmed, possibly due to the degradation caused by freezing/thawing or prolonged storage under frozen conditions. While infectivity was not confirmed in this study, there is still a significant risk of exposure to these aquatic products. Furthermore, fishing bait and feed should be handled with caution as they are directly exposed to water, increasing the risk of disease transmission. In Australia, cases of WSSV infection caused by imported shrimp intended for human consumption have occurred, highlighting the need for preventive measures. While freezing/thawing is a method for inactivating pathogens, there are still regulatory and realistic issues to be addressed.
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has been one of the most devastating pathogens affecting the global shrimp industry since its initial outbreaks in Asia in the early 1990s. In this study, we recovered 13 complete metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of Japanese WSSV isolates and 30 draft WSSV MAGs recovered from publicly available sequencing data, to investigate the genomic evolution of WSSV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major phylotypes, designated phylotypes I and II. Bayesian divergence time estimates placed the divergence time of the two phylotypes between 1970 and the early 1980s, with an estimated substitution rate of 1.1 × 10 –5 substitutions per site per year, implying the existence of pre-pandemic genetic diversity of WSSV in Asia. Based on this scenario, phylotype I was responsible for the 1990s pandemic and spread worldwide, whereas phylotype II was localized in Asia and infiltrated Australia. Two cross-phylotype recombinant lineages were identified, which demonstrate the role of genomic recombination in generating the genetic diversity of WSSV. These results provide important insights into the evolution of WSSV and may help uncover the ultimate origins of this devastating pathogen.
Shrimp is a popular seafood worldwide owing to its flavor, nutritional value and ubiquitous consumer demand. Among 21 OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) listed disease of shrimp, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is considered one of the most devastating one because of the high mortality rates in infected shrimp farms, leading to significant economic losses for the shrimp farming industry. From first prevalence of WSSV since 1992 in cultured Penaeus japonicus in Taiwan and China the outbreak of this virus remains unparallelly contagious and the recent outbreak incidence (2021) of this disease was in Germany. The most impecunious economic burden from WSSV prevalence was in 2019 when the global shrimp industry has to encountered a loss around US$1.5 billion. In the consequential year (2021) China has to face a losses of about 10 billion yuan and US$ 300-350 million for Bangladesh shrimp industry with more likes cases for other lead shrimp producing countries. This contagious viral agent could quickly spread over whole population of inter and intra connected shrimp ponds as well as neighboring farms and results in high or complete (100%) mortalities (within 2 – 7 days) with an appearance of white spots on the carapace in earlier days of prevalence. Though WSSV can be identified using a number of diagnostic approaches such as histopathology, in situ hybridization, immunological and Western blot methods and PCR-based techniques, however, being non-economic and time consuming to attenuate the disease in earlier stage these techniques are unpopular to impotent farmers. For keeping this disease at bay of the farms one-aquaculture approach could be embraced at root (farmer) level by introducing advanced biotechnology (e-DNA for better understanding of WSSV within short period of time) with the engagement of experts and vertical farming system to avoid cross-contamination from hatchery to farms.
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus, is the causative agent of white spot syndrome (WSS), which has been linked to cultured shrimp mass mortality in many countries. Therefore, the development of anti-WSSV agents is among the top priorities of the aquaculture sector. Here, we describe the preparation of polyamine-modified carbon quantum dots (polyamine CQDs) for the treatment of WSSV. Moreover, in vivo experiments were conducted in shrimp to confirm the anti-WSSV effect of the proposed CQD-based strategy.Key wordsWhite spot syndrome virusShrimpsAnti-WSSV strategiesAquaculturePolyamine-modified carbon quantum dotsIn vivo experiment
This datasheet on Litopenaeus vannamei covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Dispersal, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Economics, Further Information.
This datasheet on Marsupenaeus japonicus covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Dispersal, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Impacts, Uses, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Economics, Further Information.
White spot disease (WSD) is caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which is the sole member of the Nimaviridae family and Whispovirus genus. Virions are large, ranging from 270 to 300 nm in length, 120–150 nm in diameter, and are organized into four distinct layers. Outbreaks of WSD have caused enormous economic losses since its emergence in 1992. WSSV has an extremely broad host range, infecting all decapod crustaceans (crabs, crayfish, shrimp, and lobsters), regardless of habitat and life stage. The infection of WSSV can be transmitted vertically and horizontally. Prevention and control of WSD is currently achieved mainly through comprehensive biosecurity measures.
Leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-only proteins have been proved to be involved in the innate immune responses as they could mediate protein-protein or protein-ligand interactions. In the present study, a novel LRR-only protein (LvLRRop-1) was identified and characterized from Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The complete cDNA sequence of LvLRRop-1 contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1488 bp, which encoded a polypeptide of 495 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 55.67 kDa and a calculated theoretical isoelectric point of 6.435. There are five LRR motifs, six LRR_TYP motifs in the protein sequence of LvLRRop-1 with consensus signature sequences of LxxLxxLxLxxNxL. The LvLRRop-1 mRNA transcripts could be detected in all the tested tissues, including eyestalk, gill, gonad, heart, hemocytes, hepatopancreas, intestine, muscle, nerve and stomach, especially highest in hemocytes and hepatopancreas. The mRNA transcripts of LvLRRop-1 increased within the first 6 h in hemocytes and hepatopancreas after Vibrio parahaemolyticus or white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenges. The recombinant LvLRRop-1 could bind four typical pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), glucan (GLU) and polycytidine-polycytidylic acid (poly IC), in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibit the growth of bacteria Micrococcus luteus. These data indicated that LvLRRop-1 could play a pivotal role in the innate immune response of shrimps as a kind of pattern recognition receptor (PRR).
For more than three decades, infectious diseases have been one of the major causes of economic losses in the global shrimp industry. One of the deadliest of the shrimp pathogens is white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which causes mass mortality in farmed shrimp. Various aspects of WSSV pathogenicity have been studied, but in this review, we will focus only on one of them, namely metabolic reprogramming. WSSV’s modulation of host metabolism affects glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glutaminolysis and lipid metabolism. Several signaling pathways are involved in this regulation, including JAK-STAT, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, MAPK and Ras-Raf-MEK, with the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in particular playing a critical role in activating the WSSV-induced Warburg effect. Taken together, these changes benefit the virus by facilitating WSSV replication. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the metabolism-related aspects of WSSV pathogenesis, and discuss the mechanisms by which this virus reprograms its host's metabolic pathways. A deeper understanding of these pathways, key metabolic enzymes and signaling mechanisms is potentially important for the development of effective anti-WSSV strategies.
ABSTRAKPenyakit WSSV (white spot syndrome virus) pertama kali dilaporkan menyebabkan wabah mematikan pada udang Penaeus japonicas di Jepang pada tahun 1993 (Nakano et al., 1994) kemudian menyebar hampir ke seluruh wilayah Asia, termasuk Indonesia. Hingga saat ini, WSSV masih menjadi penyebab utama kegagalan panen pada tambak tradisional Kota Tarakan. Virus ini merupakan famili Nimaviridae dari genus Whispovirus yang menyerang udang pada semua stadia dan merupakan patogen mematikan bagi semua jenis udang penaeid. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kondisi WSSV di kawasan tambak-tambak tradisional Tarakan (wilayah barat, timur, dan utara) sehingga dapat dilakukan tindakan penanggulangan terhadap penularan WSSV di Kota Tarakan. Antisipasi terhadap penyebaran WSSV dilakukan secara vertikal maupun horizontal. Secara vertikal melalui genetik, sedangkan horizontal melalui rantai makanan, faktor transmisi, dan reservoir infeksi. Penelitian dilakukan di semester awal (Januari-Juni) tahun 2016 menggunakan metode sampling populasi secara acak dan selektif. Sample udang windu (Penaeus monodon) dianalisis kualitatif secara deskriptif menggunakan teknik PCR (polymerase chain reactions) berdasarkan OIE Protocol (Office International Des Epizooties) di Stasiun Karantina Kelas II Tarakan, dan parameter penunjang berupa data kualitas air diukur secara in situ. Hasil penelitian bahwa seluruh sampel yang dianalisis pada 146 F1/R1 Primers First Step menunjukan pita DNA kurang dari 1447 bp hasilnya negatif WSSV, namun pada tahap kedua 146 F2/R2 Primers Nested terdapat satu sampel menghasilkan pita DNA 941 bp hasilnya positif WSSV. Data kualitas air masih sesuai persyaratan baku mutu budidaya windu (SNI 7310-2009). Pada akhir penelitian, tidak ditemukan satu pun tambak tradisional di lokasi penelitian yang mengalami kegagalan panen.Kata kunci: WSSV, Penaeus monodon, PCR, Tambak Tradisional
