(PDF) Characteristics of adakitic plutonic rocks in Finnish Precambrian + Summary statistics of chemistry of Finnish plutonic rocks

GTK Report 100/2013

Characteristics of adakitic plutonic rocks in Finnish Precambrian

By:

Tapio Ruotoistenmäki

Geological survey of Finland

Foreword

This document contains my report

Characteristics of adakitic plutonic rocks in Finnish Precambrian

+ Summary statistics of chemistry of Finnish plutonic rocks

Espoo, 20.03.2013

Tapio Ruotoistenmäki

Geological Survey of Finland

-------------------------------------

Acknowledgements

Thanks to:

Kalevi Rasilainen, Jaana Halla, Ulf Andersson, Olav Eklund and Pentti Hölttä

for their comments during this study and

Irmeli Mänttäri and Hannu Huhma

for isotope analysis

--------------------------------------

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1

Characteristics of adakitic plutonic rocks in Finnish

Precambrian

Tapio Ruotoistenmäki

Geological survey of Finland

This study outlines the basic characteristics of adakitic plutonic rock magmatism in Finland and

some tools for their analysis. The adakitic plutonic rocks - ‘adakitoids’ - which represent melts

fractionated at lower crust – upper mantle depths (ca. 30 – 60 - …km), cover a substantial fraction

of the Finnish bedrock. Only some supracrustal blocks lack adakitic plutonic rock outcrops. A very

effective tool for studying adakitoid chemistry is found to be the incompatible → compatible

diagram (‘Pearce-Peate spectrum’) combined with normalization by geometric means of all Finnish

plutonic rocks samples (AFP) from the data base of Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). The

characteristics of adakitoids are considered by comparing their chemical spectra with those of

granite and gabbro samples from the same database. The most distinct features of adakitoids are

their relatively high Sr, Eu, LREE/HREE and compatible/HREE elements ratios. Moreover, their

AFP-normalized spectra have relative maxima at Ba, K, Na2O, Ti, Li, CaO, V, Mn, Fe, Co, and Mg.

The rock types of adakitoids vary from granodiorites to tonalites and gabbros. On Proterozoic

crustal blocks the characteristics of adakitoids and average crustal plutonic rocks as a whole differ

clearly with the exception of two ‘marine’ blocks, whose spectral peaks coincide with those of the

adakitoids, though with somewhat different trends. However, on Archaean blocks the average

crustal plutonic rocks and adakitoids correlate significantly, which refers to similar type evolution

conditions and processes for both, adakitoids and crust as a whole. In this study, the Proterozoic

adakitoids are connected with subduction related processes, while Archaean crust and adakitoids

(TTGs) are probably connected also with collision, stacking and recirculation - remelting

processes. Moreover, adakitoids form continuity from high Na2O/K2O, low Ba + Sr TTGs to low

Na2O/K2O, high Ba + Sr sanukitoids.

The relative amounts of pyroxenes, garnet and amphiboles in the restitite of adakitic melts are

evaluated by using content ratios of trace elements, whose partition coefficients for basalts differ

substantially. The dominant restite minerals are interpreted to be clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene

for both, Proterozoic and Archaean adakitoids, while also garnet and amphiboles characterize

restites of Archaean adakitoids. Moreover, the rapakivi granites have a strong negative correlation

with adakitoids, thus giving indications of the characteristics of the complementary restitic material

of the adakitoids, and origin of rapakivi magma.

Proterozoic adakitoid magma series is considered in a local-scale study of a collision zone in

central Finland. In that zone, even the most mafic adakitoids are characterized by a distinctly

fractionated spectrum with relatively high amounts of incompatibles and low values of compatibles,

when compared to non-adakitic, tholeitic magma series. Examples of low-SiO2, Proterozoic post-

collisional adakitoids crosscutting Archaean crust close to Archaean-Proterozoic border are also

studied. Their homogeneous zircons and relatively high εNd values refer to subduction related

genesis and minor crustal contamination.

In general, the chemical and mineralogical differences between adakitoids, sanukitoids and TTGs

are obscure and they all can be classified as representing plagioclase instability depth melts (PID-

melts). As such, they give a very valuable and informative window to magmatic processes existing

at upper matle – lower crustal depths.

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2

Contents

Characteristics of adakitic plutonic rocks in Finnish Precambrian ........................................ 1

Contents ............................................................................................................................. 2

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4

Section 1: Distribution and characteristics of adakitic plutonic rocks in Finland and their

comparison with granites and gabbros .............................................................................. 8

Samples and standards used in this study ..................................................................... 8

Location of samples ...................................................................................................... 12

Petrophysical characteristics of samples ..................................................................... 17

Chemical characteristics of samples ............................................................................ 19

R1-R2 –diagrams .......................................................................................................... 19

Na2O+K2O vs SiO2 diagram ......................................................................................... 20

FeO/(FeO+MgO) vs SiO2 diagram ............................................................................... 20

A/CNK vs SiO2 diagram ................................................................................................ 20

K2O+Na2O-CaO vs SiO2 diagram ................................................................................. 20

Nb/Ta vs Zr/Sm diagram .............................................................................................. 21

Comparison of chemical ‘spectra’ of the samples ........................................................ 27

Adakitoids .................................................................................................................. 27

Gabbros .................................................................................................................... 28

Granites ..................................................................................................................... 29

Characteristics of the restite of adakitic melts .............................................................. 33

Comparison with known adakites, adakitoids, sanukitoids and TTGs ......................... 37

Relation between adakitoids, TTGs and sanukitoids ................................................... 44

Summary: Characteristics of Finnish adakitic plutonic rocks ....................................... 46

Section 2: Characteristic of adakitic plutonic rocks in selected Proterozoic and Archaean

sub-areas in Finland ......................................................................................................... 48

Selected sub-areas ....................................................................................................... 48

Lithological and petrophysical classification of samples from the sub-areas ............... 49

USM = Uusimaa belt ................................................................................................. 49

SMB = southern Finland migmatite belt .................................................................... 50

CFG = central Finland granitoid complex ................................................................. 50

LBZ = Ladoga-Bothnian bay zone ............................................................................ 51

IC = Iisalmi complex .................................................................................................. 51

EF = Eastern Finland complex .................................................................................. 52

IL = Ilomantsi belt ...................................................................................................... 52

PDJ = Pudasjärvi block ............................................................................................. 53

Correlations of the Pearce-Peate spectra of sub-areas ........................................... 61

Summary: Characteristics of plutonic rocks in the sub-areas ...................................... 62

Section 3: Characteristic of adakitic plutonic rock series in a Proterozoic collision zone,

southern Finland ............................................................................................................... 64

Introduction ................................................................................................................... 64

General geology of the study area ............................................................................... 65

Geophysical and petrophysical characteristics of the study area; Location of the

samples......................................................................................................................... 67

Chemical classification of samples ............................................................................... 73

Alkali-index vs Al2O3 ................................................................................................. 73

Reliability of the sample size ..................................................................................... 74

Lithological classification of samples ........................................................................ 75

Normalization along the regression curve. ............................................................... 80

Results: Characteristics of the samples normalized along the regression curve ......... 83

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Petrophysics of the samples normalized to SiO2 = 60 % ......................................... 83

Chemical variations of the samples normalized to SiO2 = 60 % .................................. 85

Sources of high- and low-Al rocks ................................................................................ 86

Evolution model: Subduction, collision and magma mixing ......................................... 88

Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 90

Section 4: Characteristics of Proterozoic late- to post-collisional intrusives in Archaean

Iisalmi-Lapinlahti area, central Finland. ........................................................................... 91

Description of the samples ........................................................................................... 93

Petrophysical characteristics of the Sa samples .......................................................... 93

Isotopic characteristics of the samples ......................................................................... 94

Geochemical characteristics of the samples ................................................................ 97

Pearce-Peate spectra of the samples .......................................................................... 99

Conclusions and an evolution model ......................................................................... 101

Summary: Sources and evolution of adakitoids ............................................................ 104

Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 108

References .................................................................................................................... 109

Appendix 1: Statistics of all Finnish plutonites (AFP) ................................................... 116

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Introduction

When studying the Tertiary lavas on Adak Island in the Aleutian arc Kay (1978) concluded that

these lavas represent products of slab melting. Similar magmatic rocks, called adakites, have since

been identified and studied by several authors; e.g. Drummond and Defant (1990) and Defant and

Drummond (1990) interpreted adakites as products of partial melting of a young (< 20 – 30 Ma),

gently dipping subducted slab. Defant and Drummond (1990) and Thorkelson and Breitsprecher

(2005) summarized adakites as high-silica (SiO2 > 56 %), high-alumina (Al2O3 > 15 %), plagioclase

and amphibole bearing lavas with Na2O > 3.5%, high Sr (> 400 ppm), low Y (< 18 ppm), high Sr/Y

(> 40), low Yb (< 1.9) and high La/Yb (> 20).

Martin et al. (2005) considered the characteristics of adakites, Archaean TTGs (tonalite–

trondhjemite–granodiorites) and sanukitoids, all of which they link with slab melting and interaction

with peridotitic mantle. Either slab melts have been contaminated with mantle components (Late

Archaean TTGs and high-silica adakites) or mantle melts have been metasomatized by slab-melts

(sanukitoids and low-silica adakitoids).

In his review paper of adakites, Castillo (2006) summarized the main geochemical features of

adakites as given in Table 1. He also pointed out that there are numerous examples of adakitic

rocks that are not directly related to slab melting in subduction processes. Moreover, the volume of

adakite produced by slab melting is probably lesser compared to the adakitic rocks produced by

other possible processes. For example, the slab melting is not the most effective mechanism to

produce the large volumes of Archean TTGs.

Table 1. Main geochemical features of adakites (Castillo 2006)

Characteristics Possible links to subducted slab melting

high SiO2

(≥ 56 wt%) high-P melting of eclogite/garnet amphibolite

high Al2O3

(

≥ 15 wt%

)

at ~ 70 wt% SiO2; high P partial melting of eclogite or amphibolite

low MgO

(< 3 wt%) … and low Ni and Cr; if primary melt, not derived from a mantle peridotite

high Sr

(> 300 ppm) melting of plagioclase or absence of plagioclase in the residue

no Eu anomaly either minor plagioclase residue or source basalt depleted in Eu

low Y (< 15ppm), indicative of garnet (to a lesser extent, of hornblende or clinopyroxene) as a

residual or liquidus phase

high Sr/Y (> 20) higher than that produced by normal crystal fractionation; indicative of garnet

and amphibole as a residual phase or

liquidus phase

low Yb

(< 1.9 ppm) meaning low HREE; indicative of garnet as a residual or liquidus phase

high La/Yb

(> 20) LREE enriched relative to HREE; indicative of garnet as a residual or liquidus

phase

low HFSEs

(Nb, Ta) as in most arc lavas; Ti-phase or hornblende in the source

low

87

Sr/

86

Sri

(< 0.704) plus low

206

Pb/

204

Pb, K/La, Rb/La, Ba/La and high initial

143

Nd/

144

Nd; normal-

MORB signature

In his profound overview, Moyen (2009) defined adakites more ‘loosely’, as a group of magmatic

rocks, with high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios as defined above. He summarized that such a signature can

be achieved by various processes: 1) By melting of a high Sr/Y and La/Yb source, 2) by deep

melting, with abundant residual garnet, 3) by fractional crystallization or AFC, or 4) by interactions

of felsic melts with the mantle, causing selective enrichment in LREE and Sr over HREE. He

concluded that the classical model of “slab melting” provides the best explanation for the genesis

of high-silica adakites while the low-silica adakites are products of garnet present melting of an

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adakite-metasomatized mantle. Moreover, he noted that the “continental”, high-potassium adakites

correspond to a diversity of petrogenetic processes and most of them are different from both low-

and high-silica adakites. The Archaean adakites show a bimodal composition range, with some

very high Sr/Y examples reflecting deep melting (>2.0 GPa) of a basaltic source, while lower Sr/Y

rocks are formed by shallower (1.0 GPa) melting of similar sources. The Archaean TTGs are

relatively heterogeneous which refers to a diversity of sources and processes in their genesis. He

also notes that the rocks described by Kay (1978) at Adak are not adakites by Defant and

Drummond's definition; they are much SiO2-poorer, have higher Mg# and higher Sr/Y and La/Yb

ratios.

Tsuchiya and Kanisawa (1994) studied Early Cretaceous Sr-rich silicic magmatism in the Kitakami

area of the Honshu Arc, in NE Japan. In the area the high-Sr rocks (Sr > ca 500 ppm, SiO2 > 60 w-

%, Sr/Y > ca 40) are characterized by high Na2O, Al2O3, Ga, P, Ba and Sr, while K2O, Mn, total

FeO, MgO, Rb, Pb and Y are lower than in low-Sr samples (Sr/Y < ca 40. Moreover, the Kitakami

high-Sr rocks are characterized by positive magnetic anomalies. Tsuchiya and Kanisawa

concluded that if basaltic rocks are partially melted at low pressures (0.8 to 1.6 GPa; i.e. depths

between ca. 30 - 60 km) partial melts have relatively low Sr/Y ratios because plagioclase in the

restite phase retains Sr but not Y. However, if melting occurs at higher pressures, above ca. 1.5 –

1.6 GPa, leaving eclogite or hornblende eclogite restite, the resulting magmas can have high Sr/Y

because Y is strongly partitioned in garnet but Sr is not. Thus, they proposed that the Kitakami low-

Sr melts are derived from lower pressures and crustal depths while the high-Sr magmas are

derived from partial melting of subducting oceanic slab and sediments at depths of ca. 70-80

kilometres, possibly mixed with magma derived from overlying mantle wedge.

The economic potential of adakites was evaluated by Mungall (2002), who noted that adakitic

magmas can be highly oxidized and potentially fertile for Au and Cu. He commented that the very

existence of large Au and Cu deposits may indicate slab melting or the release of supercritical

fluids in the source regions of the parent magma. However, Richards and Kerrich (2007) concluded

that there seems to be no obvious role for adakitic magmas or slab melts in the genesis of either

alkalic-type Au deposits or Au-rich porphyry Cu deposits. Moreover, they critized the incomplete

amount of samples and analysis of lavas reported by Kay (1978) and Defant and Drummond

(1990).

Richards and Kerrich (2007) emphasized the variable roles of melts and fluids from subducting

slab, sedimentary wedge, mantle wedge and lower crust in producing adakitic magma. Also

Garrison and Davidson (2003) emphasized that basaltic magmas derived from mantle wedge could

produce adakitic characteristics. In addition, the discerning between slab and lower-crustal melting

using simple geochemical criteria (such as Sr/Y ratio) is not unambigouous.

Väisänen et al (2006) report Svecofennian calc-alkaline and adakite-like 1.90-1.86 Ga

magmatisms in SW Finland. They connect the compositional differences with variations of depth

and site of melting along a subduction zone. The older, calc-alkaline magmatism is related with

melting of the mantle wedge while younger adakite-like magmatism require deeper melting of

subducting slab contaminated by mantle wedge.

Mattila (2004) studied six dome-shaped synorogenic plutons in southeastern Finland and

northwestern Russia. The strongly fractionated REE geochemistry and associated Ta-Nb depletion

of the synorogenic rocks of the study areas indicate that the sources for these units have been

formed in volcanic arc environments. Based on Sm-Nd isotopic data, two different arc settings

were established: a juvenile island arc, with positive εNd (1.88 Ga) values, and an active margin,

with mainly negative εNd (1.88 Ga) values. He concluded that the LREE-enriched and HREE-

depleted trace element geochemistries of the investigated synorogenic granitoids, together with

high Sr-concentrations indicate that these granitoids are adakites, formed by partial melting of

subducting hydrous garnet-amphibolite. This is further supported by the relatively high Mg-

numbers and Ni- and Cr-concentrations, which indicate interaction between ascending adakitic

magmas and the overlying mantle wedge.

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Scaillet and Prouteau (2001 and references therein) emphasized that Archaean TTGs have been

less contaminated by mantle interaction than typical Cenozoic adakites. They proposed relatively

high T, low P, and possibly higher H2O melts from gently dipping slabs as a source for Archaean

TTG-type magmatism having adakitic characteristics. Smithies (2000) noted that the relatively low

magnesium content of Archaean TTGs might be due to gently dipping underthrusting of oceanic

plateaus, thus avoiding a significant ínfluence from the underlying peridotitic mantle.

Also Condie (2005) agreed that adakites are probably slab melts. However, he concluded that

TTGs may be produced by partial melting of hydrous mafic rocks in the lower crust in arc systems

or in the Archean, perhaps in the root zones of oceanic plateaus. He connected depletion in heavy

REE and low Nb/Ta ratios in high-Al TTGs with garnet and low-Mg amphibole in the restite,

whereas moderate to high Sr values allow little, if any, plagioclase in the restite. Thus, the melting

has occurred in the hornblende eclogite stability field between depth of ca. 40 - 80 km and

temperatures between 700 and 800 ºC.

Svetov et al (2004) studied ca. 3.0 Ga adakitic rocks found in basalt–andesite–dacite–rhyolite

(BADR) island-arc association of the Upper Archean Vedlozero–Segozero greenstone belt in the

Fennoscandian shield. They concluded that these rocks indicate convergent (interplate) ocean–

continent transition zones and subduction related tectonics already in these ancient systems.

Kröner et al (2011) considered ancient 3.65 to 3.53 Ga tonalitic gneisses of the Gneiss Complex in

Swaziland and a 3.53 Ga felsic metavolcanic sample of the Theespruit Formation, the oldest unit of

the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. They challenge the popular view that early Archaean

TTGs and greenstones are principally of juvenile origin and formed in primitive arc or oceanic

environments. Instead, they suggest extensive recycling of even earliest-formed granitoid crust and

mixing with juvenile material to produce successive generations of TTGs and associated felsic

volcanic rocks. Also Moyen (2011) commented that crustal recycling was already a rather

prominent process in the Archaean.

Halla et al., (2009) considered granitoid magmatis related to Neoarchean plate tectonics in

Karelian and Kola cratons. They divided granitoids in three groups: 1-2: High- and low HREE

(heavy rare earth elements) TTGs related to low- and high- angle (-pressure) subduction and 3:

high Ba-Sr sanukitoids related to melting of an enriched mantle source probably as a result of a

slab breakoff following a continental collision or attempted subduction of a thick oceanic plateau or

TTG protocontinent.

From considerations above it becomes clear, that the genetic link of adakites and adakitic rocks

(including TTGs and sanukitoids) to slab melting is ambiguous. Castillo (2006) noted that the

adakite studies have generated confusions because the definition of adakite combines

compositional criteria with genetic interpretation. Moyen (2011) emphasized the loose definition of

the term TTG in the literature. Therefore, in this study the terms ‘adakitic’ or ‘adakitoid’ are used to

refer to rocks having adakitic characteristics and apparently lower crust – upper mantle

fractionation depths.

It must also be emphasized that Finnish bedrock shows commonly metamorphic pressures from

ca. 3 to 6 kbar (maximum reaching locally 11 - 12 kbar); i.e. erosion and/or tectonic uplift up to ca.

10 (- …38) kilometers (e.g. Hölttä & Paavola 2000; Korsman et al. 1999 and references therein),

thus resulting to significant uplift of primary sources of inferred adakitoids.

In this study, I consider the general characteristics of adakitic plutonic rocks in Finland. The study

consists of four major sections based on three previously unpublished studies and one partly

updated publication.

1. In the first part, I consider the regional features of Finnish adakitoids and compare them with

granites and gabbros. In this section a sample is classified ‘loosely’ as an adakitoid if it fullfills

at least 6 of 8 criteria defined above by Defant and Drummond (1990) and Thorkelson and

Breitsprecher (2005). Thus, e.g. some degree of alteration and contamination of the sampled

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rocks is allowed. The samples cover both Archaean and Proterozoic domains in Finland with

variable sampling density. Plutonic rocks were selected for the study because it is assumed

that they correspond more closely to (present) upper crustal compositions compared to

supracrustal igneous rocks that may have been more susceptible to alteration processes. The

granitic and gabbroic plutonic rocks were chosen for comparison to emphasize and detect

features that are characteristic to only adakitoids. As a special granite group, also the

characteristics of Finnish rapakivi samples are considered. In this section I also compare

Finnish adakitoids with selected examples of adakites, adakitoids, TTGs and sanukitoids

adopted from literature.

The chemical comparison of rock groups is primarily made by using the incompatible →

compatible -sequence defined by Pearce and Parkinson (1993) and Pearce and Peate (1995),

who studied the various components of subduction related arc magmas. In the diagrams used

here, the geometric means of the elements are normalized by geometric means of all Finnish

plutonic rock samples (AFP) and by C1 chondrite (Anders and Grevesse, 1989; Kerrich and

Wyman, 1996).In the following, the AFP-normalized data are preferred because they

emphasize more clearly the differences (see Figure 1 in Section 1).

2. In the second section I consider in more detail plutonic rock samples from four Archaean and

four Proterozoic blocks in southern and central Finland and demonstrate the differences

between ‘non-adakitic’ and adakitic plutonic rocks (or TTGs and sanukitoids). Moreover, the

correlations of the chemistry of the blocks (i.e. of adakitoids and ‘non-adakitic’ crustal

averages) are studied.

3. In the third section I consider characteristics of a high-Al, high-Sr, high magnetite, LREE

enriched mafic rock series on a Proterozoic collision zone in southern Finland having adakitic

characteristics when normalized to a common value of SiO2 = 60 % using a ‘regression curve

normalization’ method introduced here. The most mafic samples of these rocks possibly

approach the source rock (melt) characteristics of the adakitoids. This rock group is compared

with a more felsic, but (still) less fractionated tonalitic plutonic rock series sampled on the same

profile.

4. In the fourth section I introduce high-Al, high-Sr, post-collisional adakitic intrusives located in

Archaean crust close to a Proterozoic-Archaean collision zone in central Finland. This chapter

is based on updated lithogeochemical and isotopic studies by Ruotoistenmäki et al. (2001).

In all these cases, the petrophysical characteristics of the rock groups are also considered.

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Section 1: Distribution and characteristics of adakitic plutonic rocks in

Finland and their comparison with granites and gabbros

Samples and standards used in this study

The data used in this section are from the Rock Geochemical Database of Finland (RGDB) by

Rasilainen et al. (2007). The elements, standards, units and analyzing methods used in this study

are given in Table 2. The element concentrations are normalized by C1 chondrite (Anders and

Grevesse, 1989; Kerrich and Wyman, 1996) and the geometric mean of all Finnish plutonic rocks

(AFP), including 1275 Archaean + 1784 Proterozoic = 3059 samples from RGDB.

Concentrations normalized by AFP show a more distinct variation around unity compared to

chondrite-normalized concentrations, which vary from below ca. 0.01 to several hundred. This is

demonstrated in the diagrams in Figure 1, where two data groups have been normalized by AFP

and C1 chondrite. In the figure, the chondrite-normalized spectra appear very similar, while in AFP-

normalized spectra the differences in trends as well as in amplitudes and signs of peaks are

distinct; e.g. the sharp step from HREE to compatibles (Lu → Ca) of Archaean adakitoids is hard to

detect in C1-normalized spectrum. The data in these diagrams will be considered in more detail

later in the text.

In Table 3 I have compared the AFP- and C1 normalized values of two elements: Th (ICPAES) and

Sc (ICPMS) shown in Figure 1. As can be seen from the table, the ratio of normalized amplitudes

of elements of two samples remains the same, irrespective of the normalization method. However,

as commented above, the linear scale of AFP-normalization makes variations more distinct to

observe.

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Table 2. Elements, standards, measurement units and analyzing methods used in this study.

Values of C1 chondrite are from Anders and Grevesse (1989) and Kerrich and Wyman (1996).

AFP gmean = geometric mean of all Finnish plutonic rock samples. AFP nbdat = number of

samples used for calculation of AFP gmean.The samples have been analyzed at the chemical

laboratory of Geological Survey of Finland (Rasilainen et al., 2007). For detailed statistics of data,

see Appendix 1: Statistics of all Finnish plutonites (AFP).

Element Method Unit AFP

gmean AFP

nbdat C1

Chondrite Element Method Unit

AFP

gmean AFP

nbdat C1

Chondrite

Al ICPAES [ppm] 9622.43 3051 8679.70 Nd ICPMS [ppm] 23.37 3052 0.45

Al2O3 XRF [%] 14.75 3059 1.64 Ni ICPAES [ppm] 11.10 2627 11000.00

Ba ICPAES [ppm] 89.70 2983 2.34 P ICPAES [ppm] 407.52 3053 1221.98

Ba XRF [ppm] 577.90 3044 2.34 P2O5 XRF [%] 0.14 2825 0.28

Ca ICPAES [ppm] 3165.02 3058 9219.63 Pb XRF [ppm] 30.08 2982 2.47

CaO XRF [%] 2.56 3059 1.29 Pr ICPMS [ppm] 6.86 2965 0.09

Ce ICPMS [ppm] 54.30 3054 0.60 Rb XRF [ppm] 90.16 2970 2.30

Co ICPAES [ppm] 6.60 2921 502.00 Rb ICPMS [ppm] 79.45 3030 2.30

Co ICPMS [ppm] 9.64 2634 502.00 Sc ICPMS [ppm] 10.14 2542 5.82

Cr ICPAES [ppm] 19.22 2404 2660.00 Sc ICPAES [ppm] 2.88 2951 5.82

Dy ICPMS [ppm] 2.89 2891 0.24 SiO2 XRF [%] 65.28 3059 22.80

Er ICPMS [ppm] 1.54 2841 0.16 Sm ICPMS [ppm] 4.44 3003 0.15

Eu ICPMS [ppm] 0.88 3021 0.06 Sr XRF [ppm] 283.44 3051 7.80

Fe ICPAES [ppm] 20946.00 3056 190443.40 Sr ICPAES [ppm] 12.32 3033 7.80

FeO XRF [%] 3.10 3059 24.50 Ta ICPMS [ppm] 0.51 2931 0.01

Ga XRF [ppm] 25.16 3037 10.00 Tb ICPMS [ppm] 0.55 2986 0.04

Gd ICPMS [ppm] 3.94 3003 0.20 Th ICPMS [ppm] 6.39 3013 0.03

Hf ICPMS [ppm] 3.86 3047 0.10 Th ICPAES [ppm] 15.51 2272 0.03

Ho ICPMS [ppm] 0.54 2912 0.06 Ti ICPAES [ppm] 1228.55 3058 437.64

K ICPAES [ppm] 4686.19 3055 556.21 Ti ICPMS [ppm] 2179.01 3055 437.64

K2O XRF [%] 2.55 3053 0.07 TiO2 XRF [%] 0.38 3054 0.07

La ICPMS [ppm] 28.01 3043 0.24 Tm ICPMS [ppm] 0.20 2958 0.02

La ICPAES [ppm] 24.66 2957 0.24 U ICPMS [ppm] 1.52 2981 0.01

Li ICPAES [ppm] 19.41 2872 1.50 V XRF [ppm] 54.63 2940 56.50

Lu ICPMS [ppm] 0.19 2968 0.02 V ICPMS [ppm] 36.60 2915 56.50

Mg ICPAES [ppm] 4745.62 3058 98910.04 V ICPAES [ppm] 25.02 2972 56.50

MgO XRF [%] 1.13 2946 16.40 Y XRF [ppm] 16.57 2909 1.56

Mn ICPAES [ppm] 258.64 3031 1990.36 Y ICPMS [ppm] 14.72 3056 1.56

MnO XRF [%] 0.06 2990 0.26 Y ICPAES [ppm] 6.73 3047 1.56

Na ICPAES [ppm] 772.78 3049 5000.07 Yb ICPMS [ppm] 1.36 2910 0.16

Na2O XRF [%] 3.56 3036 0.67 Zr ICPMS [ppm] 141.36 3051 3.94

Nb ICPMS [ppm] 7.29 3045 0.25 Zr XRF [ppm] 157.87 3041 3.94

Analysis methods:

• XRF: X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using pressed powder pellets.

• ICPAES: Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry after aqua regia digestion.

• ICPMS: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after hydrofluoric acid-perchloric acid dissolution and lithium

metaborate/sodium perborate fusion.

For detailed descriptions of the analysis methods, see Sandström (1996) and Rasilainen et al. (2007).

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Figure 1. Normalization of Archaean adakitoid samples (A.Adak) and all Proterozoic plutonic rock

samples (Prot.All) by (a): Geometric means of all Finnish plutonic rock samples (AFP), and (b): by

C1 chondrite. Note the much better resolution of peaks and trends (slopes) in linear AFP-

normalized diagrams compared to logarithmic scale C1-normalized diagrams. E.g. the sharp step

from HREE to compatibles (Lu → Ca) of Archaean adakitoids is very hard to detect in C1-

normalized spectrum.

Table 3. Comparison of amplitudes of Th (ICPAES) and Sc (ICPMS) normalized by AFP and C1

chondrite shown in Figure 1.

Th ICPAES

[ppm] Normalized

by AFP Normalized

by C1

Chondrite

Sc ICPMS

[ppm] Normalized

by AFP Normalized

by C1

Chondrite

Prot. ALL 0.9670 517.1661 Prot. ALL 1.1253 1.9608

A.Adak 0.6474 346.2469 A.Adak 0.6591 1.1485

Ratio 1.4936 1.4936 Ratio 1.7072 1.7072

It must be emphasized that the sampling strategy was based on stratified sampling, described in

more detail in Rasilainen et al. (2007), where the number of samples per area depends on the

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11

lithological variation seen on geological maps. Thus, the sampling density is variable and

calculated sample averages are not directly related to areal averages of Finnish bedrock.

In this study, the geometric means of concentrations have been used because it was observed that

the distribution of concentrations is positively skewed (i.e. long ‘tail’ on the maximum end of the

distribution curve) for almost all elements within the Finnish plutonite sample set (see Appendix 1:

Statistics of all Finnish plutonites (AFP) and TiO2 in Figure 2 below). In such cases, the arithmetic

mean would be biased towards high values – a fact that has often been neglected in literature

when reporting statistics of analysis for large numbers of samples. If the distribution curve

approaches normal (e.g. Al2O3 in Figure 2), or is negatively skewed (tail on the minimum side, such

as that of SiO2), both averages approach each other. When there are multiple peaks (e.g. K2O),

also the geometric average is less reliable estimate. For the statistic summary of chemistry of All

Finnish Plutonitic rock samples (AFP) used here see Appendix 1: Statistics of all Finnish plutonites

(AFP).

MINIMUM............= 0.1380 00

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.1380 00

MAXIMUM............= 30.20 00

RANGE..............= 30.06 20

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 15.06 75

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 14.74 67

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 1.424 19

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 2.334 58

VARIANCE...........= 5.448 50

MEDIAN.............= 15.12 24

MODE...............= 15.18 39

VARIATION..........= 0.1549 42

SKEWNESS...........= -0.4987 24E-01

KURTOSIS...........= 13.69 99

ENTROPY............= 0.599 191

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Al2O3

_

XRF [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NOR M.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRA M

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 358. 716.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQU ENCY++++ 0 1530 3059

I------- -X---------X----I----X----- ----X---------I

0.5801E+00 7 0.98 0.23

0.1464E+01 7 0.98 0.46

0.2348E+01 4 0.56 0.59

0.3233E+01 4 0.56 0.72

0.4117E+01 8 1.12 0.98 *

0.5001E+01 4 0.56 1.11 +

0.5885E+01 3 0.42 1.21 +

0.6769E+01 5 0.70 1.37 +

0.7653E+01 5 0.70 1.54 +

0.8538E+01 4 0.56 1.67 +

0.9422E+01 6 0.84 1.86 +

0.1031E+02 11 1.54 2.22 +

0.1119E+02 25 3.49 3.04 I+

0.1207E+02 70 9.78 5.33 I-+-*

0.1296E+02 210 29.33 12.19 I----+-- ------*

0.1384E+02 483 67.46 27.98 I------- -----+-------------------*

0.1473E+02 711 99.30 51.23 I------- -----------------+--------- --------------*

0.1561E+02 716 100.00 74.63 I------- --------------------------- -+------------*

0.1650E+02 424 59.22 88.49 I------- ---------------------* +

0.1738E+02 187 26.12 94.61 I------- ----* +

0.1826E+02 70 9.78 96.89 I---* +

0.1915E+02 42 5.87 98.27 I-* +

0.2003E+02 18 2.51 98.86 * +

0.2092E+02 9 1.26 99.15 * +

0.2180E+02 3 0.42 99.25 +

0.2268E+02 7 0.98 99.48 +

0.2357E+02 2 0.28 99.54 +

0.2445E+02 2 0.28 99.61 +

0.2534E+02 1 0.14 99.64 +

0.2622E+02 0 0.00 99.64 +

0.2711E+02 0 0.00 99.64 +

0.2799E+02 4 0.56 99.77 +

0.2887E+02 4 0.56 99.90 +

0.2976E+02 3 0.42 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 14.3200

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.884176

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3059

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLA SS

K2O_XRF [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NOR M.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 112. 223.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQU ENCY++++ 0 1527 3053

I-------- X---------X----I----X------ ---X---------I

0.1559E+00 91 40.81 2.98 +-------- ----------*

0.4617E+00 82 36.77 5.67 I-+-- ------------*

0.7675E+00 86 38.57 8.48 I--+----- ---------*

0.1073E+01 113 50.67 12.18 I----+--- ---------------*

0.1379E+01 170 76.23 17.75 I-------+ --------------------------- -*

0.1685E+01 206 92.38 24.50 I-------- --+------------------------ ---------*

0.1991E+01 210 94.17 31.38 I-------- ------+-------------------- ----------*

0.2296E+01 223 100.00 38.68 I-------- ---------+----------------- -------------*

0.2602E+01 165 73.99 44.09 I-------- ------------+-------------- *

0.2908E+01 171 76.68 49.69 I-------- ---------------+----------- -*

0.3214E+01 139 62.33 54.24 I-------- -----------------+---*

0.3520E+01 147 65.92 59.06 I-------- --------------------+--*

0.3825E+01 154 69.06 64.10 I-------- ----------------------+--*

0.4131E+01 168 75.34 69.60 I----- ----------------------------+- -*

0.4437E+01 146 65.47 74.39 I-------- -----------------------* +

0.4743E+01 178 79.82 80.22 I-------- --------------------------- ---+

0.5049E+01 177 79.37 86.01 I-------- --------------------------- ---* +

0.5354E+01 165 73.99 91.42 I-------- --------------------------- * +

0.5660E+01 134 60.09 95.81 I-------- --------------------* +

0.5966E+01 66 29.60 97.97 I-------- -----* +

0.6272E+01 22 9.87 98.69 I---* +

0.6578E+01 10 4.48 99.02 I* +

0.6883E+01 14 6.28 99.48 I-* +

0.7189E+01 4 1.79 99.61 * +

0.7495E+01 2 0.90 99.67 +

0.7801E+01 3 1.35 99.77 * +

0.8107E+01 1 0.45 99.80 +

0.8412E+01 2 0.90 99.87 +

0.8718E+01 3 1.35 99.97 * +

0.9024E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9330E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9636E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9941E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1025E+02 1 0.45 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 4.46000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.305794

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES I S 3053

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRA L VALUE OF THE CLASS

MINIMUM............= 0.300000E -02

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.300000E -02

MAXIMUM............= 10.40 00

RANGE..............= 10.39 70

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 3.202 13

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 2.546 73

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 1.430 80

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 1.673 19

VARIANCE...........= 2.798 64

MEDIAN.............= 3.081 84

MODE...............= 2.199 55

VARIATION..........= 0.5225 23

SKEWNESS...........= 0.5992 06

KURTOSIS...........= -0.74868 7

ENTROPY............= 0.858 857

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

MINIMUM............= 0.5000 00E-02

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.5000 00E-02

MAXIMUM............= 4.020 00

RANGE..............= 4.015 00

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 0.5387 83

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 0.3842 37

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.3134 33

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.4396 53

VARIANCE...........= 0.1932 32

MEDIAN.............= 0.4414 26

MODE...............= 0.2488 45

VARIATION..........= 0.8160 12

SKEWNESS...........= 0.6594 71

KURTOSIS...........= 7.953 84

ENTROPY............= 0.691529

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

TiO2_XR F [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NOR M.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 237. 473.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQU ENCY++++ 0 1527 3054

I--------X ---------X----I----X------ ---X---------I

0.6404E-01 307 64.90 10.05 I---+----- ---------------------*

0.1821E+00 468 9 8.94 25.38 I--------- --+---------------------------- -------*

0.3002E+00 473 100.00 40.86 I--------- ---------+---------------- -------------*

0.4183E+00 401 84.78 53.99 I--------- ----------------+--------- -----*

0.5364E+00 362 76.53 65.85 I--------- ----------------------+--- -*

0.6545E+00 263 55.60 74.46 I--------- -----------------* +

0.7726E+00 232 49.05 82.06 I--------- --------------* +

0.8907E+00 164 34.67 87.43 I--------- ------* +

0.1009E+01 111 23.47 91.06 I--------- -* +

0.1127E+01 77 16.28 93.58 I------* +

0.1245E+01 45 9.51 95.06 I---* +

0.1363E+01 30 6.34 96.04 I-* +

0.1481E+01 19 4.02 96.66 I* +

0.1599E+01 11 2.33 97.02 * +

0.1717E+01 15 3.17 97.51 I* +

0.1835E+01 12 2.54 97.90 * +

0.1953E+01 16 3.38 98.43 I* +

0.2072E+01 6 1.27 98.62 * +

0.2190E+01 11 2.33 98.98 * +

0.2308E+01 8 1.69 99.25 * +

0.2426E+01 5 1.06 99.41 * +

0.2544E+01 5 1.06 99.57 * +

0.2662E+01 4 0.85 99.71 +

0.2780E+01 0 0.00 99.71 +

0.2898E+01 3 0.63 99.80 +

0.3016E+01 0 0.00 99.80 +

0.3134E+01 2 0.42 99.87 +

0.3252E+01 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.3371E+01 1 0.21 99.90 +

0.3489E+01 1 0.21 99.93 +

0.3607E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3725E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3843E+01 1 0.21 99.97 +

0.3961E+01 1 0.21 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK I S 9.46000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.118088

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES I S 3054

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRA L VALUE OF THE CLASS

MINIMUM............= 30.7000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 30.7000

MAXIMUM............= 86.7000

RANGE..............= 56.0000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 65.8754

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 65.2826

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 6.69623

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 8.35671

VARIANCE...........= 69.8118

MEDIAN.............= 68.3228

MODE...............= 72.7634

VARIATION..........= 0.126856

SKEWNESS...........= -0.82424 2

KURTOSIS...........= 0.403960

ENTROPY............= 0.803430

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

SiO2_XRF [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NOR M.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 197. 394.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQU ENCY++++ 0 1530 3059

I-------- X---------X----I----X------ ---X---------I

0.3152E+02 1 0.25 0.03

0.3317E+02 1 0.25 0.07

0.3482E+02 1 0.25 0.10

0.3646E+02 1 0.25 0.13

0.3811E+02 3 0.76 0.23

0.3976E+02 7 1.78 0.46 *

0.4141E+02 15 3.81 0.95 I*

0.4305E+02 8 2.03 1.21 +

0.4470E+02 19 4.82 1.83 +*

0.4635E+02 35 8.88 2.97 +--*

0.4799E+02 76 19.29 5.46 I-+------ *

0.4964E+02 81 20.56 8.11 I--+----- *

0.5129E+02 63 15.99 10.17 I---+--*

0.5294E+02 56 14.21 12.00 I----+*

0.5458E+02 53 13.45 13.73 I-----+

0.5623E+02 64 16.24 15.82 I------+

0.5788E+02 92 23.35 18.83 I-------+ --*

0.5952E+02 105 26.65 22.26 I-------- -+-*

0.6117E+02 129 32.74 26.48 I-------- ---+--*

0.6282E+02 144 36.55 31.19 I-------- ------+-*

0.6446E+02 159 40.36 36.38 I---- ------------+-*

0.6611E+02 216 54.82 43.45 I-------- ------------+----*

0.6776E+02 238 60.41 51.23 I-------- ----------------+---*

0.6941E+02 310 78.68 61.36 I-------- ---------------------+----- --*

0.7105E+02 310 78.68 71.49 I-------- --------------------------+ --*

0.7270E+02 394 100.00 84.37 I-------- --------------------------- -----+-------*

0.7435E+02 322 81.73 94.90 I-------- --------------------------- ----* +

0.7599E+02 127 32.23 99.05 I-------- ------* +

0.7764E+02 24 6.09 99.84 I-* +

0.7929E+02 1 0.25 99.87 +

0.8094E+02 2 0.51 99.93 +

0.8258E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8423E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8588E+02 2 0.51 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK I S 7.88000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 1.64706

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES I S 3059

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRA L VALUE OF THE CLASS

Figure 2. Examples of statistical summary of Al2O3 (almost ‘normal’ distribution), K2O (multiple

peaks), TiO2 (skewed to maxima) and SiO2 (multiple peaks, skewed to minima).

From Table 2 it can be seen that the contents of some elements can vary significantly, depending

on the used analysis method. This is due to the location of the element in various minerals, e.g.

silicates or oxides (see e.g. Sandström, 1996 for more details). In the following, it will be seen that

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12

the trends and peak locations of elements of both, Archaean and Proterozoic samples in

corresponding rock groups have many similarities in spite of large age differences. Such age-

independent systematic characteristics support the reliability of used methods.

In this study, the main weight is on considering general trend and amplitude variations of various

rock groups. Thus, many interesting details will be less considered but still given as indications for

further studies.

Location of samples

In Figure 3 the simplified map of the bedrock of Finland is given, modified after Korsman et al,

(1997). The subdivision of blocks has been partly adopted from Nironen et al. (2002). However,

their block borders are in some sub-areas quite sketchy and I have used regional scale gravity and

magnetic maps by GTK to define and combine borders of some regional and local scale blocks. In

the following the terms ‘Archaean’ and ‘Proterozoic’ will be associated with rocks sampled on the

Archaean or Proterozoic blocks. It must be noted that in some cases on Archaean side the zircon

age of the rock sample may be Proterozoic, though the primary material can contain a significant

component of recirculated / -melted Archaean crust (e.g. Huhma, 1986).

Figure 4 depicts the distribution of all plutonic rock samples in the database (RGDB) and in Figure

5 - Figure 6 are given the distributions of granitic and gabbroic samples used in this study. The

names of rock types are based on those given in the rock geochemistry database by Rasilainen et

al. (2007). It must be emphasized that in some cases the rock types are based in field

observations. Therefore, the maps and diagrams must be considered as a statistical entity where

some individual details can be erratic.

The symbols emphasized with red dots in the maps refer to adakitic samples. In the following, the

adakitic granite and gabbro samples are omitted from the corresponding diagrams of all gabbros

and granites and included in the diagrams of adakitoids whose areal distribution is given in Figure

4. It must be noted that in this section a sample is classified ‘loosely’ as an ‘adakitoid’ if it fullfills at

least 6 of 8 criteria defined above by Defant and Drummond (1990) and Thorkelson and

Breitsprecher (2005) = ‘75% adakitoids’, thus including samples possibly modified by

contamination, alteration and metamorphic processes.

From the maps, it can be seen that excluding some Archaean supracrustal blocks (green and gray

in Figure 3), the coverage of plutonic rocks in Finland is relatively large and 'roughly' homogeneous

in most sub-blocks. The gabbros are sparser compared to granitic rocks and they are clustered in

groups that are more distinct. The distribution and amount of plutonic rocks having adakitic

characteristics is surprisingly large in Figure 4. In Archaean areas the number of adakitoids (6/8

critea fulfilled = ‘75% adakitoids’) is 540/1275 samples = 42% and that of 8/8 adakitoids (‘100%

adakitoids’) is 178/1275 samples = 14%. Correspondingly, in Proterozoic areas number of ‘75%

adakitoids’ is 323/1784 samples = 18% and that of ‘100% adakitoids’ is 106/1784 samples = 6%.

Thus, the relative amount of adakitic samples (or TTGs) in Archaean areas is more than twice of

that in Proterozoic areas.

