Delimitation of taxa in Amauroderma (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) based in morphology and molecular phylogeny of Brazilian specimens

Abstract

From 2007 to 2014, specimens of Amauroderma were collected mostly in North and Northeast Brazil. Additionally, material deposited in herbaria was reviewed. The analysed specimens represented 20 species, six of them new to science: Amauroderma albostipitatum, A. floriformum, A. laccatostipitatum, A. ovisporum, A. sessile and A. subsessile. Twelve species, three of them new, had their ITS and/or LSU region of the DNA sequenced. According to the results, Amauroderma is not monophyletic; A. partitum and A. schomburgkii are macro-morphologically variable species; the synonym of A. calcigenum with A. partitum is not supported, and the use of macro- and micro-morphological characters is a useful tool to delimit species of the genus.

Full text

Phytotaxa 000 (0): 000–000
www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/
Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press Article PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)
Accepted by Samantha Karunarathna: 23 Jun. 2015; published: xx xxx. 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.00.0.0
1
Delimitation of taxa in Amauroderma (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) based in
morphology and molecular phylogeny of Brazilian specimens
ALLYNE C. GOMES-SILVA1, NELSON C. DE LIMA-JÚNIOR1, ELAINE MALOSSO1, LEIF RYVARDEN2
&
TATIANA B. GIBERTONI1
1Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Micologia, Av. da Engenharia s/nº, CEP
50740-600, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
allynefungi@hotmail.com, nelsonradar2005@hotmail.com, elainemalosso@yahoo.com.br, tbgibertoni@hotmail.com
2University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway.
leif.ryvarden@ibv.uio.no
Abstract
From 2007 to 2014, specimens of Amauroderma were collected mostly in North and Northeast Brazil. Additionally, material
deposited in herbaria was reviewed. The analysed specimens represented 20 species, six of them new to science: Amau-
roderma albostipitatum, A. floriformum, A. laccatostipitatum, A. ovisporum, A. sessile and A. subsessile. Twelve species,
three of them new, had their ITS and/or LSU region of the DNA sequenced. According to the results, Amauroderma is not
monophyletic; A. partitum and A. schomburgkii are macro-morphologically variable species; the synonym of A. calcigenum
with A. partitum is not supported, and the use of macro- and micro-morphological characters is a useful tool to delimit spe-
cies of the genus.
Key words: Agaricomycetes, diversity, rDNA sequences, poroid fungi, taxonomy
Introduction
Ganodermataceae (Donk) Donk (1948: 474) is a well circumscribed family due to its double-walled basidiospores,
with an inner ornamented wall and a smooth outer one (Ryvarden 1991, 2004a). However, the Ganoderma-type of
basidiospores seems to be derived from smooth, cylindrical spores of Polyporaceae Corda (1839: 49) (Ryvarden 1991,
Hibbett & Donoghue 1995, Moncalvo et al. 1995a, Tham 1998) and the acceptance of Ganodermataceae as a family
has yet to be discussed. As presently accepted, the family includes five genera: Amauroderma Murrill (1905a: 366),
Ganoderma P. Karsten (1881: 17), Haddowia Steyaert (1972: 108), Humphreya Steyaert (1972: 98) and Tomophagus
Murrill (1905a: 197). Amauroderma currently accommodates tropical, stipitate to sessile species with non-truncate,
globose to subglobose, verrucose to asperulate (smooth in only one species) basidiospores (Ryvarden, 2004a). This
combination of characteristics distinguishes Amauroderma from the other four genera, as Ganoderma, Humphreya
and Tomophagus have truncate and Haddowia crested basidiospores (Ryvarden 2004a, Le et al. 2012). Amauroderma
is considered as parasitic on the roots of living trees (Ryvarden 2004a) and comprises about 30 species of tropical
distribution, of which 22 are reported in Brazil (Kirk et al. 2008, Gugliotta et al. 2015).
The identification of species of Amauroderma is traditionally based on macro- and micro-morphological
characteristics, such as: the presence/absence of laccate surfaces, size of pores in the hymenial surface, consistency and
colour of the basidiomata, presence/absence of resinous bands in the context; type of ornamentation, size and shape
of basidiospores and type of pilear cover (Furtado 1981, Ryvarden 2004a). However, at least for the Ganoderma, little
correlation between rDNA gene phylogeny and morphology was found. . On the other hand, a correlation was observed
between gene phylogeny and characteristics of mycelia in culture, geographic origin and/or host relationships, and
mating systems (Moncalvo et al. 1995b, Gottlieb et al. 1998, 2000, Hong & Jung 2004, Buchanan & Moncalvo
2008, Douanla-Meli & Langer 2009). More recently, molecular studies have shown that some of those morphological
characteristics, at least for laccate Ganoderma and Tomophagus, are useful to circumscribe some species (Cao et al.
2012, Kinge et al. 2012, Le et al. 2012, Lima-Júnior et al. 2014).