Rapid production of prawn (Litopenaeus vannamei) under artificial pressure can result in a series of obvious challenges and is vulnerable to serious losses related to aquatic environmental issues and the unrestrained outbreak of white spot syndrome (WSS). However, to date, there are no therapeutic strategies to contain the spread of the virus. Here, we synthesized 27 coumarin deriv-atives and evaluated their anti-white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) activity in L. vannamei larvae. We demonstrated that electron-withdrawing and electron-giving substituent groups play an im-portant role in reducing toxicity and WSSV replication, respectively. Two coumarin C2 (2-amino-5-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-4H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-3-carbonitrile) and C7 (2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-4H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-3-carbonitrile) were regarded as the most promising anti-WSSV compounds with maximum antiviral response <5% and median effective concentration <10 mg/L. The mortality of WSSV-infected larvae decreased by more than 60% after exposure to C2 and C7. With continuous immersion of C2 and C7 exchange, the mortality further decreased to 40% at 120 h.Additionally, C2 and C7 are the relatively stable in aquacultural water, making these agents
This study has been investigated the effect of dietary fucoidan on the innate immune response of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and the disease resistance against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Adding fucoidan (30 mg/kg) to the diet can dramatically improved the survival rate of crayfish after WSSV infection and also can reduce the copy number of WSSV. The result of qRT-PCR demonstrated that fucoidan treatment can increase the expression profile of immune-related genes, such as NF-κB and prophenoloxidase. Further evidence indicates that fucoidan also had the influence on three immune parameters, which consist of the total number of hemocyte (THC), phenoloxidase activity (PO) and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in crayfish. The hemocytes apoptosis of crayfish post WSSV-infected and uninfected crayfish were both increased significantly after treating with 30 mg/kg fucoidan. Dietary fucoidan delayed and reduced the mortality after oral WSSV challenge, and decreased WSSV copies in 96 h after challenge. Our research demonstrated that fucoidan can be used to the regulation of innate immunity and induce immune protection effect of crayfish from WSSV infection, whether for treatment or prevention.
ABSTRAK Provinsi Lampung merupakan salah satu wilayah penghasil udang vaname terbesar di Indonesia. Produktivitas udang vaname di Lampung mengalami pasang surut, salah satunya dikarenakan serangan penyakit golongan virus seperti WSSV, IHHNV dan IMNV. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi status penyebaran penyakit WSSV, IHHNV dan IMNV pada udang vaname dan mengevaluasi keefektifan penerapan Cara Karantina Ikan yang Baik (CKIB) dalam menekan penyebaran virus tersebut di Provinsi Lampung. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pengumpulan data pengujian pada tahun 2019 yang berasal dari sampel umum, kegiatan pemantauan Penyakit Ikan Karantina (PIK) dan kegiatan CKIB, kemudian dilakukan analisa secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di Provinsi Lampung masih terdapat penyakit virus udang yaitu WSSV, IHHNV dan WSSV yang tersebar di sentra budidaya udang vaname. Dari sejumlah 624 total sampel pengujian, sebanyak 8.97% positif terinfeksi penyakit virus. WSSV memiliki tingkat infeksi terbesar yaitu 58.9%. Sedangkan untuk IMNV dan IHHNV masing-masing sebesar 33.9% dan 7.1%. Berdasarkan asal sampel pengujian dapat diketahui bahwa sampel yang diperoleh dari pembudidaya yang telah menerapkan CKIB menunjukkan hasil negatif untuk ketiga jenis virus target tersebut. Hal tersebut memberikan gambaran bahwa dengan penerapan CKIB secara konsisten dapat mengurangi tingkat penyebaran penyakit virus pada budidaya udang vaname.
Till date numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) have been discovered from various organisms, including fish, shellfish and crustaceans. The miRNAs are known to regulate immune functions in crustaceans, but little is known about the role of miRNAs against viral infection in crab. We performed small RNA sequencing to characterize the differentially expressed miRNAs in WSSV infected Scylla paramamosain, in comparison to that in uninfected crab, at 2 h and 12 h post infection. In total, 24 host miRNAs were up-regulated and 25 host miRNAs were down-regulated in response to WSSV infection at 2 h post infection. And 27 host miRNAs were up-regulated and 30 host miRNAs were down-regulated in response to WSSV infection at 12 h post infection. Further, the gene ontology analysis revealed that many signaling pathways were mediated by these miRNAs. The integral component of membrane is the most important biological process and endocytosis pathway is the most important pathway, which indicates that endocytosis is very important for WSSV infection. This study is one important attempt at characterizing crab miRNAs that response to WSSV infection, and will help unravel the miRNA pathways involved in antiviral immunity of crab.