During this work, I also tested the distribution of sanukitoid plutonic rocks in the database. Halla,

(2005) define sanukitoids as primitive rocks, with SiO2 55 - 60 %, Mg numbers > 0.6, Ni >100 ppm,

Cr > 200 ppm, K2O > 1 %, Sr and Ba > 500 ppm and Rb/Sr < 0.1. Moreover, sanukitoids are

strongly LREE enriched with minor negative Eu anomalies. Sanukitoids have been interpreted as

derivatives from melting of enriched mantle wedge above the subducting slab thus having genesis

that is close to that of adakitoids. Surprisingly, while adakitoids are so common, less than ten

samples of 3059 plutonic rock samples had sanukitoid characteristics as defined above (only one

fulfilling all sanukitoid criteria). However, more ‘sanukitic adakitoids’ were obtained, when using

broader sanukitoid criteria adopted from Heilimo et al. (2010): SiO2 = 55–70 %, Na2O/K2O = 0.5–3,

MgO = 1.5–9 %, Mg number = 45–65, K2O = 1.5–5.0 %, Ba+Sr > 1400 ppm, and (Gd/Er)N = 2–6

(see chapter ‘Relation between adakitoids, TTGs and sanukitoids’ below)

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Figure 3. Bedrock of Finland modified after Korsman et al, (1997). The major trends have been

emphasized by combining the map with hillshaded magnetic high altitude map of GTK, Finland (for

details, see e.g. Korhonen, 2005 and Hautaniemi et al. 2005). The white curve gives the

approximate border of Archaean (A) and Proterozoic (P) blocks in Finland. USM = Uusimaa belt,

SMB = southern Finland migmatite belt, CFG = central Finland granitoid complex, LBZ = Ladoga-

Bothnian bay zone. Rpk = rapakivi blocks in southern Finland. EF = eastern Finland complex, IL =

Ilomantsi belt (southernmost part of EF bordered by a dashed line), IC = Iisalmi complex, PDJ =

Pudasjärvi block. The white-black squares border the local scale study area of Padasjoki-Kaipola

considered in Section 3. The thick yellow-black lines show the location of the FIRE seismic

reflection profile considered in the same section.The red square borders the Iisalmi-Lapinlahti area

considered in Section 4.

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Figure 4. Location of all plutonic rock samples in the database. Red dots refer to adakitic samples.

The lithological borderlines are from Figure 3.

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Figure 5. Location of granitic samples studied in this work. Red dots refer to adakitic granites. The

lithological borderlines are from Figure 3.

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Figure 6. Location of gabbroic samples studied in this work. Red dots refer to adakitic gabbros.

The lithological borderlines are from Figure 3.

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17

Petrophysical characteristics of samples

Figure 7 depicts the cumulative frequencies of densities and susceptibilies of granitic, gabbroic

and adakitic samples. From the diagrams it can be seen that Proterozoic granites (446 samples)

are clearly denser (gmean ca. 2640 kg/m3) than Archaean granites (336 samples, gmean ca. 2620

kg/m3), but mainly paramagnetic (susceptibility below ca. 1000*10-6 SI, mode ca. 160*10-6 SI)

while the majority of Archaean granites are strongly ferrimagnetic (susceptibility above ca.

1000*10-6 SI, modes at ca. 90*10-6 and 16000*10-6 SI). This refers that in Proterozoic rocks iron is

mainly in silicates while Archaean samples contain less iron in silicates but more magnetite (i.e.

evolution environment favouring oxidize precipitation before silicates; E.g. Puranen, 1989). The

rapakivi granite samples are the most dense granites (gmean ca. 2654 kg/m3, 147 samples) and

contain both para- and ferrimagnetic components (main peaks at ca. 160*10-6 and 1600*10-6SI).

The Archaean gabbros (74 samples) are generally denser (bimodal gmean ca. 2970 kg/m3) than

Proterozoic gabbros (gmean ca. 2950 kg/m3, 137 samples). Their magnetic distributions are

practically identical, mainly ferrimagnetic (gmeans of both ca. 2000*10-6; modes at ca. 1000*10-6 SI

and 630*10-6 SI, respectively).

Proterozoic adakitoids are denser (gmean ca. 2720 kg/m3, 323 samples) than Archaean adakitoids

(gmean ca. 2690 kg/m3, 540 samples). Their magnetic distributions are almost identical, having

both, paramagnetic and ferrimagnetic components (modes at ca. 250*10-6, 180*10-6 and 20000*10-

6, 9000*10-6 SI). The higher density and slightly higher paramagnetic values of Proterozoic

adakitoids refer to their more mafic average composition.

As a summary from Figure 7, it can be concluded that the densities of samples from Proterozoic

and Archaean blocks differ clearly for gabbros, granites and adakitic rocks. The susceptibilities of

gabbros and adakitoids are almost identical but those of granites (granitoids) differ significantly.

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Figure 7. Cumulative frequencies of densities and susceptibilities of the samples.

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19

Chemical characteristics of samples

During this study, various type diagrams were considered in studying the chemical characteristics

of the samples. It must be emphasized, that conclusions based solely on tectonomagmatic

discrimination diagrams must be taken with care; e.g. Wang and Glower (1992) have

demonstrated that even relatively young (Jurassic) continental rift basalts very often plot erratically

in MORB and arc basalt fields in tectonomagmatic geochemical discriminant diagrams. Also

Condie (2005) notes that care is needed when using geochemical data of mobile elements in

studying rock genesis, sources and evolution. In this section, following diagrams are utilized:

1) The lithological and tectonomagmatic classification of samples using the combined R1-R2

diagram by De La Roche et al. (1980) and Batchelor & Bowden (1985) is shown in

2) Figure 8 - Figure 9.

3) A simpler, but more illustrative classification method using the Na2O+K2O vs SiO2 diagram

shown in Figure 10 has been given by Cox et al. (1979), modified for plutonic rocks by Wilson

(1989).

4) The FeO/(FeO+MgO) vs SiO2 diagram by Frost et al. (2001) extrapolated to ultramafic SiO2-

contents is given in Figure 11. They used this diagram to distiquish ferroan, A-type granites

(granitoids) from magnesian plutonic rocks.

5) The A/CNK (=Mol Al2O3 / (Na2O+K2O+CaO)) vs SiO2 –diagram by Chappell and White (1974) is

given in Figure 12. They used this diagram for distinguishing ‘sedimentary’ (S-type) granitoids

from ‘true’ igneous (I-type) plutonic rocks. They define S-types resulting from the partial melting

of metasedimentary source rocks, a process called anatexis or ultrametamorphism. I-types are

derived from source rocks of igneous composition that have not gone through the surface

weathering process, or from crystal fractionation of magmas. A good review of their paper is

also given by Kanen (2001, in: http://www.geologynet.com/granitetypes.htm).

6) The K2O+Na2O-CaO vs SiO2 diagram by Frost et al. (2001) extrapolated to ultramafic SiO2-

contents is given in Figure 13. Using this diagram, they classified plutonic rocks into alkalic,

alkali-calcic, calc-alkalic and calcic sub-types.

7) Foley et al. (2002) used the Nb/Ta vs Zr/Sm diagram shown in Figure 14 for studying the

fractionation processes of plutonic rocks, such as tectonomagmatic evolution of early

continental crust. In their diagram, they represent Nb/Ta vs Zr/Sm –ratios of oceanic basalts

(OIB, MORB and IAB) and continental rocks (TTG, adakites and continental crust). In the

diagram, adakite group is characterized by decreasing Nb/Ta and Zr/Sm-ratios. However, in

reality these groups are strongly overlapping. Thus, I use only geometric averages of various

plutonic rock groups in this diagram to study their general differences and characteristics.

8) The incompatible – compatible element diagrams (Pearce and Parkinson, 1993; Pearce and

Peate, 1995) in Figure 15 - Figure 17 show the geochemical ‘spectra’ of samples normalized

by C1 chondrite (Anders and Grevesse, 1989; Kerrich and Wyman, 1996) and by the geometric

averages of all Finnish plutonic rocks (AFP, see Table 2) used in this work. These diagrams

are mainly used to demonstrate the general compositional variations of the rock types

considered in this study.

R1-R2 –diagrams

In R1-R2 –diagrams by De La Roche et al. (1980) and Rollinson (1993) in

Figure 8 - Figure 9 the Proterozoic and Archaean granites are classified as syn-collisional to late-

orogenic, monzo- and syenogranites, some samples being quartz monzonites and granodiorites.

The scattering of Archaean samples is narrower and granodioritic samples are sparser. The

Proterozoic rapakivi samples plot very tightly in syenogranitic, monzogranitic, granodioritic, ‘late-

orogenic, syn-collisional’ (should be rather ‘post-orogenic’) fields. For an overwiev of rapakivis in

Finland, see e.g. Rämö and Haapala (2005 and references therein).

The Proterozoic gabbros in

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Figure 8 are classified mainly as gabbros, gabbronorites, olivine gabbros and monzogabbros.

Tectonomagmatically they belong to pre-plate collision, or mantle fractionate fields. The Archaean

gabbros in Figure 9 are less varied, concentrate mainly on olivine gabbro - gabbronorite fields and

are of the pre-plate collision or mantle fractionate type.

The Proterozoic adakitoids range in the diagram in

Figure 8 from pre- to syn- and post-collisonal fields, majority being syncollisional tonalites. Their

rock types vary from granodiorites to tonalites, diorites and gabbros. The Archaean adakitoids in

Figure 9 are more widely scattered having a more significant granodioritic - monzogranitic –

syenogranitic sample group having syn- and late orogenic characteristics.

Na2O+K2O vs SiO2 diagram

In the Na2O+K2O vs SiO2 –diagram by Cox et al. (1979) in Figure 10 the Proterozoic adakitoid

samples are mainly in sub-alkaline diorite, quarz-diorite and granite fields. Also the Archaean

samples are located in the dioritic – granitic fields. Moreover, there is a more alkaline sample group

compared to Proterozoic adakitoids. The gabbroic samples of both groups are mainly in gabbro

fields, some being dioritic. The Proterozoic gabbros have a significant alkaline group compared to

Archaean samples, which are mainly sub-alkaline. The Archaean granite samples locate mainly in

granite field while some Proterozoic granites are in the quarz-diorite field. Both granite groups are

more alkaline compared to gabbros and adakitoids above. The Proterozoic rapakivi samples are

tightly in narrow granite - alkali-granite field.

FeO/(FeO+MgO) vs SiO2 diagram

In the FeO/(FeO+MgO) vs SiO2 diagram by Frost et al. (2001) in Figure 11 the majority of

Archaean and Proterozoic adakitoid samples are magnesian. The distributions of both, Archaean

and Proterozoic gabbros are identical, majority of samples being low-Fe type, magnesian with

fewer samples on the ferroan side. The majority of granite samples, especially the rapakivi

samples, are ferroan, ‘Anorogenic’, A-type (Frost et al., 2001; p. 2037).

A/CNK vs SiO2 diagram

In the A/CNK vs SiO2 diagram in Figure 12 by Chappell and White (1974) the Archaean and

Proterozoic adakitoid and gabbroic samples are distinctly of I-type. The lack of S-type adakitoids is

slightly surprising, referring to absence of sedimentary wedge material (if they are subduction

related). The Archaean granites are mainly I-type while a significant amount of Proterozoic granite

samples are also of S-type, thus reflecting circulation and anatexis of sedimentary material.

Herzberg (1995) noted that that granites sensu stricto have not been formed by fractional

crystallization of basalt or andesite, but rather by partial melting of preexisting crustal rocks such as

metapelites, which means that normally they should be of S-type.

The rapakivi samples are more tightly of I-type with an exception of a small but distinct group of

some high SiO2 (>70 %) samples belonging to S-type. These samples possibly reflect a larger

crustal contamination component during their fractionation and ascent processes.

K2O+Na2O-CaO vs SiO2 diagram

In the K2O+Na2O-CaO vs SiO2 diagram by Frost et al. (2001) in Figure 13 the Proterozoic

adakitoids are concentrated in calcic and calc-alkalic fields while Archaean adakitoid are more

widely distributed between alcalic and calcic fields. However, the gabbros appear to have opposite

trends: The distributions of Proterozoic gabbros are more calc-alkalic compared to Archaean

gabbros which are more calcic. The distributions of Archaean and Proterozoic granites are

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identical, both belonging to calc-alkalic and alkali-calcic classes. The rapakivi samples are mainly

alkali-calcic with few high-SiO2 samples being calc-alkalic

Nb/Ta vs Zr/Sm diagram

As mentioned above, the variations within all the rock type groups in the Nb/Ta vs Zr/Sm –diagram

by Foley et al. (2002) in Figure 14 are so large and overlapping that only their geometric means

are shown. From the diagram, it can be seen that Proterozoic and Archaean gabbros and granites

have similar differences. The Archaean gabbros and granites have clearly lower Nb/Ta and higher

Zr/Sm than their Proterozoic counterparts.

Foley et al. (2002) concluded that a coupled low Nb/Ta and high Zr/Sm of the early continental

crust is due to partial melting of low-magnesium amphibolite and not partial melting of eclogite.

However, Rapp et al. (2003) inferred contrariwise, that partial melting of hydrous basalt in the

eclogite facies produces granitoid liquids with major- and trace-element compositions equivalent to

Archaean TTG, including the low Nb/Ta and high Zr/Sm ratios of ‘average’ Archaean TTG.

Moreover, they proposed that TTG magmatism may have taken place beneath granite-greenstone

complexes developing along Archaean intraoceanic island arcs by imbricate thrust stacking and

tectonic accretion. Also Xiong (2006) concluded, that model melts with TTG trace element

characteristics are in equilibrium with rutile-bearing anhydrous and hydrous (amphibole bearing)

eclogitic residues, but not rutile-free, amphibole-dominated residues. Rutile appears to be a

necessary residual phase to account for the characteristic negative Nb-Ta anomaly in the TTG.

A striking feature in Figure 14 is that the averages of Archaean and Proteozoic adakitic samples

are almost outside the adakite group shown in the inset. They are also very close to each other,

which may refer to similarities in evolution processes (and/or environments), independent of crustal

differences. Moreover, their Nb/Ta ratios are highest, which thus does not directly support either of

the models described above. However, their Zr/Sm-ratio is high, which Rapp et al. (2003) connect

with clinopyroxene in the restite.

The averages of Proterozoic granites and rapakivi granites are relatively close to each other in the

diagram. The average of all Finnish plutonic rocks (AFP) is roughly in the middle of continental

crust field, as can be expected (=> emphasizes usability for normalization standard). However, it is

also in the middle of adakite group by Foley et al. (2002), which clearly shows that this diagram

alone is not usable for discrimination of adakitoid samples.

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Figure 8. Classification of Proterozoic area samples by the R1-R2 diagram (De La Roche et

al. 1980). The tectonomagmatic fields have been adopted from Batchelor & Bowden (1985)

and rock type boundaries have been modified according to Rollinson (1993). Gb: Gabbros,

Adk: Adakitoids, Gr: Granites, Rpk: rapakivi granites. The names of rock types are based on

those given in the rock geochemistry database by Rasilainen et al. (2007). The enveloping

curves of rock groups have been manually drawn by rejecting most distinct outliers.

Figure 9. Classification of samples from Archaean areas by the R1-R2 diagram (De La

Roche et al. 1980). For explanation on the fields and rock names in the diagram, see caption

of

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Figure 8.

Figure 10. Classification of samples using the Na2O+K2O vs SiO2 diagram by Cox et al. (1979)

modified for plutonic rocks by Wilson (1989). The alkaline / sub-alkaline boundary zone (which is

not precisely located) has been adopted from Rickwood (1989).

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Figure 11. Classification of samples using the FeO/(FeO+MgO) vs SiO2 diagram by Frost et al.

(2001).

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Figure 12. Classification of samples using the A/CNK vs SiO2 diagram by Chappell and White

(1974).

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Figure 13. Classification of samples using the K2O+Na2O-CaO vs SiO2 diagram by Frost et al.

(2001).

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Figure 14. Classification of the rock groups using geometric means of the sample elements in the

Nb/Ta vs Zr/Sm diagram by Foley et al. (2002; inset upper left). The location of the borders of the

diagram has been marked with red square in the inset. The intersection of the dashed lines

represents the trace-element signature of primitive mantle. AFP = all Finnish plutonic rock samples

considered in this study. ArchAdk = Archaean adakitoids, ArchGbr = Archaean gabbros, ArchGran

= Archaean granites, ProtAdk = Proterozoic adakitoids, ProtGbr = Proterozoic gabbros, ProtGran =

Proterozoic granites, ProtRpk = Proterozoic rapakivi granites.

Comparison of chemical ‘spectra’ of the samples

In Figure 15 - Figure 17 the chemical comparison of rock groups is made using the incompatible →

compatible sequence defined by Pearce and Peate (1995; ‘PP spectra’ in the following). In the

diagrams, the geometric means of the elements are normalized by geometric means of all Finnish

plutonic rock samples (AFP) and by C1 chondrite (Anders and Grevesse, 1989; Kerrich and

Wyman, 1996). For values of AFP and C1, see Table 2. In this study, the AFP-normalized data are

preferred because they emphasize more clearly the differences between the rock groups, as is

clearly demonstrated in diagrams in Figure 1. The variations of data are demonstrated in the

diagrams by vertical red lines between the first and third quartiles of cumulative distributions of

normalized values. It must be noted that the amplitude scale in the diagrams is very variable,

especially because of the constant sum effect due to varying values of SiO2; see e.g. Wilson

(1989) and Rollinson (1993). Thus, in the following the main emphasis is not on absolute values,

but on relative amplitudes and trends of chemical variations.

From the diagrams, it is evident that the variations of elements in rock groups are relatively large.

However, when considering the Proterozoic and Archaean AFP-normalized curves of same rock

types it can be seen that they generally have similar trends and peak locations even though their

evolution histories are in most cases separated by an age cap of several hundred Ma up to greater

than one Ga. Thus, it can be concluded that the variations in the curves reflect true general

characteristics of rock groups.

Adakitoids

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The PP spectra of Proterozoic and Archaean adakitic rock groups are given in Figure 15. A

significant feature in the AFP-normalized spectra is the relative enrichment of light REE (LREE)

compared to heavy REE (HREE). In the diagrams, the ratios of (LREEave/HREEave) (↓ see box

below) are ca. 2.0 and 1.3 for Archaean and Proterozoic adakitoids respectively; I.e. in Archaean

adakitic samples HREE are more depleted relative to LREE. Moreover, there are relative Eu and

Sr maxima which, in combination with low values of heavy REE suggest deeper (> ca. 30 – 60 -…

km) fractionation depths in the lower crust / upper mantle, below the plagioclase stability field (i.e.

increased plagioclase in the melt phase), and with ± garnet ± clinopyroxene ± orthopyroxene ±

hornblende in the restite (e.g. Martin and Moyen, 2002; Rollinson, 1993, and references therein).

A very significant and characteristic feature in the AFP-normalized PP spectra of adakitoids is also

the rapid increase of compatibles compared to HREE (Compatiblesave/HREEave) (↓) in diagrams in

Figure 15 are ca. 1.9 for both Archaean and Proterozoic adakitoids). In connection with the

apparently great fractionation depth concluded above, this trend can be connected with primarily

mafic (basaltic) source and / or contamination by melts from upper mantle / mantle wedge. It must

be emphasized that this HREE → compatibles (Lu → Ca) step would be very difficult to observe in

C1- or MORB-normalized spectra, as demonstrated in Figure 1.

It must also be noted that low Rb, Th, U refer to low degree of crustal contamination of adakitoids

during their ascent into their present location (e.g. Wilson 1989). The minima of these mobile

elements refer that they have been mobilized before fractionation of adakitoid melts. When

considering the geochemistry of granulites in Lewisian amphibolite-facies gneisses from northwest

Scotland Weaver and Tarney (1981) concluded that the depletion of K, Rb, Th and U (in

granulites), but not other incompatible trace elements cannot be explained by magmatic processes

but as a result of granulite-facies metamorphism with these elements being removed by an active

fluid phase. Martin et al. (2005 and references therein) attributed the extreme Rb depletion

observed in adakites from Mexico to the presence of metasomatic amphibole in a peridotitic

source.

It is also interesting to note the relatively high AFP-normalized K(ICPAES) peaks compared to lower

K2O(XRF) characteristic to only adakitoids, while being opposite for granites in the diagrams in Figure

17 (and both low for gabbros in Figure 16). An explanation for the high K(ICPAES) values can be

attributed to high biotite relative to potassium feldspar (for details, see e.g. Tarvainen et al. (1996).

Opposite to potassium, in Archaean adakitoids Na(ICPAES) is distinctly lower than Na2O(XRF). In

adakitoids high Na2O can be attributed to increased Na-plagioclase (albite). The minima of

Na(ICPAES) and scandium in Archaean adakitoid spectum can be interpreted to refer to amphiboles

(Na and Sc) and garnet (Sc) in Archaean adakitic restite (Rollinson, 1993, p. 108: Mineral/melt

partition coefficients for basaltic liquids). This is also supported by evaluation of adakite restites

below in

Figure 20. In adakitoids low Sc and Cr can be attributed to clinopyroxene and low Ni to olivine in

the restite (Stosch, 1981).

Gabbros

(↑) Elements used for ratios:

LREEave/HREEave =

Average [La(ICPMS), La(ICPAES), Ce(ICPMS)] / Average[Ho(ICPMS), Er(ICPMS), Tm(ICPMS), Yb(ICPMS), Lu(ICPMS)]

(compatiblesave/HREEave) =

Average [Ca(ICPAES), CaO(XRF), Al(ICPAES), Al2O3 (XRF), Ga(XRF), V(XRF), V(ICPMS), V(ICPAES), Sc(ICPMS),

Sc(ICPAES), Mn(ICPAES), MnO(XRF), Fe(ICPAES), FeO(XRF), Co(ICPAES), Co(ICPMS), Mg(ICPAES), MgO(XRF),

Cr(ICPAES), Ni(ICPAES),] / Average[Ho(ICPMS), Er(ICPMS), Tm(ICPMS), Yb(ICPMS), Lu(ICPMS)]

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From the PP diagrams of gabbros in Figure 16 it can be seen that the AFP-normalized trends of

gabbros are opposite to those of adakitoids increasing from incompatibles to compatibles – as can

be expected for the mafic rocks. Especially, the slopes of REE of the gabbroic samples are

opposite to that of adakitoids (LREEave/HREEave ratios being ca. 0.3 and 0.4 for Archaean and

Proterozoic gabbros respectively). The compatiblesave/HREEave ratio is even larger than that of

adakitoids being ca. 2.8 and 2.2 for Archaean and Proterozoic gabbros respectively reflecting the

high portion of mafic minerals (upper mantle component) in these rocks. Moreover, like adakitoids,

also gabbros have relative Eu and Sr maxima referring to lower crustal / upper mantle generation

depths below the plagioclase stability depth. The increased AFP-normalized Na(ICPAES) relative to

Na2O(XRF) in gabbros can be associated to high amphiboles relative to Na-Plagioclase (albite).

Granites

The PP diagrams of granites including rapakivi samples are given in Figure 17. From AFP-

normalized diagrams, it can be seen that the trends of ‘normal’ granites are descending from

incompatibles to compatibles. The LREEave/HREEave ratios of Archaean and Proterozoic granites

are much lower than those of the adakitoids, ca. 1.4 and 1.1 respectively. However, the ratio of

rapakivi granites is exceptionally ca. 0.7; i.e. clearly increasing from LREE to HREE. In all granite

diagrams, the relative proportion of compatibles is low with compatiblesave/HREEave ratios being ca.

0.6, 0.5 and 0.2 for Archaean, and Proterozoic granites and rapakivi granites respectively.

Moreover, granites, have relative Eu minima and low Sr, referring to stable plagioclase in the

restite and thus shallower, mid- / upper crustal fractionation depths compared to that of adakitoids

and gabbros. In addition, the peaks in Rb, Th and U of the granites (opposite to adakitoids) refer to

upper crustal source material.

It is interesting to note that there is a strong negative correlation between the AFP-normalized PP

diagrams of rapakivi and adakitoid samples in both, trends and sign of peaks, as shown in Figure

18. In principle, the chemical characteristics of the rapakivi are similar to what one could expect to

be of the complementary deeply located source restite of adakitoids. However, the relation

between adakitoids and the much younger rapakivi ‘granites’ cannot be confirmed or considered

more closely in this connection.

The rising slope of REE elements of rapakivi may refer to a signature of primary upper mantle -

lower crust garnet / pyroxene containing restitic source. However, the relative maxima in Rb, Th

and U and minima in compatibles, Eu and Sr refer to crustal magmatic and contamination

processes. Thus, rapakivi appear to have both, restitic (upper mantle) and crustal signatures. This

is in agreement with conclusions by Rämö (1991) and Rämö and Haapala (2005), who interpreted

the rapakivi origin as lower crust melts initiated by upper mantle underplating, and re-fractionating /

contamination in the upper - middle crust.

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Figure 15. Characteristics of Proterozoic and Archaean adakitoids arranged in the incompatible →

compatible order by Pearce and Peate (1995). The black curve gives values normalized by AFP

(geometric averages of all Finnish plutonic rock samples). The vertical red lines against the curve

give the first and third quartiles of cumulative distributions of AFP-normalized values. The bars give

the values of geometric means normalized by C1 chondrite. Locations of REE are emphasized by

triangles on x-axis and by darker gray bars. In the lower diagram are also emphasized the

locations of some elements considered more closely in this paper. The black lines below

lowermost diagram indicate the locations of some element groups considered in this study. It must

be emphasized that SiO2 does not belong to ‘compatibles’ but is shown here separately only for

comparison.

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Figure 16. The Pearce-Peate diagrams of Proterozoic and Archaean gabbros. Note that the

vertical scale is larger than that of adakitoids in Figure 15 and granites in Figure 17.

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Figure 17. The Pearce-Peate diagrams of Proterozoic rapakivi granites and Proterozoic and

Archaean granites. Note that the vertical scale of rapakivi diagram is larger than that of other

granites.

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Figure 18. Relation of the AFP-normalized Pearce-Peate diagrams of Proterozoic adakitoids and

rapakivi granites. The complementary characteristics of the diagrams are evident. Note the

different vertical scale of the diagrams.

Characteristics of the restite of adakitic melts

The derivation of primary source and restite material from outcropping rock samples representing

melt fractions is generally difficult. One way to evaluate the restitic material is to analyze

phenocrysts (Chappell et al., 1987; Thorkelson and Breitsprecher, 2005), or enclaves / xenoliths

(e.g. White et al., 1999) representing restite ends in outcrops. A common way in evaluating

mineralogy of restitic material is also to analyze relative amounts and ratios of certain key elements

of rock samples (e.g. Defant and Drummond, 1990; Castillo, 2006; notes in Table 1). The

uncertainty of these methods increases by e.g. multi-stage fractionation and magma contamination

during uplift and by large variations of partition coefficients.

In the following, I evaluate the mineralogy of adakitoids restite using partition coefficients for

basaltic and basaltic andesite liquids, whose values have been summarized by Rollinson (1993).

For simplicity, I assume that clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, garnet and amphibole represent the

most probable sinks for the compatible elements in restite (e.g. Rollinson, 1993; Martin and Moyen,

2002; Martin et al., 2005).

In Table 4 is given the relative ratios for coefficient pairs used here. If the value of ratio is less than

one in the table, the denominator dominates in the restitic mineral and vice versa. E.g. if

orthopyroxene dominates in the restite, Zr remained more likely in the restitic mineral

(orthopyroxene) phase and Nd is relatively enriched in the mobile adakitoid melt phase. Thus,

Nd/Zr –ratio of adakitoid sample should become enriched in Nd. It must be emphasized that the

estimated values of partition coefficients can vary in a wide range and thus their relative effect on

the amount of elements in melt and remaining restite fraction can only roughly be evaluated.

Therefore, the element distributions represented in Figure 19 -

Figure 20 must be taken as preliminary observations.

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Table 4. Ratios of mineral/melt partition coefficients for basaltic and basaltic andesite liquids using

coefficients summarized by Rollinson (1993 and references therein).

Restite

mineral: orthopyroxene clinopyroxene hornblende garnet

Nd/Zr <1 >1 <1 <1

La/Ce >1

(*) <1 <1 <1

Er/Lu <1 >1 >1 <1

(*) = is evaluated for andesitic liquids

By this principle, the possible enrichment of elements in the adakitic melts is evaluated using

element ratios of each adakitoid sample normalized by geometric means of all adakitoid samples.

Thus, using elements analyzed by ICPMS (see Table 2), the relative enrichment / depletion of

sample element ratios are for:

Orthopyroxene: Nd/Zr > 1, La/Ce <1, Er/Lu>1

Clinopyroxene: Nd/Zr < 1, La/Ce >1, Er/Lu<1

Hornblende: Nd/Zr > 1, La/Ce >1, Er/Lu<1

Garnet: Nd/Zr > 1, La/Ce >1, Er/Lu>1

Or in simplified form, demonstrating the unambiguity of the combinations:

Orthopyroxene: (1,0,1)

Clinopyroxene: (0,1,0)

Hornblende: (1,1,0)

Garnet: (1,1,1)

These combinations allow evaluation of the distributions of all these restite minerals in the study

area. Using three element ratio combinations for each mineral, the reliability of the method is

increased. In Figure 19 -

Figure 20 is given the locations of minerals calculated to dominate in the adakitoid restites using

the ratios above. Ca. 46 % of adakitoids did not fulfill the conditions above and thus their restite

mineralogy was not evaluated. The method was also tested using AFP-normalized element ratios

which gave very similar results as normalization by geometric mean of adakitoids used here. It

must be emphasized that these minerals are assumed to dominate in restitic rocks deep in lower

crust - upper mantle, not in outcrops.

From maps in Figure 19 it can be seen that the dominating mineral in the restites appears to be

clinopyroxene existing in both, Archaean and Proterozoic blocks. Also orthopyroxene exists

relatively evenly in southern and central Finland, but less in north. In

Figure 20 clusters of amphibole and garnet in restite dominate almost solely in the eastern Finland

Archaean blocks, with only few samples in southern and central Finland Proterozoic blocks. As

concluded above, the minimum of scandium in Archaean adakitoid spectum in Figure 15 refers to

amphiboles and garnet in Archaean adakitic restites (Rollinson, 1993, p. 108: Mineral/melt partition

coefficients for basaltic liquids).

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Figure 19. Distributions of adakitoids having orthopyroxene (a) or clinopyroxene (b) dominating

restite on basis of their trace-element ratios. The abbreviatios of sub-areas in (a) have been

adopted from Figure 3: USM = Uusimaa belt, SMB = southern Finland migmatite belt, CFG =

central Finland granitoid complex, LBZ = Ladoga-Bothnian bay zone. EF = eastern Finland

complex, IL = Ilomantsi belt, IC = Iisalmi complex, Rpk = rapakivi blocks in southern Finland. A =

Archaean, P = Proterozoic.

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Figure 20. Distributions of adakitoids having garnet (a) or amphibole (b) dominating restite on basis

of their trace-element ratios.

In the Nb/Ta vs Zr/Sm diagram by Foley et al. (2002) in Figure 14 the geometric means of

Archaean and Proterozoic adakitoids samples have high Nb/Ta and high Zr/Sm ratios. As noted

above, these ratios are almost outside the adakite group shown in the inset of the diagram.

Especially, their Nb/Ta ratio is very high for adakitoids compared to values in the inset. Foley et al.

(2002) connected high Nb/Ta in melts to rutile bearing eclogite restites. This may explain the

garnet rich restites of Archaean adakitoids in

Figure 20, but not garnet poor Proterozoic restites. Moreover, the garnet rich restites of Archaean

adakitoids refer to higher P-T fractionation depths compared to Proterozoic adakitoids (e.g. Obata

and Thompson 1981).

Rapp et al. (2003) connect high Zr/Sm-ratio with clinopyroxene in the restite, which agrees with

restite maps above. Condie (2005) and Castillo (2006) concluded that the high La/Yb and Sr/Y

ratios in both adakite and TTG samples require garnet in the restite (Table 1 above).

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Comparison with known adakites, adakitoids, sanukitoids and TTGs

In the following the chemical spectra of Finnish adakitoids is compared with some adakitoids,

adakites, TTGs, and sanukitoids adopted from the literature. It must be emphasized that data from

the literature are not as numerous as those from GTK database. Moreover, the analytical methods

and accuracy are not unambiguous in each case. The standards used for normalization are shown

in the x-axis of the spectra and their values are given Table 2.

In Figure 21 the chondrite normalized geometric average of all Finnish adakitoids studied above is

compared with corresponding spider diagram of Solander Island adakites (new Zealand) and

Panama compiled by Reay and Parkinson (1997). From the diagram it appears that the main

trends of Finnish adakitoids correspond relatively well with much younger, 'modern' adakitoids,

deviations being of same magnitude as those between Solander and Panama data. It must be

remembered, however, the strong damping effect of logarithmic vertical scale, when comparing the

spectra of various rock groups, as is demonstrated in spectra in Figure 1.

ä

Figure 21. Chondrite normalized spiderdiagram of Solander Island adakites (New Zealand;

shaded) and Panama (between solid, thin lines) adopted from by Reay and Parkinson (1997). The

red and blue lines represent chondrite normalized geometric averages of all Finnish adakitic

plutonic rocks.

In the following, the comparison is made in more detail using the AFP-normalized Pearce-Peate

spectra of available elements. To minimize the effect of altered samples in these comparisons, I

used in the diagrams only those Finnish adakitoids that fulfill all eight criteria (‘100% adakitoids’)

defined above for adakites by Defant and Drummond (1990) and Thorkelson and Breitsprecher

(2005).

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Figure 22 depicts the Pearce-Peate spectra of adakites from Aleutian Komandorsky region

(Yogodzinski et al. 1995) and Cordillera, central of the Dominican Republic (Escuder Viruete et al.

2007).

Figure 22. The AFP-normalized Pearce-Peate spectra of geometric means of adakites from (a):

Aleutian Komandorsky region (Yogodzinski et al. 1995; 4 samples, blue bars, right vertical axis)

and (b): Cordillera, central of the Dominican Republic (Escuder Viruete et al. 2007; 6 samples, blue

bars, right vertical axis). The red curves give the variations of AFP-normalized geometric means of

all ‘100% adakitic’ Finnish plutonic rock samples (284 analysis; left vertical axis). The analysis

methods given in parenthesis in the x-axis refer to GTK-samples used here for comparison, which

are not necessarily same as those of test samples from literature.

The Aleutian Komandorsky Adak-type magnesian andesites (adakites, Figure 22a) located among

the Miocene– late Pleistocene–age volcanic rocks are interpreted to have been formed principally

as small percentage melts of the basaltic portion of the subducting oceanic crust, leaving a

clinopyroxene-garnet-rutile mineral assemblage. In a source mixture of depleted mantle wedge,

slab melt, and sediment, the Komandorsky rocks have a relatively large contribution from the slab

melt endmember. The strong slab melt signature among western Aleutian rocks is attributed to

highly oblique convergence that produced a slow subduction path into the subarc mantle.

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The volcanic and volcano-sedimentary rocks located in the Cordillera, in Dominican Republic

(Figure 22b) comprise over three kilometer thick sequence of arc-related volcanic and volcano-

sedimentary rocks with variable geochemical characteristics recording a major change of the

magma sources in the Caribbean island arc. A lower volcanic sequence constitutes an island arc

tholeiitic suite, derived from melting a mantle wedge induced by subduction-related hydrous fluids.

The upper volcanic sequence is characterized by a spatial and temporal association of adakites,

high-Mg andesites, and Nb-enriched basalts. The authors interpreted the adakites to represent

melts of the subducting slab, while magnesian andesites represent the product of hybridization of

adakite liquids with mantle peridotite and Nb-enriched basalts represent the residue from

hybridization. They propose a model of oblique ridge subduction at ca 90 Ma ago and possibly

subsequent slab window formation, as principal cause of magmatic variations recorded in the

Caribbean island arc above a southwestern-dipping subduction zone.

From the diagrams in Figure 22a it can be seen that the Aleutian adakites have similarities with

Finnish plutonic adakitoids: High LREE/HREE and compatibles/HREE ratios, and high Sr and Eu.

The high MgO, Cr and Ni possibly refer to an increased mantle wedge component (sanukitic

melts?).

However, the correlation with Cordillera adakites in Figure 22b is poor; especially HREE is clearly

higher than LREE. In the diagram, there are slight peaks in Sr and Eu and an increase in

compatibles referring to a possible adakitic component in the sample rocks, but as a whole, these

samples do not show characteristics similar to Finnish adakitoids. Rather, their trend is more like

that of gabbros in Figure 16.

In Figure 23 are given the Pearce-Peate spectra of adakites from Neoarchaean active continental

margin of Shimoga schist belt, Western Dharwar Craton, India (Naqvi, S.M. and Rana Prathap,

2007) and from Solander Island, New Zealand (Reay and Parkinson, 1997). The adakites from the

Shimoga schist belt, India consist mainly of quartz, plagioclase and minor amphiboles and are

interlayered with the turbidites. The authors classify them as high SiO2 and low Mg#, Ni and Cr

type adakites. These adakites show compositional similarities with Meso- and Neoarchaean

tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorites (TTGs) experimentally generated by the partial melting of

hydrous basalts similar to adakitic glass veins found in peridotite xenoliths of Kamchatka arc.

The subduction related, island arc Pleistocene volcano of Solander Island in New Zealand is

composed of adakites formed by the partial fusion of young oceanic crust under eclogitic facies

conditions. Comparison with other adakite localities suggests that the presently subducting oceanic

crust at the nearby trench may be < 25 Ma old. See also Figure 21, where the chondrite

normalized Finnish adakitic plutonic rocks are compared with corresponding spiderdiagram of

Solander Island adakites and Panama compiled by Reay and Parkinson (1997).

The spectrum of adakites from Shimoga schist belt, India in Figure 23 is relatively flat with slight

peak in Eu and increased compatibles. Moreover, the level of LREE is roughly the same as that of

HREE, thus not correlating very well with Finnish adakitoids. However, the spectrum of Solander

Island adakites is very close to that of Finnish adakitoids with LREE > HREE, high Sr, Eu and

compatibles / HREE as is also suggested by the similarity in the diagrams in Figure 21 above.

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Figure 23. The of AFP-normalized gmeans of adakites from (a): Neoarchaean active continental

margin of Shimoga schist belt, Western Dharwar Craton, India (Naqvi, S.M. and Rana Prathap,

2007; 18 samples, blue bars, right vertical axis) and from (b): Solander Island, New Zealand (Reay

and Parkinson, 1997; 9 samples, blue bars, right vertical axis). The red curve gives the variations

of AFP-normalized geometric means of all ‘100% adakitic’ Finnish plutonic rock samples (left

vertical axis).

Figure 24 depicts the AFP-normalized Pearce-Peate spectra of late Mesozoic adakitic granitoids

from the northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula, east China (Hou et al. 2007). They represent two suites

of granitoids, the Early Cretaceous (130–126 Ma) Guojialing suite and the Late Jurassic (158 ± 3

Ma) Linglong suite in the northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern China. The Guojialing suite

includes at least five plutonic bodies of both granodiorite and monzogranite. The rocks are

composed of plagioclase, alkali feldspar, quartz, Mg-rich amphibole and Mg-rich biotite. The

Linglong suite is a monzogranite, comprising alkali feldspar, plagioclase, quartz and Fe-rich biotite.

The authors conclude that the Guojialing suite was formed by the reaction of delaminated eclogitic

crust-derived melt with the upwelling asthenospheric mantle, whereas the Linglong suite was

derived by partial melting of Neoarchaean metamorphic lower-crustal rocks at depths greater than

50 km with eclogite residue. The petrogenesis of these two adakitic granitoids suggests intensive

lower-crustal delamination during Early Cretaceous times, following a crustal thickening process

from the late stage of the Early Jurassic to early stage of the Late Jurassic with crustal thickness of

less than 32 km to over 50 km, respectively.

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Thus, these rocks are not directly connected with subduction, but with remelting and fractionation

processes below thickened crust at contact zones of lower crust – upper mantle. To consider

possible similarities I plotted in Figure 24 Pearce-Peate spectra of these Chinese suites together

with Finnish Proterozoic and Archaean adakitoids. In the diagrams, both Chinese adakitic

granitoids agree relatively well with Finnish adakitoids, apparent correlation being slightly better

with Archaean adakitoids. Deep seismic soundings have demonstrated that in Finland the

Proterozoic crust is locally exceptionally thick, close to 60 kilometers (e.g. Luosto et al. 1984;

Kukkonen et al., 2006, 2008). Moreover, delamination-remelting of central Finnish lower crust with

garnet-clinopyroxene containing restite has been interpreted by Kukkonen et al. (2008). Thus

similar lower crust – upper mantle melting and fractionation processes appear also possible in

Finnish bedrock evolution.

Figure 24. AFP-normalized Pearce-Peate spectra of gmeans of adakitic (a): Early Cretaceous

Guojialing suite (3 samples, green bars, right vertical axis) and (b): Late Mesozoic Linglong suite (7

samples, green bars, right vertical axis) located in the northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern

China (Hou et al. 2007). The red curves show the spectrum of Finnish Archaean AFP-normalized

‘100% adakitic’ plutonic rocks (178 samples: left vertical axis). Correspondingly, the blue curves

show spectrum of Finnish Proterozoic adakitic plutonic rocks (106 samples).

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In Figure 25 the AFP-normalized Pearce-Peate spectra of TTGs and sanukitoids are given,

adopted from Martin et al. (2005) and sanukitoids from Halla (2005) compared with Finnish AFP-

normalized ‘100% adakitic’ plutonic rocks.

Martin et al. (2005) considered the chemical composition of primitive Archaean tonalite–

trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) magmas evolved from ca. 4.0 to 2.5 Ga. Over this period of time

Mg#, Ni, and Cr contents increased. The authors interpreted these changes in terms of changes in

the degree to which the TTG magmas interacted with mantle peridotite. In the Early Archaean, it

appears that these interactions were very rare or absent leading to the conclusion that subduction

was typically flat and lacked the development of a mantle wedge. In contrast, the lower heat

production by ~2.5 Ga resulted to sanukitic melts due to slab melting at greater depths, where

plagioclase was no longer stable and the development of a thick mantle wedge ensured interaction

between the slab-melts and mantle peridotite.

Figure 25. (a): AFP-normalized Pearce-Peate spectra of gmeans of TTG’s (right vertical axis: TTG

age over 3.5 Ga, number of samples (n)=108; TTG, age between 3, … ,3.5 Ga, n=320; TTG below

3 Ga, n=666) and their average (TTG mean) adopted from Martin et al. (2005). In (b) is given the

AFP-normalized geometric means of sanukitoids adopted from Halla (2005; green bars, right

vertical axis, 11 samples) and Martin et al. (2005; blue bars, right vertical axis, 31 samples). The

red curves show the course of Finnish AFP-normalized ‘100% adakitic’ plutonic rocks (178

samples: left vertical axis).

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Thus, TTG compositions differ from the Late Archaean sanukitoids, which resulted from melting of

a mantle peridotite modified by reaction with slab-melts. The changes observed from Early

Archaean TTG to Late Archaean sanukitoids reflect change in both the nature and efficiency of

interaction between slab-melt and mantle wedge peridotite. The changes in the degree and style of

these interactions are a direct consequence of the cooling of Earth that modified the thermal and

dynamic parameters at the subducted slab–mantle wedge interface.

Thus, in principle, in the PP spectra of Finnish Proterozoic adakitoids the compatibles/HREE ratio

should be higher due to mantle contamination than that of the Archaean adakitoids. However, as

concluded above and as is evident in the spectra in Figure 15, the compatibles/HREE ratios of

both groups are roughly the same though the LREE/HREE ratio of Archaean samples is higher

(possibly referring to higher degree of fractionation and higher temperatures (+pressures?).

Halla (2005) studied Late Archaean (ca. 2.73 Ga) porphyritic high-K and high-Mg granitoids in the

Nilsiä and Lieksa areas, eastern Finland. These sanukitoids have similar geochemical signatures

as high-Mg sanukitoid series from other parts of the Karelian domain of the Fennoscandian (Baltic)

Shield and Archean sanukitoid suites from Canada. The Nilsiä and Lieksa granitoids have low SiO2

contents, and high Mg numbers. They are enriched in K2O, P2O5, Sr, Ba, Cr and LREE. Their Nd

depleted mantle model ages are 2.75 - 2.86 Ga. The geochemical and isotopic data suggest that

the Nilsiä and Lieksa granitoids originated at ca. 2.73 Ga from a mantle wedge source enriched in

LILE, U, Th and Pb by recycling of continental material in subduction-related slab dehydration

processes shortly before melting. A considerably large amount of crustal lead was contributed from

subducting sediments into the overlying mantle wedge. Consequently, crustal lead isotope

signatures overprinted the isotopic composition of mantle-wedge lead. Halla suggested that crustal

recycling through subduction zone processes played an important role for the enrichment of the

mantle wedge and generation of mantle-derived granitoids in the Archean.