GOMES-SILVA ET AL.
2 • Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press
Although considered a sister-group of Ganoderma (Moncalvo et al. 1995a), the monophyly and species delimitation
of Amauroderma, as well as Haddowia and Humphreya, have yet to be studied. Thus, the aim of this study is to
contribute to a better understanding of the phylogeny and the use of morphological characteristics to a better species
circumscription of taxa in Amauroderma based on specimens collected in Brazil.
Materials and methods
Biological material/identification
Specimens of Amauroderma were mostly collected in North and Northeast Brazil. In North Brazil, they were collected
in the Amazonian Forest from 2007 to 2014: Fazenda Experimental Catuaba (10°4’ S 67°37’ W, FEC) in the State
of Acre; Floresta Estadual do Amapá (0°58’ N 51°41’ W, FTA) and Floresta Nacional do Amapá (0°57’ N 51°37’ W,
FNA) in the State of Amapá; Estação Científica Ferreira Penna (1°42’ S 51°27’ W, ECFPn) in the State of Pará; and
Estação Ecológica de Cuniã (8°10’ S 63°32’ W, ESEC), Floresta Nacional do Jamari (09°04’ S 63° 06’ W, FNJ), and
Parque Natural Municipal de Porto Velho (8°40’ S 63°51’ W, PNM), in the State of Rondônia.
In Northeast Brazil, specimens of Amauroderma were collected in the Atlantic Rain Forest: Parque Estadual Dois
Irmãos (8°00’ S 34°56’ W, PDI), Reserva Biológica de Saltinho (8º 43’ S 35º 10’ W, RBS) and Reserva Particular do
Patrimônio Natural Frei Caneca (08°43’ S 35°50’ W, RFC), in the State of Pernambuco.
One area of the Atlantic Rain Forest in Southeast Brazil was also surveyed: Parque Nacional da Tijuca (22° 57′ S
43°12′ W, PNT), in the State of Rio de Janeiro.
After collection, the basidiomata were dried at 35-45oC and studied macro- (shape, colour, hymenial surface) and
microscopically (hyphal system, presence/absence and measures of sterile structures and basidiospores). Microscopical
observations were made from slide preparations with 5% KOH, stained with 1% of aqueous phloxine, and Melzer’s
reagent to check, in this case, the dextrinoid reaction of hyphae and basidiospores (Ryvarden 1991). Colour designation
followed Watling (1969). For identification, the monographs of Furtado (1981) and Ryvarden (2004a) were used.
Additionally, specimens deposited in BPI, INPA, JPB, O and SP were also studied by the same methodology.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were conducted at the Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica
(DF/UFPE). Sections were removed from dried basidiomata and mounted directly on aluminium stubs using carbon
adhesive tabs. The fragments were coated with 8–13 nm of gold using a Baltec SCD050 sputter coater and examined
with a JEOL JSM-5900 scanning electron microscope.
Identified specimens were deposited in the herbaria of HFSL, MG, O and URM (Thiers, continuously updated).
Genomic DNA extraction, PCRs and sequencing
Selected specimens of Amauroderma were used for DNA extraction and amplification of the ITS and LSU regions
as described in Lima-Júnior et al. (2014). From the recently collected material, fragments were removed from the
basidiomata and frozen until their study in the molecular procedures. For PCR amplifications of the full ITS regions
the primers ITS5 and ITS4 were used and for LSU region the primers LR0R and LR5 (White et al. 1990). The
amplification products were purified with GenJET PCR Purification Kit (Thermo Scientific) and sequenced at the
Plataform of Sequencing/LABCEN/CCB of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE, Brazil) in an ABI-310
Capillary Sequencer (PerkinElmer, Wellesley Massachusetts, USA). All obtained sequences were deposited in the
GenBank (National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Maryland, USA).
Phylogenetic analysis
Forty-four ITS and seven LSU sequences of Amauroderma obtained in this study were compared with other sequences
retrieved from GenBank (Tab. 1). The ITS and LSU sequences were aligned in ClustalW separately (Larkin et al. 2007)
and edited using MEGA5 (Tamura et al. 2011). Phylogenetic analyses and tree construction were performed using
maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian algorithm (BA). In MP and ML, the analyses
were performed using PAUP* 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003) with 5000 bootstrap replications each. The ML analysis was
based on TrN+G for ITS sequences and TrNef+G for LSU sequences both obtained from jModelTest (Posada 2008).
BA analyses were run in MrBayes3.1.2 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003) with 3000 generations. For ITS sequences, the
BA analysis was based on HKY + G and for LSU sequences SYM+G both obtained from MrModeltest 2.3 (Nylander
2004). Three sequences of ITS and three of LSU from Perenniporia medulla-panis (Jacq.) Donk (1967: 76) (Tab. 1)
were used as outgroup for phylogenetic reconstruction.