The sea vegetable Hizikia fusiforme is not only a good source of dietary fiber but also enhances immunity. In this study, we investigated the effects of H. fusiforme on innate immunity in invertebrates, using white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge in the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Supplementation with H. fusiforme significantly reduced mortality caused by WSSV infection and also reduced copy numbers of the WSSV protein VP28. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that supplementation of feed with H. fusiforme increased the expression of immune-related genes, including NF-κB and crustin 1. Further analysis showed that supplementation with H. fusiforme also affected three immune parameters, total hemocyte count, and phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. H. fusiforme treatment significantly increased hemocyte apoptosis rates in both WSSV-infected and uninfected crayfish. H. fusiforme thus regulates the innate immunity of crayfish, and both delays and reduces mortality after WSSV challenge. Our study demonstrates the potential for the commercial use of H. fusiforme, either therapeutically or prophylactically, to regulate the innate immunity and protect crayfish against WSSV infection.
Disease is one of the major factors affecting the development and sustainability of aquaculture. White spot disease caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) results in severe production and economic losses to the shrimp farming industry worldwide. Recently, Hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis caused by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) a microsporidian parasite has been reported to cause severe growth retardation and losses in commercial Penaeus vannamei farming. In the present study, we report the prevalence of white spot syndrome virus and hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis in the P. vannamei shrimp farms in Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu, India. This study was undertaken in a total number of 57 selected P. vannamei farms in Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu during the period from October 2016 to September 2017. P. vannamei samples collected at fortnight intervals were screened for WSSV and EHP by PCR. The results showed that the prevalence of diseases caused by WSSV and EHP were 49.12% and 66.66% respectively. This report alerts the farmers for the adoption of better management practices to be followed so as to prevent these diseases and improve the production and sustainability in P. vannamei farming.
As an important disulfide reductase of the intracellular antioxidant system, Thioredoxin (Trx) plays an important role in maintaining oxidative stress balance and protecting cells from oxidative damage. In recent years, there is increasing evidence that Trx is a key molecule in the pathogenesis of various diseases and a potential therapeutic target for major diseases including lung, colon, cervical, gastric and pancreatic cancer. However, few knowledge is known about the function of Trx in virus infection. In this study, we reported the cloning and functional investigation of a Trx homologue gene, named MjTrx, in shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus suffered white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. MjTrx is a 105-amino acid polypeptide with a conservative Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys motif in the catalytic center. Phylogenetic trees analysis showed that MjTrx has a higher relationship with Trx from other invertebrate and clustered with Trx1 from arthropod. MjTrx transcripts is abundant in the gill and intestine tissues and can be detected in the hemocytes, heart, stomach, and hepatopancreas tissues. The transcription levels of MjTrx in hemocytes, gills and intestine tissues of shrimp were significantly up-regulated after white spot syndrome virus infection. MjTrx was recombinant expressed in vitro and exhibited obvious disulfide reductase activity. In addition, overexpression MjTrx in shrimp resulted in the increase of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in vivo. All these results strongly suggested that MjTrx functioned in redox homeostasis regulating and played an important role in shrimp antiviral immunity.
WSSV is the deadliest viral pathogen threatening global shrimp aquaculture. The evolutionary history of WSSV has remained a mystery, because few WSSV relatives, or nimaviruses, had been reported. Our aim was to trace the history of WSSV using the genomes of novel nimaviruses hidden in host genome data. We demonstrate that WSSV emerged from a diverse family of crustacean-infecting large DNA viruses. By comparing the genomes of WSSV and its relatives, we show that WSSV possesses an expanded set of unique host-virus interaction-related genes. This extensive gene gain may have been the key genomic event that made WSSV such a deadly pathogen. Moreover, conservation of insect-infecting virus protein homologs suggests a common phylogenetic origin of crustacean-infecting Nimaviridae and other insect-infecting DNA viruses. Our work redefines the previously poorly characterized crustacean virus family and reveals the ancient genomic events that preordained the emergence of a devastating shrimp pathogen.
cDNA of a newly recognized white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-induced gene (MjVIG1) was characterized from Marsupenaeus japonicus hemocytes; this gene encodes a protein that lack similarity to any known characterized protein. To identify this novel gene, we mainly conducted transcript level analysis, immunostaining and flow cytometry after WSSV infection. MjV1G1 transcript levels were also measured after Yellow head virus (YHV) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection tests. In non-infected and WSSV-infected shrimp, MjVIG1 was observed in granule-containing hemocytes. In addition, the MjVIG1 transcript level and ratio of MjVIG1-positive hemocytes both significantly increased, and number of MjVIG1-positive hemocytes slightly increased after WSSV infection. In contrast, MjVIG1 transcript level did not change after YHV and V. parahaemolyticus infection. These results indicated that MjVIG1 might be a WSSV-specific induced gene in M. japonicus hemocytes.