From the spectra in Figure 25 it can be seen that in general the TTGs and sanukitoids from Halla

(2005) and Martin et al. (2005) correlate well with Finnish adakitoids: high Sr, Eu, LREE/HREE and

compatibles/HREE. However, in all those spectra the V, Cr and MgO (in TTGs) appear to be

higher than in Finnish adakitoids, thus reflecting relatively higher mantle component in the melt.

From the TTG diagrams in Figure 25 (a) it can be seen that there is no age group distinctly closest

to Finnish adakitoids.

As commented above, only one sample of 3060 plutonic rocks considered in this study fullfilled all

criteria defined for sanukitoids by Halla (2005 and references therein). Halla used the term

sanukitoid as a synonym for high-Mg granitoids referring to a series of rocks having relatively high

Mg numbers and high Ni, Cr, LILE (Sr, Ba, and P) and LREE abundances at any given silica

content. This definition is applicable also for many adakitoids (even ‘100% adakitic’ plutonic rocks).

This emphasizes the indefinite border between adakitic and sanukitic plutonic rocks. Using

correlation analysis (by Microsoft Excell), I found eight of 284 adakitoids (‘100%’) whose element

chemistry correlates significantly with corresponding average chemistry of sanukitoids studied by

Halla (correlation coefficient being above 0.9; Figure 26) and 25 samples having correlation

coefficient above 0.8.

From Figure 26 it can be seen that averages of ‘sanukitic’ adakitoids and Halla’s sanukitoids are

almost identical with exception of Cr and Ni, reflecting possibly a higher mantle component in the

sanukitoids. However, it must be noted, that in Halla (2005) the Ni and Cr contents have been

given with the accuracy of 10 ppm, while in the GTK database the accuracy is better, ca 0.1 ppm.

Moreover, in the Halla database five of 11 Ni-analysis are undefined. Thus, when excluding

uncertain Cr and Ni, the amplitude of compatibles of adakitic samples is even higher than that of

sanukitoids; i.e. they are even ‘more sanukitic’.

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Figure 26. Spectra of AFP-normalized adakitic plutonic rocks correlating (R > 0.9) with AFP-

normalized sanukitoids adopted from Halla (2005). Red curve: Halla sanukitoids. Blue curve:

geometric mean of eight ‘sanukitic’ adakitoids from GTK database (gray curves).

Relation between adakitoids, TTGs and sanukitoids

As noted above, there are some adakitoids that correlate with sanukitoids given by Halla (2005),

though they do not fullfill all criteria given by her: SiO2 = 55 - 60 %, Mg numbers > 0.6, Ni

>100ppm, Cr > 200 ppm, K2O > 1 %, Sr and Ba > 500 ppm and Rb/Sr ratios < 0.1. However, more

sanukitoids were observed from GTK database when using broader definition given by Heilimo et

al. (2010): SiO2 = 55–70 %, Na2O/K2O = 0.5–3, MgO = 1.5–9 %, Mg number = 45–65, K2O = 1.5–

5.0 %, Ba+Sr > 1400 ppm, and (Gd/Er)N = 2–6.

In Figure 27 are plotted all ‘100%’ sanukitoids fulfilling criteria by Heilimo et al. (2010) and adakitic

plutonites from GTK database in Na2O/K2O vs. Ba + Sr diagram adopted from Halla et al (2009).

From the diagram it can be seen, that the adakitic samples form a continuity from TTGs to

sanukitoids with ‘TTG-type’ adakitoids relatively enriched in Ba+Sr. Thus, the diagram refers to a

mixed and complex origin of adakitoids and sanukitoids. Moreover, the division of their primary

source from primitive basaltic source to enriched mantle is arbitrary and hard to define

unambiquously. From the diagram, it can also be noted that all sanukitoids do not overlap

adakitoids; i.e. they do not all fullfill the criteria given for adakitoids above by Defant and

Drummond (1990) and Thorkelson and Breitsprecher (2005). Moreover, all ‘sanukitic’ adakitoids do

not fulfil the criteria by Heilimo et al. (2010).

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Figure 27. Na2O/K2O vs. Ba + Sr plot for discriminating the high Ba–Sr sanukitoid group from the

TTG groups. The hypothetic source end members are enriched mantle (high Ba + Sr, low

Na2O/K2O) and primitive basaltic source (low Ba + Sr, high Na2O/K2O). Adopted from Halla et al

(2009).

The locations of adakitoids and sanukitoids given in the diagram in Figure 27 are plotted In map in

Figure 28. It is interesting to note that Proterozoic sanukitoids are concentrated in sub-areas USM,

CFG and LBZ, which have been interpreted by Ruotoistenmäki (1996) as island arcs (LBZ as

primitive arc + back-arc basin). In chapter ‘Correlations of the Pearce-Peate spectra of sub-areas’

is also noted the significant correlation between CFG and LBZ sub-areas.

In Archaean subareas most sanukitoids are concentrated in southern part of Iisalmi block (IC) and

Ilomantsi sub-area (IL). Hölttä et al (2012, note that calc-alkaline volcanic rocks, crustal signatures

in geochemistry of ultramafic rocks and high abundances of volcaniclastic greywackes in the

sanukitic Ilomantsi belt indicate arc type tectonic settings.

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Figure 28. Location of all Finnish ‘100%’ sanukitoids (red dots) defined by criteria by Heilimo et al.

(2010) and adakitoids (blue dots). For abbreviations, see map in Figure 3.

Summary: Characteristics of Finnish adakitic plutonic rocks

In this study, adakitoids or adakitic plutonic rocks are defined as derived from melts fractionated

below plagioclase stability deph, i.e. depths below ca. 30 – 60 -… km (ca. 0.8 to 1.6 Gpa - …).

Chemically they are characterized by SiO2 > 56 %, Al2O3 > 15 %, Na2O > 3.5 %, Sr > 400 ppm, Y <

18 ppm, Sr/Y > 40, Yb < 1.9, and La/Yb > 20. When defining an adakitoid more ‘loosely’; i.e. if it

fulfils at least 6 of 8 criteria defined above, the number of adakitic plutonic rock samples in the

Rock Geochemical Database of Finland is 323 out of 1784 Proterozoic samples = 18% and 540 of

1275 Archaean samples = 42%. Thus, their number and areal distribution is relatively large –

especially in Archaean blocks. Only some supracrustal blocks lack adakitic plutonic rocks. The

characteristics of adakitoids are compared also with Archaean and Proterozoic gabbros and

granites (including rapakivis). It can be concluded that gabbros display characteristics (peaks and

trends) of deep, upper mantle, lower crustal source. Granites are characterized by shallower mid-

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to upper crustal fractionation and rapakivi granites have features of multi-stage uplift and

fractionation from lower to upper crust. Moreover, all these groups can be assumed to have traces

of crustal contamination

Petrophysically Proterozoic adakitoids are denser than Archaean adakitoids, but their magnetic

distributions are very similar, having both, paramagnetic and ferrimagnetic In lithological

tectonomagmatic R1-R2 diagrams Proterozoic adakitoids range from syn- to post-collisional

granodiorites – tonalites – diorites, while Archaean adakitoids have wider lithological range

including also a significant late- to post-collisional monzonitic – monzodioritic group.

In this study, I selected the diagram introduced by Pearce and Peate (1995) for comparison and

discriminating rock group characteristics. In the diagram, the chemical data is normalized by C1

chondrite and geometric averages of all Finnish plutonic rock samples (AFP) in compatible –

incompatible order. Especially the linear scale AFP-normalized data is very effective to emphasize

relative trends and anomalous peaks in the data. In the AFP-normalized diagrams, adakitoids are

characterized by high LREE/HREE ratio; i.e. steep slope of lantanides. Their Sr and Eu peaks are

relatively high reflecting increased plagioclase in the melt phase and deep fractionation depth.

Moreover, the compatibles/HREE ratio is high for adakitoids, which can be associated with high

mafic component in the source material.

The AFP-normalized LREE/HREE ratio of granites is also high, but clearly less than that of

adakitoids. Moreover, their compatibles/HREE ratio is opposite; i.e. values of compatibles are

strikingly low. In addition, their Sr and Eu values are in relative minima. All these features reflect

upper – mid crustal fractionation and small amounts of mafic material in the source. The spectrum

of rapakivi ‘granites’ differs significantly from that of other granites. Especially the slope of the AFP-

normalized REE curve is positive; i.e. HREE>LREE. Because the spectrum of rapakivis is almost

complementary to that of adakitoids, it can be assumed that rapakivi magma contain a marked

component of lower crustal restitic material remobilized in later (post-orogenic) processes, as is

modelled by e.g. Rämö and Haapala (2005 and references therein).

The AFP-normalized lantanide trends of gabbros are opposite to those of granites and adakitoids;

i.e. HREE > LREE, their Sr and Eu are high and compatibles rise strongly. All these refer to upper

mantle – lower crust processes and high component of mantle material in the source.

Because adakitoids are evidently melts fractionated at great depths, the possible restitic minerals

affecting especially in the REE curves was tested by selecting pairs of elements having

characteristic partition coefficients for orthopyroxenes, clinopyroxenes, amphiboles and garnets. By

studying the ratios of these elements it was observed that the dominating mineral in the restites

appear to be clinopyroxene existing evenly in both, Archaean and Proterozoic blocks. In addition,

orthopyroxene appears to exist relatively evenly in southern and central Finland – slightly less in

north. However, clusters of amphibole and, especially garnet in restite dominate almost solely in

the eastern Finland Archaean blocks.

The chemical spectrum of adakitoids is wide forming a continuity from TTGs to sanukitoids, thus,

referring to a mixed and complex origin of their primary source from primitive basaltic source to

enriched mantle. As a whole, all these classes can be primarily classified as ‘plagioclase instability

depth melts’ and more detailed study will be needed to study their source material in detail. An

approach for this is made in the next section where Finnish adakitoids are considered in more

limited Proterozoic and Archaean blocks.

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Section 2: Characteristic of adakitic plutonic rocks in selected

Proterozoic and Archaean sub-areas in Finland

Selected sub-areas

In this section, I consider and compare adakitic and all plutonic rock samples collected from four

Proterozoic and four Archaean sub-areas shown in maps in Figure 3 and Figure 19. These are:

- Proterozoic Uusimaa belt (USM), southern Finland migmatite belt (SMB), central Finland

granitoid complex (CFG) and Ladoga-Bothnian bay zone (LBZ).

- Archaean eastern Finland complex (EF), Ilomantsi belt (IL), Iisalmi complex (IC) and Pudasjärvi

block (PDJ).

The plutonic rock samples used in this study are, as those above, from the Rock Geochemical

Database of Finland (Geological Survey of Finland; Rasilainen et al. (2007). The elements,

standards, units and analysis methods are given in Table 2. In this section a sample is classified as

an ‘adakitoid’ if it fulfils all eight criteria defined above for adakites by Defant and Drummond

(1990) and Thorkelson and Breitsprecher (2005) (= ‘100% adakitic’ plutonic rocks).

For a detailed description of these blocks, see e.g. Lehtinen et al. (2005). Subdivision of bedrock

blocks is partly adapted from Nironen et al. (2002), whose descriptions are shortly referred below.

As commented above, because their block borders are in some sub-areas quite sketchy, I have

used regional scale gravity and magnetic maps by GTK to verify a more detailed course of the

block borders and to connect some small blocks to more regional sub-areas. In the following, the

names of blocks used by Nironen et al. (2002) are given in parenthesis followed by their short

descriptions.

USM = Uusimaa belt:

(Uusimaa Belt):

‘…The sedimentary-dominated belt contains mica schists and gneisses with relatively common carbonate

rock interlayers. In addition, felsic sedimentary rocks of volcanic provenance are typical of the belt. The

volcanic rocks are generally mafic-intermediate in composition, but in the western part of the belt volcanism

was bimodal. Granitoids of 1.88 Ga age as well as 1.84-1.82 Ga granites crosscut and migmatize the

supracrustal rocks…’.

+ (Häme Belt):

‘…The belt is characterized by volcanic rocks which may be grouped into older, of intermediate and

younger, of mafic-intermediate composition. Sedimentary rocks dominate the western part of the belt.

Granitoids of 1.88 Ga age as well as 1.84-1.82 Ga granites crosscut and migmatize the supracrustal

rocks…’.

SMB = southern Finland migmatite belt

(Pirkanmaa Belt):

‘…The belt consists mainly of migmatitic, turbiditic mica gneisses with black schists and graphite-bearing

schists as interlayers. Mafic and ultramafic plutonic rocks as well as 1.88 Ga granitoids crosscut the

supracrustal rocks…’.

CFG = central Finland granitoid complex

(Central Finland granitoid complex):

‘…The complex consists of 1.89-1.88 Ga synkinematic tonalites, granodiorites and granites, and 1.88-1.87

Ga post-kinematic quartz monzonites and granites. In addition, there are minor areas of subvolcanic

intermediate rocks, mafic igneous rocks and remnants of supracrustal belts…’.

LBZ = Ladoga-Bothnian bay zone

(Savo Belt):

‘…The belt is characterized by numerous shear zones. The predominant rocks are mica gneisses, which

contain volcanic rocks, graphite schists, black schists and carbonate rocks as interlayers. The volcanic rocks

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in the center of the belt consist of two groups: a 1.92 Ga bimodal group, and a 1.89-1.88 Ga mafic-

intermediate group. Accordingly, 1.92 Ga gneissic tonalites and 1.89-1.88 Ga granitoids are found within

the belt…’.

EF = Eastern Finland complex and IL = Ilomantsi belt

(Eastern Finland Complex):

‘…The large complex consists mainly of 2.85-2.69 Ga granitoids and migmatites. In addition, there are

paragneiss-dominated areas as well as several greenstone belts. Proterozoic granites and diabase dikes

have intruded the gneisses, and Proterozoic deformation and alteration have locally caused strong

overprinting especially in the western part of the complex…’.

+( Ilomantsi Belt):

- This belt consists of approximately the southernmost quarter of EF

‘…The greenstone belt is part of a larger belt that extends to Russia. The predominant and oldest rocks are

2.75-2.70 Ga sedimentary rocks. Iron formations are found higher in the sequence, and mafic volcanics are

the youngest rocks of the belt…’.

IC = Iisalmi complex

(Iisalmi Complex):

‘…The complex consists of 3.2-2.6 Ga tonalitic gneisses and amphibolitic migmatites metamorphosed at

granulite grade in large areas. The complex also contains Archaean paragneisses and an Archean

carbonatite complex. Proterozoic granites and diabase dikes have intruded the gneisses, and Proterozoic

deformation and alteration have locally strongly overprinted the gneisses…’.

PDJ = Pudasjärvi block.

(Pudasjärvi Complex):

‘…The poorly known complex consists of Archean gneisses and granitoids as well as amphibolites that are

presumably remnants of Archean greestone belts. Proterozoic granites and diabase dikes have intruded the

gneisses…’.

- This block is characterized by oldest zircon ages in Finnish bedrock (ca. 3.5 Ga; Mutanen and Huhma,

2003).

Lithological and petrophysical classification of samples from the sub-areas

In Figure 29 - Figure 30 the lithologies of the samples of sub-areas are evaluated by the R1-R2

diagram by De La Roche et al. (1980) and by the Na2O+K2O vs SiO2 –diagram by Cox et al.

(1979). In Figure 31 - Figure 32 are cumulative frequencies of densities and susceptibilities of

plutonic rock samples of the sub-areas. Lithological classifications are given for both, all-plutonic

rock samples, including adakitoids, and separately for only adakitoids. Thus, the ‘all-plutonic’ rock

samples represent a rough estimate of crustal composition in the selected blocks. Because of the

small number of adakitic samples in some areas, petrophysical summaries are given only for all

samples in the sub-areas.

Figure 33 shows the Pearce-Peate spectra of samples from the Archaean and Proterozoic sub-

areas. In the spectra the samples are normalized by both, the C1 chondrite (Anders and Grevesse,

1989; Kerrich and Wyman, 1996) and geometric mean of all Finnish plutonic rocks (AFP). In the

diagrams are also the AFP-normalized spectra of adakitoids in the study areas. In the following,

the main emphasis is on the AFP-normalized curves.

USM = Uusimaa belt

The total number of plutonic rock samples from the Uusimaa belt area is 281, of which 14 samples

(ca 5%) are classified as adakitoids. In diagrams in Figure 29 the plutonic rocks from this sub-area

range from granoriorites - granites to gabbros, adakitoids being mainly, sub-alkaline, quartz-

diorites - granodiorites. There is a distinct alkali granite group in the area, that can be connected

with the 1.85 – 1.82 - 1.79 Ga leucogranites (e.g. Kurhila et al., 2005). In tectonomagmatic

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classification, plutonic rocks range from pre- to late-orogenic, while adakitoids are in pre- to post-

collision uplift-fields. In the petrophysical diagrams in Figure 31 the samples of Uusimaa belt

consist of distinct granitic groups of low-density and low-susceptibility. The high-density and high-

susceptibility groups are due to mafic gabbro intrusions located in the area.

In the Pearce-Peate spectrum of this sub-area in Figure 33 a characteristic feature is a strong

negative correlation between all samples and adakitoid samples. The all-sample spectrum is flat

(LREE/HREE ca 1.0; Compatibles/HREE ca. 1.0) while that of adakitoids is clearly descending

from compatibles to incompatibles (LREE/HREE ca. 1.51). Moreover, adakitic compatibles are

emphasized compared to HREE (compatibles/HREE ca. 1.9) referring to a significant mafic

signature in the samples, which is interesting, because in the classifications above they represent

relative felsic rocks. The opposing maxima and minima at e.g. Rb, Th, Sr and Eu, as also different

REE slopes all indicate middle- to upper crust component for average ‘all-plutonic rocks’ and lower

crust – upper mantle fractionation dephs for adakitoids. As shown in maps in Figure 19 and

Figure 20 the major restite minerals of adakitoids appear to be pyroxenes and only one sample

referring to garnet in USM area.

SMB = southern Finland migmatite belt

The total number of plutonic rock samples from southern Finland migmatite belt area is 168, of

which only six samples (ca 3.5%) are classified as adakitoids. In diagrams in Figure 29 the

plutonic rocks from this sub-area range from mainly sub-alkaline granoriorites - granites to diorites

and gabbros, adakitoids being mainly sub-alkaline, quartz-diorites – granodiorites - tonalites. In

tectonomagmatic classification, the majority of all-plutonic rocks of this sub-area, including

adakitoids, are pre-collisional. In the petrophysical diagrams in Figure 31, the samples of southern

Finland migmatite belt are exceptionally dense reflecting high amount of mafic minerals in the

plutonic rocks in this sub-area. However, the susceptibilities are mainly paramagnetic which

indicates that iron is mainly in silicates and less in oxides; e.g. in magnetite; See Puranen (1989)

and Ruotoistenmäki (1992,1996).

A striking feature of the Pearce-Peate spectrum of this sub-area in Figure 33 is that the main peaks

of all-plutonic rocks are opposite to those of the Uusimaa belt above. Moreover, although the

amount of pure adakitoids is only 3.5% in this area their peaks coincide strikingly well with those of

the all-plutonic rocks, though the general trends are opposite. The LREE/HREE-ratio of this

subarea is 0.72 for all-plutonic rocks and 1.27 for adakitoids reflecting a higher degree of

fractionation of the adakitoids. The corresponding compatibles/HREE ratios are 1.28 and 2.13,

which both reflect relative high amount of mafic componet in the samples. Ruotoistenmäki (1996)

interpreted marine origin for SMB, as shown in evolution model in Figure 49 in section 3. This can

explain the number of common peaks in Pearce-Peate diagrams of all-plutonic rocks and

adakitoids. ‘All-plutonic rocks’ are related to collision and compression of sediments and seafloor of

SMB between USM and central Finland granitoid complex (CFG) considered below.

Correspondingly, adakitoids can be related to subduction below CFG.

In maps in Figure 19 -

Figure 20 the major restite minerals of adakitoids appear in SMB and close to its southern border

to be pyroxenes and possibly garnet.

CFG = central Finland granitoid complex

The total number of plutonic rock samples from central Finland granitoid complex is 583, of which

22 samples (ca 3.8%) are adakitic. In diagrams in Figure 29 the plutonic rocks from this sub-area

range from granites - diorites to gabbros, adakitoids being mainly, sub-alkaline, granodiorites -

tonalites - diorites. In tectonomagmatic classification, adakitic plutonic rocks are pre-collisional,

while all-plutonic rocks range from pre- to late-orogenic classes. In the petrophysical diagrams in

Figure 31, the samples of central Finland granitoid complex are denser than Finnish average,

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which refers to a relative mafic average composition of plutonic rocks in the area. This is supported

also by higher values of paramagnetic susceptibilities referring to iron containing silicates.

The Pearce-Peate spectra of this sub-area in Figure 33 appears to be halfway between those of

the Uusimaa belt and southern Finland migmatite belt. The main peaks of all samples appear to

correlate with those of the adakitoids as in the southern Finland migmatite belt, but the trend of all-

plutonic rocks is flat (LREE/HREE ca. 0.79) and the relative amount of compatibles is small

(compatibles/HREE ca 0.85), as in the Uusimaa belt. The peaks in the adakitoid spectrum are

sharp and relatively high, REE slope of the spectrum is steep (LREE/HREE ca. 1.6) and

compatibles enhanced (compatibles/HREE ca. 1.55). From the Pearce-Peate spectra and

lithological diagrams, it can thus be concluded that the all-plutonic rock sample group consists of

relative mixed type plutonic rocks, majority being, however, due to processes in the upper - middle

crust (e.g. positive REE slope, low Eu). The deeply sloping REE, High Eu and compatibles of

adakitoids reflects processes concentrated in the depths of the upper mantle and apparently less in

(lower) crust.

Ruotoistenmäki (1996) interpreted CFG as an island arc having ‘continental’, plutonic

characteristics as shown in evolution model in Figure 49 in section 3. In the model, the adakitoids

can be connected with magmas related to SMB subduction below CFG.

In maps in Figure 19 -

Figure 20 the major restite minerals of adakitoids appear in this block to be pyroxenes and minor

amounts of amphibole, which refer to subduction of relatively hot and shallow, gently dipping plate

(e.g. Herzberg, 1995; Martin and Moyen, 2002).

LBZ = Ladoga-Bothnian bay zone

The total number of plutonic rock samples from Ladoga-Bothnian bay zone is 177, of which 18

samples (ca 10%) are adakitoids; i.e. this zone is ‘most adakitic’ of Proterozoic sub-areas

considered here. In Figure 29 the plutonic rocks range from granoriorites – granites -

monzogranites to gabbros and the adakitoids are mainly, sub-alkaline, granodiorites – diorites –

monzodiorites. In this sub-area, monzonitic adakitoids are more common, when compared to e.g.

CFG above. In tectonomagmatic classification, adakitic plutonic rocks are pre- and post-collisional,

the post-collisional samples dominating. The all-plutonic rocks range from pre- to syn- and post-

collisional classes. In the petrophysical diagrams in Figure 31 the samples of Ladoga-Bothnian bay

zone are denser and more magnetic than Finnish average, which is due to high amount of

magnetite-rich mafic rocks in this zone.

A striking feature of the Pearce-Peate spectrum of this sub-area in Figure 33 is that the spectra of

both, all-plutonic rocks and adakitoids are very similar to those of the southern Finland migmatite

belt area. This is also demonstrated in Table 6 below, where is given the correlations of the AFP-

normalized Pearce-Peate spectra of all sub-areas considered here. E.g. also in LBZ, the peaks of

the all-plutonic rock spectrum correlate with those of the adakitoids, though the REE trends are

opposite. The LREE/HREE-ratio of this sub-area is 0.82 for all-plutonic rocks and 1.32 for

adakitoids reflecting a higher degree of fractionation of the adakitoids. The corresponding

compatibles/HREE ratios are 1.1 and 1.74, which both reflect relative high amount of mafic

componets in the samples. Thus, it can be concluded that the fractionation processes of plutonic

rocks in this belt have deeper crustal – upper mantle origin, as also in the southern Finland

migmatite belt area (SMB). This is evident also from the high amount of mafic rocks in the belt.

Ruotoistenmäki (1996) interpreted LBZ, like SMB above, as a marine basin, which thus may refer

to a similar, common marine plate dominated origin of both, all-plutonic rocks and adakitoids in

LBZ. The ‘all-plutonic rocks’ are related to seafloor and primitive island arc collided against

Archaean crust and adakitoids are related to subduction. See Figure 59 in section 4, where is

given an evolution model of this area.

In maps in Figure 19 -

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Figure 20 the major restite minerals of adakitoids appear in LBZ to be mainly clinopyroxene and

some orthopyroxene.

IC = Iisalmi complex

The total number of plutonic rock samples from Archaean Iisalmi complex is 123, of which 11

samples (ca 9%) are classified as adakitoids. Thus, there is a relatively high amount of adakitoid

samples in this zone compared to those in Proterozoic sub-areas above. From Figure 30 it can be

seen that the plutonic rocks from this sub-area range from granities – granodiorites to gabbros,

samples being mainly sub-alkaline. The adakitoids range from slightly sub-alkaline granites to

monzodiorites. In tectonomagmatic classification, the majority of plutonic rocks including adakitoids

are syn- to post-collisional. In the petrophysical diagrams in Figure 32, the samples are very dense

due to granulite facies rocks in the area. However, their susceptibilities are close to Finnish

average, mainly paramagnetic (below 1000 SI*106).

The peaks of the Pearce-Peate spectra of all-plutonic rocks and adakitoids of this sub-area in

Figure 33 are very alike, as can be seen from the high correlation (0.73) in Table 6, reflecting

similar fractionation history. The LREE/HREE-ratio of all-plutonic rock spectrum is ca. 1.0, while

that of adakitoids is ca. 2.3, which is very high compared to Proterozoic adakitoids above. Also, the

relative maxima of compatibles in this complex are higher than in previous Proterozoic blocks,

compatibles/HREE ratios being ca. 1.36 and 2.16 for all-plutonic rocks and adakitic plutonic rocks

respectively. It can be concluded that the adakitic (TTG) signature is dominant in this block as a

whole.

In maps in Figure 19 -

Figure 20 the major restite minerals of adakitoids appear to be mainly orthopyroxenes and minor

amounts of clinopyroxene, garnet and amphibole. Especially garnet reflects higher P-T-conditions

in the fractionation environment compared to Proterozoic blocks above. See Figure 59 in section 4,

where is given a (Proterozoic) subduction related evolution model of this area.

EF = Eastern Finland complex

The total number of plutonic rock samples from Archaean Eastern Finland complex is 317, of

which 66 samples (ca 21%) are classified as adakitoids. Thus, also this block has a significantly

higher proportion of adakitic samples compared to those in Proterozoic sub-areas above. From

Figure 30 it can be seen that the plutonic rocks from this sub-area are bimodal: Mainly granitic-

granodioritic, with some gabbroic samples. The adakitoids range from slightly sub-alkaline granites

to monzodiorites. In tectonomagmatic classification, all-plutonic rocks including adakitoids are pre-,

syn- to post-collisional. In the petrophysical diagrams in Figure 32, the samples are less dense and

less magnetic than Finnish average, reflecting the high amount of felsic rocks in this zone.

In this complex, the Pearce-Peate spectra of all-plutonic rocks and adakitoids in Figure 33

correlate very strongly (correlation 0.87 in Table 6), the trends and peaks of adakitoids being more

emphasized. The LREE/HREE ratios of the all-plutonic rock samples and adakitoids are 1.55 and

2.33 and compatibles/HREE 1.5 and 2.42 respectively. These values refer to a significant

component of adakitic / TTG material fractionated at great depths in the lower crust / upper mantle.

The major restite minerals of adakitoids in this block in maps in Figure 19 -

Figure 20 appear to be pyroxenes. However, also garnet and amphiboles are emphasized. Garnet

refers to higher P-T-conditions in the fractionation environment compared to Proterozoic blocks.

IL = Ilomantsi belt

The total number of plutonic rock samples from Archaean Ilomantsi belt is 104, of which 41

samples (ca 39%) are classified as adakitoids. Thus, there is a very significant amount of adakitoid

samples in this zone compared to any other Proterozoic or Archaean sub-areas. From Figure 30, it

can be seen that the plutonic rocks are strikingly felsic, mainly granitic-granodioritic, monzodioritic.

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The adakitoids range from slightly alkaline granites to monzodiorites. In tectonomagmatic

classification, all-plutonic rocks are syn- to post-collisional, while adakitoids are mainly late- to

post-collisional. In the petrophysical diagrams in Figure 32, the samples are light, felsic, mainly in

range 2600 - 2740 kg/m3. Moreover, there is a distinct paramagnetic susceptibility group, though

also ferrimagnetic samples exist.

In this complex the Pearce-Peate spectra of all-plutonic rocks and adakitoids in Figure 33 are also

very similar (correlation 0.87 in Table 6), as can be expected because of high amount of adakitic

samples. The LREE/HREE ratios of the all-plutonic rock samples and adakitoids are 1.57 and 2.0

and compatibles/HREE 1.5 and 2.1 respectively. Also in this block, these values refer to a

significant component of adakitic / TTG material fractionated at great depths in the lower crust /

upper mantle. It must also be noted that though the rocks of Ilomantsi block are strikingly felsic,

their PP-spectra differ strongly from the spectra of granites in Figure 17. Especially, the steep

slope of REE and relative amount of compatibles is much more significant in Ilomantsi area.

In this block, the major restite mineral of adakitoids in maps in Figure 19 -

Figure 20 appear to be orthopyroxene, with minor amounts of garnet, clinopyroxene and

amphibole.

PDJ = Pudasjärvi block

The total number of plutonic rock samples from Archaean Pudasjärvi block is 98, of which 18

samples (ca 19%) are adakitic. Thus, also there is a significant amount of adakitic samples

compared to any Proterozoic sub-areas. From Figure 30 it can be seen that the plutonic rocks are

mainly felsic, granitic-granodioritic with a distinct, high SiO2 alkali-granite group. The adakitoids

range from sub-alkaline granites to diorites. In tectonomagmatic classification, all-plutonic rocks

are syn- to late orogenic while adakitoids are pre- to syn-collisional. In the petrophysical diagrams

in Figure 32, the density of PDJ samples is strikingly low, mean being below 2660 kg/m3, which

apparently is due to the high SiO2 granites. However, also some very high-density rocks have been

sampled from this area. The susceptibilities of Pudasjärvi area samples are variable, mainly

paramagnetic, below Finnish average.

In this block the Pearce-Peate spectrum of all-plutonic rocks in Figure 33 is more varied compared

to other Archaean blocks above and its correlation with adakitoid samples is less distinct

(correlation 0.59 in Table 6). The LREE/HREE ratios of the all-plutonic rock samples and

adakitoids are 1.55 and 2.26 and compatibles/HREE ca. 1.53 and 2.14 respectively. The relative

variability of spectrum of all-plutonic rocks in this block can apparently be attributed to a complex

history of this very old block, oldest zircon ages in gneisses being up to 3.5 Ga (Mutanen and

Huhma, 2003). In restite maps in Figure 19 -

Figure 20, pyroxenes, garnet and amphibole appear all to be equally represented in this block.

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In Table 5 is given a summary of LREE/HREE- and Compatibles/HREE-ratios of the sub-areas.

From the table it can be seen that these ratios are always higher for Archaean and adakitic

samples correspondingly. The highest LREE/HREE-ratios in CFG and EF adakitic samples may

refer to deepest fractionation deph (compatibles in restite) and the highest Compatibles/HREE-

ratios in SMB and EF adakitoids refer to high mafic component in the sources.

Table 5. Summary of LREE/HREE- and Compatibles/HREE-ratios of the sub-areas.

ALL Data: USM SMB CFG LBZ

LREE/HREE 1.0 0.72 0.79 0.82

Compatibles/HREE 1.0 1.28 0.85 1.1

Adakitoids: USM

Adak SMB

Adak CFG

Adak LBZ

Adak

LREE/HREE 1.5 1.27 1.6 1.32

Compatibles/HREE 1.9 2.13 1.55 1.74

ALL Data: IC EF IL PDJ

LREE/HREE 1.0 1.55 1.57 1.55

Compatibles/HREE 1.36 1.74 1.5 1.53

Adakitoids: IC

Adak EF

Adak EFI

Adak PDJ

Adak

LREE/HREE 2.3 2.33 2.0 2.26

Compatibles/HREE 2.16 2.42 2.1 2.14

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Figure 29. Left: Lithological classification of the samples from the Proterozoic sub-areas by the R1-

R2 diagram (De La Roche et al. 1980). The tectonomagmatic fields have been adopted from

Batchelor & Bowden (1985) and rock type boundaries have been modified according to Rollinson

(1993). Right: Classification of samples using the Na2O+K2O vs SiO2 diagram by Cox et al. (1979)

modified for plutonic rocks by Wilson (1989). The alkaline / sub-alkaline boundary zone (which is

not precisely located) is adopted from Rickwood (1989). The red boxes in the diagrams refer to

adakitic samples.

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Figure 30. Lithological classification of the samples from the Archaean sub-areas by the R1-R2

diagram (De La Roche et al., 1980), and by the Na2O+K2O vs SiO2 –diagram (Cox et al., 1979).

For details, see caption of Figure 29 .

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Figure 31. Cumulative frequencies of densities and susceptibilities for the samples from the

Proterozoic sub-areas.

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Figure 32. Cumulative frequencies of densities and susceptibilities for the samples from the

Archaean sub-areas.

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Figure 33. Pearce-Peate spectra of samples from Proterozoic (left) and Archaean (right) sub-areas. The black and red curves show the AFP-

normalized data for all samples and for adakitic samples respectively (left vertical axis). The grey bars show chondrite normalized values for all

samples (right vertical axis). The black triangles and darker gray bars show locations of REE.

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Figure 33 continued

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Correlations of the Pearce-Peate spectra of sub-areas

In Table 6 is given the correlations of the AFP-normalized Pearce-Peate spectra of all sub-areas

considered above (red and black curves in Figure 33). From the table it can be seen that all

adakitoid spectra of Archaean and Proterozoic sub-areas correlate strongly with each other.

However, correlation of all-plutonic rocks between these groups is generally low. Moreover,

majority of Archaean sample groups correlate with each other and with adakitoids, as can be

expected because of the large amount of adakitic samples in these groups; i.e. Archaean blocks

are characteristically adakitic (TTGs). However, the correlation between adakitoids and all-plutonic

rock groups of Proterozoic samples is generally low. Especially, the correlation between adakitoids

and all samples of the Uusimaa belt (USM) is very small or even negative referring to possible

similarities between Uusimaa belt (characterized by numerous post-tectonic leucogranites) and

rapakivi samples considered above.

It is interesting to note, that the all-plutonite samples from southern Finland migmatite belt area

(SMB) correlate strongly with Proterozoic adakitoids and with all-plutonite samples from Ladoga-

Bothnian bay zone (LBZ). Characteristic to these sub-areas is a significant marine signature in

bedrock, e.g. black schists, marine volcanites and mafic plutonic rocks (see e.g. Ruotoistenmäki

1996 and references therein). As commented above, this correlation of LBZ, SMB and adakitoids

may refer to a similar, though not simultaneous, marine plate dominated origin (collision and

subduction related). The significant correlation between CFG and LBZ can be explained by their

island-arc characteristics: Ruotoistenmäki (1996 and references therein) interpreted CFG as an

island arc and LBZ as a sea sediments with remnants of failed island arc.

It must also be emphasized that, exceptionally, Proterozoic blocks LBZ and SMB correlate also

significantly with the all samples of the Archaean Iisalmi block (IC). Possibly this is due to effect of

Proterozoic overprinting on and subduction below the Iisalmi block, neighbouring Proterozoic

Ladoga-Bothnian bay zone (LBZ). See evolution model in Figure 49 in section 3 adapted from

Ruotoistenmäki (1996). For overprinting see ‘Selected sub-areas’ above: (Iisalmi Complex):

‘…Proterozoic granites and diabase dikes have intruded the gneisses, and Proterozoic deformation and

alteration have locally strongly overprinted the gneisses…’

The correlations in Table 6 suggest that adakitoids of all sub-areas are quite similar even across

the Archaean-Proterozoic border. Moreover, the similarity of all-plutonite samples of Archaean sub-

areas indicates that they have had a relatively similar history and a strong relation with adakitoids /

TTG’s. The spectra of the much younger Proterozoic sub-areas are more varied referring to a

varied and complicated genesis and evolution, with the exception of adakitoids, apparently

originated in subduction type processes. As is suggested in Ruotoistenmäki (1996), the

Proterozoic sub-blocks can be considered as exotic terranes amalgamated in Svecofennian plate

tectonic processes resulting to exotic blocks, but similar subduction related magmatism.

Table 6. Correlation matrix of the Pearce-Peate spectra of all-plutonites and adakitoid samples of

sub-areas. Correlations above 0.5 have been emphasized by bold numbers.

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Summary: Characteristics of plutonic rocks in the sub-areas

The above considerations demonstrate the wide variations of ‘all-plutonic’ rocks in Proterozoic and

Archaean blocks, while adakitic samples are more similar. In cumulative distribution diagrams of

density and magnetic susceptibility, the majority of Archaean sub-area samples are lighter and less

magnetic than Proterozoic samples. Exceptions are relatively dense and magnetic Iisalmi complex,

and light and poorly magnetic Uusimaa complex. In most lithological and tectonomagmatic

diagrams above, no distinct systematics is evident for the sub-areas. The all-plutonic rocks vary

from pre- to postcollisional granites, diorites to gabbros, adakitoids varying mainly from granites to

diorites. Significant exceptions are strikingly felsic Ilomantsi belt rocks and the ‘pre-collisional’

adakitoid samples from central Finland granitoid complex.

As can be concluded from the correlation studies of Pearce-Peate spectra above, the adakitoids of

all sub-areas are quite similar resembling also those of the all-plutonic samples of Archaean sub-

areas. The characteristics of all-plutonic samples of Proterozoic sub-areas are more varied

implying a complicated evolution history. The correlations between all-plutonic samples of the

Archaean sub-blocks and adakitoids are significant suggesting a close connection between the

evolution and genesis of adakitoids (TTGs?) and Archaean crust as a whole. However, the

connection with the evolution of Proterozoic crust as a whole and adakitoids appears to be weaker

with the exception of the southern Finland migmatite belt area (SMB) and the Ladoga-Bothnian bay

zone (LBZ), where the peaks of the Pearce-Peatre spectra correlate with those of the adakitoids,

though their slopes clearly differ. This similarity can be connected to similar marine plate

components of both plutonic rock groups, though their tectonic evolution is different, (colliusion and

subduction related).

The similarity of Proterozoic and Archaean adakitoids is significant though their age spans from ca

1.8 Ga to over ca. 3 Ga. Their tectonic evolution processes are different and varied, but their

magma sources and P-T circumstances have probably similarities: High temperatures, lower crust

- upper mantle depths and mantle related contamination. A major conclusion from examples

above is that apparently the all-plutonic rocks and adakitoids of the Archaean crust were

connected with similar deep-seated sources and tectonic processes: Crustal thickening by collision

and stacking processes (probably less subduction), heating, melting, mantle contamination

(‘underplating’) and fractionation of the deepest parts of the stacks. The process continued

possibly with lower crust delamination, because the interpreted garnet rich (eclogitic) lower crust is

no more visible in the deep seismic reflection profiles (see e.g. Kukkonen et al., 2008). However, it

must be emphasized that the overall lack of Archaean lower, high-velocity crust cannot be taken as

a proof of delamination. It must also be noted, that, as mentioned above, after the Svecofennian

collision the erosion of the Archaean crust has been close to 15-20 km, (e.g. Hölttä & Paavola

2000; Korsman et al. 1999 and references therein) which can be due to thinning (= delamination =

loss of the heavy ‘keel’) and uplift of lower crust.

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The evolution of the Proterozoic crust and adakitoids is more likely connected with ‘modern type’

plate tectonic processes including sea floor subduction, as suggested in e.g. Ruotoistenmäki

(1996). The Uusimaa belt (USM) and central Finland granitoid complex (CFG) have complicated

plutonic rock dominated island arc characteristics, while southern Finland migmatite belt (SMB)

and Ladoga-Bothnian bay zone (LBZ) are characterized by more marine associations. Both, SMB

and LBZ correlate also with adakitoids. Thus, their genesis and sources can be connected with

componets from seafloor, with collision and subduction related processes as proposed by

Ruotoistenmäki (1996). It must also be noted that sanukitc rocks in map in Figure 28 characterize

SMB, CFG and LBZ. These features refer to a higher mantle component in their source.

In the Proterozoic-Archaean contact zone, it appears that the Archaean Iisalmi block (IC) has been

affected also by Proterozoic overprinting and subduction related Proterozoic processes, as will be

considered in Secion 4 in this study.

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Section 3: Characteristic of adakitic plutonic rock series in a

Proterozoic collision zone, southern Finland

In this section I consider characteristics of a high-Al, high-Sr, high-Eu, high magnetite, and LREE

enriched mafic-intermediate rock series in a Proterozoic collision zone in southern Finland having

adakitic characteristics when normalized to a common value of SiO2 = 60 %. In normalization, I use

a ‘regression curve normalization’ method introduced here. The most mafic samples of these rocks

may approach the source rock characteristics of the adakitoids. The characteristics of this adakitic

group are compared with a more felsic tholeitic plutonic rock series sampled on the same profile.

This study is based on notes in Ruotoistenmäki (1999).

Introduction

When studying the volcanic rocks overlying sedimentary rocks in the Proterozoic Tampere schist

belt, between the southern Finland gneiss-migmatite belt (SMB, Figure 3), and the central Finland

granitoid complex (CFG) Simonen (1953) noticed that they resemble a volcanic island arc

association. However, it was not until much later that Hietanen (1975) applied the concept of plate

tectonics in explaining the generation of the potassium poor magmas of the Proterozoic

Svecofennian crust in Finland.

The BABEL deep crustal seismic reflection profiles under the Bothnian bay indicated a gently

dipping reflector penetrating from lower crust into the upper mantle (Babel Working Group, 1993

and references therein). This reflector has been interpreted as a remnant of an early Proterozoic

subducting plate dipping N-NE below Archaean crust at ca 65°N below the NW continuation of LBZ

in Figure 3. The central Finland granitoid complex and the southern Finland gneiss-migmatite belt

(SMB) have been traversed also by the deep seismic refraction profiles SVEKA (e.g. Luosto et al.

1984) and Fennia (Heikkinen et al. 1995) and also more recently by detailed deep seismic

reflection profiles FIRE1 and FIRE2 (Kukkonen and Lahtinen, 2006; Figure 35).

In Ruotoistenmäki (1996) I presented a schematic plate tectonic model of the evolution of southern

Finland bedrock based on existing geophysical, geological and isotopic information. In that model

the major events in the relatively rapid, Proterozoic (ca. 1.93 - 1.88 Ga) Svecofennian orogeny of

southern Finland are:

1) The NE – E directed collision of the central Finland granitoid complex (CFG in Figure 3),

interpreted as an island arc and Ladoga-Bothnian bay zone (LBZ), interpreted as a marine

(back-arc) basin + primitive arc, against the Archaean craton in eastern Finland.

2) The N-NE directed collision of the Uusimaa belt (USM), also interpreted as an island arc, and

southern Finland migmatite belt (SMB), interpreted as a marine (back-arc) basin, against the

central Finland granitoid complex.

Thus, the evolution of Finnish crust was explained by the amalgamation of more or less exotic

terranes, analogous to the evolution of the west coast of North America (e.g. Howell, 1985; Gore

and Sugar, 1985; Howell, 1995).

In this section, I consider the characteristics of the collision zone between the central Finland

granitoid complex and the southern Finland migmatite and Uusimaa granitoid belts with particular

emphasis on the area shown by the white-black squares in Figure 3. The study is based on

geophysical, petrophysical, geological and geochemical analysis of the bedrock in this inferred

crustal scale collision zone.

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General geology of the study area

The bedrock of the central Finland granitoid complex (CFG), southern Finland gneiss-migmatite

(SMB) and sedimentary dominated Uusimaa belt (USM) have been considered in numerous

papers. Simonen (1953) gave a comprehensive description and analysis of the Tampere schist belt

area between the southern Finland gneiss-migmatite belt and the central Finland granitoid

complex. Kähkönen (1989) attributed the volcanic rocks in the area to plate convergence involving

mature island arcs or active continental margins. In Kähkönen and Leveinen (1994), the turbiditic

metagraywackes-mudstones in the area are interpreted to be more typical of a submarine basin

depositional environment. The Uusimaa belt (USM in Figure 3) bordering the gneiss-migmatite belt

in the south was interpreted to represent a partly subaerial, mature arc by Hakkarainen (1994). The

multi-stage deformation and metamorphic history of the southern Finland gneiss-migmatite belt

(SMB) has been studied in detail also by Rutland et al. (2004).