DELIMITATION OF TAXA IN AMAURODERMA Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 3
TABLE 1. List of specimens of Amauroderma collected in different areas from Brazil and material retrieved from GenBank.
Amazonia: Fazenda Experimental Catuaba (FEC), Floresta Estadual do Amapá (FTA), Floresta Nacional do Amapá (FNA),
Estação Científica Ferreira Penna (ECFPn), Estação Ecológica de Cuniã (ESEC), Floresta Nacional do Jamari (FNJ), Parque
Natural Municipal de Porto Velho (PNM), PV (municipality of Porto Velho, State of Rondônia). Atlantic Rain Forest: Parque
Estadual Dois Irmãos (PEDI), Reserva Biológica de Saltinho (RBS), RPPN Frei Caneca (RFC), Parque Nacional da Tijuca
(PNT).
Species Origin Voucher GenBank
Sequences generated in this study Brazil ITS/LSU
Amauroderma aurantiacum PNM URM 78847 JX310840/ -
A. aurantiacum FNJ HFSL (ACGS28) KT006600/ -
A. brasiliense ECFPn O 110257 JX982569/ -
A. brasiliense ESEC URM 83578 JX310841/ -
A. calcigenum ESEC URM 83864 JX982565/ -
A. calcigenum FTA MG (AS1098) KT006601/ -
A. elegantissimum PNM URM 82790 JX310842/ -
A. elegantissimum ESEC URM 82787 JX310843/KT006616
A. elegantissimum ESEC URM 82789 JX310844/KT006617
A. elegantissimum ESEC URM 82787 - /KT006616
A. elegantissimum ESEC URM 82789 - /KT006617
A. exile PNM URM 82794 JX310845/ -
A. exile PV HFSL (ACGS35) - /KT006618
A. floriformum (as Amauroderma sp.) PNM URM 83250 JX310846/ -
A. laccatostipitatum FNJ HFSL (ACGS7) KT006602/ -
A. laccatostipitatum (as Amauroderma sp.) ESEC URM 83238 JX310847/ -
A. omphalodes RFC URM 84236 KT006604/ -
A. omphalodes ECFPn MG (AS592) KT006603/ -
A. omphalodes (as A. sprucei)ESEC URM 83908 JX982568/ -
A. partitum ESEC URM 82884 JX310851/ -
A. partitum ESEC URM 82882 JX310852/ -
A. partitum PNM URM 83039 JX310853/ -
A. partitum PNM URM 83040 JX310854/ -
A. partitum PNM URM 83230 - /KT006619
A. partitum PV HFSL (ACGS38A) - /KT006620
A. partitum (as Amauroderma sp.) PNM URM 83229 JX310849/ -
A. partitum (as Amauroderma sp.) PNM URM 83233 JX310850/ -
A. praetervisum FEC REC 18707 JX310855/ -
A. praetervisum PNM HFSL (ACGS909) JX310856/ -
A. praetervisum PDI URM 84223 KT006605/ -
A. praetervisum PNT URM 87611 KT006606/ -
A. schomburgkii PNM URM 82829 JX310857/ -
A. schomburgkii PNM HFSL (ACGS944) JX310858/ -
A. schomburgkii PNM URM 83420 JX310859/ -
A. schomburgkii PNM URM 83903 JX982566/ -
A. schomburgkii ESEC URM 83904 JX982567/ -
A. schomburgkii ESEC URM 83902 JX982571/ -
A. schomburgkii RBS URM 84214 KT006607/ -
A. schomburgkii RFC URM 84228 KT006608/ -
A. schomburgkii RFC URM 84226 KT006609/ -
A. schomburgkii RFC URM 84253 KT006610/ -
A. schomburgkii RFC URM 84254 KT006611/ -
A. schomburgkii FTA MG (AS1097) KT006612/ -
A. schomburgkii FNA MG (AS800) KT006613/ -
A. schomburgkii PNT URM 87613 KT006615/ -
A. schomburgkii PNT URM 87612 KT006614/ -
A. schomburgkii ESEC URM 83228 - /KT006621
...continued on the next page