White spot disease is a serious viral panzootic affecting prawn aquaculture. The causative agent is white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a large double-stranded circular DNA virus. In November 2016, WSSV was identified following the onset of disease in a prawn farm near Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (previously free of white spot disease). The prawn farming industry in Queensland is valued at approximately AU$87 million annually, and the potential impact of establishment of endemic WSD would be severe. We report the complete genome sequence of the Australian WSSV (WSSV-AU) and the analysis of previously described genomic markers that have been reported to show variation among WSSV strains.
WSSV-AU genome length was 285,973 bp, shorter than most but within the previously reported size range of 281 kbp to 312 kbp. There are high levels of homology (91–97%) between the WSSV-AU and other reported genomes sequences. The WSSV-AU genome sequence has a number of substantial deletions, most significantly in regions that were previously reported as genomic markers (regions known to contain variable numbers of tandem repeats and regions with deletions of variable length). Additionally, several deletions of regions reported to encode envelope proteins were deleted. It may be that some of the envelope proteins needed for an ancestral natural host infection are redundant, and therefore expendable, with respect to infection of penaeids. Hence, that deletion of redundant regions may show homoplasy and be an unreliable epidemiological tool.
In light of the undetermined epidemiological relevance of deletions, including those associated with long tandem repeats, it is concluded that the comparison of reported complete genome sequences cannot identify the source of the virus in Queensland and an alternative genotyping method is required.
This is a full text by request for my thesis. Please see published papers for citable information.
Invasive species are one of the foremost damaging environmental problems for biodiversity and conservation, and can affect human health and man-made structures. They pose a great challenge for pest management, with little known about their control and few available success stories. Many crustacean species are invasive and can affect both biodiversity and aquaculture. Controlling invasive Crustacea is a complex and arduous process, but success could lead to increased environmental protection and conservation. Invasive Crustacea also comprise a significant pathway for the introduction of invasive pathogens. If these invaders carry pathogens, parasites or commensals to a new site they may threaten native species. Alternatively, pathogens can control their invasive host and could be utilised in a targeted biological control effort as a biocontrol agent.
Looking specifically at one species of invasive brachyuran crab (Carcinus maenas) collected from the UK, Faroes Islands and Atlantic Canada, and several species of invasive amphipod from the UK and Poland, I explore which groups of microorganisms are carried alongside invasions, and if any could be used as biocontrol agents or whether they pose a threat to native wildlife.
This thesis involves wide-scale screening of Carcinus maenas and several amphipod species, identifying a range of metazoans, fungi, protozoa, bacteria and viruses; many new to science. Taxonomic descriptions are provided for previously unknown taxa: Parahepatospora carcini; Cucumispora ornata; Cucumispora roeselii; and Aquarickettsiella crustaci. The application of metagenomics to pathogen invasion ecology is also explored, determining that it can be used as an early screening system to detect rare and/or asymptomatic microbial associations. Finally, I used experimental systems to assess the impact of pathogens carried by Dikerogammarus haemobaphes upon both itself and alternate host species (Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus pulex), identifying that C. ornata can infect native species and decrease their chance of survival.
Overall this thesis describes a research process following through three main steps: i) invasive pathogen detection, ii) taxonomic identification, and iii) host range and pathological risk assessment and impact. Screening invasive and non-native hosts for pathogens is recommended for invasive species entering the UK, to provide a fast and informed risk assessment process for hazardous hitchhiking microbes.
Please refer to the White Rose eThesis submission for further information or published papers.
Shrimp viral diseases have caused severe production and economic losses in the past two decades. A complete understanding of shrimp viruses is dependent upon the development of laboratory techniques for the maintenance and culturing of these viruses and host cells. This investigation was done to characterize the cell line culture from specific pathogen free Litopenaeus vannamei and its susceptibility to revise the cytopathic effects of white spot syndrome virus. A cell culture was successfully developed from insect cell SF9. Cytopathic changes like enlarged cells, focal lesions, shrunken and clumped cells were observed in white spot syndrome viruses (WSSV) infected SF9 cell cultures from 24 to 120 h duration. In the present study, conditions for the successful primary culture of insect SF9 cells for WSSV infection have been established. The conformation of WSSV infection in SF9 cell line was by polymerase chain reaction using target gene of WSSV419 like proteins and followed by electrophoresis. The WSSV result was positively as 550 bp in SF9 cell line and in the control sample. This is the first report on the development of primary cell culture of WSSV, host species of L. vannamei using insect cell line SF9.
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