Nironen (1989) described synkinematic 1.9 - 1.87 Ga granitoids in central Finland, noting that they

have slab melt characteristics. A revised lithological map of the central Finland granitoid complex

area (Nironen, 2003) indicates that the predominant rocks there are felsic granites and

granodiorites, while mafic rocks are relatively sparse. The age distribution of the rocks vary from

ca. 1.9 Ga to 1.89 - 1.88 Ga for synkinematic plutons to ca. 1.88 - 1.87 Ga for postkinematic rocks.

The proportion of postkinematic rocks, which are almost coeval with synkinematic rocks, is

relatively high. Elliott (2001) interpreted the source magma of the postkinematic plutons to be a

combination of Fe-enriched mantle derived protolith, with assimilated crustal material. Nironen et

al. (2000) connected the synkinematic magmatism in the CFG area to partial melting of

intermediate composition K-rich rocks in the lower crust, with magmatic addition from the mantle,

leaving a granulite residue. In their model, the following post-kinematic magmatism resulted from

partial melting of the residue and continuing input from the mantle. Thus, their models approach

the adakitic generation model connected with crustal thickening and underplating as assumed for

Archaean adakitoids above. Also the sanukitic character of CFG, noted above, suggests an

increased mantle component.

In Figure 34 is a generalized bedrock map of the study area, combining 1:100000 sheets 2143

(Padasjoki, southern part) and 2144 (Kaipola, northern part) compiled by Laitakari (1971, 1973).

The map has been combined with grayscale low-altitude aeromagnetic map (e.g. Hautaniemi et al.,

2005), with oblique illumination from NE and NW. From the bedrock map it can be seen that the

southern part of the SMB (south from ca. x=6835000) is dominated by schists and gneisses

intruded by diabase dikes, granodiorites and minor mafic and granitic intrusions. A striking feature

in the granodiorites is that in several locations they contain inclusions and xenoliths of gneisses,

mafic rocks and amphiboles referring to later stage intrusive plutonism through the crust. In

contrast to the southern Padasjoki map sheet area, granites, granodiorites and mafic plutonic rocks

characterize the northern Kaipola sheet. Quartzites and mafic metavolcanic rocks are more

abundant in the north.

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Figure 34. Lithological map of the study area, generalized from Laitakari (1971, 1973). The map is

superimposed upon oblique-illuminated low-altitude aeromagnetic map (in graytones; the magnetic

map is given in Figure 36). The southern half of the map consists of Padasjoki map sheet (2143)

and northern half of the Kaipola map sheet (2144). The location of the map area is shown in Figure

3.

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Geophysical and petrophysical characteristics of the study area; Location of

the samples

InFigure 35 is shown the combination of the sections of the reflection seismic profiles FIRE1 and

FIRE2 (Kukkonen and Lahtinen, 2006), for which profile lines are shown in Figure 3. The sections

show that the migmatite belt (SMB) dips northwards beneath the central Finland granitoid complex

(CFG; arrows in the figure). At regional scale, the central Finland granitoid complex is

characterized by gravity low and magnetic highs, especially in its southern part. However, the

migmatite belt is regionally a magnetic minimum but gravity maximum. The local scale magnetic

anomalies of the study area and the location of samples considered later in the text are shown in

magnetic map in Figure 36.

Figure 35. Sections showing reflectors of deep seismic reflection profiles FIRE1 and FIRE2 across

contact zones from USM to CFG (Kukkonen and Lahtinen, 2006). The arrows show dipping

surfaces and fault displacement sense below SMB and CFG. The location of the sections is

indicated in Figure 3.

In the magnetic map, the difference between the southern and northern areas is distinct with

respect to both, anomaly level and patterning, the regional and local anomaly levels in the northern

area being higher. The magnetic trends also reveal complex folding of the southern schists and

regional dextral shear subparallel to the E-W contact with the CFG, due to obligue compression

from NW-SE (white arrows in Figure 36). The long linear, mainly NW-SE trending magnetic

anomalies in the southern area are due to diabase dykes, as described by Laitakari (1969), which

are associated with the intrusion of the anorogenic rapakivi granites in southern Finland (Figure 3).

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Figure 36. Aeromagnetic low-altitude map of study area. Data from Geological Survey of Finland

(Hautaniemi et al., 2005). The location of samples described and explained later in text is shown

with red ('high-Al' samples) and blue ('low-Al' samples) dots. The white arrows indicate inferred

compression and shearing directions.

In Figure 37 the aeromagnetic low-altitude map (in graytones obliquely illuminated from NE and

NW) has been superimposed on the electromagnetic in-phase map (in colours). In this map,

pyrrhotite- and graphite-bearing electrically conductive schists are shown by high magnetic and EM

in-phase anomalies (red). Magnetite-bearing poorly conductive rocks are shown by high magnetic

and low EM in-phase anomalies (blue). For principles underlying this method, see e.g. Peltoniemi

(1982 and references therein). From the map, it can be seen that the southern part of the area is

dominated by folded, conductive magnetic zones due to pyrrhotite- and graphite-bearing schists

while in the northern part the magnetic anomalies are mainly due to magnetite-bearing intrusives.

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Figure 37. Aeromagnetic low-altitude map of study area (in graytones) combined with

electromagnetic in-phase map (in colours). Data from Geological Survey of Finland (Hautaniemi et

al., 2005). Red: conductive rocks, blue: more resistive rocks. The N-S trending stripes are noise

due to levelling variations of the electromagnetic data.

The petrophysics laboratory in GTK has measured density, susceptibility and remanence of rock

samples collected from the study area by Laitakari (1971, 1973). For detailed study, 94 of 1766

plutonic rock samples were selected and collected from GTK archives. The location of the selected

samples is shown in Figure 36. The sampling area covered a 20 km wide and 60 km long north-

south trending zone crossing the contact area between southern Finland migmatite belt and the

central Finland granitoid complex. The selection of samples was firstly based on their petrophysical

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characteristics, (mainly susceptibility, remanence and density) the purpose being to obtain a

representative group of petrophysical types of plutonic rock samples in the area.

Figure 38 depicts the diagrams used for sample selection. In the diagrams are given the variations

in density, susceptibility and Q-values for all samples in a south-north direction through the study

area. The analysis procedures of the GTK petrophysics laboratory have been described in

Puranen (1989, 1991) and Korhonen et al. (1993). From the figure, it can be seen that the

distributions of the selected samples effectively represent the general variations of all samples.

The representativeness of samples is discussed later in the text. From the diagrams it appears that

a distinct high-density, high-magnetic and low-remanence ‘high-Al’ group characterizes the

northern part of the profile.

The density–susceptibility relations of all 1766 plutonic samples in the zone are given in scatter

diagrams in Figure 39. The peaks in the density-susceptibility diagrams shown in the diagrams

can be used for studying characteristic density-susceptibility pairs of the samples in the study area.

The peaks and their values are given in Table 7. In the table, the density value of the main

paramagnetic peak (1) in Padasjoki is clearly higher compared to the Kaipola area. The other

paramagnetic peaks (2 and 3 in the Padasjoki area and 2, 5 and 7 in the Kaipola area) are less

pronounced. In the Kaipola area there are also distinct, ferrimagnetic lower density, ‘felsic’ peaks

(3 and 4) and high density - susceptibility, ‘mafic’ peaks (6, 8-11), which indicate a more

complicated magmatism compared to that in Padasjoki area.

Table 7 gives also estimates of iron in silicates and magnetite (wFe and wM) calculated using

formulas given by Puranen (1989). He concluded that paramagnetic susceptibilities are mainly due

to iron in silicates while ferrimagnetic susceptibilities are normally caused by magnetite. Thus, the

contents of iron or magnetite can be evaluated using the susceptibility/density ratios (mass

susceptibilities) of paramagnetic or ferrimagnetic samples respectively. From the table it can be

seen that the iron contents obtained from the paramagnetic peaks (1-2) of the Padasjoki area are

clearly higher compared to those from the Kaipola area. The (seemingly) high iron content, close to

8 %, obtained from some paramagnetic peaks, is apparently due to the presence of some

magnetite in the samples.

It is evident from considerations above that the petrophysical properties of plutonic rock samples of

northern and southern parts of the study area differ significantly (Figure 39). This correlates with

distinct differences in their minerology and chemistry and thus, their evolution history.

Ruotoistenmäki (1992) attributed the difference in magnetic characteristics to a more reducing

environment in the southern part of the area compared to the northern part, resulting in preferential

incorporation of iron into silicates instead of iron oxides. These conclusions have been later

supported by e.g. Peltonen (1995), Lahtinen (1994) and Lahtinen and Korhonen (1996).

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Figure 38. Variations in density (a), susceptibility (b) and Q-values (c) for all-plutonic rock samples

along south-north traverse through the study area (small dots). The samples studied in more detail

are shown with larger black ('high-Al' samples) and white ('low-Al' samples) dots.

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Figure 39. Density-susceptibility diagrams for all available plutonic rock samples from the study

area from the Geological Survey of Finland petrophysical database. The numbers of the peaks in

the diagrams refer to susceptibility-density values given in Table 7 below.

Table 7. Characteristic density-susceptibility relations of the samples from the study area. wFe and

wM are estimates of iron and magnetite contents calculated from para- and ferrimagnetic peaks

using formulas by Puranen (1989). Possible magnetite involvement in paramagnetic samples has

been marked by (+Mt?).

Map 2143 (Padasjoki)

Paramagn.

peaks Ferrimagn.

peaks Map 2144 (Kaipola)

Paramagn.

peaks Ferrimagn.

peaks

Peak No Density

[kg/m3] Susc.

[SI*106] wFe [w-%] wM [w-%] Peak

No Density

[kg/m3] Susc.

[SI*106]wFe [w-%] wM [w-%]

1 2675 267 3.49 … 1 2633 205 2.73 …

2 2900 679 8.19

(+Mt?) … 2 2858 627 7.68 (+Mt?) …

3 2583 35 0.48 … 3 2628 8055 … 0.46

4 2726 16160 … 0.89

5 2595 12 0.16 …

6 3036 78640 … 3.89

7 2994 774 9.05 (+Mt?) …

8 2835 26813 … 1.42

9 3161 87389 … 4.15

10 3212 14852 … 0.69

11 3150 4015 … 0.19

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Chemical classification of samples

Alkali-index vs Al2O3

The chemical analysis of the samples has been made in the laboratory of GTK. The elements,

units and analyzing methods as well as rock types of some selected samples are given in Table 9.

For detailed descriptions of the analyzing methods, see e.g. Sandström (1996) and Rasilainen et

al. (2007).

During this study I primarily used the alkali-index = (Na2O+K2O)/((SiO2-43)*0.17) vs Al2O3 diagram

given in Figure 40 for the classifying of the samples. Middlemost (1975) used the diagram for

differentiating basaltic rocks into tholeiitic and calc-alkaline classes. He concluded that basalts from

active continental margins usually contain more aluminium, sodium and potassium and less

titanium dioxide than flood basalts, designating them as high-Aluminium basalts. The defining

chemical characteristics of this rock type are that for a given silica content the aluminium and

sodium plus potassium content of these rocks is usually greater than that found in flood basalts.

Wilson (1989) stated that one of the characteristic features of the tectonic setting of Andean rocks

is the close spatial association of calc-alkalic volcanic and plutonic rocks the latter now generally

accepted as the roots zones of former active volcanoes. The intrusive rocks range from gabro,

through diorite, tonalite and granodiorite to granite and show similar compositional ranges to the

volcanic rocks. She further concludes that the plutonic roots represent high-level (<10 km) magma

chambers. These ideas can be applied also in this work since in the deeply eroded Finnish

bedrock we often see only the root zones of the former volcanic rocks.

Classification into ‘tholeiitic’ and ‘calc-alkaline’ classes is not used here, because these terms are

not unambiguous and depend largely on the classification methods (see e.g. Wilson, 1989).

Therefore, the samples are here simply grouped into high- and low-aluminium classes (‘high-Al’

and ‘low-Al’). The variation of the samples in Figure 40 indicates that there is also a distinctly

increasing trend in Na2O + K2O as a function of increasing aluminium, which is in agreement with

the observations by Middlemost (1975) for basaltic rocks..

A significant fact in this diagram is the increasing Al2O3 contents. Garrison and Davidson (2003)

noted that enrichment of Al2O3 in the melt can be attributed to absence of plagioclase in residue:

fractionation at pressure-temperature fields where plagioclase is unstable. Therefore, when

studying these rock groups in detail, it can be possible to get indications of their fractionation

depths, pressures and temperatures and further, the distribution and characteristics of crustal

magma sources. It must be emphasized that, in reality, the border between high-Al and low-Al

groups is not sharp, as the border-line in the diagram, but probably indefinite and the groups are

overlapping. Thus, when considering these groups, statistical methods are applied for defining the

general characteristics of the samples and differences between groups (‘series’).

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Figure 40. Alkali-Index vs Al2O3 diagram of plutonite rock samples selected for this study. The

diagram has been adopted from Middlemost (1975), who used it primarily for classification of

basaltic rocks.

Reliability of the sample size

The reliability of the sample size and classification of samples was tested and confirmed by the

approximation algorithm of hypergeometric distribution by Cochran (1963). Using this method it is

calculated that the ratio (25 high-Al samples) / (69 low-Al samples) = 27% can be obtained to a 95

% confidence level using 94 samples out of a total 1766 samples having this high-Al / low-Al

sample number ratio. This means that the 94 samples taken are sufficient to give a satisfactory

overview of the characteristics of the study area.

Table 8 lists density and susceptibility statistics for all-plutonic rock samples in the south-north

profile through the study area with those samples selected for detailed study (shown in Figure 38).

The close agreement of averages, standard deviations, medians and modes further supports the

representativeness of the chosen sample population.

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Table 8. Comparison of statistics of density (D) and susceptibility (K) of all-plutonic rock samples

from the south-north profile across the study area with the samples to be studied in more detail

(see also Figure 38).

D [kg/m3] K [SI *106]

All Selected All Selected

Number of data 1766 94 1759 94

Minimum 2087 2540 0 20

Maximum 3222 2986 304000 51400

Range 1135 446 304050 51380

A

verage 2684 2697 2470 3520

Stdev 116 97 12027 9326

Median 2658 2677 290 350

Mode 2606 2676 140 230

Lithological classification of samples

In Figure 41 - Figure 42 are given the classification of the samples by diagrams by Cox et al.

(1979) and Roche et al. (1980) based on chemical content. The Cox diagram indicates that the

high-Al samples are generally alkaline, more mafic and gabbroic - syenitic in composition while the

low-Al samples are sub-alkaline, more felsic and mainly dioritic – granitic, though with some

gabbroic samples. In the Roche diagram in Figure 42, the composition of low-Al samples varies

from syn- to post collisional diorites – monzogranites, average being granodioritic, syn-collisional.

The high-Al samples are mainly post-collisional monzonites - monzodiorites - gabbros average

being post-collisional, monzodioritic. Table 9 gives the minerological classification of some

selected samples using the QAP diagram by Streckeisen (1976). The table shows their rock type

classifications also by the Cox and Roche diagrams. The wide variation of rock type names in the

table emphasizes the uncertainty of various diagrams in defining reliable type names for plutonic

rocks.

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Figure 41. Classification of samples using the Na2O+K2O vs SiO2 diagram by Cox et al. (1979)

modified for plutonic rocks by Wilson (1989). The alkaline / sub-alkaline boundary zone (which is

not precisely located) has been adopted from Rickwood (1989).

Figure 42. Classification of Proterozoic area samples by the R1-R2 diagram (De La Roche et al.

1980). The tectonomagmatic fields have been adopted from Batchelor & Bowden (1985) and rock

type boundaries have been modified according to Rollinson (1993).

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Table 9. Lithology, petrophysics and chemistry of some selected samples studied in this work. QAP-Rock, Roche-Rock and Cox-Rock refer to rock

types obtained from diagrams by Streckeisen (1976), De La Roche et al. (1980), Figure 42 and Cox et al. (1979), Figure 41. D = density, K =

magnetic susceptibility. Method of analysis is given in parenthesis. QAP-studies have been made by Eeva Rintala (1994, Geological Survey of

Finland; Unpublished report).

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Table 9 continued

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Table 9 continued

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Normalization along the regression curve.

Figure 43 depicts the relative variations of major elements of samples as functions of SiO2 and

corresponding variations of REE are shown in Figure 44. In the diagrams, the elements are given

in incompatible-compatible order as in Pearce-Peate diagrams above. When considering the

regression curves of high-Al and low-Al samples in the diagrams at a common SiO2-value (e.g. 60

%), it appears that the more mafic high-Al sample group is more enriched in incompatibles and

depleted in compatibles. In order to compare the relative variations of these groups I normalized

their element values to a common SiO2 value by ‘normalization along the regression curve’ method

depicted in Figure 45.

Figure 43. Variation of major elements as functions of SiO2.

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Figure 44. Variations of REE as functions of SiO2.

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In Figure 45 is given the Fe2O3 values of the samples as functions of SiO2. From the diagram and

diagrams above, it is apparent that the high-Al and low-Al values define two distinct series.

Moreover, it can be seen that the distributions of SiO2 contents of sample groups are wide,

overlapping and the Fe2O3 content correlates strongly with SiO2 content. The average SiO2 content

of low-Al samples is higher and Fe2O3 average value lower than those of the high-Al samples.

However, when considering the second order polynomial trend lines (red and blue curves in the

figure), it can be seen that at a common point, say SiO2 = 60 %, the position of the trend line for

the low-Al samples is clearly higher. Thus, a simple comparison of sample averages, or their

normalization values using any fixed constants would be misleading. Therefore, a method defined

here as 'normalization along the regression curve' is used, the principle of which is shown in the

diagram:

Figure 45. Fe2O3 vs SiO2: Principle of 'normalization along the regression curve’. The solid lines

are 2nd degree regression curves fitted to the data.

We consider two sample points in Figure 45: H1 (high-Al samples) and L1 (low-Al samples), where

the Fe2O3 value of H1 is higher than that of L1. In the regression curve normalization the points are

moved colinearly with the corresponding regression curves (along the dashed arrows) to a

common SiO2-value, where both groups are overlapping (60 % in the figure). We thus get new

values H2 and L2, which represent the normalized values of the original points. From the diagram

it can now be seen that Fe2O3(L2) is clearly higher than Fe2O3(H2), where H2 is actually the most

poor in Fe2O3 of all samples after normalization. Thus, although the primary average Fe2O3 content

is lower in the original low-Al samples, it can be concluded that in reality they are more iron rich

compared to high-Al samples.

The advantage of this method is that it is very reliable. If there is a good first or second degree

trend between the parameters we can expect the Fe2O3values of H2 and L2 to be good estimates

of the parameter values at any given SiO2 -value. If the correlation between parameters is poor; i.e.

the data are scattered randomly around a horizontal line, the method gives the original values; i.e.

Fe2O3(H2) ≈ Fe2O3(H1) and / or Fe2O3(L2) ≈ Fe2O3(L1). Degrees of trend higher than two are

generally hard to observe and are not considered here.

When considering e.g. the plots of incompatible K2O and of more compatible MgO values of high-

and low-Al samples against SiO2 in Figure 43, it can be seen that the scatter of the more mobile

element K2O is greater than that for MgO increasing at high SiO2 values of more evolved, felsic

rocks. This refers to the possibility of alteration, remobilization and contamination of these rocks

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during metamorphic, tectonic and magmatic processes. In Table 10 is compared the averages of

K2O and MgO for high- and low-Al samples. In addition, the table gives corresponding regression

curve values at the point SiO2 = 60 %. The average values in the table would indicate that the low-

aluminium samples are more enriched in more incompatible elements, that is, having more mobile

K2O and depletion in MgO. However, the regression curves in Figure 43 and normalized values in

Table 10 show that the ratios are actually opposite, with the more mafic high-Al samples being

enriched of potassium and depleted in magnesium compared to the low-Al samples. Thus, the

trends in Figure 43 suggest to a more felsic primary source composition at low SiO2 values of the

high-Al samples compared to low-Al samples.

Table 10. Comparison of averages and regression curve values at SiO2 = 60 of K2O and MgO for

high-Al and low-Al samples.

high-Al: K2O low-Al: K2O high-Al: MgO low-Al: MgO

Calculated

averages 3.1 3.72 2.89 1.94

Regression

curve values at

SiO2 = 60 % 4.0 3.15 1.6 3.3

Results: Characteristics of the samples normalized along the regression curve

As is evident from the considerations above, the high-Al and low-Al samples define two distinct

rock groups, or series having both very variable SiO2 content. Thus, their comparison is made

using values normalized to a common SiO2 value, chosen here to be 60 %, at which both groups

are overlapping. In the following is described and compared the normalized petrophysical and

chemical ‘spectra’ of both rock groups.

Petrophysics of the samples normalized to SiO2 = 60 %

The distribution of density and susceptibility of high- and low-Al samples as functions of SiO2 are

given in Figure 46. In the diagrams, the densities are relatively tightly scattered while

susceptibilities have very wide variations due to separate groups of para- and ferrimagnetic

samples, as is evident from Figure 39. From Figure 46 it can be seen that at value of SiO2 = 60 %

the regression normalized density of low-Al samples (ca 2735 kg/m3) is significantly higher than

that of the high-Al samples (ca 2693 kg/m3). However, the susceptibility of the low-Al samples is

mainly paramagnetic with a regression value at 854*10-6 SI units at SiO2 = 60 %, while the (more

scattered) high-Al samples are generally ferrimagnetic or highly paramagnetic, the regression

curve value being 1679*10-6 SI units. The susceptibility distribution of the high-Al group in Figure

46 also demonstrates the situation when x- and y values in the diagram have a poor correlation

and the normalized values are close to the original values.

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Figure 46. The distributions of density and susceptibility of high- and low-Al samples as functions

of SiO2.

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Chemical variations of the samples normalized to SiO2 = 60 %

In Figure 47 is given the Pearce-Peate spectra of high- and low-Al samples using AFP-normalized

regression curve values at to SiO2 = 60 %. From the figure, it can be seen that the spectra of high-

and low-Al data differ significantly: The low-Al spectrum is relatively flat with LREE/HREE-ratio of

ca. 1.24 while that of high-Al group is clearly higher, 1.91 reflecting higher degree of fractionation.

However, the compatibles/HREE ratio of high-Al samples is lower, ca 1.52 while that of low-Al

samples is much higher, ca. 2.48, which apparently reflects the more mafic primary material of the

low-Al samples, now being a more felsic rock group, however.

The peaks of the primarily more mafic high-Al samples (average SiO2 of original samples ca. 56 %)

are higher at Ba, LREE, Sr (apparently in plagioclase), Zr, Eu (also in plagioclase), Al2O3 and Ga

(replacing Al). The low-Al samples (average SiO2 of original samples ca. 66.6 %) dominate at TiO2,

HREE, and compatibles, except Al2O3 and Ga. Euripium is slightly increased also in low-Al

samples, possibly referring to deeper crustal fractionation depths.

Figure 47. AFP-normalized Pearce-Peate spectra of high-Al and low-Al samples at SiO2 = 60 %.

The observed trends in Figure 44 - Figure 45 and in the Pearce-Peate spectrum in Figure 47

strongly suggest that the two groups do not belong to the same fractionation series but must have

had a different evolutionary history. It is unlikely that felsic low-Al rocks could be derivatives of

more mafic rocks when losing incompatibles in the process, nor could mafic high-Al rocks be

derived from felsic rocks with an increase in incompatibles.

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Sources of high- and low-Al rocks

As can be seen from Figure 34 and Figure 36 the Padasjoki-Kaipola profile studied here crosses

the border of the southern Finland migmatite belt (SMB) and central Finland granitoid complex

(CFG) in Figure 3. However, when comparing the spectra of this profile in Figure 47 with those of

in Figure 33, it can be seen that they do not correlate strikingly well, though general features are

alike: The high-Al samples have steeper slope and increased compatibles as generally all

adakitoids studied above and thus can be considered as adakitoids, as also demonstrated in

Table 11 below. However, the low-Al samples have element maxima coinciding with those of the

high-Al samples and their level of compatibles is very high, but the REE spectrum is relatively flat.

Thus, as SMB ‘all-plutonic rock’ samples, also the genesis of low-Al samples can be connected

with collision related marine environment with a high basaltic component, while high-Al samples

are more close to ‘true’ adakites evolved in subduction related processes.

The adakitic characteristics of high-Al and low-Al groups are evaluated in Table 11, which

compares their compositions normalized to SiO2 = 60 % with adakite characteristics as defined by

Defant and Drummond (1990) and Thorkelson and Breitsprecher (2005). It must be emphasized

that many samples have originally SiO2 well below 56 % as is evident from Figure 41. In Table 11

the parameter averages of the normalized high-Al samples are all adakitic, while three of those of

the low-Al samples are not (the rest four being very close to the treshold value). From Figure 19 -

Figure 20 it can be assumed that the major restitic minerals of adakitoids below this profile are

pyroxenes and minor garnet in southern Finland migmatite belt (SMB).

Table 11. Comparison of averages of high-Al and low-Al samples normalized to SiO2 = 60 with

adakite compositions defined by Defant and Drummond (1990) and Thorkelson and Breitsprecher

(2005). The ‘hits’ have been emphasized with bold numbers.

SiO2 [%] Al2O3 [%] Na2O [%] Sr [ppm] Y [ppm] Yb [ppm] Sr/Y La/Yb

AveHighAl 60 19.0 4.15 740 16.3 1.39 45.5 45.9

AveLowAl 60 15.9 3.03 403. 20.5 1.85 19.7 22.6

Adakite > 56 > 15 > 3.5 > 400 < 18 < 1.9 > 40 > 20

As mentioned above, Mungall (2002) notes that the adakitic magmas may be highly oxidized and

potentially fertile for Au and Cu. This is in agreement with observations in the study area, where

the contact zone between the migmatite belt and the central Finland granitoid complex has been

observed to be prospective for Au (e.g. Eilu et al. 2003). Moreover, from Figure 46 it can be seen

that the high-Al samples are strongly ferrimagnetic containing magnetite (iron in oxides), while low-

Al samples are mainly paramagnetic, magnetic mineral being mainly pyrrhotite (iron in sulphides or

silicates).

Garrison and Davidson (2003) emphasized, that also basaltic magmas derived from the mantle

wedge could produce adakitic characteristics. However, in contrast to 'high-Mg' adakites, which

carry a possible mantle signature (see e.g. Scaillet and Prouteau, 2001), it can be seen from

Figure 43 and Figure 47 that the relative MgO-content of adakitic high-Al samples is less than that

of more felsic low-Al sample group. That suggests a relatively small mantle wedge component in

the melt; i.e. low angle of subduction (or high lower crust component). In Table 12 some sample

parameters are compared with the average of 140 Cenozoic adakite samples by Drummond et al.

(1996). From the table it can be seen that the MgO and Ni abundances of the high-Al samples in

particular are significantly lower than in 'modern' adakites.

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Table 12. Comparison of averages of high-Al and low-Al samples normalized to SiO2 = 60 % with

Cenozoic adakites by Drummond et al. (1996).

SiO2

[%] TiO2

[%] Al2O3

[%] FeO

[%] MnO

[%] MgO

[%] CaO

[%] Na2O

[%] K2O

[%] Ni

[ppm] Cr

[ppm] Sr

[ppm]

Ave

HighAl 60 0.63 19.0 4.75 0.09 1.56 4.12 4.15 4 21.8 72.7 740

Ave

LowAl 60 0.85 15.9 6.56 0.11 3.29 4.3 3.03 3.15 36 157 403

Cenozoic

Adakite 63.8 0.61 17.4 4.21 0.08 2.47 5.23 4.4 1.52 39 54 869

The mantle affinity of the samples can also be evaluated by comparing their characteristics with

sanukitoid plutonic rocks, which are considered to represent melting of enriched mantle wedge

above the subducting slab (e.g. Stern and Hanson, 1991). Table 13 compares the composition of

high-Al and low-Al samples normalized to SiO2 = 60 % with sanukitoid characteristics defined

above by Halla (2005). From the table it can be seen that normalized averages of high-Al samples

have also some sanukitoid characteristics although generally they tend to be more adakitic.

Nevertheless, from both tables and diagrams above, it can be concluded that the high-Al rocks

considered in this paper have much in common with processes related to subduction and

fractionation at lower crust / upper mantle depths.

Table 13. Comparison of averages of high-Al and low-Al samples normalized to SiO2 = 60 % with

sanukitoids by Halla (2005). Mg# is calculated from normalized values.

Mg# SiO2 Ni [ppm] Cr [ppm] K2O [%] Sr [ppm] Ba [ppm] Rb/Sr

AveHighAl 0.37 60.00 21.8 72.7 4.0 740. 1821. 0.13

AveLowAl 0.47 60.00 36. 157. 3.15 403. 987. 0.26

Sanukitoid > 0.6 55 - 60 > 100 > 200 > 1 > 500 > 500 < 0.1

In Figure 48 the characteristics of samples in Sr/Y vs Y diagram are compared to those in in the

Kitakami area of the “modern” Honsu Arc, in NE Japan studied by Tsuchiya and Kanisawa (1994).

As mentioned above, the Kitakami high-Sr rocks are characterized by higher Na, Al, Ga, P, Ba and

Sr, while K, Mn, Fe, Mg and Y are lower than in low-Sr samples. Moreover, the Kitakami high-Sr

rocks correlate with positive magnetic anomaly belts - as do the high-Al (‘high-Sr’) rocks in the

study area. Thus, the regression curve normalized high-Al and low-Al samples from the present

study area show many similarities with Kitakami high-Sr and low-Sr samples, except for potassium,

which is higher in the high-Al samples. In their model Tsuchiya and Kanisawa (1994) propose that

the Kitakami high-Sr series magmas were derived from partial melting of subducting oceanic slab

and sediments at depths of ca. 70-80 kilometres, mixing with magma derived from overlying mantle

wedge. This ‘adakitic’ model is now applied to the high-Al rocks of the present study area.

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Figure 48. Sr/Y vs Y diagram of Padasjoki-Kaipola samples compared to low-Sr and high-Sr fields

in the Kitakami area, NE Japan (Tsuchiya and Kanisawa, 1994).

Evolution model: Subduction, collision and magma mixing

Condie (2005) emphasized that although geochemical data can be used to help constrain tectonic

settings, geochemistry cannot be used in isolation to reconstruct ancient tectonic settings.

However, as has become evident above, the high-Al rock samples in particular share many distinct

petrophysical and geochemical characteristics with modern subduction related adakitic magmas.

Moreover, the seismic reflectors in seismics FIRE1 and FIRE2 in Figure 35 refer to underthrusting

from the ‘marine type’ southern migmatite belt (SMB) beneath the northern granitoid belt (CFG),

which has ‘continental’, plutonic rock dominated island arc characteristics (Ruotoistenmäki, 1996;

Nironen, 1997). Therefore, a qualitative model is given below where seafloor, marine sediments,

descending slab and, to a lesser extent mantle wedge and continental (island arc) lower crust are

assumed to contribute to the final magma characteristics.

Figure 49 presents a schematic model of magmatic and tectonic evolution in the study area,

modified after Ruotoistenmäki (1996). The plan view in (a) gives the relative location of plates at

ca. 1900 Ma ago when Uusimaa and central Finland granitoids (USM and CFG) were island arcs in

the ‘SMB’ -sea (precursor for the southern Finland migmatite belt, being part of the ‘Svecofennian-

sea’ in Ruotoistenmäki, 1996). In SMB the magmatism has mainly been tholeitic, MORB-type (see

Figure 40 - Figure 41) generated at mid-ocean ridges and, in less amounts at subduction zones

and oceanic islands (USM and CFG). Adakitic, alkaline basalts dominate at oceanic islands and

underthrusting subduction zones. During this stage tholeitic, low-Al magmatism, characterized by

relatively low Eu, Sr, high HREE, Y and Yb is assumed to dominate over ‘enriched’ adakitic, high-

Al magma generation (see Figure 47).

Figure 49 (b) depicts the collision stage at about 1885 Ma ago. The collision was relatively rapid

resulting in thickening and shortening of both the SMB and USM. The high-Al, adakitic type

magmatism culminated, representing rocks fractionated from a combination of hydrous, enriched

melts from the subducting slab and sedimentary wedge. They are characterized by enrichment of

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incompatibles and LREE, but relatively low amounts of compatibles referring to minor mantle

wedge components and thus relatively gentle subduction. The characteristics of low-Al magmas

refer to a combination of collision related marine and island arc magmas and sedimentary material

thrusted, stacked and folded against CFG.

Figure 49. Schematic evolutionary model of the study area modified after Ruotoistenmäki (1996).

In a) is given a marine Island arc stage and in b) a cross-section during the collision stage. The

rectangle in (b) represents the area considered in this paper. E = present erosion level. The

remains of the subducting plate are assumed to have been assimilated or delaminated in the

mantle during later processes.

In Ruotoistenmäki (1996) the opening of the ‘SMB’ sea in Figure 49 was modelled to have taken

place at ca. 1.96 Ga implying relatively young, hot ( ca. 30 Ma) and gently dipping subducting

slab(s) during the closing stage at ca. 1.93 - 1.9 – ca. 1.88 Ga, which is in agreement with models

by Drummond and Defant (1990). According to Wyllie (1984), in the case of warm subducting

oceanic crust, dehydration of serpentine and amphibole approximate greenschist and eclogite

facies boundaries between 50 - 100 km, corresponding to the onset of slab melting at depth of less

than ca. 100 km. In this warm slab scenario, the addition of mantle and crustal melts would be

minimal compared to the cooler slab situations. This appears to be the case in this study as is

indicated by the relatively low MgO, Mg# and low Ni and Cr (Figure 47) of the high-Al samples. As

concluded above, the major restite minerals of adakitoids in these areas are in maps in Figure 19 -

Figure 20 pyroxenes but minor garnet and amphiboles.

The low-Al rocks are here interpreted as mainly collision related marine material fractionated at

shallow depths (above ca 50 - 30 km), mainly during the primary stages of island arc and back-arc

basin evolution. The low magnetite content of the low-Al magmas of the southern Finland gneiss-

migmatite belt (SMB) can be attributed to an overall reducing environment characterized by marine

turbiditic sediments including sulphides and black schists, thus favoring the crystallization of Fe-

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silicates instead of Fe-oxides (Ruotoistenmäki, 1992; Lahtinen, 1994; Peltonen, 1995). The high

amount of Fe-silicates is reflected in the increase of high-density paramagnetic samples in the

southern part of the survey area. According to Wilson (1989) magnetite suppression in reducing

environments is characteristically associated with the tholeiitic trend. In contrast, under oxidizing

conditions magnetite crystallizes from the outset, rapidly depleting residual liquids in iron (calc-

alkaline trend). It must be noted, that the existence of sulphides and black schists refer to a

relatively closed basin environment with sedimentation of biogenic material – and also lack of

oxygen.

Kerrich and Wyman, 1996 emphasized that high water contents suppress plagioclase fractionation,

which leads to high Al contents and delays Fe and Ti enrichment. McIntyre (1980, and references

therein) noted that where excess aluminium occurs in micaeous rocks, muscovite is formed in

preference to biotite and iron is available to form magnetite over a broader oxygen fugacity and

temperature field. When considering the slab-derived high-Sr rocks associated with a magnetic belt

in the Kitakami mountains, Tsuchiya and Kanisawa (1994) concluded that slab-derived magma

shows high oxidation states due to the influence of a highly oxidized source.

Scaillet et al. (1997) demonstrate that for a given temperature and H2O content, oxidized

conditions correspond to higher crystal/melt ratio than reduced conditions. Middlemost (1975 and

references therein) noted that flood basalts from different provinces may show varying degrees of

iron-enrichment, which may be related to the oxidation state of magma from which they derived.

The fractionation of non-alkalic basaltic magma that has formed in a low oxidation state would

probably result in iron-enrichment (tholeiitic trend). This rock group corresponds with the Fe-rich

low-Al samples considered in this paper. As is evident from Figure 40 - Figure 41 the low-Al

samples have both tholeiitic and sub-alkaline characteristics.

In the combined diagram of De La Roche et al. (1980) and Batchelor & Bowden (1985) (Figure 42),

the compositions of the low-Al samples vary in pre-, syn- and late-orogenic fields, while high-Al

samples dominate in the post-collisional field. Also these characteristics support the model above:

Primary oceanic stage dominated by low-Al, tholeitic magmas continuing to subduction related

high-Al magmatism generated at greater depths and thus rising during late- to post-collisional

processes.

It is also interesting to note, that an estimate of the primary contents of high- and low-Al source

magmas can be evaluated directly from the trend curves at low SiO2 values in the diagrams in

Figure 43 and Figure 44. These diagrams emphasize the enriched characteristics of incompatible

elements of high-Al magmas very early during the fractionation processes.

Conclusions

The Padasjoki-Kaipola area between the southern Finland migmatite belt and the central Finland

granitoid complex represents a significant boundary zone between oceanic and island arc

environments. Besides the lithological contrasts between marine, metasediment dominated terrain

in the south and a more continental, island arc type area dominated by plutonic rocks in north, the

zone is characterized by prominent north dipping seismic reflectors suggesting that the

sedimentary area was thrusted beneath the northern, island arc block. Moreover, there is a

petrophysical zonation from felsic, relative dense, iron rich, magnetite poor rocks in the south to

more mafic, magnetite rich, but relatively less dense intrusives in the north. A further significant

contrast between the rocks is the relative enrichment (at SiO2 = 60 %) in incompatibles and light

REE in the more mafic (high-Al) rocks compared to the more felsic, (low-Al) rocks, which makes it

improbable that they could represent derivatives of one another (or from the same source).

The adakitic characteristics of the mafic high-Al rocks and regional scale seismic interpretations

suggest that the primary fractionation depth of the high-Al rocks in subduction related environment

below crustal depths, at ca. 30 – 60 -… kilometers, such that mainly pyroxenes ± garnet (±

hornblende) were retained in restite. Thus, there is a significant subducting slab and minor

sedimentary wedge, mantle wedge and lower crust component in the rocks. In contrast, the more

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felsic low-Al rocks have geochemical characteristics more consistent with plagioclase as a restitic

phase and shallower, (lower) crustal fractionation depths. The above evolution model for the of

high-Al (-Sr) rocks shows close similarities to that presented for the Kitakami high-Sr rocks in the

Honsu Arc of NE Japan by Tsuchiya and Kanisawa (1994).

Section 4: Characteristics of Proterozoic late- to post-collisional

intrusives in Archaean Iisalmi-Lapinlahti area, central Finland.

This section introduces high-Al (>18 %), high-Sr (> 1000 ppm) low SiO2 (< 53 %) post-collisional

adakitic intrusives documented in Ruotoistenmäki et al. (2001) in the Archaean crust close to

Proterozoic-Archaean collision zone in central Finland (red square in Figure 3). As in section 3

above, the most mafic samples of these rocks appear to have adakitic characteristics. In the

following an updated version of the paper is given, especially of the adakitic characteristics of data.

The geological and isotopic descriptions given here are mainly by Jorma Paavola and Irmeli

Mänttäri (Geological Survey of Finland), respectively.

The Archaean bedrock in the area is predominantly composed of amphibolite-banded tonalitic-

trondhjemitic migmatites. The zircon U-Pb ages of the migmatite components vary from 3.2 Ga of

the palaeosome to 2.63 Ga of the late metamorphism (Mänttäri et al. 1998; Hölttä et al. 2000). The

study area is characterized by well-preserved Archaean granulite facies blocks with fresh mineral

parageneses (Paavola 1984; Hölttä & Paavola 2000) despite strong Palaeoproterozoic overprint

ca. 1.9-1.8 Ga ago (Kontinen et al. 1992). The area is cut by numerous Palaeoproterozoic

fractures, some of them bordering the granulite blocks.

In addition to numerous 2.3–2.1 Ga old diabase dykes (Hölttä et al. 2000; Toivola et al. 1991), a

significant amount of later Palaeoproterozoic magmatism is also characteristic of the Archaean

craton margin. The magmatism comprises intrusions of varying size, chemical composition varying

from basic to acid. The very variable bimodal appearance of gabbros and diorites together with

younger granites and granodiorites is most characteristic of the area (Paavola 1987, 1990, 2001;

Lukkarinen 2000; Äikäs 2000). Intermediate intrusions are also common. In addition, so-called

microtonalite dykes (Huhma 1981; Rautiainen 2000) are found in the zone. According to the

existing conventional zircon datings the age of the Palaeoproterozoic magmatism is around 1.90 –

1.85 Ga (e.g. Paavola 1988). A comprehensive description of a geotraverse crossing the area is

given in Korsman et al. (1999). The area is characterized by an exceptionally thick crust, ca. 55-60

km (Grad & Luosto, 1987; Kukkonen et al., 2006, Figure 60).

The location of the samples considered in this study is shown in the low-altitude magnetic map

inFigure 50. The area is characterized by roundish magnetic anomalies, sometimes cut by

numerous younger fractures, such as the anomaly between samples 1 and 11.

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Figure 50. Detailed low-altitude magnetic map of the Iisalmi - Lapinlahti area and location of the

samples described below. The red dots and squares show the location of the samples Sa 1 – 11.

The blue dots refer to samples Sb 1-16 (numbers not shown in the map), collected from the

Kaarakkala intrusion in a separate study. The map is compiled from low-altitude magnetic data of

the Geological Survey of Finland (Hautaniemi et al., 2005). The location of the map area is shown

in the map in Figure 3.

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Description of the samples

The Palomäki quartz diorite (samples Sa 1-3) is a homogeneous and massive intrusion covering a

large area containing commonly fine-grained dark fragments. The main minerals are plagioclase,

quartz, biotite and hornblende. Epidote, titanite, apatite and opaques are conspicuously abundant.

The Ohenmäki granite (sample Sa 11) cuts the Palomäki quartz diorite.

The sample Sa 4 is from homogeneous, grey and massive Palosvuori granite – granodiorite. The

mineral composition is quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and biotite. Epidote, titanite,

carbonate, chlorite and opaques are the main accessory minerals.

The Ryhälänmäki granite (samples Sa 5-6) is reddish, massive and generally homogeneous, but

includes dioritic and quartz dioritic xenoliths in certain areas. The granite is reddish or reddish grey

and mainly medium-grained. It is massive or very weakly foliated. The main minerals are quartz,

plagioclase, potassium feldspar and biotite. Hornblende is rare. Varying amounts of epidote,

muscovite, chlorite, titanite, apatite and opaque occur.

The Kaarakkala (leuco-) gabbroic ring intrusion (samples Sb 1-16; blue dots in the map, not

numbered) causes a strong zonal magnetic anomaly (Figure 50). Excluding the contact zones, it is

undeformed and fresh. The rock is quite homogeneous but compositional banding is common. The

main minerals are plagioclase, hornblende and biotite. Quartz is occasionally present. Titanite,

apatite and magnetite are relatively abundant. The most basic inner part of the intrusion is nearly

hornblenditic. Red medium-grained homogeneous leucogranite crosscuts the intrusion. It follows

conformly the ring structure being an essential part of the appearance of the Kaarakkala intrusion.

The Nieminen sample (Sa 7) represents the granite. The Ahvenlampi sample (Sa 8) is from a

typical, homogeneous leucogabbroic zone of the main Kaarakkala intrusion.

Palosenmäki granite - granodiorite is a roundish intrusion causing a negative smooth anomaly on

the magnetic map (Figure 50). The rock is relatively coarse-grained, reddish white and

homogeneous consisting of plagioclase, quartz, potassium feldspar and biotite. Plagioclase is

distinguished in the texture as larger, subhedral and zoned crystals. The Pirttimäki sample (Sa 9) is

from the southern border zone of the intrusion representing an anomalous, porphyric contact type

while the Hallamäki sample (Sa 10) is most typical representative of the intrusion.

The Kiikkerinvuori granite (sample Sa 11) is reddish, massive and homogeneous. It is a part of the

Ohenmäki multistage granitic intrusion.

Petrophysical characteristics of the Sa samples

During this study, several sub-samples were collected on each sampling site for petrophysical

studies. In Figure 51 is given a summary of density - susceptibility variations of the Sa 1-3 and Sa

4-11 sample groups (the Kaarakkala samples Sb 1-16 are not included). In the diagram, the

Palomäki samples 1 – 3 have distinctly higher, ‘mafic’ density compared to all other groups having

densities characteristic to felsic intrusives. The susceptibility varies from ferri- to paramagnetic

(above and below of ca 1000 Si*106) in both groups. From the diagram, it can be seen that the

sub-samples of each sampling site are very homogeneous. However, the variations between

sample groups are mainly large and distinct.