GOMES-SILVA ET AL.
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TABLE 1. (Continued)
Species Origin Voucher GenBank
Sequences generated in this study Brazil ITS/LSU
A. schomburgkii (as Amauroderma sp.) ESEC URM 83228 JX310848/KT006621
A. subsessile (as Amauroderma sp.) PNM URM 83239 JX310860/ -
A. subsessile (as Amauroderma sp.) ESEC URM 83905 JX982570/ -
Amauroderma sp PV HFSL (ACGS41A) - /KT006622
Sequences from GenBank/NCBI
A. rude var. intermedium Taiwan JMM ASP.1 X78753&X78774/ -
A. rugosum (Blume & T. Nees) Torrend (1920: 127) Taiwan THP30 HM480835/ -
A. rugosum Taiwan THP318 HM480836/ -
A. subresinosum Taiwan THP16 FJ154782/ -
A. subresinosum Malaysia ML288 JQ409358/ -
A. subresinosum Malaysia FRIM 95 AJ627583/ -
Amauroderma sp. Taiwan THP26 HM480834/ -
Amauroderma sp. French Guiana BRFM 915 JX082335/ -
Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. (1889: 67) cplx USA JM97/56 AF255099/ -
G. applanatum cplx China JM98/132 AF255115/ -
G. applanatum cplx USA ME-GAN-14 AF255130/ -
G. applanatum cplx Puerto Rico RV-PR10 AF255133/ -
G. australe (Fr.) Pat. (1889: 71) cplx Chile BAFC2531 AF255176/ -
G. australe Taiwan RSH 0705 - /X78780
G. australe [as G. tornatum (Pers.) Bres. (1912: 502)] Brazil URM 83325 JQ514106/JX310802
G. australe cplx New Zealand PKB91/098 AF255163/ -
G. australe cplx Argentina BAFC671 AF255184/ -
G. australe cplx Argentina BAFC1544 AF255185/ -
G. boninense Pat. (1889: 72) Taiwan RSH RS - /X78777
G. lingzhi S.H. Wu, Y. Cao & Y.C. Dai (2012: 54) Japan WD-565 EU021455/ -
G. lingzhi Japan WD-2038 EU021456/ -
G. lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. (1881: 17) France CBS 270.81 Z37049&Z37099/ -
G. lucidum Norway RYV 33217 Z37096&Z37073/ -
G. lucidum Taiwan RSH RZ - /X78776
G. multipileum Ding Hou (1950: 101) Taiwan CWB 01740 EU021461/ -
G. multipileum Taiwan BCRC 37033 EU021462/ -
G. parvulum Murrill (1902: 605) Brazil URM 83339 JX310817/JX310831
G. parvulum Brazil URM 2948 JX310821/JX310835
G. resinaceum Boud. in Pat. (1889: 72) Netherlands CBS 194.76 X78737& X78758/ -
G. resinaceum UK CBS 152.27 Z37062 & Z37085/ -
G. tsugae Murrill (1902: 601) Japan RSH J2 - /X78778
G. tsugae - AFTOL-ID 771 - /AY684163
Perenniporia medulla-panis Norway MUCL43250 FJ411087/FJ393875
P. cf. medulla-panis China MUCL47876 FJ411089/FJ393879
P. cf. medulla-panis Thailand MUCL45934 FJ411091/FJ393877
Tomophagus cattienensis Le Xuan Tham & J.M.
Moncalvo (2012: 777)
Vietnam CT99 JN184397/ -
T. cattienensis Vietnam CT119 JN184398/ -
T. colossus (Fr.) Murrill (1905b: 197) Brazil URM 83330 JQ618247/JX310811
T. colossus Brazil URM 80450 JX310825/JX310839
T. colossus Vietnam ANH s.n. JN184395/ -
T. colossus Vietnam HCMC10 JN184396/ -
Results
Phylogenetic reconstruction of Amauroderma
The ITS dataset contains 80 sequences, including 44 sequences obtained in this study. The final alignment included