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Figure 51. Density – susceptibility variations of the samples Sa 1 - 11. Measured in the

petrophysical laboratory of GTK.

Isotopic characteristics of the samples

Conventional U-Pb dating

For the U-Pb mineral analysis of this work, the decomposition of zircons and extraction of U and

Pb for conventional isotopic age determination followed mainly the procedure described by Krogh

(1973). Zircon fractions were ≤ 0.65 mg in weight and the total procedural blank was ≤ 50 pg. 235U-

208Pb-spiked and non-spiked isotopic ratios were measured using a VG Sector 54 thermal

ionization multicollector mass spectrometer. The measured lead and uranium isotopic ratios were

normalized according to accepted ratios of SRM 981 and U500 standards. The U-Pb age

calculations were done using the PbDat-program (Ludwig 1991) and the fitting of the discordia

lines using the Isoplot/Ex program (Ludwig 1998). For detailed isotopic data, see also

Ruotoistenmäki et al. (2001)

Sb group: Sample from Ahvenlampi, Kaarakkala intrusion: Zircons are mainly long

prismatic, brownish and dull. Typically, zircons contain inclusions of unknown dark mineral. Brown

and more rounded zircons most probably represent inherited material. Six analysed zircon

fractions plot on a discordia line with intercept ages of 1864±8 and 76±330 Ma (MSWD=5.3; n=6)

(Figure 52). The slightly high MSWD value indicates minor heterogeneity in zircon material and is

caused mainly by zircon fractions F and B, which plot slightly on the older side of the other four

data points. However, the 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1863±1 and 1864±1 Ma from the two nearly

concordant fractions E and A determine the emplacement age of the Ahvenlampi diorite

independently.

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Figure 52. U-Pb age data of Sb group sample from Ahvenlampi, Kaarakkala intrusion

Sa sample 3, Palomäki quartz diorite: Zircons from the Palomäki quartz diorite show extreme

homogeneity. These morphologically typical magmatic zircons have long prisms and are

translucent to transparent and light brown in colour. Four analysed zircon fractions plot well on a

same discordia line (Figure 53). The upper intercept age of 1861±1 Ma determines the age for the

Palomäki quartz diorite.

Figure 53. U-Pb age data of Sa sample 3, Palomäki quartz diorite

Sa sample 4 Palosvuori, granite – granodiorite: In the Palosvuori sample the amount of the

zircon was quite small and the zircon material quite heterogeneous. However, some zircons

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contain dark mineral inclusions. Among the clearly magmatic type, there are brown and dull zircon

grains and fragments with varying morphologies.

Four of the five analysed zircon fractions plot on the same line. The most discordant analysis point

D plots on the older side of this discordia (Figure 54). These highly discordant data points are

normally not very reliable, and can be rejected from the calculations. Although the slightly high

MSWD value of 5.1 indicates some heterogeneity in the sample material, the upper intercept age

1879±11 Ma gives a good age estimate for the Palosvuori granite – granodiorite intrusion. This

age, with the 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1874 and 1875 Ma for the most concordant data points (A and E)

indicate that the Palosvuori granite – granodiorite belongs into the 1.88 Ga age group and not into

the 1.86 Ga group represented by the Palomäki quartz diorite and Kaarakkala intrusion.

Figure 54. U-Pb age data of Sa sample 4, Palosvuori quartz diorite

Sample Sa 11, Kiikkerinvuori granite: This sample yielded a very small amount of prismatic,

brownish, dull zircon. Among these, there are also some irregular shaped zircon grains. The

analysed five zircon fractions indicate that the zircon material was heterogeneous, as the MSWD

value for the five point discordia line would be as high as 28 (Figure 55). Rough age approximation

can be done using the four data point discordia line. However, to reject the data point C, an

assumption that it contains clearly older zircon material is needed. Then the discordia line plotted

through data points A, B, D, and E gives an upper intercept age of 1851±20 Ma with the MSWD

value of 8.2. The high age error and MSWD value suggest that additional analysis should be done

to ascertain whether Kiikkerinvuori granite belongs to either syncollisional ca. 1.88 Ga age group or

to the post-collisional, ca. 1.86 Ga group.

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Figure 55. U-Pb age data of Sa sample 11, Kiikkerinvuori granite

Nd-isotopes

Hannu Huhma (Geological Survey of Finland, unpublished report) has analyzed Nd-isotope

compositions of samples Sa 3 (Palomäki), Sa 4 (Palosvuori) and Sa 11 (Kiikkerinvuori) and

calculated their εNd values and model ages. The analytical procedures are described in e.g. Huhma

(1986). The initial εNd values of the samples suggest, that the Archaean crustal component is

strongest in Kiikkerinvuori (εNd -6.5) decreasing to Palosvuori (εNd -3.4) and Palomäki, (εNd -2.2).

For Kaarakkala Huhma (2000, oral communication) reports εNd value of -4.5, indicative of some

Archaean component in the samples.

Geochemical characteristics of the samples

In Figure 56. is given the classification of all samples on the diagram of Cox et al. (1979). The

Palomäki (Sa 1-3) and Sb samples from Kaarakkala are close to each other in the low-SiO2

alkaline gabroic fields. The other Sa samples (Sa 4-11) plot in the sub-alkaline granite field.

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Figure 56. Classification of the rocks on the diagram of Cox et al. (1979). See Figure 10 for details.

The samples have been analyzed in geochemical laboratory of GTK. See Table 2 for details.

In the Classification diagram by De La Roche et al. (1980, Figure 57) and Batchelor & Bowden

(1985) the samples Sa 1-3 and Sb 1-16 are monzonites and syeno-gabbros, some being in ‘post-

collison uplif’ fields. The samples Sa 4-11 cluster mainly in the syn-collisional granodiorites and

monzo- to syeno-granites. However, it is evident from tectonic and isotopic consideration above

that also Sa samples 4-11 are late- to postcollisional. Their characteristics are possibly distorted by

the strong Archaean crustal component during their ascent through Archaean crust, which is

evident from their isotopic and chemical compositions.

Figure 57. Classification of the rocks by multicational diagram of De La Roche et al. (1980, and

Batchelor & Bowden (1985). See

Figure 8 for details.

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Pearce-Peate spectra of the samples

In Figure 58 is compared the Pearce-Peate spectra of the Iisalmi-Lapinlahti area samples with

Finnish AFP-normalized ‘100% adakitic’ plutonic rocks. From the diagrams it is evident that the

mafic samples from Palomäki (Sa 1-3) and Kaarakkala (Sb 1-16) correlate significantly with the

Finnish adakitic plutonic rocks. Their Sr, Eu, LREE/HREE ratio and compatible levels are high as

those of the adakitoids. Especially, the Kaarakkala samples are distinctly ‘adakitic’ – or even

‘sanukitic’ due to high values of compatibles. However, the spectrum of granitic - quartz-dioritic

samples Sa 4-11 is flat and does not show any adakitic characteristics. The above conclusions are

verified also in Table 14, where the chemistry of Iisalmi-Lapinlahti area samples are compared with

adakite parameters defined by Defant and Drummond (1990) and Thorkelson and Breitsprecher

(2005). From the table it can be seen that except the SiO2-content, the samples Sa 1-3 and Sb 1-

16 fulfill the adakitic criteria. Their low-SiO2-content refers that they are similar to the adakitic high-

Al (high-Sr) samples in Padasjoki-Kaipola area described above. Note especially the very high Sr

content compared to Padasjoki-Kaipola samples in Table 11.

Table 14. Comparison the chemistry of Iisalmi-Lapinlahti area samples with adakite parameters

defined by Defant and Drummond (1990) and Thorkelson and Breitsprecher (2005).

SiO2 [%]

A

l2O3

[%] Na2O

[%] Sr

[ppm] Y [ppm]

Yb

[ppm] Sr/Y La/Yb

Sa 1-3 52.83 18.10 4.57 1703.67 16.83 1.28 101.21 61.43

Sb 1-16 48.28 18.94 4.03 2195.81 14.58 1.09 150.56 46.33

Sa 4-11 72.71 14.10 4.14 295.88 11.85 0.95 24.96 28.48

Adakite > 56 > 15 > 3.5 > 400 < 18 < 1.9 > 40 > 20

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Figure 58. Pearce-Peate spectra of Iisalmi-Lapinlahti area samples. The red curves show the

course of Finnish AFP-normalized ‘100% adakitic’ plutonic rocks (178 samples: left vertical axis).

(a): Sample groups Sa 1-3 and Sa 4-11 (bars, right vertical axis). (b): Sample group Sb 1-16 (bars,

right vertical axis). Locations of REE are emphasized by horizontal gray bars above x-axis.

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Conclusions and an evolution model

In Iisalmi-Lapinlahti area both, felsic and mafic rock sample ages are mainly post-collisional,

around ca. 1.86 Ga, some closer to syncollisional ages of ca 1.88 Ga. From their chemical

compositions refer that they have a varied sources of origin. The Pearce-Peate spectrum of Sa 4-

11 samples is flat and they are less enriched in incompatibles, LREE Eu and Sr. The zircons of

samples Sa 4 and Sa 11 are heterogeneous and sample Sa 11 has low εNd referring to strong

Archaean crustal contamination. Therefore, it is interpreted that the majority of Sa 4-11 rocks are

derivatives from (re-)melting of the Archaean middle - upper crust with possibly a minor Proterozoic

component.

In contrast, the Palomäki (Sa 1-3) and Kaarakkala (Sb 1-16) mafic rocks have adakitic / sanukitic

characteristics, being enriched in Sr, Eu, LREE and incompatible elements. The zircons from the

Palomäki quartz diorite are homogeneous and the εNd value measured from the Sa 1-3 samples is

highest referring to the smallest component of Archaean crustal contamination. From this, it can be

concluded that they have a significant juvenile component, possibly from subducting plate ±

sedimentary wedge ± upper mantle below the Archaean crust. On the contrary, the zircons from

Kaarakkala are more heterogeneous containing probably inherited material. Moreover, their εNd

value refers to higher Archaean component in the samples.

The observed features of the Iisalmi - Lapinlahti area rocks can be explained by a schematic model

shown in Figure 59 adopted from Ruotoistenmäki (1996), which depicts the collision of

Svecofennian crust against the Archaean craton. In the collision process, ca. 1.9 – 1.885 Ga ago,

the Proterozoic Ladoga-Bothnian bay (LBZ) crust, subducting plate and possibly wet sediments are

thrusted against and below the Archaean (Iisalmi, IC) block. In the collision, the Archaean crust is

broken into blocks, some of which still contain well-preserved granulite facies mineral

assemblages. The block margins are evident as fracture zones in the magnetic map in Figure 50

above. The overthrust tectonics on the Archaean-Proterozoic boundary has later been considered

also in e.g. Pietikäinen and Vaasjoki (1999). The thrust model is supported also by reflectors in the

reflection seismic FIRE-profile shown in Figure 60 (Kukkonen and Lahtinen, 2006). Finally, it must

be emphasized, however, that the above model is to explain the post-collisional, Proterozoic

intrusives on Archaean crust and it does not necessarily apply to all Archaean adakitoids and

adakitic Archaean crust. After the Svecofennian collision the erosion of the Archaean crust has

been close to 15-20 (- …38) km (e.g. Kontinen et al. 1992, Hölttä & Paavola 2000; Korsman et al.

1999), which means that the crust was possibly up to 80 km thick at its maximum.

During and after the collision three types of magmatism are to be expected:

1) The adakitic Palomäki samples Sa 1-3 represent most ‘pure’ slab melts with minor components

from sedimentary and mantle wedges, and minor, if any, Archaean crustal components.

2) The Kaarakkala samples Sb 1-11 are also adakitic, but - if slab melts - they contain more

‘impurities’ from lower crust and mantle wedge. Another possibility is that the Kaarakkala

intrusion is due to crustal thickening during the collision resulting to underplating, partial melting

and fractionating of upper mantle and lower crust. However, because Kaarakkala is of the

same age as ‘pure’ adakitic Palomäki, a subduction related model is favoured here.

3) The samples Sa 4-11 containing a high Archaean crustal component can be attributed to lower

/ middle crustal collision related melts having plagioclase component in restites, as suggested

by low Sr and Eu and high incompatible element values.

It must be noted, that the Ba and Sr rich samples from Kaarakkala and Palomäki can also be

related to high-potassium shoshonites connected with melts from enriched mantle wedge (e.g.

Windley, 1994 and references therein) – i.e. sanukitoids. The relative young, post-/late collisional

ages of the samples refer to slow melting and fractionation of components from subducting plate ±

mantle wedge ± lower crust initiated by increased pressures and fluids from the subducting plate.

The increased mafic plutonic rock components raised the average density of the crust in the area

making it possible to sustain the isostatic balance and a very thick crust even today.

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Figure 59. A schematic model of the collision of Svecofennian crust against the Archaean craton

and of the interconnected magmatic processes. Adopted and modified from Ruotoistenmäki

(1996). LBZ =Proterozoic Ladoga-Borhnian bay zone, IC = Archaean Iisalmi block containing the

Iisalmi - Lapinlahti area, E = present day erosion level.

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Figure 60. Reflection seismic profile FIRE (Kukkonen et al. 2006) across the Proterozoic-Archaean

border. The red arrows depict a strong reflector dipping NE below the Iisalmi-Lapinlahti area

interpreted here as a thrust fault. The blue arrows depict borders of an uplifted block in the Iisalmi-

Lapinlahti area. The tectonic model has been adopted from Ruotoistenmäki (1996).

Kukkonen et al. (2008) have further studied and modelled the reflection seismic FIRE profiles in

the area and they concluded that a high velocity lower crust (HVLC) (VP 7.3–7.5 km/s, at the depth

of 40–63 km between LBZ and IC across the Archaean – Proterozoic boundary formed in the

Palaeoproterozoic Svecofennian orogen at 1.91–1.87 Ga. Thus, they suggest that the present

Moho in the area dates back to late Svecofennian time and was determined by delamination of

high-density eclogitized lower crust after tectonic collisional subduction connected thickening of

crust. In principle, their model is in agreement with the Proterozoic subduction related model I

described above. However, the overall adakitic / TTG signature of the Archaean crust cannot be

related with the Proterozoic subduction processes as summarized below.

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Summary: Sources and evolution of adakitoids

The most striking features of the adakitic plutonic rocks in Finland (defined by criteria given above)

are their great number and wide areal distribution. Only some supracrustal blocks lack adakitoids.

Especially the Archaean blocks appear to consist mainly of adakitic plutonic rocks – or sanukitoids

or TTG’s, depending on definition and used terminology. When allowing a wider SiO2-variation, the

rock types of adakitoids vary from granodiorites to gabbros. The distributions of magnetic

susceptibilities of both, Archaean and Proterozoic adakitoids are alike, close to that of average of

all Finnish plutonic rocks. However, the density of Proterozoic adakitoids is clearly higher than that

of Archaean adakitoids. The slightly higher paramagnetic susceptibilities and higher densities of

Proterozoic adakitoids refer to higher amount of Fe-rich mafic minerals and thus fractionation in

more oxygen poor environment favouring iron rich silicates before magnetite, as noted by

Ruotoistenmäki (1992).

In this study, the incompatible-compatible diagram of Pearce and Peate (1995) normalized by

geometric means of all Finnish plutonic rocks (AFP) has been noted as an effective and

informative tool in studying chemical characteristics and variations of Finnish adakitic plutonic

rocks. A significant fact in the adakitoids is that their average chemistry, though varying in a wide

range, is quite similar for both Proterozoic and Archaean suites. In AFP-normalized spectra they

both have relative maxima at Ba, K, Sr, Na2O, Eu, Ti, Li, CaO, V, Mn, Fe, Co, and Mg (Figure 15).

Especially, the relatively high values of Eu and Sr in both, adakitoids and gabbros indicate deeper,

lower crustal or upper mantle sources of primary melts of these rocks; I.e. depths greater than ca.

30 - 60 - ...km, below plagioclase stability depths.

The high LREE/HREE ratios of AFP-normalized adakitoids in Figure 15 suggest fractionation and

extraction of adakitic melt phase with ± garnet ± clinopyroxene ± orthopyroxene ± hornblende in

the restite (e.g. Martin and Moyen, 2002; Martin et al., 2005). The normalized Proterozoic granites

are characterized by flat REE while Archaean granites have steeper REE curve reflecting stronger

fractionation. Both granite groups have also relative Eu minima and higher Rb, Th and U referring

to shallower, mid- to upper crustal fractionation processes at plagioclase stability depths.

However, the exceptional HREE enrichment relative to LREE of rapakivi granite samples in Figure

17 refers to different evoluton history and deeper crustal origin, possibly uplift and (partial) mid-

crustal remelting of originally deep crustal restitic material. The distinct negative correlation

between adakitoids and rapakivi samples refers to opposite type primary upper mantle - lower

crust processes giving indications of the characteristics of restitic materia of the adakitic melts. In

addition, the LREE/HREE ratios of gabbros in Figure 16 are also opposite to adakitoids showing

HREE enrichment relative to LREE referring to depleted (of incompatibles) mafic source for these

rocks.

The primary contents of the source of the most mafic adakitoids can be estimated by studying the

most primitive, low-SiO2 values of adakitic high-Sr, high-Al adakitic magma series from the

Proterozoic collision zone in Padasjoki-Kaipola area, central Finland (Figure 43 - Figure 44). It is

also interesting to note that the more mafic, high-Al adakitic samples are relatively enriched of

incompatibles compared to more felsic, low-Al, tholeitic samples in Padasjoki-Kaipola area. This

demonstrates that they cannot be derivatives of each other or due to same fractionation processes.

An indirect indication of marine basin source material of Proterozoic adakitoids due to subduction-

related processes is that the Pearce-Peate spectra of adakitoids and marine related SMB and LBZ

sub-areas (Figure 3), have common spectral peaks, though different slopes.

The possible major mineralogy of the restites left behind by adakitoid melts can be evaluated using

ratios of trace elements whose partition coefficients are specific to pyroxenes, garnets or

hornblende. These tests suggest that the main restitic minerals in whole Finland for adakitoids are

clinopyroxene and, in southern - central Finland also orthopyroxene. Especially in the Proterozoic

blocks pyroxene rich restites appear to dominate. However, amphibole and especially garnet rich

restites cluster dominantly in eastern Finland Archaean blocks, which thus refer to different

circumstances (i.e. higher P & T) in their environment of fractionation.

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Figure 61 depicts pressure-temperature (P-T) diagram and schematic cross sections of subduction

zones, with varying temperature gradients adopted from Martin and Moyen (2002). When

considering the results of restite analysis in Figure 19 -

Figure 20, it can be noted that especially the garnet-hornblende stability area emphasized by pale

gray in the figure is in agreement with restite mineralogy interpreted to exist in Archaean blocks;

i.e. pressures from ca 10 to 20 kbar (depths of ca 40 – 70 - km) and temperatures from ca. 900 -

1000°C.

In the southern Finland Proterozoic areas where pyroxenes dominate the restites of adakitoids and

garnet is relatively absent, fractionation pressures appear to have been at ca. 9 – 15 kbar (ca 30 –

50 km), temperatures being above ca. 750 - 800°C (Figure 61). Thus, it seems apparent that

Proterozoic adakitoids have been fractionated in shallower depths, where also some plagioclase

could exist together with pyroxenes in the restite, as demonstrated by Herzberg (1995 and

references therein). However, in Archaean blocks fractionation has happened in a wider and

deeper depth range where plagioclase is mainly in the melt phase and garnet has been stable thus

fractionating REE more effectively; this is supported also by the steeper REE-curves of Archaean

adakitoids.

A working hypothesis to explain the differences in the genesis of Proterozoic and Archaean

adakitoids is attributed to different tectonic processes. The Proterozoic adakitoids are related to

rapid Svecofennian evolution (ca 1930 - 1900 - 1880 Ga; e.g. Lehtinen et al. 2005,

Ruotoistenmäki, 1996 and references therein). Thus, during this process plates have been fast,

shallow, hot and young, close to that represented by α and β in Figure 61.

In Archaean blocks, covering a much wider span of ages from ca. 3.2 to 2.0 Ga, the processes are

not so clear to connect solely with plate tectonics. The close similarity of Archaean ‘all-plutonic

rock’ samples and adakitoids refer to thorough crustal processes, possibly collision and stacking

related circulation of primary Archaean crust resulting to TTG- dominated migmatites. Kröner et al

(2011) have suggested a similar model for ancient 3.65 to 3.53 Ga tonalitic gneisses of the Gneiss

Complex in Swaziland and a 3.53 Ga felsic metavolcanic sample of the Theespruit Formation, the

oldest unit of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. They suggest extensive recycling of

even earliest-formed granitoid crust and mixing with juvenile material to produce successive

generations of TTGs and associated felsic volcanic rocks. Also Moyen (2011) commented that

crustal recycling was already a rather prominent process in the Archaean, because sizeable

portions of grey gneiss complexes have old model ages, pointing to a long term continental history.

It must be emphasized, however, that the H2O-rich Archaean subduction related collision and

stacking processes are not excluded from these multi-stage recycling models.

Therefore, besides subduction related processes, a possible process in Archaean crustal evolution

can be collisions and stacking of relatively mafic - intermediate crustal plates resulting to melting,

mantle contamination (underplating) and fractionation of the lowermost parts of the thickened

plates + upper mantle. For example, Windley (1994 and references therein) emphasizes the thrust

related thickening of late Archaean continents.

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Figure 61. Pressure-temperature (P-T) diagram and schematic cross section of a subduction zone

adopted from Martin and Moyen (2002). In (α) the geothermal gradient is high and slab melting

occurs at shallow depths with plagioclase in restite (dark gray area in PT diagram). Minor

interaction is expected with slab and mantle melts. In (β and γ) the geothermal gradients are lower

and slab melting occurs at greater depths with less or no plagioclase in the restite resulting to

some or significant contamination with mantle melts, amphibole melting and dehydration. The P-T

diagram shows solidus of tholeiite with 5% water as well as main dehydration reactions of oceanic

lithosphere. H is hornblende out, A is anthophyllite out, C is chlorite out, Ta is talc out, Tr is

tremolite out, Z is zoisite out. G and P outline stability fields of garnet and plagioclase, respectively.

Gray field is P-T domain where slab melts can coexist with hornblende- and garnet-bearing

residue. OC is oceanic crust; CC is continental crust; ms is solidus of hydrated mantle; areas in

black indicate magma. The dots giving locations of Cpx (clinopyroxene), Opx (orthopyroxene), Gt

(garnet), Amp (amphibole) and Anr (anorthite) have been adopted from diagrams by Obata and

Thompson 1981).

Rapp et al. (2003) interprete that evolution of Archaean TTGs took place beneath granite-

greenstone complexes developing along Archaean intraoceanic island arcs by imbricate thrust-

stacking and tectonic accretion. Xiong (2006) showed that model melts with trace element

characteristics that completely mimic the TTG are in equilibrium with rutile-bearing anhydrous and

hydrous (amphibole bearing) eclogitic residues, but not rutile-free, amphibole-dominated residues.

He concluded that rutile appears to be a necessary residual phase to account for the characteristic

negative Nb-Ta anomaly in the TTG. Thus, the TTG production is the melting of rutile-bearing

hydrous eclogite, triggered by the release of H2O from the progressive breakdown of amphibole.

The pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions for TTG production via this process are constrained to

1.5–2.5 GPa ( 50– 80 km) and 850–1050°C by the P-T stability boundaries of amphibole and rutile

in the basalt system. These models are not in conflict with the Archaean stacking model and

garnet-amphibole restite proposed above.

Also Condie (2005, p 42) noted that while adakites are probably slab melts, the high-Al TTGs may

be produced by partial melting of the lower crust in arc systems or in the root zones of oceanic

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plateaus. Moreover, he notes that the depletion in heavy REE and low Nb/Ta ratios in high-Al

TTGs requires both garnet and low-Mg amphibole in the restite. Moderate to high Sr values allow

little, if any, plagioclase in the restite. This requires melting in the hornblende - eclogite stability

field at depths of ca. 40 - 80 km and temperatures around 700 - 800°C.

Peltonen et al. (2006) studied granulite xenoliths recovered from Kaavi-Kuopio kimberlites located

in the Archaean block in Eastern Finland. They concluded that the xenoliths represent lower crustal

samples consisting mainly of mafic garnet granulites with minor amounts of orthopyroxene-bearing

gabbros and felsic granulites yielding ages up to 3.5 - 3.7 Ga. These observations are in

agreement with the restite mineralogy shown in Figure 19 and

Figure 20. Much of this ancient lower crust was obliterated by Paleoproterozoic basaltic

underplating. Extensive emplacement of basaltic magmas at the crust–mantle interface occurred

during the Svecofennian orogeny at 1.9 Ga, but several xenoliths also record evidence of transient

post-orogenic heating episodes, that do not all have their expressions at exposed crustal levels.

Korsman et al. (1999 and references therein) studied a deep seismic SW-NE-trending geotraverse

across Proterozoic and Archaean blocks in Finland. A characteristic feature in this traverse is very

thick crust (up to 60 km) on Proterozoic blocks thinning on the Archaean side to ca. 40 km in

eastern Finland (EF in Figure 3), where the density of adakitic samples is highest. In the

Proterozoic Pyhäsalmi-Pielavesi block along the western side of the Archaean-Proterozoic border

zone (LBZ in Figure 19), where the crust is thickest they interprete the abundant gabbros to be of

mantle origin and coexisting orthopyroxene-bearing granitoids to represent partial lower crust melts

due to mantle upwelling / underplating. Thus, in their model, there has been Proterozoic lower

crustal heating and underplating connected with the ca. 1.9 - 1.87 Ga Svecofennian orogeny. At

present, the mixing of mantle material is visible as thick high velocity layers (up to ca. 20 km) within

the lower crust having gradual, weak contrast with Moho. Thus, this model could explain the

Proterozoic adakitoids, but leaves the apparently garnet-poor Proterozoic adakitoid restites

unexplained.

Thus, there exist an apparent discrepancy between present day crustal thicknesses and restite

mineralogy interpreted here, especially in the Archaean blocks. However, it must be remembered,

that today’s crustal thicknesses do not reflect those during adakitoid generation. As commented

above, vertical movements up to ca. 16 (- …38) kilometers in the Finnish Archaean bedrock due to

erosion (from above and/or below the crust) ± underplating ± collision (overthrusting) ± extension

± collapsing ± isostatic uplift are not uncommon. Thus, the chronological order between adakitoid

formation and variations of crustal thicknesses is the crucial parameter, not necessary present day

thicknesses. The key to these questions lies apparently in a closer study of adakitoid restite

minerology and their P-T paths. In addition, isotopic studies must be executed to study the origin of

source material of adakitoids.

It must be emphasized, that although a stacking model for the crustal scale Archaean adakitoid

processes is preferred here, an Archaean version of gently dipping subduction / underthrusting

process has probably been also active in TTG-/adakitoid creating processes during the enormous

time span from ca 3.2 – 2.7 – 1.9 Ga of Archaean crustal evolution. However, at present, the most

plausible signs of subduction related adakitoids intruded on Finnish Archaean blocks considered

here are the crosscutting post-collisional Proterozoic, ca 1.86 Ga, mafic intrusives characterized by

homogeneous zircons and relatively small component of older crust. Thus, in the future an efficient

tool for studying Archaean adakitoids (or TTGs) is to study their single zircon age distributions. If

the age distribution is heterogeneous, it can be assumed that the genesis of adakitoids is due to

crustal stacking and remelting / -circulation and underplating of older lower crust with components

from upper mantle.

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Conclusions

The results of this study can be summarized as follows:

1) The distribution of adakitic / TTG / sanukitic rocks, that represent melts fractionated at lower

crust – upper mantle depths is very large in Finland. Only some supracrustal blocks lack

adakitoids.

2) A very effective tool for studying adakitoid chemistry is the incompatible-compatible diagram by

Pearce and Peate (1995) combined with normalization by geometric means of all Finnish

plutonic rocks (AFP).

3) The chararacteristics of adakitoids are defined by comparing their Pearce-Peate spectra with

those of granite and gabbro samples from the same database. The most distinct features of

adakitoids are their high Sr, Eu, LREE/HREE and compatible elements/HREE ratios. Their rock

types vary from granodiorites to tonalites and gabbroic rocks.

4) In Proterozoic blocks, the characteristics of average crustal plutonic rocks and adakitoids differ

clearly with the exception of two ‘marine’ blocks, whose spectral peaks coincide with those of

adakitoids, though their trends differ.

5) On Archaean blocks, the average crustal plutonic rocks and adakitoids correlate significantly,

which refers to similar evolution processes for both adakitoids and the crust as a whole.

6) Proterozoic adakitoids are here connected with subduction related processes, while Archaean

crust and adakitoids (TTGs) are probably connected mainly with collision and stacking related

processes.

7) The major restite minerals of adakitic melts are clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene for both

Proterozoic and Archaean adakitoids, while also garnet and amphiboles characterize the

restites of Archaean adakitoids.

8) The rapakivi granites correlate strongly negatively with adakitoids, thus giving indications of the

characteristics of the complemetary restitic material of the adakitoids. However, due to their

complex uplift history, they cannot directly be considered as adakitoid restites.

9) Relatively mafic Proterozoic adakitoid magma series studied on a collision zone in central

Finland are characterized by distinctly fractionated spectrum with high amount of incompatibles

and relatively low values of compatibles compared to non-adakitic, more felsic tholeitic magma

series. Thus, their magmatic evolution histories cannot be related.

10) Examples of low-SiO2 Proterozoic adakitoids are also the ca 1.86 Ga post- / late-collisional

mafic intrusives croscutting the Archaean crust close to Archaean-Proterozoic border. Their

homogenic zircons and relatively high εNd values imply low crustal contamination and

subduction related genesis.

11) In the future, an important tool for studying genesis of adakitoids will also be the study of their

zircon populations: Homogenic group refers to ‘primary’, possibly subduction related

processes, while heterogenic zircons are more probably due to crustal stacking, mantle

underplating and crustal contamination / recirculation processes.

12) The strong fractionation of incompatibles and LREE of adakitic rocks can be associated to

possible economic mineralizations of these elements.

13) In general, adakitoids form a continuity from TTGs to sanukitoids, their chemical and

minerological differences are obscure and these rocks can all be classified as representing

plagioclase instability depth melts (‘PIDM’s or ‘PID-melts’). As such, they give a very valuable

and informative window to magmatic processes existing at upper mantle – lower crustal

depths. Moreover, the effects of recirculation and characteristics of crust between their present

day location and source depth can be studied by analyzing their contamination on their way up

to present surface. Thus, their profound and comprehensive study will give much valuable

information of the evolution of our present day crust.

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Acknowledgements

Appendix 1: Statistics of all Finnish plutonites (AFP)

Acccepted DataMin = DataMin + (PRC1*DataRange)/100

Acccepted DataMax = DataMax - (PRC2*DataRange)/100

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117

where PRC1 = 0.000000 and PRC2 = 0.000000

D [kg/m3] = Density

K [uSI] = Magnetic susceptibility

J [mA/m] = Remanence

118 / 192

118

Statistics: Rb_XRF [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 5.55000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 5.55000

MAXIMUM............= 955.000

RANGE..............= 949.450

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 114.673

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 90.1649

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 57.3543

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 74.0557

VARIANCE...........= 5482.40

MEDIAN.............= 102.007

MODE...............= 66.8048

VARIATION..........= 0.645796

SKEWNESS...........= 0.646387

KURTOSIS...........= 9.74184

ENTROPY............= 0.635728

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Rb_XRF [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 249. 497.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1485 2970

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1951E+02 300 60.36 10.10 I---+------------------------*

0.4744E+02 485 97.59 26.43 I-----------+-----------------------------------*

0.7536E+02 497 100.00 43.16 I--------------------+---------------------------*

0.1033E+03 447 89.94 58.22 I---------------------------+---------------*

0.1312E+03 376 75.65 70.88 I---------------------------------+--*

0.1591E+03 283 56.94 80.40 I--------------------------* +

0.1871E+03 221 44.47 87.85 I--------------------* +

0.2150E+03 128 25.75 92.15 I-----------* +

0.2429E+03 111 22.33 95.89 I---------* +

0.2708E+03 51 10.26 97.61 I---* +

0.2988E+03 35 7.04 98.79 I--* +

0.3267E+03 21 4.23 99.49 I* +

0.3546E+03 6 1.21 99.70 * +

0.3825E+03 3 0.60 99.80 +

0.4105E+03 1 0.20 99.83 +

0.4384E+03 1 0.20 99.87 +

0.4663E+03 1 0.20 99.90 +

0.4942E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.5222E+03 1 0.20 99.93 +

0.5501E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5780E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6059E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6339E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6618E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6897E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.7176E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.7456E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.7735E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8014E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8293E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8573E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8852E+03 1 0.20 99.97 +

0.9131E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9410E+03 1 0.20 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 9.94000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 27.9250

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2970

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

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119

Statistics: Rb_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.632000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.632000

MAXIMUM............= 957.000

RANGE..............= 956.368

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 107.347

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 79.4522

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 55.4767

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 72.0152

VARIANCE...........= 5184.47

MEDIAN.............= 95.8315

MODE...............= 70.1571

VARIATION..........= 0.670865

SKEWNESS...........= 0.516415

KURTOSIS...........= 10.6792

ENTROPY............= 0.626367

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Rb_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 266. 532.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1515 3030

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1470E+02 318 59.77 10.50 I---+------------------------*

0.4282E+02 482 90.60 26.40 I-----------+-------------------------------*

0.7095E+02 532 100.00 43.96 I--------------------+---------------------------*

0.9908E+02 476 89.47 59.67 I----------------------------+--------------*

0.1272E+03 385 72.37 72.38 I----------------------------------+

0.1553E+03 304 57.14 82.41 I---------------------------* +

0.1835E+03 200 37.59 89.01 I-----------------* +

0.2116E+03 141 26.50 93.66 I-----------* +

0.2397E+03 88 16.54 96.57 I------* +

0.2679E+03 46 8.65 98.09 I--* +

0.2960E+03 30 5.64 99.08 I-* +

0.3241E+03 16 3.01 99.60 I* +

0.3522E+03 4 0.75 99.74 +

0.3804E+03 3 0.56 99.83 +

0.4085E+03 0 0.00 99.83 +

0.4366E+03 1 0.19 99.87 +

0.4648E+03 1 0.19 99.90 +

0.4929E+03 1 0.19 99.93 +

0.5210E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5491E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5773E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6054E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6335E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6617E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6898E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.7179E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.7460E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.7742E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8023E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8304E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8586E+03 1 0.19 99.97 +

0.8867E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9148E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9429E+03 1 0.19 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 10.6400

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 28.1285

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3030

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

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120

Statistics: Ba_XRF [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 21.0000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 21.0000

MAXIMUM............= 5270.00

RANGE..............= 5249.00

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 744.154

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 577.902

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 356.728

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 507.070

VARIANCE...........= 257035.

MEDIAN.............= 666.985

MODE...............= 610.460

VARIATION..........= 0.681404

SKEWNESS...........= 0.263661

KURTOSIS...........= 11.0398

ENTROPY............= 0.678230

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Ba_XRF [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 245. 490.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1522 3044

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.9819E+02 253 51.63 8.31 I--+---------------------*

0.2526E+03 283 57.76 17.61 I-------+-------------------*

0.4070E+03 409 83.47 31.04 I--------------+-------------------------*

0.5613E+03 490 100.00 47.14 I----------------------+-------------------------*

0.7157E+03 472 96.33 62.65 I-----------------------------+----------------*

0.8701E+03 342 69.80 73.88 I---------------------------------* +

0.1024E+04 242 49.39 81.83 I-----------------------* +

0.1179E+04 208 42.45 88.67 I-------------------* +

0.1333E+04 121 24.69 92.64 I----------* +

0.1488E+04 76 15.51 95.14 I------* +

0.1642E+04 36 7.35 96.32 I--* +

0.1796E+04 27 5.51 97.21 I-* +

0.1951E+04 23 4.69 97.96 I* +

0.2105E+04 13 2.65 98.39 * +

0.2260E+04 7 1.43 98.62 * +

0.2414E+04 7 1.43 98.85 * +

0.2568E+04 10 2.04 99.18 * +

0.2723E+04 4 0.82 99.31 +

0.2877E+04 5 1.02 99.47 * +

0.3031E+04 1 0.20 99.51 +

0.3186E+04 1 0.20 99.54 +

0.3340E+04 2 0.41 99.61 +

0.3495E+04 2 0.41 99.67 +

0.3649E+04 0 0.00 99.67 +

0.3803E+04 1 0.20 99.70 +

0.3958E+04 1 0.20 99.74 +

0.4112E+04 1 0.20 99.77 +

0.4267E+04 1 0.20 99.80 +

0.4421E+04 3 0.61 99.90 +

0.4575E+04 1 0.20 99.93 +

0.4730E+04 1 0.20 99.97 +

0.4884E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5038E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5193E+04 1 0.20 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 9.80000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 154.382

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3044

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

121 / 192

121

Statistics: Ba_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 10.0000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 10.0000

MAXIMUM............= 2690.00

RANGE..............= 2680.00

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 151.008

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 89.6963

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 121.816

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 188.411

VARIANCE...........= 35486.7

MEDIAN.............= 83.9870

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.24768

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 28.1190

ENTROPY............= 0.434637

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Ba_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 795. 1589.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1492 2983

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.4941E+02 1589 100.00 53.27 I-------------------------+----------------------*

0.1282E+03 596 37.51 73.25 I-----------------* +

0.2071E+03 260 16.36 81.96 I------* +

0.2859E+03 178 11.20 87.93 I----* +

0.3647E+03 116 7.30 91.82 I--* +

0.4435E+03 83 5.22 94.60 I-* +

0.5224E+03 38 2.39 95.88 * +

0.6012E+03 38 2.39 97.15 * +

0.6800E+03 36 2.27 98.36 * +

0.7588E+03 13 0.82 98.79 +

0.8376E+03 9 0.57 99.09 +

0.9165E+03 7 0.44 99.33 +

0.9953E+03 3 0.19 99.43 +

0.1074E+04 5 0.31 99.60 +

0.1153E+04 1 0.06 99.63 +

0.1232E+04 1 0.06 99.66 +

0.1311E+04 3 0.19 99.77 +

0.1389E+04 1 0.06 99.80 +

0.1468E+04 1 0.06 99.83 +

0.1547E+04 1 0.06 99.87 +

0.1626E+04 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.1705E+04 1 0.06 99.90 +

0.1784E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1862E+04 1 0.06 99.93 +

0.1941E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2020E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2099E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2178E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2256E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2335E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2414E+04 1 0.06 99.97 +

0.2493E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2572E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2651E+04 1 0.06 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 31.7800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 78.8235

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2983

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

122 / 192

122

Statistics: Th_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.130000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.130000

MAXIMUM............= 91.7000

RANGE..............= 91.5700

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 11.2358

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 6.38577

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 8.38685

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 11.4508

VARIANCE...........= 131.077

MEDIAN.............= 7.69856

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.01914

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 5.90650

ENTROPY............= 0.685052

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Th_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 332. 664.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1507 3013

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1477E+01 664 100.00 22.04 I---------+--------------------------------------*

0.4170E+01 533 80.27 39.73 I------------------+-------------------*

0.6863E+01 382 57.53 52.41 I------------------------+--*

0.9556E+01 316 47.59 62.89 I----------------------* +

0.1225E+02 218 32.83 70.13 I--------------* +

0.1494E+02 192 28.92 76.50 I------------* +

0.1764E+02 150 22.59 81.48 I---------* +

0.2033E+02 126 18.98 85.66 I-------* +

0.2302E+02 89 13.40 88.62 I-----* +

0.2572E+02 72 10.84 91.01 I---* +

0.2841E+02 52 7.83 92.73 I--* +

0.3110E+02 42 6.33 94.13 I-* +

0.3380E+02 32 4.82 95.19 I* +

0.3649E+02 33 4.97 96.28 I* +

0.3918E+02 21 3.16 96.98 I* +

0.4188E+02 15 2.26 97.48 * +

0.4457E+02 15 2.26 97.98 * +

0.4726E+02 18 2.71 98.57 * +

0.4995E+02 14 2.11 99.04 * +

0.5265E+02 5 0.75 99.20 +

0.5534E+02 3 0.45 99.30 +

0.5803E+02 4 0.60 99.44 +

0.6073E+02 6 0.90 99.63 +

0.6342E+02 1 0.15 99.67 +

0.6611E+02 1 0.15 99.70 +

0.6881E+02 2 0.30 99.77 +

0.7150E+02 2 0.30 99.83 +

0.7419E+02 0 0.00 99.83 +

0.7689E+02 0 0.00 99.83 +

0.7958E+02 1 0.15 99.87 +

0.8227E+02 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.8497E+02 2 0.30 99.93 +

0.8766E+02 1 0.15 99.97 +

0.9035E+02 1 0.15 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 13.2800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 2.69324

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3013

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

123 / 192

123

Statistics: Th_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 5.62000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 5.62000

MAXIMUM............= 106.000

RANGE..............= 100.380

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 19.0261

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 15.5093

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 10.0846

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 13.5767

VARIANCE...........= 184.247

MEDIAN.............= 14.4404

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 0.713586

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 4.62138

ENTROPY............= 0.710282

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Th_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 224. 447.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1136 2272

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.7096E+01 447 100.00 19.67 I--------+---------------------------------------*

0.1005E+02 371 83.00 36.00 I----------------+----------------------*

0.1300E+02 322 72.04 50.18 I-----------------------+----------*

0.1595E+02 229 51.23 60.26 I------------------------* +

0.1891E+02 157 35.12 67.17 I----------------* +

0.2186E+02 150 33.56 73.77 I---------------* +

0.2481E+02 108 24.16 78.52 I----------* +

0.2776E+02 94 21.03 82.66 I---------* +

0.3071E+02 72 16.11 85.83 I------* +

0.3367E+02 66 14.77 88.73 I-----* +

0.3662E+02 44 9.84 90.67 I---* +

0.3957E+02 41 9.17 92.47 I---* +

0.4252E+02 25 5.59 93.57 I-* +

0.4548E+02 26 5.82 94.72 I-* +

0.4843E+02 28 6.26 95.95 I-* +

0.5138E+02 16 3.58 96.65 I* +

0.5433E+02 16 3.58 97.36 I* +

0.5729E+02 10 2.24 97.80 * +

0.6024E+02 10 2.24 98.24 * +

0.6319E+02 11 2.46 98.72 * +

0.6614E+02 10 2.24 99.16 * +

0.6910E+02 4 0.89 99.34 +

0.7205E+02 5 1.12 99.56 * +

0.7500E+02 1 0.22 99.60 +

0.7795E+02 1 0.22 99.65 +

0.8091E+02 1 0.22 99.69 +

0.8386E+02 2 0.45 99.78 +

0.8681E+02 2 0.45 99.87 +

0.8976E+02 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.9271E+02 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.9567E+02 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.9862E+02 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.1016E+03 1 0.22 99.91 +

0.1045E+03 2 0.45 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 8.94000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 2.95235

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2272

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

124 / 192

124

Statistics: U_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.800000E-01

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.800000E-01

MAXIMUM............= 54.8000

RANGE..............= 54.7200

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 2.49914

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 1.52150

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 1.82357

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 3.03161

VARIANCE...........= 9.18760

MEDIAN.............= 1.65922

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.21306

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 55.2486

ENTROPY............= 0.395576

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

U_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 760. 1519.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1491 2981

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.8847E+00 1519 100.00 50.96 I-----------------------+------------------------*

0.2494E+01 767 50.49 76.69 I-----------------------* +

0.4104E+01 344 22.65 88.23 I---------* +

0.5713E+01 153 10.07 93.36 I---* +

0.7322E+01 86 5.66 96.24 I-* +

0.8932E+01 35 2.30 97.42 * +

0.1054E+02 27 1.78 98.32 * +

0.1215E+02 16 1.05 98.86 * +

0.1376E+02 7 0.46 99.09 +

0.1537E+02 6 0.39 99.30 +

0.1698E+02 6 0.39 99.50 +

0.1859E+02 5 0.33 99.66 +

0.2020E+02 1 0.07 99.70 +

0.2181E+02 0 0.00 99.70 +

0.2342E+02 1 0.07 99.73 +

0.2503E+02 2 0.13 99.80 +

0.2664E+02 0 0.00 99.80 +

0.2824E+02 2 0.13 99.87 +

0.2985E+02 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.3146E+02 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.3307E+02 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.3468E+02 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.3629E+02 1 0.07 99.90 +

0.3790E+02 2 0.13 99.97 +

0.3951E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4112E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4273E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4434E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4595E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4756E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4917E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5078E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5239E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5400E+02 1 0.07 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 30.3800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 1.60941

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2981

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

125 / 192

125

Statistics: Ta_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.600000E-01

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.600000E-01

MAXIMUM............= 18.9000

RANGE..............= 18.8400

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 0.708940

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 0.512200

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.420233

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.703920

VARIANCE...........= 0.495335

MEDIAN.............= 0.577565

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 0.992920

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 192.850

ENTROPY............= 0.324697

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Ta_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 785. 1569.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1466 2931

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.3371E+00 1569 100.00 53.53 I-------------------------+----------------------*

0.8912E+00 896 57.11 84.10 I---------------------------* +

0.1445E+01 319 20.33 94.98 I--------* +

0.1999E+01 99 6.31 98.36 I-* +

0.2554E+01 27 1.72 99.28 * +

0.3108E+01 7 0.45 99.52 +

0.3662E+01 3 0.19 99.62 +

0.4216E+01 3 0.19 99.73 +

0.4770E+01 3 0.19 99.83 +

0.5324E+01 1 0.06 99.86 +

0.5878E+01 1 0.06 99.90 +

0.6432E+01 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.6986E+01 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.7541E+01 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.8095E+01 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.8649E+01 1 0.06 99.93 +

0.9203E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.9757E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1031E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1087E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1142E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1197E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1253E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1308E+02 1 0.06 99.97 +

0.1364E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1419E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1474E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1530E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1585E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1641E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1696E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1751E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1807E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1862E+02 1 0.06 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 31.3800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.554118

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2931

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

126 / 192

126

Statistics: Nb_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.200000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.200000

MAXIMUM............= 154.000

RANGE..............= 153.800

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 10.1250

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 7.28878

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 5.91477

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 8.56681

VARIANCE...........= 73.3661

MEDIAN.............= 8.23992

MODE...............= 5.91499

VARIATION..........= 0.846108

SKEWNESS...........= 0.491428

KURTOSIS...........= 34.5472

ENTROPY............= 0.492625

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Nb_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 462. 923.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1523 3045

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.2462E+01 805 87.22 26.44 I-----------+------------------------------*

0.6985E+01 923 100.00 56.75 I--------------------------+---------------------*

0.1151E+02 593 64.25 76.22 I------------------------------* +

0.1603E+02 326 35.32 86.93 I----------------* +

0.2056E+02 188 20.37 93.10 I--------* +

0.2508E+02 96 10.40 96.26 I---* +

0.2960E+02 53 5.74 98.00 I-* +

0.3413E+02 19 2.06 98.62 * +

0.3865E+02 17 1.84 99.18 * +

0.4317E+02 10 1.08 99.51 * +

0.4770E+02 2 0.22 99.57 +

0.5222E+02 4 0.43 99.70 +

0.5674E+02 0 0.00 99.70 +

0.6127E+02 4 0.43 99.84 +

0.6579E+02 1 0.11 99.87 +

0.7031E+02 2 0.22 99.93 +

0.7484E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.7936E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8389E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8841E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.9293E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.9746E+02 1 0.11 99.97 +

0.1020E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1065E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1110E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1155E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1201E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1246E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1291E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1336E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1382E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1427E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1472E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1517E+03 1 0.11 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 18.4600

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 4.52353

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3045

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

127 / 192

127

Statistics: K_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 100.000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 100.000

MAXIMUM............= 64900.0

RANGE..............= 64800.0

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 6806.66

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 4686.19

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 4085.92

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 5066.69

VARIANCE...........= 0.256629E+08

MEDIAN.............= 5770.91

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 0.744373

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 5.42322

ENTROPY............= 0.623926

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

K_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 299. 597.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1528 3055

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1053E+04 597 100.00 19.54 I--------+---------------------------------------*

0.2959E+04 473 79.23 35.02 I----------------+---------------------*

0.4865E+04 469 78.56 50.38 I-----------------------+-------------*

0.6771E+04 374 62.65 62.62 I-----------------------------+

0.8676E+04 328 54.94 73.36 I-------------------------* +

0.1058E+05 255 42.71 81.70 I-------------------* +

0.1249E+05 203 34.00 88.35 I---------------* +

0.1439E+05 152 25.46 93.32 I-----------* +

0.1630E+05 86 14.41 96.14 I-----* +

0.1821E+05 64 10.72 98.23 I---* +

0.2011E+05 33 5.53 99.31 I-* +

0.2202E+05 14 2.35 99.77 * +

0.2392E+05 4 0.67 99.90 +

0.2583E+05 2 0.34 99.97 +

0.2774E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2964E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3155E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3345E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3536E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3726E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3917E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4108E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4298E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4489E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4679E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4870E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5061E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5251E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5442E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5632E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5823E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6014E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6204E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6395E+05 1 0.17 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 11.9400

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 1905.88

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3055

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

128 / 192

128

Statistics: K2O_XRF [%]

MINIMUM............= 0.300000E-02

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.300000E-02

MAXIMUM............= 10.4000

RANGE..............= 10.3970

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 3.20213

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 2.54673

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 1.43080

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 1.67319

VARIANCE...........= 2.79864

MEDIAN.............= 3.08184

MODE...............= 2.19955

VARIATION..........= 0.522523

SKEWNESS...........= 0.599206

KURTOSIS...........= -0.748687

ENTROPY............= 0.858857

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

K2O_XRF [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 112. 223.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1527 3053

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1559E+00 91 40.81 2.98 +------------------*

0.4617E+00 82 36.77 5.67 I-+--------------*

0.7675E+00 86 38.57 8.48 I--+--------------*

0.1073E+01 113 50.67 12.18 I----+------------------*

0.1379E+01 170 76.23 17.75 I-------+----------------------------*

0.1685E+01 206 92.38 24.50 I----------+---------------------------------*

0.1991E+01 210 94.17 31.38 I--------------+------------------------------*

0.2296E+01 223 100.00 38.68 I-----------------+------------------------------*

0.2602E+01 165 73.99 44.09 I--------------------+--------------*

0.2908E+01 171 76.68 49.69 I-----------------------+------------*

0.3214E+01 139 62.33 54.24 I-------------------------+---*

0.3520E+01 147 65.92 59.06 I----------------------------+--*

0.3825E+01 154 69.06 64.10 I------------------------------+--*

0.4131E+01 168 75.34 69.60 I---------------------------------+--*

0.4437E+01 146 65.47 74.39 I-------------------------------* +

0.4743E+01 178 79.82 80.22 I--------------------------------------+

0.5049E+01 177 79.37 86.01 I--------------------------------------* +

0.5354E+01 165 73.99 91.42 I-----------------------------------* +

0.5660E+01 134 60.09 95.81 I----------------------------* +

0.5966E+01 66 29.60 97.97 I-------------* +

0.6272E+01 22 9.87 98.69 I---* +

0.6578E+01 10 4.48 99.02 I* +

0.6883E+01 14 6.28 99.48 I-* +

0.7189E+01 4 1.79 99.61 * +

0.7495E+01 2 0.90 99.67 +

0.7801E+01 3 1.35 99.77 * +

0.8107E+01 1 0.45 99.80 +

0.8412E+01 2 0.90 99.87 +

0.8718E+01 3 1.35 99.97 * +

0.9024E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9330E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9636E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9941E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1025E+02 1 0.45 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 4.46000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.305794

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3053

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

129 / 192

129

Statistics: La_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.560000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.560000

MAXIMUM............= 288.000

RANGE..............= 287.440

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 38.1301

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 28.0101

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 21.6574

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 29.7755

VARIANCE...........= 886.292

MEDIAN.............= 30.3930

MODE...............= 25.3940

VARIATION..........= 0.780893

SKEWNESS...........= 0.427738

KURTOSIS...........= 6.93583

ENTROPY............= 0.679321

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

La_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 274. 547.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1522 3043

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.4787E+01 278 50.82 9.14 I---+-------------------*

0.1324E+02 412 75.32 22.67 I---------+--------------------------*

0.2170E+02 547 100.00 40.65 I------------------+-----------------------------*

0.3015E+02 538 98.35 58.33 I---------------------------+-------------------*

0.3860E+02 326 59.60 69.04 I----------------------------* +

0.4706E+02 225 41.13 76.44 I-------------------* +

0.5551E+02 169 30.90 81.99 I-------------* +

0.6397E+02 122 22.30 86.00 I---------* +

0.7242E+02 93 17.00 89.06 I-------* +

0.8087E+02 111 20.29 92.70 I--------* +

0.8933E+02 80 14.63 95.33 I-----* +

0.9778E+02 30 5.48 96.32 I-* +

0.1062E+03 28 5.12 97.24 I-* +

0.1147E+03 29 5.30 98.19 I-* +

0.1231E+03 13 2.38 98.62 * +

0.1316E+03 2 0.37 98.69 +

0.1401E+03 10 1.83 99.01 * +

0.1485E+03 8 1.46 99.28 * +

0.1570E+03 4 0.73 99.41 +

0.1654E+03 3 0.55 99.51 +

0.1739E+03 3 0.55 99.61 +

0.1823E+03 1 0.18 99.64 +

0.1908E+03 1 0.18 99.67 +

0.1992E+03 2 0.37 99.74 +

0.2077E+03 1 0.18 99.77 +

0.2161E+03 3 0.55 99.87 +

0.2246E+03 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.2330E+03 3 0.55 99.97 +

0.2415E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2500E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2584E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2669E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2753E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2838E+03 1 0.18 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 10.9400

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 8.45412

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3043

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

130 / 192

130

Statistics: La_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 1.30000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 1.30000

MAXIMUM............= 315.000

RANGE..............= 313.700

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 34.7516

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 24.6565

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 21.0177

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 29.2839

VARIANCE...........= 857.255

MEDIAN.............= 26.9248

MODE...............= 21.3226

VARIATION..........= 0.842663

SKEWNESS...........= 0.458579

KURTOSIS...........= 8.63324

ENTROPY............= 0.636564

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

La_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 302. 604.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1479 2957

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.5913E+01 446 73.84 15.08 I------+----------------------------*

0.1514E+02 563 93.21 34.12 I---------------+-----------------------------*

0.2437E+02 604 100.00 54.55 I-------------------------+----------------------*

0.3359E+02 404 66.89 68.21 I-------------------------------*+

0.4282E+02 248 41.06 76.60 I-------------------* +

0.5205E+02 183 30.30 82.79 I-------------* +

0.6127E+02 128 21.19 87.12 I---------* +

0.7050E+02 122 20.20 91.24 I--------* +

0.7973E+02 72 11.92 93.68 I----* +

0.8895E+02 59 9.77 95.67 I---* +

0.9818E+02 34 5.63 96.82 I-* +

0.1074E+03 26 4.30 97.70 I* +

0.1166E+03 19 3.15 98.34 I* +

0.1259E+03 9 1.49 98.65 * +

0.1351E+03 7 1.16 98.88 * +

0.1443E+03 9 1.49 99.19 * +

0.1535E+03 6 0.99 99.39 +

0.1628E+03 3 0.50 99.49 +

0.1720E+03 2 0.33 99.56 +

0.1812E+03 4 0.66 99.70 +

0.1904E+03 1 0.17 99.73 +

0.1997E+03 0 0.00 99.73 +

0.2089E+03 3 0.50 99.83 +

0.2181E+03 2 0.33 99.90 +

0.2273E+03 1 0.17 99.93 +

0.2366E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2458E+03 1 0.17 99.97 +

0.2550E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2643E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2735E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2827E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2919E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3012E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3104E+03 1 0.17 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 12.0800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 9.22647

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2957

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

131 / 192

131

Statistics: Ce_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.270000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.270000

MAXIMUM............= 554.000

RANGE..............= 553.730

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 74.3657

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 54.3026

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 42.0159

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 57.7069

VARIANCE...........= 3328.99

MEDIAN.............= 59.5939

MODE...............= 49.0310

VARIATION..........= 0.775987

SKEWNESS...........= 0.439024

KURTOSIS...........= 6.72729

ENTROPY............= 0.685244

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Ce_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 271. 541.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1527 3054

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.8413E+01 264 48.80 8.64 I--+-------------------*

0.2470E+02 375 69.32 20.92 I--------+------------------------*

0.4099E+02 541 100.00 38.64 I-----------------+------------------------------*

0.5727E+02 540 99.82 56.32 I--------------------------+---------------------*

0.7356E+02 360 66.54 68.11 I-------------------------------*+

0.8984E+02 240 44.36 75.97 I--------------------* +

0.1061E+03 160 29.57 81.20 I-------------* +

0.1224E+03 131 24.21 85.49 I----------* +

0.1387E+03 107 19.78 89.00 I--------* +

0.1550E+03 84 15.53 91.75 I------* +

0.1713E+03 86 15.90 94.56 I------* +

0.1876E+03 56 10.35 96.40 I---* +

0.2038E+03 27 4.99 97.28 I* +

0.2201E+03 21 3.88 97.97 I* +

0.2364E+03 18 3.33 98.56 I* +

0.2527E+03 7 1.29 98.79 * +

0.2690E+03 6 1.11 98.98 * +

0.2853E+03 5 0.92 99.15 +

0.3016E+03 7 1.29 99.38 * +

0.3179E+03 3 0.55 99.48 +

0.3341E+03 2 0.37 99.54 +

0.3504E+03 3 0.55 99.64 +

0.3667E+03 3 0.55 99.74 +

0.3830E+03 2 0.37 99.80 +

0.3993E+03 1 0.18 99.84 +

0.4156E+03 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.4319E+03 1 0.18 99.87 +

0.4481E+03 1 0.18 99.90 +

0.4644E+03 1 0.18 99.93 +

0.4807E+03 1 0.18 99.97 +

0.4970E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5133E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5296E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5459E+03 1 0.18 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 10.8200

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 16.2862

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3054

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

132 / 192

132

Statistics: Pb_XRF [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 14.0000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 14.0000

MAXIMUM............= 121.000

RANGE..............= 107.000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 32.4719

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 30.0777

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 10.3809

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 13.5469

VARIANCE...........= 183.458

MEDIAN.............= 29.4509

MODE...............= 22.9738

VARIATION..........= 0.417189

SKEWNESS...........= 0.701127

KURTOSIS...........= 3.43889

ENTROPY............= 0.760644

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Pb_XRF [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 179. 357.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1491 2982

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1557E+02 219 61.34 7.34 I--+--------------------------*

0.1872E+02 271 75.91 16.43 I------+-----------------------------*

0.2187E+02 357 100.00 28.40 I------------+-----------------------------------*

0.2501E+02 342 95.80 39.87 I------------------+---------------------------*

0.2816E+02 332 93.00 51.01 I------------------------+-------------------*

0.3131E+02 291 81.51 60.76 I----------------------------+----------*

0.3446E+02 256 71.71 69.35 I---------------------------------+*

0.3760E+02 175 49.02 75.22 I-----------------------* +

0.4075E+02 146 40.90 80.11 I------------------* +

0.4390E+02 110 30.81 83.80 I-------------* +

0.4704E+02 106 29.69 87.36 I-------------* +

0.5019E+02 83 23.25 90.14 I----------* +

0.5334E+02 90 25.21 93.16 I-----------* +

0.5649E+02 65 18.21 95.34 I-------* +

0.5963E+02 40 11.20 96.68 I----* +

0.6278E+02 30 8.40 97.69 I--* +

0.6593E+02 13 3.64 98.12 I* +

0.6907E+02 16 4.48 98.66 I* +

0.7222E+02 8 2.24 98.93 * +

0.7537E+02 5 1.40 99.09 * +

0.7851E+02 5 1.40 99.26 * +

0.8166E+02 1 0.28 99.30 +

0.8481E+02 5 1.40 99.46 * +

0.8796E+02 4 1.12 99.60 * +

0.9110E+02 2 0.56 99.66 +

0.9425E+02 2 0.56 99.73 +

0.9740E+02 3 0.84 99.83 +

0.1005E+03 0 0.00 99.83 +

0.1037E+03 0 0.00 99.83 +

0.1068E+03 2 0.56 99.90 +

0.1100E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1131E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1163E+03 2 0.56 99.97 +

0.1194E+03 1 0.28 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 7.14000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 3.14706

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2982

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

133 / 192

133

Statistics: Pr_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.750000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.750000

MAXIMUM............= 63.2000

RANGE..............= 62.4500

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 8.79755

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 6.86291

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 4.72455

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 6.48293

VARIANCE...........= 42.0142

MEDIAN.............= 7.09882

MODE...............= 5.62860

VARIATION..........= 0.736902

SKEWNESS...........= 0.488814

KURTOSIS...........= 7.19022

ENTROPY............= 0.679626

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Pr_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 274. 548.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1483 2965

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1668E+01 290 52.92 9.78 I---+--------------------*

0.3505E+01 424 77.37 24.08 I----------+--------------------------*

0.5342E+01 548 100.00 42.56 I-------------------+----------------------------*

0.7179E+01 483 88.14 58.85 I---------------------------+--------------*

0.9015E+01 319 58.21 69.61 I---------------------------* +

0.1085E+02 219 39.96 77.00 I------------------* +

0.1269E+02 157 28.65 82.29 I------------* +

0.1453E+02 114 20.80 86.14 I--------* +

0.1636E+02 99 18.07 89.48 I-------* +

0.1820E+02 76 13.87 92.04 I-----* +

0.2004E+02 81 14.78 94.77 I-----* +

0.2187E+02 46 8.39 96.32 I--* +

0.2371E+02 35 6.39 97.50 I-* +

0.2555E+02 16 2.92 98.04 * +

0.2738E+02 19 3.47 98.68 I* +

0.2922E+02 7 1.28 98.92 * +

0.3106E+02 3 0.55 99.02 +

0.3289E+02 5 0.91 99.19 +

0.3473E+02 5 0.91 99.36 +

0.3657E+02 7 1.28 99.60 * +

0.3840E+02 2 0.36 99.66 +

0.4024E+02 2 0.36 99.73 +

0.4208E+02 3 0.55 99.83 +

0.4391E+02 0 0.00 99.83 +

0.4575E+02 0 0.00 99.83 +

0.4759E+02 0 0.00 99.83 +

0.4942E+02 0 0.00 99.83 +

0.5126E+02 2 0.36 99.90 +

0.5310E+02 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.5493E+02 1 0.18 99.93 +

0.5677E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5861E+02 1 0.18 99.97 +

0.6044E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6228E+02 1 0.18 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 10.9600

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 1.83676

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2965

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

134 / 192

134

Statistics: Sr_XRF [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 4.00000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 4.00000

MAXIMUM............= 4983.00

RANGE..............= 4979.00

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 380.390

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 283.435

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 213.180

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 291.040

VARIANCE...........= 84676.7

MEDIAN.............= 309.860

MODE...............= 226.243

VARIATION..........= 0.765111

SKEWNESS...........= 0.529641

KURTOSIS...........= 23.7252

ENTROPY............= 0.529142

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Sr_XRF [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 438. 875.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1526 3051

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.7722E+02 596 68.11 19.53 I--------+-----------------------*

0.2237E+03 875 100.00 48.21 I----------------------+-------------------------*

0.3701E+03 615 70.29 68.37 I--------------------------------+*

0.5165E+03 392 44.80 81.22 I--------------------* +

0.6630E+03 250 28.57 89.41 I------------* +

0.8094E+03 138 15.77 93.94 I------* +

0.9559E+03 95 10.86 97.05 I---* +

0.1102E+04 40 4.57 98.36 I* +

0.1249E+04 28 3.20 99.28 I* +

0.1395E+04 4 0.46 99.41 +

0.1542E+04 6 0.69 99.61 +

0.1688E+04 4 0.46 99.74 +

0.1835E+04 2 0.23 99.80 +

0.1981E+04 2 0.23 99.87 +

0.2127E+04 2 0.23 99.93 +

0.2274E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2420E+04 1 0.11 99.97 +

0.2567E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2713E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2860E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3006E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3152E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3299E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3445E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3592E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3738E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3885E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4031E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4178E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4324E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4470E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4617E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4763E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4910E+04 1 0.11 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 17.5000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 146.441

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3051

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

135 / 192

135

Statistics: Sr_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 1.20000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 1.20000

MAXIMUM............= 1830.00

RANGE..............= 1828.80

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 22.0245

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 12.3158

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 18.7619

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 56.4672

VARIANCE...........= 3187.49

MEDIAN.............= 29.9522

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 2.56383

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 503.164

ENTROPY............= 0.915888E-01

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Sr_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 1419. 2837.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1517 3033

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.2809E+02 2837 100.00 93.54 I---------------------------------------------+--*

0.8188E+02 119 4.19 97.46 I* +

0.1357E+03 38 1.34 98.71 * +

0.1895E+03 18 0.63 99.31 +

0.2432E+03 6 0.21 99.51 +

0.2970E+03 4 0.14 99.64 +

0.3508E+03 3 0.11 99.74 +

0.4046E+03 2 0.07 99.80 +

0.4584E+03 2 0.07 99.87 +

0.5122E+03 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.5660E+03 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.6198E+03 1 0.04 99.90 +

0.6736E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.7273E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.7811E+03 1 0.04 99.93 +

0.8349E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8887E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.9425E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.9963E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1050E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1104E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1158E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1211E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1265E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1319E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1373E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1427E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1480E+04 1 0.04 99.97 +

0.1534E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1588E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1642E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1696E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1749E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1803E+04 1 0.04 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 56.7400

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 53.7882

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3033

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

136 / 192

136

Statistics: P_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 6.00000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 6.00000

MAXIMUM............= 22000.0

RANGE..............= 21994.0

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 693.833

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 407.520

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 494.367

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 922.757

VARIANCE...........= 851201.

MEDIAN.............= 517.640

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.32994

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 124.627

ENTROPY............= 0.293769

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

P_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 965. 1930.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1527 3053

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.3294E+03 1930 100.00 63.22 I------------------------------+-----------------*

0.9763E+03 796 41.24 89.29 I-------------------* +

0.1623E+04 193 10.00 95.61 I---* +

0.2270E+04 43 2.23 97.02 * +

0.2917E+04 36 1.87 98.20 * +

0.3564E+04 13 0.67 98.62 +

0.4211E+04 14 0.73 99.08 +

0.4858E+04 6 0.31 99.28 +

0.5505E+04 8 0.41 99.54 +

0.6151E+04 4 0.21 99.67 +

0.6798E+04 3 0.16 99.77 +

0.7445E+04 1 0.05 99.80 +

0.8092E+04 3 0.16 99.90 +

0.8739E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.9386E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1003E+05 1 0.05 99.93 +

0.1068E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1133E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1197E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1262E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1327E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1391E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1456E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1521E+05 1 0.05 99.97 +

0.1585E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1650E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1715E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1780E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1844E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1909E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1974E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2038E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2103E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2168E+05 1 0.05 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 38.6000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 646.882

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3053

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

137 / 192

137

Statistics: P2O5_XRF [%]

MINIMUM............= 0.240000E-01

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.240000E-01

MAXIMUM............= 5.48000

RANGE..............= 5.45600

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 0.192885

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 0.137634

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.121417

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.233025

VARIANCE...........= 0.542814E-01

MEDIAN.............= 0.148884

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.20810

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 126.438

ENTROPY............= 0.289098

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

P2O5_XRF [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 908. 1815.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1413 2825

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1042E+00 1815 100.00 64.25 I------------------------------+-----------------*

0.2647E+00 731 40.28 90.12 I------------------* +

0.4252E+00 147 8.10 95.33 I--* +

0.5856E+00 44 2.42 96.88 * +

0.7461E+00 36 1.98 98.16 * +

0.9066E+00 16 0.88 98.73 +

0.1067E+01 10 0.55 99.08 +

0.1228E+01 6 0.33 99.29 +

0.1388E+01 6 0.33 99.50 +

0.1548E+01 4 0.22 99.65 +

0.1709E+01 3 0.17 99.75 +

0.1869E+01 2 0.11 99.82 +

0.2030E+01 1 0.06 99.86 +

0.2190E+01 0 0.00 99.86 +

0.2351E+01 1 0.06 99.89 +

0.2511E+01 0 0.00 99.89 +

0.2672E+01 1 0.06 99.93 +

0.2832E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2993E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3153E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3314E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3474E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3635E+01 1 0.06 99.96 +

0.3795E+01 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.3956E+01 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.4116E+01 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.4276E+01 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.4437E+01 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.4597E+01 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.4758E+01 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.4918E+01 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.5079E+01 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.5239E+01 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.5400E+01 1 0.06 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 36.3000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.160471

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2825

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

138 / 192

138

Statistics: Nd_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.240000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.240000

MAXIMUM............= 216.000

RANGE..............= 215.760

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 31.2386

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 23.3709

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 17.0534

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 23.3441

VARIANCE...........= 544.768

MEDIAN.............= 25.3103

MODE...............= 21.7295

VARIATION..........= 0.747284

SKEWNESS...........= 0.407346

KURTOSIS...........= 6.75541

ENTROPY............= 0.701417

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Nd_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 274. 547.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1526 3052

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.3413E+01 234 42.78 7.67 I--+----------------*

0.9759E+01 327 59.78 18.38 I-------+--------------------*

0.1610E+02 445 81.35 32.96 I--------------+------------------------*

0.2245E+02 547 100.00 50.88 I-----------------------+------------------------*

0.2880E+02 385 70.38 63.50 I------------------------------+--*

0.3514E+02 301 55.03 73.36 I--------------------------* +

0.4149E+02 186 34.00 79.46 I---------------* +

0.4783E+02 137 25.05 83.94 I-----------* +

0.5418E+02 93 17.00 86.99 I-------* +

0.6053E+02 87 15.90 89.84 I------* +

0.6687E+02 79 14.44 92.43 I-----* +

0.7322E+02 81 14.81 95.09 I-----* +

0.7956E+02 48 8.78 96.66 I--* +

0.8591E+02 36 6.58 97.84 I-* +

0.9226E+02 17 3.11 98.39 I* +

0.9860E+02 11 2.01 98.75 * +

0.1049E+03 6 1.10 98.95 * +

0.1113E+03 5 0.91 99.12 +

0.1176E+03 7 1.28 99.34 * +

0.1240E+03 4 0.73 99.48 +

0.1303E+03 4 0.73 99.61 +

0.1367E+03 4 0.73 99.74 +

0.1430E+03 1 0.18 99.77 +

0.1494E+03 1 0.18 99.80 +

0.1557E+03 0 0.00 99.80 +

0.1621E+03 1 0.18 99.84 +

0.1684E+03 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.1748E+03 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.1811E+03 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.1874E+03 1 0.18 99.87 +

0.1938E+03 1 0.18 99.90 +

0.2001E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2065E+03 2 0.37 99.97 +

0.2128E+03 1 0.18 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 10.9400

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 6.34588

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3052

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

139 / 192

139

Statistics: Na_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 178.000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 178.000

MAXIMUM............= 66600.0

RANGE..............= 66422.0

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 977.039

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 772.775

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 521.094

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 1595.73

VARIANCE...........= 0.254553E+07

MEDIAN.............= 1210.32

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.63323

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 951.967

ENTROPY............= 0.772022E-01

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Na_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 1443. 2885.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1525 3049

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1155E+04 2885 100.00 94.62 I---------------------------------------------+--*

0.3108E+04 102 3.54 97.97 I* +

0.5062E+04 35 1.21 99.11 * +

0.7016E+04 12 0.42 99.51 +

0.8969E+04 4 0.14 99.64 +

0.1092E+05 5 0.17 99.80 +

0.1288E+05 4 0.14 99.93 +

0.1483E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1678E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1874E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2069E+05 1 0.03 99.97 +

0.2264E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2460E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2655E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2851E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3046E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3241E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3437E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3632E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3827E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4023E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4218E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4413E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4609E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4804E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4999E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5195E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5390E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5586E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5781E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5976E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6172E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6367E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6562E+05 1 0.03 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 57.7000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 1953.59

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3049

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

140 / 192

140

Statistics: Na2O_XRF [%]

MINIMUM............= 0.570000E-01

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.570000E-01

MAXIMUM............= 10.5000

RANGE..............= 10.4430

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 3.70648

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 3.55947

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.714951

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.936165

VARIANCE...........= 0.876116

MEDIAN.............= 3.62985

MODE...............= 3.42894

VARIATION..........= 0.252575

SKEWNESS...........= 0.296463

KURTOSIS...........= 2.04293

ENTROPY............= 0.705371

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Na2O_XRF [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 230. 459.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1518 3036

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.2106E+00 7 1.53 0.23 *

0.5177E+00 7 1.53 0.46 *

0.8249E+00 12 2.61 0.86 *

0.1132E+01 18 3.92 1.45 +*

0.1439E+01 17 3.70 2.01 +*

0.1746E+01 23 5.01 2.77 +-*

0.2053E+01 22 4.79 3.49 I+

0.2361E+01 81 17.65 6.16 I-+-----*

0.2668E+01 214 46.62 13.21 I-----+---------------*

0.2975E+01 369 80.39 25.36 I-----------+--------------------------*

0.3282E+01 459 100.00 40.48 I------------------+-----------------------------*

0.3589E+01 457 99.56 55.53 I--------------------------+---------------------*

0.3896E+01 379 82.57 68.02 I--------------------------------+------*

0.4203E+01 281 61.22 77.27 I-----------------------------* +

0.4511E+01 237 51.63 85.08 I------------------------* +

0.4818E+01 169 36.82 90.65 I----------------* +

0.5125E+01 133 28.98 95.03 I------------* +

0.5432E+01 79 17.21 97.63 I-------* +

0.5739E+01 33 7.19 98.72 I--* +

0.6046E+01 21 4.58 99.41 I* +

0.6354E+01 6 1.31 99.60 * +

0.6661E+01 7 1.53 99.84 * +

0.6968E+01 1 0.22 99.87 +

0.7275E+01 1 0.22 99.90 +

0.7582E+01 1 0.22 99.93 +

0.7889E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8196E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8504E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8811E+01 1 0.22 99.97 +

0.9118E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9425E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9732E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1004E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1035E+02 1 0.22 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 9.18000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.307147

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3036

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

141 / 192

141

Statistics: Zr_XRF [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 6.00000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 6.00000

MAXIMUM............= 1238.00

RANGE..............= 1232.00

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 201.479

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 157.869

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 99.5456

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 143.392

VARIANCE...........= 20554.4

MEDIAN.............= 168.540

MODE...............= 154.836

VARIATION..........= 0.711695

SKEWNESS...........= 0.325288

KURTOSIS...........= 6.89831

ENTROPY............= 0.708363

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Zr_XRF [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 280. 559.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1521 3041

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.2412E+02 186 33.27 6.12 I-+-------------*

0.6035E+02 204 36.49 12.82 I----+-----------*

0.9659E+02 323 57.78 23.45 I----------+----------------*

0.1328E+03 536 95.89 41.07 I-------------------+--------------------------*

0.1691E+03 559 100.00 59.45 I----------------------------+-------------------*

0.2053E+03 368 65.83 71.56 I-------------------------------* +

0.2415E+03 224 40.07 78.92 I------------------* +

0.2778E+03 128 22.90 83.13 I---------* +

0.3140E+03 103 18.43 86.52 I-------* +

0.3502E+03 75 13.42 88.98 I-----* +

0.3865E+03 57 10.20 90.86 I---* +

0.4227E+03 53 9.48 92.60 I---* +

0.4589E+03 37 6.62 93.82 I-* +

0.4952E+03 37 6.62 95.03 I-* +

0.5314E+03 42 7.51 96.42 I--* +

0.5676E+03 32 5.72 97.47 I-* +

0.6039E+03 32 5.72 98.52 I-* +

0.6401E+03 12 2.15 98.91 * +

0.6764E+03 5 0.89 99.08 +

0.7126E+03 10 1.79 99.41 * +

0.7488E+03 1 0.18 99.44 +

0.7851E+03 1 0.18 99.47 +

0.8213E+03 2 0.36 99.54 +

0.8575E+03 2 0.36 99.61 +

0.8938E+03 1 0.18 99.64 +

0.9300E+03 2 0.36 99.70 +

0.9662E+03 2 0.36 99.77 +

0.1002E+04 0 0.00 99.77 +

0.1039E+04 0 0.00 99.77 +

0.1075E+04 1 0.18 99.80 +

0.1111E+04 1 0.18 99.84 +

0.1147E+04 2 0.36 99.90 +

0.1184E+04 2 0.36 99.97 +

0.1220E+04 1 0.18 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 11.1800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 36.2353

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3041

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

142 / 192

142

Statistics: Zr_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 3.14000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 3.14000

MAXIMUM............= 1070.00

RANGE..............= 1066.86

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 181.669

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 141.363

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 91.3772

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 130.140

VARIANCE...........= 16931.0

MEDIAN.............= 149.828

MODE...............= 136.827

VARIATION..........= 0.716361

SKEWNESS...........= 0.344563

KURTOSIS...........= 6.09706

ENTROPY............= 0.725833

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Zr_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 276. 552.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1526 3051

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1883E+02 165 29.89 5.41 I-+-----------*

0.5021E+02 199 36.05 11.93 I----+-----------*

0.8159E+02 299 54.17 21.73 I---------+---------------*

0.1130E+03 490 88.77 37.79 I-----------------+------------------------*

0.1443E+03 552 100.00 55.88 I--------------------------+---------------------*

0.1757E+03 376 68.12 68.21 I--------------------------------+

0.2071E+03 236 42.75 75.94 I-------------------* +

0.2385E+03 150 27.17 80.86 I------------* +

0.2699E+03 116 21.01 84.66 I---------* +

0.3012E+03 92 16.67 87.68 I------* +

0.3326E+03 63 11.41 89.74 I----* +

0.3640E+03 58 10.51 91.64 I---* +

0.3954E+03 44 7.97 93.08 I--* +

0.4267E+03 36 6.52 94.26 I-* +

0.4581E+03 44 7.97 95.71 I--* +

0.4895E+03 32 5.80 96.76 I-* +

0.5209E+03 25 4.53 97.57 I* +

0.5523E+03 23 4.17 98.33 I* +

0.5836E+03 14 2.54 98.79 * +

0.6150E+03 13 2.36 99.21 * +

0.6464E+03 3 0.54 99.31 +

0.6778E+03 2 0.36 99.38 +

0.7092E+03 3 0.54 99.48 +

0.7405E+03 2 0.36 99.54 +

0.7719E+03 2 0.36 99.61 +

0.8033E+03 1 0.18 99.64 +

0.8347E+03 1 0.18 99.67 +

0.8660E+03 3 0.54 99.77 +

0.8974E+03 0 0.00 99.77 +

0.9288E+03 1 0.18 99.80 +

0.9602E+03 1 0.18 99.84 +

0.9916E+03 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.1023E+04 2 0.36 99.90 +

0.1054E+04 3 0.54 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 11.0400

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 31.3782

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3051

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

143 / 192

143

Statistics: Hf_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.139000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.139000

MAXIMUM............= 24.7000

RANGE..............= 24.5610

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 4.76000

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 3.86210

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 2.22488

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 3.12682

VARIANCE...........= 9.77380

MEDIAN.............= 4.02317

MODE...............= 3.60062

VARIATION..........= 0.656895

SKEWNESS...........= 0.370788

KURTOSIS...........= 4.38486

ENTROPY............= 0.747121

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Hf_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 247. 494.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1524 3047

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.5002E+00 107 21.66 3.51 I+--------*

0.1223E+01 163 33.00 8.86 I--+-----------*

0.1945E+01 209 42.31 15.72 I------+------------*

0.2667E+01 376 76.11 28.06 I------------+-----------------------*

0.3390E+01 494 100.00 44.27 I--------------------+---------------------------*

0.4112E+01 463 93.72 59.47 I----------------------------+----------------*

0.4834E+01 311 62.96 69.68 I-----------------------------* +

0.5557E+01 213 43.12 76.67 I--------------------* +

0.6279E+01 171 34.62 82.28 I---------------* +

0.7002E+01 90 18.22 85.23 I-------* +

0.7724E+01 81 16.40 87.89 I------* +

0.8446E+01 59 11.94 89.83 I----* +

0.9169E+01 48 9.72 91.40 I---* +

0.9891E+01 38 7.69 92.65 I--* +

0.1061E+02 40 8.10 93.96 I--* +

0.1134E+02 34 6.88 95.08 I-* +

0.1206E+02 40 8.10 96.39 I--* +

0.1278E+02 34 6.88 97.51 I-* +

0.1350E+02 16 3.24 98.03 I* +

0.1423E+02 17 3.44 98.59 I* +

0.1495E+02 12 2.43 98.98 * +

0.1567E+02 9 1.82 99.28 * +

0.1639E+02 4 0.81 99.41 +

0.1711E+02 4 0.81 99.54 +

0.1784E+02 4 0.81 99.67 +

0.1856E+02 0 0.00 99.67 +

0.1928E+02 1 0.20 99.70 +

0.2000E+02 3 0.61 99.80 +

0.2073E+02 0 0.00 99.80 +

0.2145E+02 2 0.40 99.87 +

0.2217E+02 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.2289E+02 2 0.40 99.93 +

0.2362E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2434E+02 2 0.40 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 9.88000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.722382

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3047

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

144 / 192

144

Statistics: Sm_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.500000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.500000

MAXIMUM............= 36.2000

RANGE..............= 35.7000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 5.61993

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 4.43705

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 2.91765

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 3.99606

VARIANCE...........= 15.9632

MEDIAN.............= 4.63479

MODE...............= 3.92750

VARIATION..........= 0.711051

SKEWNESS...........= 0.423526

KURTOSIS...........= 6.60859

ENTROPY............= 0.706934

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Sm_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 238. 475.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1502 3003

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1025E+01 252 53.05 8.39 I--+----------------------*

0.2075E+01 366 77.05 20.58 I--------+----------------------------*

0.3125E+01 438 92.21 35.16 I----------------+---------------------------*

0.4175E+01 475 100.00 50.98 I-----------------------+------------------------*

0.5225E+01 372 78.32 63.37 I------------------------------+------*

0.6275E+01 288 60.63 72.96 I----------------------------* +

0.7325E+01 191 40.21 79.32 I------------------* +

0.8375E+01 142 29.89 84.05 I-------------* +

0.9425E+01 105 22.11 87.55 I---------* +

0.1048E+02 76 16.00 90.08 I------* +

0.1153E+02 51 10.74 91.77 I---* +

0.1258E+02 58 12.21 93.71 I----* +

0.1363E+02 62 13.05 95.77 I-----* +

0.1468E+02 48 10.11 97.37 I---* +

0.1573E+02 24 5.05 98.17 I-* +

0.1678E+02 20 4.21 98.83 I* +

0.1783E+02 6 1.26 99.03 * +

0.1888E+02 7 1.47 99.27 * +

0.1992E+02 5 1.05 99.43 * +

0.2097E+02 1 0.21 99.47 +

0.2202E+02 3 0.63 99.57 +

0.2307E+02 1 0.21 99.60 +

0.2412E+02 2 0.42 99.67 +

0.2517E+02 1 0.21 99.70 +

0.2622E+02 0 0.00 99.70 +

0.2727E+02 3 0.63 99.80 +

0.2832E+02 0 0.00 99.80 +

0.2937E+02 0 0.00 99.80 +

0.3042E+02 2 0.42 99.87 +

0.3147E+02 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.3252E+02 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.3357E+02 1 0.21 99.90 +

0.3462E+02 1 0.21 99.93 +

0.3567E+02 2 0.42 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 9.50000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 1.05000

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3003

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

145 / 192

145

Statistics: Eu_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.900000E-01

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.900000E-01

MAXIMUM............= 7.27000

RANGE..............= 7.18000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 1.05478

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 0.883826

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.478501

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.649724

VARIANCE...........= 0.422001

MEDIAN.............= 0.916700

MODE...............= 0.653985

VARIATION..........= 0.615979

SKEWNESS...........= 0.616874

KURTOSIS...........= 6.59394

ENTROPY............= 0.665464

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Eu_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 279. 557.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1511 3021

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1956E+00 129 23.16 4.27 I+---------*

0.4068E+00 390 70.02 17.18 I-------+-------------------------*

0.6179E+00 557 100.00 35.62 I----------------+-------------------------------*

0.8291E+00 475 85.28 51.34 I------------------------+----------------*

0.1040E+01 421 75.58 65.28 I-------------------------------+----*

0.1251E+01 330 59.25 76.20 I----------------------------* +

0.1463E+01 214 38.42 83.28 I-----------------* +

0.1674E+01 145 26.03 88.08 I-----------* +

0.1885E+01 94 16.88 91.19 I------* +

0.2096E+01 86 15.44 94.04 I------* +

0.2307E+01 57 10.23 95.93 I---* +

0.2519E+01 38 6.82 97.19 I-* +

0.2730E+01 29 5.21 98.15 I-* +

0.2941E+01 18 3.23 98.74 I* +

0.3152E+01 9 1.62 99.04 * +

0.3363E+01 8 1.44 99.30 * +

0.3574E+01 8 1.44 99.57 * +

0.3786E+01 2 0.36 99.64 +

0.3997E+01 0 0.00 99.64 +

0.4208E+01 2 0.36 99.70 +

0.4419E+01 2 0.36 99.77 +

0.4630E+01 2 0.36 99.83 +

0.4841E+01 2 0.36 99.90 +

0.5053E+01 1 0.18 99.93 +

0.5264E+01 1 0.18 99.97 +

0.5475E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5686E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5897E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6109E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6320E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6531E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6742E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6953E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7164E+01 1 0.18 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 11.1400

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.211176

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3021

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

146 / 192

146

Statistics: Gd_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.501000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.501000

MAXIMUM............= 46.9000

RANGE..............= 46.3990

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 5.00248

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 3.94429

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 2.59462

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 3.64840

VARIANCE...........= 13.3064

MEDIAN.............= 4.17273

MODE...............= 3.64891

VARIATION..........= 0.729319

SKEWNESS...........= 0.371003

KURTOSIS...........= 11.2016

ENTROPY............= 0.600634

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Gd_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 339. 677.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1502 3003

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1183E+01 453 66.91 15.08 I------+------------------------*

0.2548E+01 581 85.82 34.43 I---------------+-------------------------*

0.3913E+01 677 100.00 56.98 I--------------------------+---------------------*

0.5277E+01 460 67.95 72.29 I--------------------------------* +

0.6642E+01 276 40.77 81.49 I------------------* +

0.8007E+01 182 26.88 87.55 I-----------* +

0.9371E+01 101 14.92 90.91 I-----* +

0.1074E+02 66 9.75 93.11 I---* +

0.1210E+02 64 9.45 95.24 I---* +

0.1347E+02 72 10.64 97.64 I---* +

0.1483E+02 31 4.58 98.67 I* +

0.1619E+02 12 1.77 99.07 * +

0.1756E+02 8 1.18 99.33 * +

0.1892E+02 5 0.74 99.50 +

0.2029E+02 4 0.59 99.63 +

0.2165E+02 1 0.15 99.67 +

0.2302E+02 1 0.15 99.70 +

0.2438E+02 1 0.15 99.73 +

0.2575E+02 2 0.30 99.80 +

0.2711E+02 2 0.30 99.87 +

0.2848E+02 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.2984E+02 1 0.15 99.90 +

0.3121E+02 1 0.15 99.93 +

0.3257E+02 1 0.15 99.97 +

0.3394E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3530E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3666E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3803E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3939E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4076E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4212E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4349E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4485E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4622E+02 1 0.15 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 13.5400

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 1.36468

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3003

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

147 / 192

147

Statistics: Ti_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 2.75000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 2.75000

MAXIMUM............= 7970.00

RANGE..............= 7967.25

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 1830.66

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 1228.55

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 1061.07

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 1325.27

VARIANCE...........= 0.175578E+07

MEDIAN.............= 1569.64

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 0.723933

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 0.787462

ENTROPY............= 0.845789

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Ti_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 1. 129. 259.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1529 3058

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1199E+03 259 100.00 8.47 I--+---------------------------------------------*