DELIMITATION OF TAXA IN AMAURODERMA Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 5
567 sites, with 366 constant sites (64%) and 210 variable positions (36%), of which 172 (30%) were parsimony
informative. Twenty sequences of LSU, seven of which obtained in this study, were aligned at 819 positions. Of these,
759 characters were constant (92%), 14 characters were variable but parsimony uninformative (2%) and 46 characters
were parsimony informative (6%).
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Amauroderma based on alignment of 567 nucleotides of the ITS regions. Bootstrap
values (%) were generated from maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) analysis and posterior probabilities (PP) from
Bayesian algorithm (BA), respectively. Clade stabilities were calculated from MP (≥50 %), ML (≥50 %) and BA (≥0.70). For maximum
parsimony: Consistency Index (CI) = 0.4355 and Retention Index (RI) = 0.7658. Species in bold type were sequenced in this study. Figure:
N.C. de Lima-Júnior.

GOMES-SILVA ET AL.
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The phylogenetic reconstruction performed with MP, ML and BA analyses for ITS sequences showed basically the
same topology and few differences in statistical support (Fig. 1). The same was observed for LSU analysis (Fig. 2).
All species sequenced in the current study were recovered in group A (low statistical support for ITS analysis and
reasonable support for LSU analysis) (Fig. 1, 2) except for A. brasiliense (Singer) Ryvarden (2001: 44), that clustered
with other species of Asian Amauroderma in the ITS tree (Fig. 1). These results do not confirm Amauroderma as a
monophyletic group either for ITS or LSU analyses. Even with good support, the LSU dataset has only few sequences
and all from neotropical specimens.
FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Amauroderma based on alignment of 819 nucleotides of the LSU region. Bootstrap
values (%) were generated from maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) analysis and posterior probabilities (PP) from
Bayesian algorithm (BA), respectively. Clade stabilities were calculated from MP (≥50 %), ML (≥50 %) and BA (≥0.70). For maximum
parsimony: Consistency Index (CI) = 0.7561 and Retention Index (RI) = 0.8601. Species in bold type were sequenced in this study. Figure:
N.C. de Lima-Júnior.
Taxonomy
The studied specimens of Amauroderma represented 20 species, six of which are new to science: Amauroderma
albostipitatum, A. floriformum, A. laccatostipitatum, A. ovisporum, A. sessile and A. subsessile. Of the species previously
recorded in Brazil (Campacci & Gugliotta 2009), A. boleticeum (Pat. & Gaillard) Torrend (1920: 132), A. coltricioides
T.W. Henkel, Aime & Ryvarden (2003: 615), A. oblongisporum J.S. Furtado (1968: 208), A. pseudoboletus (Speg.)
J.S. Furtado (1968: 230) and A. renidens (Bres.) Torrend (1920: 136) were not found in the present study. Besides,
A. subrugosum (Bres. & Pat.) Torrend (1920: 128) is not confirmed to Brazil. The specimens reported by Sotão et al.
(1997, 2002) were revised and actually represent other species of Amauroderma (Gibertoni et al. 2013, Medeiros et al.
2013). Thus, 26 species are confirmed to Brazil.
Amauroderma albostipitatum Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & Gibertoni, sp. nov., Fig. 3
MycoBank: MB 811026
Amauroderma albostipitatum is above all distinguished by its whitish stipe and subglobose, 10–12 × 8–9 μm, basidiospores.