0.3542E+03 180 69.38 14.36 I-----+---------------------------*

0.5886E+03 211 81.40 21.26 I---------+-----------------------------*

0.8229E+03 242 93.41 29.17 I-------------+-------------------------------*

0.1057E+04 257 99.22 37.57 I-----------------+------------------------------*

0.1292E+04 231 89.15 45.13 I---------------------+---------------------*

0.1526E+04 217 83.72 52.22 I------------------------+---------------*

0.1760E+04 191 73.64 58.47 I---------------------------+-------*

0.1995E+04 171 65.89 64.06 I------------------------------+*

0.2229E+04 152 58.53 69.03 I---------------------------* +

0.2463E+04 160 61.63 74.26 I-----------------------------* +

0.2698E+04 131 50.39 78.55 I-----------------------* +

0.2932E+04 109 41.86 82.11 I-------------------* +

0.3166E+04 117 44.96 85.94 I--------------------* +

0.3401E+04 77 29.46 88.46 I-------------* +

0.3635E+04 69 26.36 90.71 I-----------* +

0.3869E+04 57 21.71 92.58 I---------* +

0.4104E+04 59 22.48 94.51 I---------* +

0.4338E+04 33 12.40 95.59 I----* +

0.4572E+04 22 8.14 96.30 I--* +

0.4807E+04 30 11.24 97.29 I----* +

0.5041E+04 25 9.30 98.10 I---* +

0.5275E+04 14 5.04 98.56 I-* +

0.5510E+04 9 3.10 98.86 I* +

0.5744E+04 7 2.33 99.08 * +

0.5978E+04 9 3.10 99.38 I* +

0.6213E+04 5 1.55 99.54 * +

0.6447E+04 3 0.78 99.64 +

0.6681E+04 3 0.78 99.74 +

0.6916E+04 1 0.00 99.77 +

0.7150E+04 4 1.16 99.90 * +

0.7384E+04 1 0.00 99.93 +

0.7619E+04 1 0.00 99.97 +

0.7853E+04 1 0.00 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 5.16000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 234.331

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3058

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

148 / 192

148

Statistics: Ti_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 14.5000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 14.5000

MAXIMUM............= 22700.0

RANGE..............= 22685.5

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 3083.23

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 2179.01

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 1821.10

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 2574.19

VARIANCE...........= 0.662427E+07

MEDIAN.............= 2482.87

MODE...............= 1543.36

VARIATION..........= 0.834900

SKEWNESS...........= 0.598195

KURTOSIS...........= 8.05073

ENTROPY............= 0.696890

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Ti_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 249. 498.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1528 3055

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.3481E+03 302 60.64 9.89 I---+------------------------*

0.1015E+04 454 91.16 24.75 I----------+---------------------------------*

0.1683E+04 498 100.00 41.05 I-------------------+----------------------------*

0.2350E+04 391 78.51 53.85 I-------------------------+-----------*

0.3017E+04 360 72.29 65.63 I-------------------------------+--*

0.3684E+04 269 54.02 74.44 I-------------------------* +

0.4351E+04 210 42.17 81.31 I-------------------* +

0.5019E+04 160 32.13 86.55 I--------------* +

0.5686E+04 121 24.30 90.51 I----------* +

0.6353E+04 74 14.86 92.93 I-----* +

0.7020E+04 41 8.23 94.27 I--* +

0.7688E+04 33 6.63 95.35 I-* +

0.8355E+04 22 4.42 96.07 I* +

0.9022E+04 20 4.02 96.73 I* +

0.9689E+04 15 3.01 97.22 I* +

0.1036E+05 14 2.81 97.68 * +

0.1102E+05 20 4.02 98.33 I* +

0.1169E+05 9 1.81 98.63 * +

0.1236E+05 4 0.80 98.76 +

0.1303E+05 8 1.61 99.02 * +

0.1369E+05 12 2.41 99.41 * +

0.1436E+05 5 1.00 99.57 * +

0.1503E+05 1 0.20 99.61 +

0.1569E+05 3 0.60 99.71 +

0.1636E+05 0 0.00 99.71 +

0.1703E+05 1 0.20 99.74 +

0.1770E+05 1 0.20 99.77 +

0.1836E+05 0 0.00 99.77 +

0.1903E+05 3 0.60 99.87 +

0.1970E+05 1 0.20 99.90 +

0.2036E+05 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2103E+05 1 0.20 99.93 +

0.2170E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2237E+05 2 0.40 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 9.96000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 667.221

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3055

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

149 / 192

149

Statistics: TiO2_XRF [%]

MINIMUM............= 0.500000E-02

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.500000E-02

MAXIMUM............= 4.02000

RANGE..............= 4.01500

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 0.538783

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 0.384237

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.313433

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.439653

VARIANCE...........= 0.193232

MEDIAN.............= 0.441426

MODE...............= 0.248845

VARIATION..........= 0.816012

SKEWNESS...........= 0.659471

KURTOSIS...........= 7.95384

ENTROPY............= 0.691529

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

TiO2_XRF [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 237. 473.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1527 3054

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.6404E-01 307 64.90 10.05 I---+--------------------------*

0.1821E+00 468 98.94 25.38 I-----------+-----------------------------------*

0.3002E+00 473 100.00 40.86 I------------------+-----------------------------*

0.4183E+00 401 84.78 53.99 I-------------------------+--------------*

0.5364E+00 362 76.53 65.85 I-------------------------------+----*

0.6545E+00 263 55.60 74.46 I--------------------------* +

0.7726E+00 232 49.05 82.06 I-----------------------* +

0.8907E+00 164 34.67 87.43 I---------------* +

0.1009E+01 111 23.47 91.06 I----------* +

0.1127E+01 77 16.28 93.58 I------* +

0.1245E+01 45 9.51 95.06 I---* +

0.1363E+01 30 6.34 96.04 I-* +

0.1481E+01 19 4.02 96.66 I* +

0.1599E+01 11 2.33 97.02 * +

0.1717E+01 15 3.17 97.51 I* +

0.1835E+01 12 2.54 97.90 * +

0.1953E+01 16 3.38 98.43 I* +

0.2072E+01 6 1.27 98.62 * +

0.2190E+01 11 2.33 98.98 * +

0.2308E+01 8 1.69 99.25 * +

0.2426E+01 5 1.06 99.41 * +

0.2544E+01 5 1.06 99.57 * +

0.2662E+01 4 0.85 99.71 +

0.2780E+01 0 0.00 99.71 +

0.2898E+01 3 0.63 99.80 +

0.3016E+01 0 0.00 99.80 +

0.3134E+01 2 0.42 99.87 +

0.3252E+01 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.3371E+01 1 0.21 99.90 +

0.3489E+01 1 0.21 99.93 +

0.3607E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3725E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3843E+01 1 0.21 99.97 +

0.3961E+01 1 0.21 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 9.46000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.118088

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3054

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

150 / 192

150

Statistics: Tb_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.800000E-01

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.800000E-01

MAXIMUM............= 8.59000

RANGE..............= 8.51000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 0.706551

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 0.549043

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.378885

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.554321

VARIANCE...........= 0.307169

MEDIAN.............= 0.569849

MODE...............= 0.436544

VARIATION..........= 0.784545

SKEWNESS...........= 0.487095

KURTOSIS...........= 19.9858

ENTROPY............= 0.526445

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Tb_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 420. 839.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1493 2986

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.2051E+00 690 82.24 23.11 I----------+----------------------------*

0.4554E+00 839 100.00 51.21 I------------------------+-----------------------*

0.7057E+00 637 75.92 72.54 I----------------------------------+-*

0.9560E+00 350 41.72 84.26 I-------------------* +

0.1206E+01 170 20.26 89.95 I--------* +

0.1457E+01 87 10.37 92.87 I---* +

0.1707E+01 50 5.96 94.54 I-* +

0.1957E+01 71 8.46 96.92 I--* +

0.2207E+01 49 5.84 98.56 I-* +

0.2458E+01 15 1.79 99.06 * +

0.2708E+01 9 1.07 99.36 * +

0.2958E+01 5 0.60 99.53 +

0.3209E+01 3 0.36 99.63 +

0.3459E+01 2 0.24 99.70 +

0.3709E+01 1 0.12 99.73 +

0.3960E+01 1 0.12 99.77 +

0.4210E+01 2 0.24 99.83 +

0.4460E+01 2 0.24 99.90 +

0.4710E+01 2 0.24 99.97 +

0.4961E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5211E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5461E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5712E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5962E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6212E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6463E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6713E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6963E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7213E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7464E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7714E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7964E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.8215E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.8465E+01 1 0.12 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 16.7800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.250294

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2986

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

151 / 192

151

Statistics: Dy_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.550000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.550000

MAXIMUM............= 57.9000

RANGE..............= 57.3500

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 3.76941

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 2.89101

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 2.09631

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 3.18893

VARIANCE...........= 10.1657

MEDIAN.............= 3.07130

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 0.846001

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 35.3508

ENTROPY............= 0.457999

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Dy_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 487. 974.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1446 2891

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1393E+01 974 100.00 33.69 I---------------+--------------------------------*

0.3080E+01 953 97.84 66.66 I-------------------------------+---------------*

0.4767E+01 474 48.67 83.05 I----------------------* +

0.6454E+01 214 21.97 90.45 I---------* +

0.8140E+01 81 8.32 93.25 I--* +

0.9827E+01 56 5.75 95.19 I-* +

0.1151E+02 74 7.60 97.75 I--* +

0.1320E+02 32 3.29 98.86 I* +

0.1489E+02 10 1.03 99.20 * +

0.1657E+02 7 0.72 99.45 +

0.1826E+02 4 0.41 99.58 +

0.1995E+02 4 0.41 99.72 +

0.2163E+02 1 0.10 99.76 +

0.2332E+02 3 0.31 99.86 +

0.2501E+02 1 0.10 99.90 +

0.2669E+02 1 0.10 99.93 +

0.2838E+02 1 0.10 99.97 +

0.3007E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3176E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3344E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3513E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3682E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3850E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4019E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4188E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4356E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4525E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4694E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4862E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5031E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5200E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5368E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5537E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5706E+02 1 0.10 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 19.4800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 1.68676

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2891

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

152 / 192

152

Statistics: Li_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 3.50000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 3.50000

MAXIMUM............= 375.000

RANGE..............= 371.500

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 24.1511

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 19.4072

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 11.9517

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 18.0117

VARIANCE...........= 324.308

MEDIAN.............= 21.1018

MODE...............= 15.6335

VARIATION..........= 0.745791

SKEWNESS...........= 0.472897

KURTOSIS...........= 58.7886

ENTROPY............= 0.447528

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Li_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 458. 915.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1436 2872

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.8963E+01 877 95.85 30.54 I-------------+--------------------------------*

0.1989E+02 915 100.00 62.40 I-----------------------------+------------------*

0.3082E+02 609 66.56 83.60 I-------------------------------* +

0.4174E+02 261 28.52 92.69 I------------* +

0.5267E+02 101 11.04 96.20 I----* +

0.6360E+02 42 4.59 97.67 I* +

0.7452E+02 32 3.50 98.78 I* +

0.8545E+02 13 1.42 99.23 * +

0.9638E+02 8 0.87 99.51 +

0.1073E+03 3 0.33 99.62 +

0.1182E+03 3 0.33 99.72 +

0.1292E+03 3 0.33 99.83 +

0.1401E+03 0 0.00 99.83 +

0.1510E+03 3 0.33 99.93 +

0.1619E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1729E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1838E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1947E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2056E+03 1 0.11 99.97 +

0.2166E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2275E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2384E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2493E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2603E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2712E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2821E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2931E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3040E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3149E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3258E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3368E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3477E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3586E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3695E+03 1 0.11 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 18.3000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 10.9265

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2872

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

153 / 192

153

Statistics: Y_XRF [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 2.94000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 2.94000

MAXIMUM............= 295.000

RANGE..............= 292.060

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 22.0054

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 16.5722

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 12.4856

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 19.2337

VARIANCE...........= 369.808

MEDIAN.............= 17.5347

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 0.874045

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 23.9024

ENTROPY............= 0.499477

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Y_XRF [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 438. 875.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1455 2909

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.7235E+01 875 100.00 30.08 I-------------+----------------------------------*

0.1583E+02 829 94.74 58.58 I---------------------------+-----------------*

0.2442E+02 576 65.83 78.38 I-------------------------------* +

0.3301E+02 265 30.29 87.49 I-------------* +

0.4160E+02 124 14.17 91.75 I-----* +

0.5019E+02 48 5.49 93.40 I-* +

0.5878E+02 47 5.37 95.02 I-* +

0.6737E+02 61 6.97 97.11 I-* +

0.7596E+02 40 4.57 98.49 I* +

0.8454E+02 14 1.60 98.97 * +

0.9313E+02 9 1.03 99.28 * +

0.1017E+03 4 0.46 99.42 +

0.1103E+03 4 0.46 99.55 +

0.1189E+03 4 0.46 99.69 +

0.1275E+03 1 0.11 99.72 +

0.1361E+03 1 0.11 99.76 +

0.1447E+03 1 0.11 99.79 +

0.1533E+03 2 0.23 99.86 +

0.1619E+03 0 0.00 99.86 +

0.1704E+03 1 0.11 99.90 +

0.1790E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1876E+03 2 0.23 99.97 +

0.1962E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2048E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2134E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2220E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2306E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2392E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2478E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2563E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2649E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2735E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2821E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2907E+03 1 0.11 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 17.5000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 8.59000

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2909

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

154 / 192

154

Statistics: Y_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.140000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.140000

MAXIMUM............= 340.000

RANGE..............= 339.860

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 21.0157

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 14.7202

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 12.7610

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 19.5284

VARIANCE...........= 381.234

MEDIAN.............= 16.7539

MODE...............= 11.3170

VARIATION..........= 0.929227

SKEWNESS...........= 0.496651

KURTOSIS...........= 31.7130

ENTROPY............= 0.476387

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Y_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 472. 944.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1528 3056

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.5138E+01 903 95.66 29.55 I-------------+--------------------------------*

0.1513E+02 944 100.00 60.44 I----------------------------+-------------------*

0.2513E+02 638 67.58 81.32 I--------------------------------* +

0.3513E+02 257 27.22 89.73 I------------* +

0.4512E+02 99 10.49 92.96 I---* +

0.5512E+02 52 5.51 94.67 I-* +

0.6511E+02 57 6.04 96.53 I-* +

0.7511E+02 59 6.25 98.46 I-* +

0.8510E+02 22 2.33 99.18 * +

0.9510E+02 3 0.32 99.28 +

0.1051E+03 8 0.85 99.54 +

0.1151E+03 5 0.53 99.71 +

0.1251E+03 2 0.21 99.77 +

0.1351E+03 0 0.00 99.77 +

0.1451E+03 1 0.11 99.80 +

0.1551E+03 2 0.21 99.87 +

0.1651E+03 1 0.11 99.90 +

0.1751E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1851E+03 2 0.21 99.97 +

0.1951E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2051E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2151E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2250E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2350E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2450E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2550E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2650E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2750E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2850E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2950E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3050E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3150E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3250E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3350E+03 1 0.11 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 18.8800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 9.99588

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3056

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

155 / 192

155

Statistics: Y_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.173000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.173000

MAXIMUM............= 153.000

RANGE..............= 152.827

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 10.7709

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 6.72628

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 7.72737

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 12.4983

VARIANCE...........= 156.157

MEDIAN.............= 7.44301

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.16038

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 21.6344

ENTROPY............= 0.516183

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Y_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 483. 966.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1524 3047

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.2420E+01 966 100.00 31.70 I--------------+---------------------------------*

0.6915E+01 903 93.48 61.34 I-----------------------------+---------------*

0.1141E+02 491 50.83 77.45 I-----------------------* +

0.1591E+02 248 25.67 85.59 I-----------* +

0.2040E+02 139 14.39 90.15 I-----* +

0.2490E+02 80 8.28 92.78 I--* +

0.2939E+02 46 4.76 94.29 I* +

0.3388E+02 34 3.52 95.41 I* +

0.3838E+02 21 2.17 96.09 * +

0.4287E+02 31 3.21 97.11 I* +

0.4737E+02 20 2.07 97.77 * +

0.5186E+02 22 2.28 98.49 * +

0.5636E+02 10 1.04 98.82 * +

0.6085E+02 6 0.62 99.02 +

0.6535E+02 5 0.52 99.18 +

0.6984E+02 6 0.62 99.38 +

0.7434E+02 7 0.72 99.61 +

0.7883E+02 0 0.00 99.61 +

0.8333E+02 3 0.31 99.70 +

0.8782E+02 1 0.10 99.74 +

0.9232E+02 1 0.10 99.77 +

0.9681E+02 2 0.21 99.84 +

0.1013E+03 1 0.10 99.87 +

0.1058E+03 1 0.10 99.90 +

0.1103E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1148E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1193E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1238E+03 1 0.10 99.93 +

0.1283E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1328E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1373E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1418E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1463E+03 1 0.10 99.97 +

0.1508E+03 1 0.10 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 19.3200

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 4.49491

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3047

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

156 / 192

156

Statistics: Ho_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.900000E-01

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.900000E-01

MAXIMUM............= 11.9000

RANGE..............= 11.8100

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 0.722913

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 0.535542

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.422905

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.650470

VARIANCE...........= 0.422966

MEDIAN.............= 0.581837

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 0.899790

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 37.1436

ENTROPY............= 0.445864

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Ho_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 533. 1065.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1456 2912

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.2637E+00 1065 100.00 36.57 I----------------+-------------------------------*

0.6110E+00 940 88.26 68.85 I--------------------------------+---------*

0.9584E+00 466 43.76 84.86 I--------------------* +

0.1306E+01 183 17.18 91.14 I-------* +

0.1653E+01 69 6.48 93.51 I-* +

0.2000E+01 58 5.45 95.50 I-* +

0.2348E+01 73 6.85 98.01 I-* +

0.2695E+01 25 2.35 98.87 * +

0.3043E+01 11 1.03 99.24 * +

0.3390E+01 6 0.56 99.45 +

0.3737E+01 4 0.38 99.59 +

0.4085E+01 3 0.28 99.69 +

0.4432E+01 3 0.28 99.79 +

0.4779E+01 1 0.09 99.83 +

0.5127E+01 1 0.09 99.86 +

0.5474E+01 3 0.28 99.97 +

0.5821E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6169E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6516E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6863E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7211E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7558E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7905E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.8253E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.8600E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.8948E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9295E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9642E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9990E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1034E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1068E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1103E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1138E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1173E+02 1 0.09 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 21.3000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.347353

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2912

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

157 / 192

157

Statistics: Er_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.300000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.300000

MAXIMUM............= 32.7000

RANGE..............= 32.4000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 2.07522

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 1.53620

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 1.22527

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 1.90319

VARIANCE...........= 3.62086

MEDIAN.............= 1.62097

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 0.917101

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 32.3542

ENTROPY............= 0.452485

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Er_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 547. 1093.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1421 2841

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.7765E+00 1093 100.00 38.47 I-----------------+------------------------------*

0.1729E+01 848 77.58 68.32 I--------------------------------+----*

0.2682E+01 445 40.71 83.98 I------------------* +

0.3635E+01 191 17.47 90.71 I-------* +

0.4588E+01 69 6.31 93.14 I-* +

0.5541E+01 46 4.21 94.76 I* +

0.6494E+01 65 5.95 97.04 I-* +

0.7447E+01 44 4.03 98.59 I* +

0.8400E+01 13 1.19 99.05 * +

0.9353E+01 9 0.82 99.37 +

0.1031E+02 6 0.55 99.58 +

0.1126E+02 2 0.18 99.65 +

0.1221E+02 1 0.09 99.68 +

0.1316E+02 1 0.09 99.72 +

0.1412E+02 1 0.09 99.75 +

0.1507E+02 2 0.18 99.82 +

0.1602E+02 3 0.27 99.93 +

0.1698E+02 1 0.09 99.96 +

0.1793E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.1888E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.1984E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2079E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2174E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2269E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2365E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2460E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2555E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2651E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2746E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2841E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2936E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.3032E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.3127E+02 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.3222E+02 1 0.09 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 21.8600

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.952941

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2841

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

158 / 192

158

Statistics: Tm_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.300000E-01

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.300000E-01

MAXIMUM............= 4.72000

RANGE..............= 4.69000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 0.287901

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 0.201471

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.180717

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.288399

VARIANCE...........= 0.831460E-01

MEDIAN.............= 0.223405

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.00173

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 42.8534

ENTROPY............= 0.453172

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Tm_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 566. 1132.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1479 2958

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.9897E-01 1132 100.00 38.27 I-----------------+------------------------------*

0.2369E+00 863 76.24 67.44 I--------------------------------+---*

0.3749E+00 503 44.43 84.45 I--------------------* +

0.5128E+00 190 16.78 90.87 I------* +

0.6507E+00 71 6.27 93.27 I-* +

0.7887E+00 48 4.24 94.90 I* +

0.9266E+00 49 4.33 96.55 I* +

0.1065E+01 57 5.04 98.48 I-* +

0.1202E+01 15 1.33 98.99 * +

0.1340E+01 10 0.88 99.32 +

0.1478E+01 5 0.44 99.49 +

0.1616E+01 5 0.44 99.66 +

0.1754E+01 2 0.18 99.73 +

0.1892E+01 0 0.00 99.73 +

0.2030E+01 1 0.09 99.76 +

0.2168E+01 0 0.00 99.76 +

0.2306E+01 3 0.27 99.86 +

0.2444E+01 1 0.09 99.90 +

0.2582E+01 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2720E+01 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2858E+01 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2996E+01 1 0.09 99.93 +

0.3134E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3272E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3410E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3547E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3685E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3823E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3961E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.4099E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.4237E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.4375E+01 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.4513E+01 1 0.09 99.97 +

0.4651E+01 1 0.09 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 22.6400

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.137941

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2958

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

159 / 192

159

Statistics: Yb_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.220000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.220000

MAXIMUM............= 45.8000

RANGE..............= 45.5800

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 1.92197

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 1.36484

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 1.19106

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 1.99515

VARIANCE...........= 3.97926

MEDIAN.............= 1.48659

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.03808

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 98.9868

ENTROPY............= 0.347450

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Yb_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 770. 1540.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1455 2910

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.8903E+00 1540 100.00 52.92 I------------------------+-----------------------*

0.2231E+01 903 58.64 83.95 I---------------------------* +

0.3571E+01 237 15.39 92.10 I------* +

0.4912E+01 72 4.68 94.57 I* +

0.6253E+01 81 5.26 97.35 I-* +

0.7593E+01 47 3.05 98.97 I* +

0.8934E+01 14 0.91 99.45 +

0.1027E+02 7 0.45 99.69 +

0.1161E+02 2 0.13 99.76 +

0.1296E+02 0 0.00 99.76 +

0.1430E+02 0 0.00 99.76 +

0.1564E+02 3 0.19 99.86 +

0.1698E+02 1 0.06 99.90 +

0.1832E+02 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1966E+02 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2100E+02 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2234E+02 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2368E+02 1 0.06 99.93 +

0.2502E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2636E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2770E+02 1 0.06 99.97 +

0.2904E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3038E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3172E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3306E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3440E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3575E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3709E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3843E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3977E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4111E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4245E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4379E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4513E+02 1 0.06 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 30.8000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 1.34059

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2910

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

160 / 192

160

Statistics: Lu_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.300000E-01

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.300000E-01

MAXIMUM............= 7.26000

RANGE..............= 7.23000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 0.276748

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 0.194463

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.173285

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.291203

VARIANCE...........= 0.847707E-01

MEDIAN.............= 0.218174

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.05223

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 126.974

ENTROPY............= 0.325337

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Lu_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 839. 1677.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1484 2968

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1363E+00 1677 100.00 56.50 I--------------------------+---------------------*

0.3490E+00 883 52.65 86.25 I------------------------* +

0.5616E+00 196 11.69 92.86 I----* +

0.7743E+00 82 4.89 95.62 I* +

0.9869E+00 86 5.13 98.52 I-* +

0.1200E+01 20 1.19 99.19 * +

0.1412E+01 15 0.89 99.70 +

0.1625E+01 2 0.12 99.76 +

0.1838E+01 0 0.00 99.76 +

0.2050E+01 2 0.12 99.83 +

0.2263E+01 2 0.12 99.90 +

0.2475E+01 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2688E+01 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2901E+01 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.3113E+01 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.3326E+01 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.3539E+01 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.3751E+01 2 0.12 99.97 +

0.3964E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4177E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4389E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4602E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4815E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5027E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5240E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5452E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5665E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5878E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6090E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6303E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6516E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6728E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6941E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7154E+01 1 0.06 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 33.5400

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.212647

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2968

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

161 / 192

161

Statistics: Ca_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 100.000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 100.000

MAXIMUM............= 100000.

RANGE..............= 99900.0

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 5191.30

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 3165.02

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 3726.06

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 6694.34

VARIANCE...........= 0.447995E+08

MEDIAN.............= 3648.06

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.28953

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 45.3341

ENTROPY............= 0.428388

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Ca_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 671. 1342.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1529 3058

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1569E+04 1342 100.00 43.88 I--------------------+---------------------------*

0.4507E+04 901 67.14 73.35 I--------------------------------* +

0.7446E+04 406 30.25 86.63 I-------------* +

0.1038E+05 166 12.37 92.05 I----* +

0.1332E+05 85 6.33 94.83 I-* +

0.1626E+05 60 4.47 96.80 I* +

0.1920E+05 29 2.16 97.74 * +

0.2214E+05 15 1.12 98.23 * +

0.2507E+05 6 0.45 98.43 +

0.2801E+05 5 0.37 98.59 +

0.3095E+05 9 0.67 98.89 +

0.3389E+05 9 0.67 99.18 +

0.3683E+05 1 0.07 99.22 +

0.3977E+05 1 0.07 99.25 +

0.4270E+05 3 0.22 99.35 +

0.4564E+05 4 0.30 99.48 +

0.4858E+05 1 0.07 99.51 +

0.5152E+05 3 0.22 99.61 +

0.5446E+05 2 0.15 99.67 +

0.5740E+05 2 0.15 99.74 +

0.6033E+05 4 0.30 99.87 +

0.6327E+05 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.6621E+05 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.6915E+05 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.7209E+05 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.7502E+05 1 0.07 99.90 +

0.7796E+05 1 0.07 99.93 +

0.8090E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8384E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8678E+05 1 0.07 99.97 +

0.8972E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9265E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9559E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9853E+05 1 0.07 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 26.8400

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 2938.24

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3058

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

162 / 192

162

Statistics: CaO_XRF [%]

MINIMUM............= 0.800000E-02

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.800000E-02

MAXIMUM............= 21.6000

RANGE..............= 21.5920

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 3.45439

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 2.55875

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 2.06057

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 2.70163

VARIANCE...........= 7.29640

MEDIAN.............= 2.65376

MODE...............= 1.19655

VARIATION..........= 0.782085

SKEWNESS...........= 0.835733

KURTOSIS...........= 2.90938

ENTROPY............= 0.732785

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

CaO_XRF [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 253. 505.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1530 3059

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.3255E+00 125 24.75 4.09 I+---------*

0.9606E+00 505 100.00 20.59 I--------+---------------------------------------*

0.1596E+01 449 88.91 35.27 I----------------+-------------------------*

0.2231E+01 396 78.42 48.22 I----------------------+--------------*

0.2866E+01 328 64.95 58.94 I---------------------------+--*

0.3501E+01 222 43.96 66.20 I--------------------* +

0.4136E+01 225 44.55 73.55 I--------------------* +

0.4771E+01 150 29.70 78.46 I-------------* +

0.5406E+01 149 29.50 83.33 I-------------* +

0.6041E+01 104 20.59 86.73 I--------* +

0.6676E+01 70 13.86 89.02 I-----* +

0.7311E+01 56 11.09 90.85 I----* +

0.7946E+01 74 14.65 93.27 I-----* +

0.8581E+01 49 9.70 94.87 I---* +

0.9216E+01 30 5.94 95.85 I-* +

0.9851E+01 27 5.35 96.73 I-* +

0.1049E+02 32 6.34 97.78 I-* +

0.1112E+02 17 3.37 98.33 I* +

0.1176E+02 17 3.37 98.89 I* +

0.1239E+02 4 0.79 99.02 +

0.1303E+02 14 2.77 99.48 * +

0.1366E+02 6 1.19 99.67 * +

0.1430E+02 1 0.20 99.71 +

0.1493E+02 4 0.79 99.84 +

0.1557E+02 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.1620E+02 2 0.40 99.90 +

0.1684E+02 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1747E+02 1 0.20 99.93 +

0.1811E+02 1 0.20 99.97 +

0.1874E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1938E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2001E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2065E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2128E+02 1 0.20 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 10.1000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.635059

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3059

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

163 / 192

163

Statistics: Al_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 1100.00

ABS.MINIMUM........= 1100.00

MAXIMUM............= 165000.

RANGE..............= 163900.

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 12318.6

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 9622.43

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 6506.46

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 10523.3

VARIANCE...........= 0.110704E+09

MEDIAN.............= 10312.5

MODE...............= 7925.52

VARIATION..........= 0.854261

SKEWNESS...........= 0.417464

KURTOSIS...........= 49.1638

ENTROPY............= 0.496666

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Al_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 447. 894.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1526 3051

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.3510E+04 711 79.53 23.30 I----------+---------------------------*

0.8331E+04 894 100.00 52.61 I------------------------+-----------------------*

0.1315E+05 637 71.25 73.48 I----------------------------------*+

0.1797E+05 424 47.43 87.38 I----------------------* +

0.2279E+05 210 23.49 94.26 I----------* +

0.2761E+05 94 10.51 97.35 I---* +

0.3243E+05 26 2.91 98.20 * +

0.3725E+05 8 0.89 98.46 +

0.4207E+05 7 0.78 98.69 +

0.4690E+05 3 0.34 98.79 +

0.5172E+05 6 0.67 98.98 +

0.5654E+05 3 0.34 99.08 +

0.6136E+05 6 0.67 99.28 +

0.6618E+05 2 0.22 99.34 +

0.7100E+05 4 0.45 99.48 +

0.7582E+05 2 0.22 99.54 +

0.8064E+05 4 0.45 99.67 +

0.8546E+05 3 0.34 99.77 +

0.9028E+05 2 0.22 99.84 +

0.9510E+05 1 0.11 99.87 +

0.9992E+05 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.1047E+06 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.1096E+06 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.1144E+06 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.1192E+06 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.1240E+06 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.1288E+06 1 0.11 99.90 +

0.1337E+06 1 0.11 99.93 +

0.1385E+06 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1433E+06 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1481E+06 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1529E+06 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1578E+06 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1626E+06 2 0.22 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 17.8800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 4820.59

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3051

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

164 / 192

164

Statistics: Al2O3_XRF [%]

MINIMUM............= 0.138000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.138000

MAXIMUM............= 30.2000

RANGE..............= 30.0620

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 15.0675

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 14.7467

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 1.42419

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 2.33458

VARIANCE...........= 5.44850

MEDIAN.............= 15.1224

MODE...............= 15.1839

VARIATION..........= 0.154942

SKEWNESS...........= -0.498724E-01

KURTOSIS...........= 13.6999

ENTROPY............= 0.599191

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Al2O3_XRF [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 358. 716.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1530 3059

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.5801E+00 7 0.98 0.23

0.1464E+01 7 0.98 0.46

0.2348E+01 4 0.56 0.59

0.3233E+01 4 0.56 0.72

0.4117E+01 8 1.12 0.98 *

0.5001E+01 4 0.56 1.11 +

0.5885E+01 3 0.42 1.21 +

0.6769E+01 5 0.70 1.37 +

0.7653E+01 5 0.70 1.54 +

0.8538E+01 4 0.56 1.67 +

0.9422E+01 6 0.84 1.86 +

0.1031E+02 11 1.54 2.22 +

0.1119E+02 25 3.49 3.04 I+

0.1207E+02 70 9.78 5.33 I-+-*

0.1296E+02 210 29.33 12.19 I----+--------*

0.1384E+02 483 67.46 27.98 I------------+-------------------*

0.1473E+02 711 99.30 51.23 I------------------------+-----------------------*

0.1561E+02 716 100.00 74.63 I-----------------------------------+------------*

0.1650E+02 424 59.22 88.49 I----------------------------* +

0.1738E+02 187 26.12 94.61 I-----------* +

0.1826E+02 70 9.78 96.89 I---* +

0.1915E+02 42 5.87 98.27 I-* +

0.2003E+02 18 2.51 98.86 * +

0.2092E+02 9 1.26 99.15 * +

0.2180E+02 3 0.42 99.25 +

0.2268E+02 7 0.98 99.48 +

0.2357E+02 2 0.28 99.54 +

0.2445E+02 2 0.28 99.61 +

0.2534E+02 1 0.14 99.64 +

0.2622E+02 0 0.00 99.64 +

0.2711E+02 0 0.00 99.64 +

0.2799E+02 4 0.56 99.77 +

0.2887E+02 4 0.56 99.90 +

0.2976E+02 3 0.42 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 14.3200

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.884176

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3059

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

165 / 192

165

Statistics: Ga_XRF [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 10.0000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 10.0000

MAXIMUM............= 65.4000

RANGE..............= 55.4000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 25.5326

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 25.1566

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 3.27324

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 4.31478

VARIANCE...........= 18.6112

MEDIAN.............= 25.4023

MODE...............= 25.3828

VARIATION..........= 0.168991

SKEWNESS...........= 0.347174E-01

KURTOSIS...........= 4.52313

ENTROPY............= 0.668128

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Ga_XRF [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 280. 560.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1519 3037

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1081E+02 5 0.89 0.16

0.1244E+02 19 3.39 0.79 I*

0.1407E+02 8 1.43 1.05 +

0.1570E+02 39 6.96 2.34 +-*

0.1733E+02 56 10.00 4.18 I+--*

0.1896E+02 76 13.57 6.68 I-+---*

0.2059E+02 227 40.54 14.16 I-----+------------*

0.2222E+02 431 76.96 28.35 I------------+-----------------------*

0.2385E+02 404 72.14 41.65 I-------------------+--------------*

0.2548E+02 560 100.00 60.09 I----------------------------+-------------------*

0.2711E+02 362 64.64 72.01 I------------------------------* +

0.2874E+02 367 65.54 84.10 I-------------------------------* +

0.3037E+02 230 41.07 91.67 I-------------------* +

0.3200E+02 119 21.25 95.59 I---------* +

0.3363E+02 68 12.14 97.83 I----* +

0.3526E+02 38 6.79 99.08 I-* +

0.3689E+02 17 3.04 99.64 I* +

0.3851E+02 6 1.07 99.84 * +

0.4014E+02 2 0.36 99.90 +

0.4177E+02 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.4340E+02 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.4503E+02 1 0.18 99.93 +

0.4666E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.4829E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.4992E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5155E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5318E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5481E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5644E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5807E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5970E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6133E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6296E+02 1 0.18 99.97 +

0.6459E+02 1 0.18 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 11.2000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 1.62941

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3037

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

166 / 192

166

Statistics: V_XRF [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 6.00000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 6.00000

MAXIMUM............= 1476.00

RANGE..............= 1470.00

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 84.8043

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 54.6250

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 60.4265

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 89.0607

VARIANCE...........= 7929.11

MEDIAN.............= 59.7722

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.05019

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 47.2992

ENTROPY............= 0.452648

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

V_XRF [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 658. 1315.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1470 2940

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.2762E+02 1315 100.00 44.73 I--------------------+---------------------------*

0.7085E+02 636 48.37 66.36 I----------------------* +

0.1141E+03 400 30.42 79.97 I-------------* +

0.1573E+03 295 22.43 90.00 I---------* +

0.2006E+03 111 8.44 93.78 I--* +

0.2438E+03 72 5.48 96.22 I-* +

0.2870E+03 41 3.12 97.62 I* +

0.3303E+03 31 2.36 98.67 * +

0.3735E+03 16 1.22 99.22 * +

0.4167E+03 9 0.68 99.52 +

0.4600E+03 5 0.38 99.69 +

0.5032E+03 1 0.08 99.73 +

0.5464E+03 2 0.15 99.80 +

0.5897E+03 1 0.08 99.83 +

0.6329E+03 1 0.08 99.86 +

0.6761E+03 0 0.00 99.86 +

0.7194E+03 1 0.08 99.90 +

0.7626E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.8059E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.8491E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.8923E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.9356E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.9788E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1022E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1065E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1109E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1152E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1195E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1238E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1281E+04 1 0.08 99.93 +

0.1325E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1368E+04 1 0.08 99.97 +

0.1411E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1454E+04 1 0.08 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 26.3000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 43.2353

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2940

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

167 / 192

167

Statistics: V_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 2.00000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 2.00000

MAXIMUM............= 1580.00

RANGE..............= 1578.00

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 67.5029

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 36.5954

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 54.5724

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 85.7405

VARIANCE...........= 7348.92

MEDIAN.............= 43.3985

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.27018

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 72.4692

ENTROPY............= 0.382335

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

V_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 817. 1634.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1458 2915

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.2521E+02 1634 100.00 56.05 I--------------------------+---------------------*

0.7162E+02 567 34.70 75.51 I---------------* +

0.1180E+03 369 22.58 88.16 I---------* +

0.1644E+03 150 9.18 93.31 I---* +

0.2109E+03 82 5.02 96.12 I-* +

0.2573E+03 38 2.33 97.43 * +

0.3037E+03 40 2.45 98.80 * +

0.3501E+03 9 0.55 99.11 +

0.3965E+03 10 0.61 99.45 +

0.4429E+03 5 0.31 99.62 +

0.4893E+03 3 0.18 99.73 +

0.5357E+03 3 0.18 99.83 +

0.5821E+03 2 0.12 99.90 +

0.6286E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.6750E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.7214E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.7678E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.8142E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.8606E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.9070E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.9534E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.9999E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1046E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1093E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1139E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1185E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1232E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1278E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1325E+04 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1371E+04 2 0.12 99.97 +

0.1418E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1464E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1510E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1557E+04 1 0.06 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 32.6800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 46.4118

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2915

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

168 / 192

168

Statistics: V_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.600000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.600000

MAXIMUM............= 1250.00

RANGE..............= 1249.40

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 42.1881

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 25.0209

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 29.4839

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 47.4491

VARIANCE...........= 2250.66

MEDIAN.............= 33.9167

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.12470

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 222.034

ENTROPY............= 0.320351

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

V_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 820. 1639.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1486 2972

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1897E+02 1639 100.00 55.15 I--------------------------+---------------------*

0.5572E+02 814 49.66 82.54 I-----------------------* +

0.9247E+02 394 24.04 95.79 I----------* +

0.1292E+03 87 5.31 98.72 I-* +

0.1660E+03 15 0.92 99.23 +

0.2027E+03 8 0.49 99.50 +

0.2395E+03 8 0.49 99.76 +

0.2762E+03 4 0.24 99.90 +

0.3130E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.3497E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.3864E+03 1 0.06 99.93 +

0.4232E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.4599E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.4967E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5334E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5702E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6069E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6437E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6804E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.7172E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.7539E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.7907E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8274E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8642E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.9009E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.9377E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.9744E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1011E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1048E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1085E+04 1 0.06 99.97 +

0.1121E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1158E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1195E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1232E+04 1 0.06 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 32.7800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 36.7471

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2972

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

169 / 192

169

Statistics: Sc_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 2.80000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 2.80000

MAXIMUM............= 94.2000

RANGE..............= 91.4000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 13.3988

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 10.1411

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 7.98372

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 11.1579

VARIANCE...........= 124.449

MEDIAN.............= 10.1352

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 0.832751

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 7.08890

ENTROPY............= 0.670744

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Sc_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 323. 646.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1271 2542

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.4144E+01 646 100.00 25.41 I-----------+------------------------------------*

0.6832E+01 378 58.51 40.28 I------------------+--------*

0.9521E+01 339 52.48 53.62 I------------------------*+

0.1221E+02 262 40.56 63.93 I------------------* +

0.1490E+02 202 31.27 71.87 I--------------* +

0.1759E+02 180 27.86 78.95 I------------* +

0.2027E+02 123 19.04 83.79 I--------* +

0.2296E+02 88 13.62 87.25 I-----* +

0.2565E+02 67 10.37 89.89 I---* +

0.2834E+02 54 8.36 92.01 I--* +

0.3103E+02 44 6.81 93.75 I-* +

0.3371E+02 29 4.49 94.89 I* +

0.3640E+02 21 3.25 95.71 I* +

0.3909E+02 24 3.72 96.66 I* +

0.4178E+02 17 2.63 97.32 * +

0.4447E+02 14 2.17 97.88 * +

0.4716E+02 6 0.93 98.11 +

0.4984E+02 9 1.39 98.47 * +

0.5253E+02 8 1.24 98.78 * +

0.5522E+02 4 0.62 98.94 +

0.5791E+02 7 1.08 99.21 * +

0.6060E+02 4 0.62 99.37 +

0.6329E+02 4 0.62 99.53 +

0.6597E+02 2 0.31 99.61 +

0.6866E+02 1 0.15 99.65 +

0.7135E+02 2 0.31 99.72 +

0.7404E+02 1 0.15 99.76 +

0.7673E+02 2 0.31 99.84 +

0.7941E+02 1 0.15 99.88 +

0.8210E+02 1 0.15 99.92 +

0.8479E+02 0 0.00 99.92 +

0.8748E+02 0 0.00 99.92 +

0.9017E+02 1 0.15 99.96 +

0.9286E+02 1 0.15 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 12.9200

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 2.68824

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2542

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

170 / 192

170

Statistics: Sc_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.400000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.400000

MAXIMUM............= 21.9000

RANGE..............= 21.5000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 3.80739

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 2.88283

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 2.09315

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 2.88947

VARIANCE...........= 8.34623

MEDIAN.............= 3.20547

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 0.758912

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 4.89609

ENTROPY............= 0.749923

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Sc_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 177. 353.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1476 2951

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.7162E+00 353 100.00 11.96 I----+-------------------------------------------*

0.1349E+01 334 94.62 23.28 I----------+----------------------------------*

0.1981E+01 298 84.42 33.38 I---------------+------------------------*

0.2613E+01 346 98.02 45.10 I---------------------+-------------------------*

0.3246E+01 331 93.77 56.32 I--------------------------+------------------*

0.3878E+01 302 85.55 66.55 I-------------------------------+---------*

0.4510E+01 211 59.77 73.70 I----------------------------* +

0.5143E+01 182 51.56 79.87 I------------------------* +

0.5775E+01 130 36.83 84.28 I----------------* +

0.6407E+01 87 24.65 87.22 I----------* +

0.7040E+01 67 18.98 89.50 I-------* +

0.7672E+01 61 17.28 91.56 I-------* +

0.8304E+01 57 16.15 93.49 I------* +

0.8937E+01 34 9.63 94.65 I---* +

0.9569E+01 24 6.80 95.46 I-* +

0.1020E+02 32 9.07 96.54 I---* +

0.1083E+02 20 5.67 97.22 I-* +

0.1147E+02 9 2.55 97.53 * +

0.1210E+02 18 5.10 98.14 I-* +

0.1273E+02 8 2.27 98.41 * +

0.1336E+02 9 2.55 98.71 * +

0.1400E+02 12 3.40 99.12 I* +

0.1463E+02 1 0.28 99.15 +

0.1526E+02 4 1.13 99.29 * +

0.1589E+02 6 1.70 99.49 * +

0.1652E+02 1 0.28 99.53 +

0.1716E+02 3 0.85 99.63 +

0.1779E+02 4 1.13 99.76 * +

0.1842E+02 0 0.00 99.76 +

0.1905E+02 3 0.85 99.86 +

0.1969E+02 2 0.57 99.93 +

0.2032E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2095E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2158E+02 2 0.57 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 7.06000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.632353

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2951

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

171 / 192

171

Statistics: Mn_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 50.0000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 50.0000

MAXIMUM............= 1760.00

RANGE..............= 1710.00

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 304.240

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 258.638

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 131.629

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 164.516

VARIANCE...........= 27056.4

MEDIAN.............= 288.310

MODE...............= 212.978

VARIATION..........= 0.540742

SKEWNESS...........= 0.554730

KURTOSIS...........= 2.72463

ENTROPY............= 0.704102

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Mn_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 180. 360.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1516 3031

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.7515E+02 263 73.06 8.68 I--+--------------------------------*

0.1254E+03 330 91.67 19.56 I--------+-----------------------------------*

0.1757E+03 341 94.72 30.81 I-------------+-------------------------------*

0.2260E+03 360 100.00 42.69 I-------------------+----------------------------*

0.2763E+03 300 83.33 52.59 I------------------------+---------------*

0.3266E+03 355 98.61 64.30 I------------------------------+----------------*

0.3769E+03 291 80.83 73.90 I-----------------------------------+--*

0.4272E+03 233 64.72 81.59 I------------------------------* +

0.4775E+03 221 61.39 88.88 I-----------------------------* +

0.5278E+03 126 35.00 93.04 I---------------* +

0.5781E+03 86 23.89 95.88 I----------* +

0.6284E+03 47 13.06 97.43 I-----* +

0.6787E+03 32 8.89 98.48 I--* +

0.7290E+03 13 3.61 98.91 I* +

0.7793E+03 13 3.61 99.34 I* +

0.8296E+03 3 0.83 99.44 +

0.8799E+03 6 1.67 99.64 * +

0.9301E+03 0 0.00 99.64 +

0.9804E+03 4 1.11 99.77 * +

0.1031E+04 4 1.11 99.90 * +

0.1081E+04 1 0.28 99.93 +

0.1131E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1182E+04 1 0.28 99.97 +

0.1232E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1282E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1332E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1383E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1433E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1483E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1534E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1584E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1634E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1685E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1735E+04 1 0.28 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 7.20000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 50.2941

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3031

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

172 / 192

172

Statistics: MnO_XRF [%]

MINIMUM............= 0.120000E-01

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.120000E-01

MAXIMUM............= 0.485000

RANGE..............= 0.473000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 0.732207E-01

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 0.585438E-01

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.385372E-01

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.490123E-01

VARIANCE...........= 0.240140E-02

MEDIAN.............= 0.607926E-01

MODE...............= 0.320650E-01

VARIATION..........= 0.669377

SKEWNESS...........= 0.839701

KURTOSIS...........= 2.96222

ENTROPY............= 0.690638

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

MnO_XRF [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 238. 475.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1495 2990

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1896E-01 429 90.32 14.35 I-----+-------------------------------------*

0.3287E-01 475 100.00 30.23 I-------------+----------------------------------*

0.4678E-01 417 87.79 44.18 I--------------------+---------------------*

0.6069E-01 343 72.21 55.65 I--------------------------+-------*

0.7460E-01 292 61.47 65.42 I-----------------------------* +

0.8851E-01 235 49.47 73.28 I-----------------------* +

0.1024E+00 197 41.47 79.87 I-------------------* +

0.1163E+00 146 30.74 84.75 I-------------* +

0.1303E+00 123 25.89 88.86 I-----------* +

0.1442E+00 108 22.74 92.47 I---------* +

0.1581E+00 68 14.32 94.75 I-----* +

0.1720E+00 50 10.53 96.42 I---* +

0.1859E+00 31 6.53 97.46 I-* +

0.1998E+00 30 6.32 98.46 I-* +

0.2137E+00 17 3.58 99.03 I* +

0.2276E+00 14 2.95 99.50 * +

0.2415E+00 7 1.47 99.73 * +

0.2555E+00 3 0.63 99.83 +

0.2694E+00 1 0.21 99.87 +

0.2833E+00 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.2972E+00 1 0.21 99.90 +

0.3111E+00 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.3250E+00 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.3389E+00 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.3528E+00 2 0.42 99.97 +

0.3667E+00 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3807E+00 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3946E+00 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4085E+00 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4224E+00 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4363E+00 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4502E+00 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4641E+00 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4780E+00 1 0.21 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 9.50000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.139118E-01

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2990

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

173 / 192

173

Statistics: Fe_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 2380.00

ABS.MINIMUM........= 2380.00

MAXIMUM............= 165000.

RANGE..............= 162620.

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 24832.8

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 20946.0

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 10616.3

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 13742.8

VARIANCE...........= 0.188803E+09

MEDIAN.............= 23234.1

MODE...............= 21745.1

VARIATION..........= 0.553413

SKEWNESS...........= 0.224681

KURTOSIS...........= 5.46337

ENTROPY............= 0.671865

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Fe_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 218. 436.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1528 3056

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.4771E+04 225 51.61 7.36 I--+---------------------*

0.9554E+04 306 70.18 17.38 I-------+-------------------------*

0.1434E+05 408 93.58 30.73 I-------------+-------------------------------*

0.1912E+05 432 99.08 44.86 I--------------------+---------------------------*

0.2390E+05 436 100.00 59.13 I----------------------------+-------------------*

0.2869E+05 358 82.11 70.84 I---------------------------------+-----*

0.3347E+05 312 71.56 81.05 I----------------------------------* +

0.3825E+05 241 55.28 88.94 I--------------------------* +

0.4303E+05 129 29.59 93.16 I-------------* +

0.4782E+05 70 16.06 95.45 I------* +

0.5260E+05 58 13.30 97.35 I-----* +

0.5738E+05 29 6.65 98.30 I-* +

0.6217E+05 21 4.82 98.99 I* +

0.6695E+05 9 2.06 99.28 * +

0.7173E+05 9 2.06 99.57 * +

0.7652E+05 4 0.92 99.71 +

0.8130E+05 2 0.46 99.77 +

0.8608E+05 2 0.46 99.84 +

0.9086E+05 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.9565E+05 2 0.46 99.90 +

0.1004E+06 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1052E+06 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1100E+06 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1148E+06 1 0.23 99.93 +

0.1196E+06 1 0.23 99.97 +

0.1243E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1291E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1339E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1387E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1435E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1483E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1530E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1578E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1626E+06 1 0.23 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 8.72000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 4782.94

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3056

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

174 / 192

174

Statistics: FeO_XRF [%]

MINIMUM............= 0.120000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.120000

MAXIMUM............= 22.0453

RANGE..............= 21.9253

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 4.05588

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 3.10414

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 2.24297

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 2.88318

VARIANCE...........= 8.31000

MEDIAN.............= 3.36250

MODE...............= 1.82094

VARIATION..........= 0.710864

SKEWNESS...........= 0.775164

KURTOSIS...........= 2.63924

ENTROPY............= 0.771853

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

FeO_XRF [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 199. 398.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1530 3059

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.4424E+00 169 42.46 5.52 I-+-----------------*

0.1087E+01 310 77.89 15.66 I------+------------------------------*

0.1732E+01 398 100.00 28.67 I------------+-----------------------------------*

0.2377E+01 348 87.44 40.05 I------------------+-----------------------*

0.3022E+01 297 74.62 49.75 I-----------------------+-----------*

0.3667E+01 266 66.83 58.45 I---------------------------+---*

0.4312E+01 225 56.53 65.81 I--------------------------* +

0.4956E+01 181 45.48 71.72 I---------------------* +

0.5601E+01 183 45.98 77.71 I---------------------* +

0.6246E+01 165 41.46 83.10 I-------------------* +

0.6891E+01 108 27.14 86.63 I------------* +

0.7536E+01 92 23.12 89.64 I----------* +

0.8181E+01 69 17.34 91.89 I-------* +

0.8826E+01 56 14.07 93.72 I-----* +

0.9471E+01 48 12.06 95.29 I----* +

0.1012E+02 38 9.55 96.53 I---* +

0.1076E+02 29 7.29 97.48 I--* +

0.1141E+02 21 5.28 98.17 I-* +

0.1205E+02 15 3.77 98.66 I* +

0.1269E+02 10 2.51 98.99 * +

0.1334E+02 6 1.51 99.18 * +

0.1398E+02 5 1.26 99.35 * +

0.1463E+02 5 1.26 99.51 * +

0.1527E+02 1 0.25 99.54 +

0.1592E+02 4 1.01 99.67 * +

0.1656E+02 3 0.75 99.77 +

0.1721E+02 0 0.00 99.77 +

0.1785E+02 1 0.25 99.80 +

0.1850E+02 3 0.75 99.90 +

0.1914E+02 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.1979E+02 2 0.50 99.97 +

0.2043E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2108E+02 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2172E+02 1 0.25 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 7.96000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.644863

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3059

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

175 / 192

175

Statistics: Co_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 0.900000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.900000

MAXIMUM............= 169.000

RANGE..............= 168.100

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 9.28284

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 6.59915

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 5.65389

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 9.85323

VARIANCE...........= 97.0529

MEDIAN.............= 7.59079

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.06145

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 67.7563

ENTROPY............= 0.417607

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Co_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 593. 1186.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1461 2921

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.3372E+01 1186 100.00 40.60 I------------------+-----------------------------*

0.8316E+01 777 65.51 67.20 I-------------------------------*+

0.1326E+02 583 49.16 87.16 I-----------------------* +

0.1820E+02 244 20.57 95.52 I--------* +

0.2315E+02 65 5.48 97.74 I-* +

0.2809E+02 16 1.35 98.29 * +

0.3304E+02 13 1.10 98.73 * +

0.3798E+02 7 0.59 98.97 +

0.4293E+02 3 0.25 99.08 +

0.4787E+02 3 0.25 99.18 +

0.5281E+02 2 0.17 99.25 +

0.5776E+02 1 0.08 99.28 +

0.6270E+02 3 0.25 99.38 +

0.6765E+02 1 0.08 99.42 +

0.7259E+02 3 0.25 99.52 +

0.7753E+02 0 0.00 99.52 +

0.8248E+02 1 0.08 99.55 +

0.8742E+02 2 0.17 99.62 +

0.9237E+02 1 0.08 99.66 +

0.9731E+02 4 0.34 99.79 +

0.1023E+03 2 0.17 99.86 +

0.1072E+03 2 0.17 99.93 +

0.1121E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1171E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1220E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1270E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1319E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1369E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1418E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1468E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1517E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.1566E+03 1 0.08 99.97 +

0.1616E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.1665E+03 1 0.08 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 23.7200

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 4.94412

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2921

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

176 / 192

176

Statistics: Co_ICPMS [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 2.00000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 2.00000

MAXIMUM............= 346.000

RANGE..............= 344.000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 14.5372

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 9.63890

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 10.3882

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 17.0067

VARIANCE...........= 289.117

MEDIAN.............= 10.3805

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.16987

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 63.7614

ENTROPY............= 0.347640

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Co_ICPMS [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 795. 1590.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1317 2634

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.7059E+01 1590 100.00 60.36 I----------------------------+-------------------*

0.1718E+02 598 37.61 83.07 I-----------------* +

0.2729E+02 186 11.70 90.13 I----* +

0.3741E+02 100 6.29 93.93 I-* +

0.4753E+02 71 4.47 96.62 I* +

0.5765E+02 34 2.14 97.91 * +

0.6776E+02 17 1.07 98.56 * +

0.7788E+02 9 0.57 98.90 +

0.8800E+02 12 0.75 99.35 +

0.9812E+02 6 0.38 99.58 +

0.1082E+03 2 0.13 99.66 +

0.1184E+03 5 0.31 99.85 +

0.1285E+03 1 0.06 99.89 +

0.1386E+03 1 0.06 99.92 +

0.1487E+03 1 0.06 99.96 +

0.1588E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.1689E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.1791E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.1892E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.1993E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2094E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2195E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2296E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2398E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2499E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2600E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2701E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2802E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.2904E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.3005E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.3106E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.3207E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.3308E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.3409E+03 1 0.06 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 31.8000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 10.1176

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2634

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

177 / 192

177

Statistics: Mg_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 100.000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 100.000

MAXIMUM............= 304000.

RANGE..............= 303900.

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 7936.98

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 4745.62

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 5585.59

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 15120.8

VARIANCE...........= 0.228564E+09

MEDIAN.............= 6534.35

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.90511

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 179.154

ENTROPY............= 0.222939

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Mg_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 1062. 2124.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1529 3058

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.4569E+04 2124 100.00 69.46 I---------------------------------+--------------*

0.1351E+05 824 38.79 96.40 I-----------------* +

0.2245E+05 66 3.11 98.56 I* +

0.3138E+05 12 0.56 98.95 +

0.4032E+05 4 0.19 99.08 +

0.4926E+05 2 0.09 99.15 +

0.5820E+05 1 0.05 99.18 +

0.6714E+05 1 0.05 99.22 +

0.7607E+05 1 0.05 99.25 +

0.8501E+05 3 0.14 99.35 +

0.9395E+05 3 0.14 99.44 +

0.1029E+06 0 0.00 99.44 +

0.1118E+06 6 0.28 99.64 +

0.1208E+06 0 0.00 99.64 +

0.1297E+06 0 0.00 99.64 +

0.1386E+06 1 0.05 99.67 +

0.1476E+06 1 0.05 99.71 +

0.1565E+06 0 0.00 99.71 +

0.1655E+06 1 0.05 99.74 +

0.1744E+06 2 0.09 99.80 +

0.1833E+06 0 0.00 99.80 +

0.1923E+06 1 0.05 99.84 +

0.2012E+06 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.2101E+06 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.2191E+06 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.2280E+06 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.2370E+06 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.2459E+06 1 0.05 99.87 +

0.2548E+06 0 0.00 99.87 +

0.2638E+06 2 0.09 99.93 +

0.2727E+06 1 0.05 99.97 +

0.2817E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2906E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2995E+06 1 0.05 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 42.4800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 8938.24

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3058

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

178 / 192

178

Statistics: MgO_XRF [%]

MINIMUM............= 0.900000E-01

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.900000E-01

MAXIMUM............= 44.9000

RANGE..............= 44.8100

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 2.24420

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 1.12642

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 1.97774

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 3.97812

VARIANCE...........= 15.8201

MEDIAN.............= 1.25317

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.77263

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 46.5387

ENTROPY............= 0.399802

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

MgO_XRF [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 835. 1669.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1473 2946

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.7490E+00 1669 100.00 56.65 I--------------------------+---------------------*

0.2067E+01 622 37.27 77.77 I-----------------* +

0.3385E+01 289 17.32 87.58 I-------* +

0.4703E+01 130 7.79 91.99 I--* +

0.6021E+01 69 4.13 94.33 I* +

0.7339E+01 45 2.70 95.86 * +

0.8657E+01 24 1.44 96.67 * +

0.9975E+01 16 0.96 97.22 +

0.1129E+02 14 0.84 97.69 +

0.1261E+02 13 0.78 98.13 +

0.1393E+02 6 0.36 98.34 +

0.1525E+02 10 0.60 98.68 +

0.1656E+02 6 0.36 98.88 +

0.1788E+02 3 0.18 98.98 +

0.1920E+02 1 0.06 99.02 +

0.2052E+02 3 0.18 99.12 +

0.2184E+02 0 0.00 99.12 +

0.2315E+02 2 0.12 99.19 +

0.2447E+02 0 0.00 99.19 +

0.2579E+02 1 0.06 99.22 +

0.2711E+02 3 0.18 99.32 +

0.2843E+02 0 0.00 99.32 +

0.2974E+02 0 0.00 99.32 +

0.3106E+02 1 0.06 99.36 +

0.3238E+02 1 0.06 99.39 +

0.3370E+02 3 0.18 99.49 +

0.3502E+02 1 0.06 99.52 +

0.3633E+02 3 0.18 99.63 +

0.3765E+02 3 0.18 99.73 +

0.3897E+02 2 0.12 99.80 +

0.4029E+02 2 0.12 99.86 +

0.4161E+02 2 0.12 99.93 +

0.4292E+02 1 0.06 99.97 +

0.4424E+02 1 0.06 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 33.3800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 1.31794

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2946

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

179 / 192

179

Statistics: Cr_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 5.00000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 5.00000

MAXIMUM............= 1720.00

RANGE..............= 1715.00

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 37.5997

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 19.2217

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 34.5769

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 95.7585

VARIANCE...........= 9165.87

MEDIAN.............= 34.6046

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 2.54679

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 127.272

ENTROPY............= 0.172365

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Cr_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 1024. 2048.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1202 2404

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.3022E+02 2048 100.00 85.19 I-----------------------------------------+------*

0.8066E+02 238 11.62 95.09 I----* +

0.1311E+03 59 2.88 97.55 * +

0.1815E+03 15 0.73 98.17 +

0.2320E+03 10 0.49 98.59 +

0.2824E+03 7 0.34 98.88 +

0.3329E+03 3 0.15 99.00 +

0.3833E+03 1 0.05 99.04 +

0.4337E+03 1 0.05 99.08 +

0.4842E+03 3 0.15 99.21 +

0.5346E+03 1 0.05 99.25 +

0.5851E+03 0 0.00 99.25 +

0.6355E+03 1 0.05 99.29 +

0.6860E+03 1 0.05 99.33 +

0.7364E+03 1 0.05 99.38 +

0.7868E+03 4 0.20 99.54 +

0.8373E+03 1 0.05 99.58 +

0.8877E+03 0 0.00 99.58 +

0.9382E+03 3 0.15 99.71 +

0.9886E+03 2 0.10 99.79 +

0.1039E+04 0 0.00 99.79 +

0.1089E+04 1 0.05 99.83 +

0.1140E+04 0 0.00 99.83 +

0.1190E+04 1 0.05 99.88 +

0.1241E+04 1 0.05 99.92 +

0.1291E+04 0 0.00 99.92 +

0.1342E+04 0 0.00 99.92 +

0.1392E+04 0 0.00 99.92 +

0.1443E+04 0 0.00 99.92 +

0.1493E+04 0 0.00 99.92 +

0.1543E+04 0 0.00 99.92 +

0.1594E+04 0 0.00 99.92 +

0.1644E+04 0 0.00 99.92 +

0.1695E+04 2 0.10 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 40.9600

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 50.4412

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2404

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

180 / 192

180

Statistics: Ni_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 3.50000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 3.50000

MAXIMUM............= 2340.00

RANGE..............= 2336.50

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 27.8004

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 11.0953

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 30.4602

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 133.778

VARIANCE...........= 17889.8

MEDIAN.............= 39.0512

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 4.81211

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 169.520

ENTROPY............= 0.603450E-01

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Ni_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 1270. 2539.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1314 2627

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.3786E+02 2539 100.00 96.65 I----------------------------------------------+-*

0.1066E+03 44 1.73 98.33 * +

0.1753E+03 11 0.43 98.74 +

0.2440E+03 7 0.28 99.01 +

0.3127E+03 4 0.16 99.16 +

0.3815E+03 0 0.00 99.16 +

0.4502E+03 2 0.08 99.24 +

0.5189E+03 0 0.00 99.24 +

0.5876E+03 0 0.00 99.24 +

0.6563E+03 1 0.04 99.28 +

0.7251E+03 2 0.08 99.35 +

0.7938E+03 0 0.00 99.35 +

0.8625E+03 2 0.08 99.43 +

0.9312E+03 0 0.00 99.43 +

0.9999E+03 1 0.04 99.47 +

0.1069E+04 0 0.00 99.47 +

0.1137E+04 1 0.04 99.51 +

0.1206E+04 0 0.00 99.51 +

0.1275E+04 0 0.00 99.51 +

0.1344E+04 1 0.04 99.54 +

0.1412E+04 2 0.08 99.62 +

0.1481E+04 2 0.08 99.70 +

0.1550E+04 1 0.04 99.73 +

0.1618E+04 1 0.04 99.77 +

0.1687E+04 0 0.00 99.77 +

0.1756E+04 1 0.04 99.81 +

0.1825E+04 0 0.00 99.81 +

0.1893E+04 1 0.04 99.85 +

0.1962E+04 0 0.00 99.85 +

0.2031E+04 0 0.00 99.85 +

0.2099E+04 2 0.08 99.92 +

0.2168E+04 0 0.00 99.92 +

0.2237E+04 1 0.04 99.96 +

0.2306E+04 1 0.04 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 50.7800

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 68.7206

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2627

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

181 / 192

181

Statistics: SiO2_XRF [%]

MINIMUM............= 30.7000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 30.7000

MAXIMUM............= 86.7000

RANGE..............= 56.0000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 65.8754

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 65.2826

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 6.69623

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 8.35671

VARIANCE...........= 69.8118

MEDIAN.............= 68.3228

MODE...............= 72.7634

VARIATION..........= 0.126856

SKEWNESS...........= -0.824242

KURTOSIS...........= 0.403960

ENTROPY............= 0.803430

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

SiO2_XRF [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 197. 394.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1530 3059

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.3152E+02 1 0.25 0.03

0.3317E+02 1 0.25 0.07

0.3482E+02 1 0.25 0.10

0.3646E+02 1 0.25 0.13

0.3811E+02 3 0.76 0.23

0.3976E+02 7 1.78 0.46 *

0.4141E+02 15 3.81 0.95 I*

0.4305E+02 8 2.03 1.21 +

0.4470E+02 19 4.82 1.83 +*

0.4635E+02 35 8.88 2.97 +--*

0.4799E+02 76 19.29 5.46 I-+------*

0.4964E+02 81 20.56 8.11 I--+-----*

0.5129E+02 63 15.99 10.17 I---+--*

0.5294E+02 56 14.21 12.00 I----+*

0.5458E+02 53 13.45 13.73 I-----+

0.5623E+02 64 16.24 15.82 I------+

0.5788E+02 92 23.35 18.83 I-------+--*

0.5952E+02 105 26.65 22.26 I---------+-*

0.6117E+02 129 32.74 26.48 I-----------+--*

0.6282E+02 144 36.55 31.19 I--------------+-*

0.6446E+02 159 40.36 36.38 I----------------+-*

0.6611E+02 216 54.82 43.45 I--------------------+----*

0.6776E+02 238 60.41 51.23 I------------------------+---*

0.6941E+02 310 78.68 61.36 I-----------------------------+-------*

0.7105E+02 310 78.68 71.49 I----------------------------------+--*

0.7270E+02 394 100.00 84.37 I----------------------------------------+-------*

0.7435E+02 322 81.73 94.90 I---------------------------------------* +

0.7599E+02 127 32.23 99.05 I--------------* +

0.7764E+02 24 6.09 99.84 I-* +

0.7929E+02 1 0.25 99.87 +

0.8094E+02 2 0.51 99.93 +

0.8258E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8423E+02 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.8588E+02 2 0.51 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 7.88000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 1.64706

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3059

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

182 / 192

182

Statistics: Cl_XRF [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 45.8000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 45.8000

MAXIMUM............= 9390.00

RANGE..............= 9344.20

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 216.498

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 156.491

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 137.782

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 339.554

VARIANCE...........= 115257.

MEDIAN.............= 210.447

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.56840

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 268.705

ENTROPY............= 0.164670

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Cl_XRF [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 1209. 2417.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1448 2896

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1832E+03 2417 100.00 83.46 I----------------------------------------+-------*

0.4580E+03 388 16.05 96.86 I------* +

0.7329E+03 53 2.19 98.69 * +

0.1008E+04 9 0.37 99.00 +

0.1283E+04 6 0.25 99.21 +

0.1557E+04 4 0.17 99.34 +

0.1832E+04 5 0.21 99.52 +

0.2107E+04 2 0.08 99.59 +

0.2382E+04 1 0.04 99.62 +

0.2657E+04 2 0.08 99.69 +

0.2932E+04 0 0.00 99.69 +

0.3206E+04 1 0.04 99.72 +

0.3481E+04 1 0.04 99.76 +

0.3756E+04 1 0.04 99.79 +

0.4031E+04 1 0.04 99.83 +

0.4306E+04 3 0.12 99.93 +

0.4580E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.4855E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5130E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5405E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5680E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.5955E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6229E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6504E+04 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.6779E+04 1 0.04 99.97 +

0.7054E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7329E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7604E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7878E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.8153E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.8428E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.8703E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.8978E+04 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9253E+04 1 0.04 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 48.3400

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 274.829

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2896

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

183 / 192

183

Statistics: Cu_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 3.00000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 3.00000

MAXIMUM............= 532.000

RANGE..............= 529.000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 21.7848

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 12.4566

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 18.1969

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 34.6110

VARIANCE...........= 1197.48

MEDIAN.............= 14.9158

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.58877

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 57.6697

ENTROPY............= 0.332438

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Cu_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 883. 1766.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1353 2705

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1078E+02 1766 100.00 65.29 I-------------------------------+----------------*

0.2634E+02 528 29.90 84.81 I-------------* +

0.4190E+02 168 9.51 91.02 I---* +

0.5746E+02 93 5.27 94.45 I-* +

0.7301E+02 39 2.21 95.90 * +

0.8857E+02 28 1.59 96.93 * +

0.1041E+03 25 1.42 97.86 * +

0.1197E+03 12 0.68 98.30 +

0.1353E+03 6 0.34 98.52 +

0.1508E+03 9 0.51 98.85 +

0.1664E+03 7 0.40 99.11 +

0.1819E+03 4 0.23 99.26 +

0.1975E+03 5 0.28 99.45 +

0.2130E+03 3 0.17 99.56 +

0.2286E+03 1 0.06 99.59 +

0.2442E+03 0 0.00 99.59 +

0.2597E+03 2 0.11 99.67 +

0.2753E+03 0 0.00 99.67 +

0.2908E+03 1 0.06 99.70 +

0.3064E+03 0 0.00 99.70 +

0.3220E+03 1 0.06 99.74 +

0.3375E+03 1 0.06 99.78 +

0.3531E+03 1 0.06 99.82 +

0.3686E+03 0 0.00 99.82 +

0.3842E+03 2 0.11 99.89 +

0.3998E+03 0 0.00 99.89 +

0.4153E+03 1 0.06 99.93 +

0.4309E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.4464E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.4620E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.4775E+03 1 0.06 99.96 +

0.4931E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.5087E+03 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.5242E+03 1 0.06 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 35.3200

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 15.5588

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2705

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

184 / 192

184

Statistics: Zn_XRF [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 4.00000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 4.00000

MAXIMUM............= 382.000

RANGE..............= 378.000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 74.5492

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 61.9787

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 32.5086

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 40.5224

VARIANCE...........= 1641.53

MEDIAN.............= 71.7147

MODE...............= 55.6478

VARIATION..........= 0.543566

SKEWNESS...........= 0.466444

KURTOSIS...........= 2.30384

ENTROPY............= 0.746574

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Zn_XRF [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 163. 325.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1527 3053

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.9559E+01 144 44.31 4.72 I+-------------------*

0.2068E+02 237 72.92 12.48 I----+-----------------------------*

0.3179E+02 225 69.23 19.85 I--------+------------------------*

0.4291E+02 274 84.31 28.82 I------------+---------------------------*

0.5403E+02 325 100.00 39.47 I------------------+-----------------------------*

0.6515E+02 297 91.38 49.20 I-----------------------+--------------------*

0.7626E+02 270 83.08 58.04 I---------------------------+------------*

0.8738E+02 303 93.23 67.97 I--------------------------------+------------*

0.9850E+02 297 91.38 77.69 I-------------------------------------+------*

0.1096E+03 239 73.54 85.52 I-----------------------------------* +

0.1207E+03 149 45.85 90.40 I---------------------* +

0.1319E+03 113 34.77 94.10 I---------------* +

0.1430E+03 61 18.77 96.10 I-------* +

0.1541E+03 33 10.15 97.18 I---* +

0.1652E+03 34 10.46 98.30 I---* +

0.1763E+03 16 4.92 98.82 I* +

0.1874E+03 16 4.92 99.34 I* +

0.1986E+03 5 1.54 99.51 * +

0.2097E+03 4 1.23 99.64 * +

0.2208E+03 5 1.54 99.80 * +

0.2319E+03 2 0.62 99.87 +

0.2430E+03 1 0.31 99.90 +

0.2541E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2653E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2764E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2875E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.2986E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.3097E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.3209E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.3320E+03 0 0.00 99.90 +

0.3431E+03 1 0.31 99.93 +

0.3542E+03 1 0.31 99.97 +

0.3653E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3764E+03 1 0.31 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 6.50000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 11.1176

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3053

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

185 / 192

185

Statistics: Zn_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 2.00000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 2.00000

MAXIMUM............= 368.000

RANGE..............= 366.000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 51.1741

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 41.2206

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 23.3463

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 30.1755

VARIANCE...........= 910.260

MEDIAN.............= 48.7002

MODE...............= 49.0457

VARIATION..........= 0.589663

SKEWNESS...........= 0.705335E-01

KURTOSIS...........= 6.60514

ENTROPY............= 0.663715

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Zn_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 220. 439.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1523 3045

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.7382E+01 250 56.95 8.21 I--+-----------------------*

0.1815E+02 340 77.45 19.38 I--------+----------------------------*

0.2891E+02 365 83.14 31.36 I--------------+-------------------------*

0.3968E+02 419 95.44 45.12 I---------------------+------------------------*

0.5044E+02 439 100.00 59.54 I----------------------------+-------------------*

0.6121E+02 405 92.26 72.84 I----------------------------------+---------*

0.7197E+02 291 66.29 82.40 I-------------------------------* +

0.8274E+02 217 49.43 89.52 I-----------------------* +

0.9350E+02 143 32.57 94.22 I--------------* +

0.1043E+03 78 17.77 96.78 I-------* +

0.1150E+03 44 10.02 98.23 I---* +

0.1258E+03 19 4.33 98.85 I* +

0.1366E+03 12 2.73 99.24 * +

0.1473E+03 5 1.14 99.41 * +

0.1581E+03 6 1.37 99.61 * +

0.1689E+03 6 1.37 99.80 * +

0.1796E+03 1 0.23 99.84 +

0.1904E+03 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.2011E+03 1 0.23 99.87 +

0.2119E+03 1 0.23 99.90 +

0.2227E+03 1 0.23 99.93 +

0.2334E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2442E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2550E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2657E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2765E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2873E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2980E+03 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3088E+03 1 0.23 99.97 +

0.3196E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3303E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3411E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3519E+03 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.3626E+03 1 0.23 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 8.78000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 10.7647

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3045

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

186 / 192

186

Statistics: S_ICPAES [ppm]

MINIMUM............= 14.3000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 14.3000

MAXIMUM............= 9090.00

RANGE..............= 9075.70

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 341.773

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 118.001

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 370.386

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 613.798

VARIANCE...........= 376593.

MEDIAN.............= 205.956

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 1.79592

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 39.7109

ENTROPY............= 0.336347

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

S_ICPAES [ppm]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 848. 1695.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1217 2434

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1478E+03 1695 100.00 69.64 I---------------------------------+--------------*

0.4147E+03 281 16.58 81.18 I------* +

0.6816E+03 137 8.08 86.81 I--* +

0.9486E+03 107 6.31 91.21 I-* +

0.1215E+04 72 4.25 94.17 I* +

0.1482E+04 46 2.71 96.06 * +

0.1749E+04 34 2.01 97.45 * +

0.2016E+04 23 1.36 98.40 * +

0.2283E+04 12 0.71 98.89 +

0.2550E+04 5 0.29 99.10 +

0.2817E+04 4 0.24 99.26 +

0.3084E+04 1 0.06 99.30 +

0.3351E+04 3 0.18 99.42 +

0.3618E+04 1 0.06 99.47 +

0.3885E+04 2 0.12 99.55 +

0.4152E+04 0 0.00 99.55 +

0.4419E+04 2 0.12 99.63 +

0.4686E+04 1 0.06 99.67 +

0.4953E+04 3 0.18 99.79 +

0.5219E+04 2 0.12 99.88 +

0.5486E+04 0 0.00 99.88 +

0.5753E+04 0 0.00 99.88 +

0.6020E+04 0 0.00 99.88 +

0.6287E+04 0 0.00 99.88 +

0.6554E+04 0 0.00 99.88 +

0.6821E+04 1 0.06 99.92 +

0.7088E+04 1 0.06 99.96 +

0.7355E+04 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.7622E+04 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.7889E+04 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.8156E+04 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.8423E+04 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.8690E+04 0 0.00 99.96 +

0.8957E+04 1 0.06 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 33.9000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 266.932

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2434

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

187 / 192

187

Statistics: D [kg/m3]

MINIMUM............= 2384.00

ABS.MINIMUM........= 2384.00

MAXIMUM............= 3316.00

RANGE..............= 932.000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 2720.14

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 2717.91

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 83.2489

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 112.421

VARIANCE...........= 12634.3

MEDIAN.............= 2689.12

MODE...............= 2630.20

VARIATION..........= 0.413290E-01

SKEWNESS...........= 0.800082

KURTOSIS...........= 3.30053

ENTROPY............= 0.729698

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

D [kg/m3]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 224. 448.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1518 3035

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.2398E+04 1 0.22 0.03

0.2425E+04 0 0.00 0.03

0.2453E+04 0 0.00 0.03

0.2480E+04 0 0.00 0.03

0.2507E+04 1 0.22 0.07

0.2535E+04 3 0.67 0.16

0.2562E+04 6 1.34 0.36 *

0.2590E+04 130 29.02 4.65 I+------------*

0.2617E+04 448 100.00 19.41 I--------+---------------------------------------*

0.2644E+04 442 98.66 33.97 I---------------+-------------------------------*

0.2672E+04 442 98.66 48.53 I----------------------+------------------------*

0.2699E+04 340 75.89 59.74 I----------------------------+-------*

0.2727E+04 285 63.62 69.13 I------------------------------* +

0.2754E+04 194 43.30 75.52 I--------------------* +

0.2781E+04 177 39.51 81.35 I------------------* +

0.2809E+04 130 29.02 85.63 I-------------* +

0.2836E+04 75 16.74 88.11 I------* +

0.2864E+04 64 14.29 90.21 I-----* +

0.2891E+04 59 13.17 92.16 I-----* +

0.2919E+04 46 10.27 93.67 I---* +

0.2946E+04 39 8.71 94.96 I--* +

0.2973E+04 37 8.26 96.18 I--* +

0.3001E+04 29 6.47 97.13 I-* +

0.3028E+04 21 4.69 97.83 I* +

0.3056E+04 20 4.46 98.48 I* +

0.3083E+04 7 1.56 98.71 * +

0.3110E+04 12 2.68 99.11 * +

0.3138E+04 6 1.34 99.31 * +

0.3165E+04 9 2.01 99.60 * +

0.3193E+04 5 1.12 99.77 * +

0.3220E+04 1 0.22 99.80 +

0.3247E+04 1 0.22 99.84 +

0.3275E+04 0 0.00 99.84 +

0.3302E+04 5 1.12 100.00 * +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 8.96000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 27.4118

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3035

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

188 / 192

188

Statistics: K [uSI]

MINIMUM............= -40.0000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.100000E-05

MAXIMUM............= 301540.

RANGE..............= 301580.

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 5671.71

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 777777.

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 7956.97

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 17432.3

VARIANCE...........= 0.303786E+09

MEDIAN.............= 5216.68

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 3.07356

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 81.7645

ENTROPY............= 0.201512

!!!! GEOMETRIC MEAN WAS NOT CALCULATED !!!!

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

K [uSI]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 1277. 2553.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1513 3026

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.4395E+04 2553 100.00 84.37 I----------------------------------------+-------*

0.1326E+05 217 8.50 91.54 I--* +

0.2213E+05 106 4.15 95.04 I* +

0.3100E+05 39 1.53 96.33 * +

0.3987E+05 33 1.29 97.42 * +

0.4874E+05 17 0.67 97.98 +

0.5761E+05 17 0.67 98.55 +

0.6648E+05 8 0.31 98.81 +

0.7535E+05 5 0.20 98.98 +

0.8422E+05 6 0.24 99.17 +

0.9309E+05 3 0.12 99.27 +

0.1020E+06 2 0.08 99.34 +

0.1108E+06 4 0.16 99.47 +

0.1197E+06 5 0.20 99.64 +

0.1286E+06 0 0.00 99.64 +

0.1374E+06 2 0.08 99.70 +

0.1463E+06 0 0.00 99.70 +

0.1552E+06 1 0.04 99.74 +

0.1641E+06 0 0.00 99.74 +

0.1729E+06 0 0.00 99.74 +

0.1818E+06 1 0.04 99.77 +

0.1907E+06 1 0.04 99.80 +

0.1995E+06 0 0.00 99.80 +

0.2084E+06 3 0.12 99.90 +

0.2173E+06 1 0.04 99.93 +

0.2261E+06 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2350E+06 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.2439E+06 1 0.04 99.97 +

0.2528E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2616E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2705E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2794E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2882E+06 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.2971E+06 1 0.04 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 51.0600

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 8870.00

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 3026

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

189 / 192

189

Statistics: J [mA/m]

MINIMUM............= 10.0000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 10.0000

MAXIMUM............= 94070.0

RANGE..............= 94060.0

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 382.625

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 112.461

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 463.634

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 2216.68

VARIANCE...........= 0.491202E+07

MEDIAN.............= 1423.32

MODE...............= 777777.

VARIATION..........= 5.79335

SKEWNESS...........= 777777.

KURTOSIS...........= 1115.02

ENTROPY............= 0.380958E-01

!!!! MODE AND SKEWNESS WERE NOT CALCULATED !!!!

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

J [mA/m]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 1449. 2897.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1480 2960

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1393E+04 2897 100.00 97.87 I-----------------------------------------------+*

0.4160E+04 31 1.07 98.92 * +

0.6926E+04 15 0.52 99.43 +

0.9693E+04 9 0.31 99.73 +

0.1246E+05 1 0.03 99.76 +

0.1523E+05 2 0.07 99.83 +

0.1799E+05 0 0.00 99.83 +

0.2076E+05 0 0.00 99.83 +

0.2352E+05 1 0.03 99.86 +

0.2629E+05 1 0.03 99.90 +

0.2906E+05 1 0.03 99.93 +

0.3182E+05 0 0.00 99.93 +

0.3459E+05 1 0.03 99.97 +

0.3736E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4012E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4289E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4566E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4842E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5119E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5396E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5672E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.5949E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6226E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6502E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.6779E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7055E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7332E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7609E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.7885E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.8162E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.8439E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.8715E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.8992E+05 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.9269E+05 1 0.03 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 57.9400

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 2766.47

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2960

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

190 / 192

190

Statistics: Log10(K) [uSI]

MINIMUM............= 1.00000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 1.00000

MAXIMUM............= 5.47934

RANGE..............= 4.47934

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 2.84009

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 2.70456

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.728498

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.883573

VARIANCE...........= 0.780442

MEDIAN.............= 2.60338

MODE...............= 2.38944

VARIATION..........= 0.311108

SKEWNESS...........= 0.510028

KURTOSIS...........= -0.464895

ENTROPY............= 0.906847

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Log10(K) [uSI]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 147. 294.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1500 2999

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1066E+01 32 10.88 1.07 +---*

0.1198E+01 0 0.00 1.07 +

0.1329E+01 39 13.27 2.37 +-----*

0.1461E+01 45 15.31 3.87 I+-----*

0.1593E+01 54 18.37 5.67 I-+-----*

0.1725E+01 92 31.29 8.74 I--+-----------*

0.1856E+01 96 32.65 11.94 I----+---------*

0.1988E+01 147 50.00 16.84 I------+----------------*

0.2120E+01 178 60.54 22.77 I---------+------------------*

0.2252E+01 241 81.97 30.81 I-------------+-------------------------*

0.2383E+01 294 100.00 40.61 I------------------+-----------------------------*

0.2515E+01 250 85.03 48.95 I----------------------+------------------*

0.2647E+01 185 62.93 55.12 I--------------------------+--*

0.2779E+01 161 54.76 60.49 I-------------------------* +

0.2910E+01 101 34.35 63.85 I---------------* +

0.3042E+01 94 31.97 66.99 I--------------* +

0.3174E+01 97 32.99 70.22 I--------------* +

0.3306E+01 76 25.85 72.76 I-----------* +

0.3437E+01 84 28.57 75.56 I------------* +

0.3569E+01 70 23.81 77.89 I----------* +

0.3701E+01 73 24.83 80.33 I----------* +

0.3833E+01 89 30.27 83.29 I-------------* +

0.3964E+01 79 26.87 85.93 I-----------* +

0.4096E+01 105 35.71 89.43 I----------------* +

0.4228E+01 89 30.27 92.40 I-------------* +

0.4360E+01 78 26.53 95.00 I-----------* +

0.4491E+01 44 14.97 96.47 I-----* +

0.4623E+01 38 12.93 97.73 I----* +

0.4755E+01 29 9.86 98.70 I---* +

0.4886E+01 15 5.10 99.20 I-* +

0.5018E+01 12 4.08 99.60 I* +

0.5150E+01 4 1.36 99.73 * +

0.5282E+01 6 2.04 99.93 * +

0.5413E+01 2 0.68 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 5.88000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.131745

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2999

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

191 / 192

191

Statistics: Log10(J) [mA/m]

MINIMUM............= 1.00000

ABS.MINIMUM........= 1.00000

MAXIMUM............= 4.97345

RANGE..............= 3.97345

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 2.05101

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 1.98193

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.426962

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.544761

VARIANCE...........= 0.296664

MEDIAN.............= 1.99029

MODE...............= 1.63412

VARIATION..........= 0.265606

SKEWNESS...........= 0.765265

KURTOSIS...........= 1.33422

ENTROPY............= 0.783289

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Log10(J) [mA/m]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 218. 436.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1480 2960

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1058E+01 67 15.37 2.26 +------*

0.1175E+01 0 0.00 2.26 +

0.1292E+01 188 43.12 8.61 I--+-----------------*

0.1409E+01 0 0.00 8.61 +

0.1526E+01 243 55.73 16.82 I------+-------------------*

0.1643E+01 436 100.00 31.55 I--------------+---------------------------------*

0.1760E+01 176 40.37 37.50 I-----------------+*

0.1876E+01 244 55.96 45.74 I---------------------+----*

0.1993E+01 266 61.01 54.73 I-------------------------+---*

0.2110E+01 208 47.71 61.76 I----------------------* +

0.2227E+01 236 54.13 69.73 I-------------------------* +

0.2344E+01 202 46.33 76.55 I---------------------* +

0.2461E+01 177 40.60 82.53 I------------------* +

0.2578E+01 145 33.26 87.43 I---------------* +

0.2695E+01 119 27.29 91.45 I------------* +

0.2811E+01 59 13.53 93.45 I-----* +

0.2928E+01 40 9.17 94.80 I---* +

0.3045E+01 37 8.49 96.05 I--* +

0.3162E+01 28 6.42 96.99 I-* +

0.3279E+01 13 2.98 97.43 * +

0.3396E+01 14 3.21 97.91 I* +

0.3513E+01 12 2.75 98.31 * +

0.3629E+01 10 2.29 98.65 * +

0.3746E+01 13 2.98 99.09 * +

0.3863E+01 11 2.52 99.46 * +

0.3980E+01 8 1.83 99.73 * +

0.4097E+01 2 0.46 99.80 +

0.4214E+01 1 0.23 99.83 +

0.4331E+01 1 0.23 99.86 +

0.4448E+01 2 0.46 99.93 +

0.4564E+01 1 0.23 99.97 +

0.4681E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4798E+01 0 0.00 99.97 +

0.4915E+01 1 0.23 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 8.72000

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.116866

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2960

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

192 / 192

192

Statistics: Porosity [%]

MINIMUM............= 0.100000E-05

ABS.MINIMUM........= 0.100000E-05

MAXIMUM............= 7.29000

RANGE..............= 7.29000

ARITHMETIC MEAN....= 0.619956

GEOMETRIC MEAN.....= 0.527205

MEAN DEVIATION.....= 0.262167

STANDARD DEVIATION.= 0.461719

VARIANCE...........= 0.213113

MEDIAN.............= 0.533504

MODE...............= 0.479404

VARIATION..........= 0.744762

SKEWNESS...........= 0.304410

KURTOSIS...........= 66.9179

ENTROPY............= 0.475190

VARIATION = (STDEV/AMEAN)

Porosity [%]

LEVEL FREQUENCY NORM.FREQ. CUM.FREQ. HISTOGRAM

****FREQUENCY**** 0. 531. 1061.

++++CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY++++ 0 1480 2960

I--------X---------X----I----X---------X---------I

0.1072E+00 85 8.01 2.87 +--*

0.3216E+00 877 82.66 32.50 I--------------+------------------------*

0.5360E+00 1061 100.00 68.34 I--------------------------------+---------------*

0.7504E+00 465 43.83 84.05 I--------------------* +

0.9649E+00 227 21.39 91.72 I---------* +

0.1179E+01 90 8.48 94.76 I--* +

0.1394E+01 66 6.22 96.99 I-* +

0.1608E+01 27 2.54 97.91 * +

0.1823E+01 22 2.07 98.65 * +

0.2037E+01 14 1.32 99.12 * +

0.2251E+01 5 0.47 99.29 +

0.2466E+01 3 0.28 99.39 +

0.2680E+01 5 0.47 99.56 +

0.2895E+01 0 0.00 99.56 +

0.3109E+01 0 0.00 99.56 +

0.3323E+01 2 0.19 99.63 +

0.3538E+01 1 0.09 99.66 +

0.3752E+01 0 0.00 99.66 +

0.3967E+01 1 0.09 99.70 +

0.4181E+01 1 0.09 99.73 +

0.4395E+01 1 0.09 99.76 +

0.4610E+01 1 0.09 99.80 +

0.4824E+01 0 0.00 99.80 +

0.5039E+01 0 0.00 99.80 +

0.5253E+01 1 0.09 99.83 +

0.5468E+01 1 0.09 99.86 +

0.5682E+01 0 0.00 99.86 +

0.5896E+01 0 0.00 99.86 +

0.6111E+01 0 0.00 99.86 +

0.6325E+01 0 0.00 99.86 +

0.6540E+01 0 0.00 99.86 +

0.6754E+01 0 0.00 99.86 +

0.6968E+01 2 0.19 99.93 +

0.7183E+01 2 0.19 100.00 +

THE VALUE OF ONE ASTERISK IS 21.2200

THE RANGE OF ONE LEVEL IS 0.214412

THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IS 2960

REM: CLASS "LEVEL" = CENTRAL VALUE OF THE CLASS

Characteristics of adakitic plutonic rocks in Finnish Precambrian + Summary statistics of chemistry of Finnish plutonic rocks

Abstract and Figures

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