DELIMITATION OF TAXA IN AMAURODERMA Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 7
FIGURE 3. Amauroderma albostipitatum (URM 83242). A. Abhymenial surface. B. Hymenial surface. C. Basidiospores in KOH. D.
Basidiospores in Melzer’s reagent. Scale: A–B = 1 cm; C, D = 10 μm. Photos: A.C. Gomes-Silva.
Holotype:—BRAZIL. Rondônia: Porto Velho, Fazenda Mucuim, on soil, July 2007, A.C. Gomes-Silva 102 (Holotype:
URM 83242, isotype O).
Etymology:— album (Latin) = white; stipes (Latin) = foot; referring to the white stipe.
Basidioma annual, solitary, centrally stipitate. Pileus single, circular, applanate, 3.5–7.5 cm wide, 3–7 cm high, 0.5–
0.11 mm thick, hard when dry. Stipe cylindrical, central, solid, 7–8 cm long, 0.2–0.12 mm diam., whitish (White 84),
dull, glabrous to slightly velutinate, with thin cuticle, context of the stipe homogeneous, spongy, brown (Snuff brown
17). Abhymenial surface dull, glabrous to slightly velutinate, concentrically zonate, radially sulcate when dry, brown
(Cigar brown 16, Snuff brown 17, Clay buff 32) when dry, occasionally with thin black cuticle. Margin entire, acute
to slightly obtuse and wavy, concolorous to the abhymenial surface. Hymenial surface brown (Cigar brown 16, Snuff
brown 17), poroid, pores circular, 4–5(–6) per mm, dissepiments entire, thin. Context homogeneous, spongy, 0.2–0.5
mm thick, brown (Cigar brown 16). Tubes concolorous to the hymenial surface, 0.3–0.6 mm deep. Hyphal system
dimitic; generative hyphae hyaline to pale brown, clamped, thin-walled, 2–3.5 μm diam.; skeletal pale brown to brown,
thick-walled to solid, arboriform, 3–5 μm diam., IKI- to slightly IKI+. Hyphal pegs absent. Basidia not observed.
Basidiospores subglobose, yellow in KOH, thick-walled, finely ornamented, usually guttulate, 10–12 × 8–9 μm, IKI-
to rarely weakly IKI+.
Substrate:— on soil.

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Distribution:— only known from the States of Rondônia and Roraima, in the Brazilian Amazonia.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Rondônia: Porto Velho, Fazenda Mucuim, July 2007, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n
(URM 79468), A.C. Gomes-Silva 97 (URM 83243), Estação Ecológica de Cuniã, January 2009, A.C. Gomes-Silva
392 (URM 83244), August 2010, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 3049 (URM 83401), February 2011, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al.
2187 (URM 83245). Roraima: Boa Vista, Estrada Boa Vista-Venezuela, December 1977, I. Araújo et al. 755 [INPA
78474, as A. praetervisum (Pat.) Torrend (1920: 131)].
Remarks:— Amauroderma albostipitatum is characterised by the brownish, zonate pileus; brown, small pores;
whitish stipe and subglobose basidiospores. It might remind one of A. schomburgkii (Mont. & Berk.) Torrend (1920:
140), but its basidiospores are globose and smaller (7–10 μm). Besides, the whitish stipe separates A. albostipitatum
from the other species in the genus (Ryvarden & Johansen 1980, Furtado 1981, Corner 1983, Ryvarden 2004a).
Amauroderma aurantiacum (Torrend) Gibertoni & Bernicchia, Mycotaxon 104: 322 (2008)
≡ Ganoderma aurantiacum Torrend, Iconographia mycologica 21: 1007 (1932)
= Amauroderma macrosporum J.S. Furtado, Revisâo do gênero Amauroderma (Polyporaceae); Estudos baseados nas microestruturas do
basidiocarpo: 203 (1968)
Description: — Furtado (1981), Ryvarden (2004a).
Distribution:— Brazil and Venezuela.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Goiás: 1927, C. Torrend (TR B5332). Rondônia: Porto Velho, Parque Natural
Municipal de Porto Velho, February 2007, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM 78847, URM 78848).
Additional specimen examined:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: São Paulo, Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga,
February 1960, K. Fidalgo & J. S. Furtado w/n (SP 47598, holotype of A. macrosporum).
Remarks:— Macroscopically, this species is similar to A. calcigenum (Berk.) Torrend (1920: 18), but the
basidiospores of A. aurantiacum are distinctly ornamented and subglobose to globose (12–15 × 13–14 μm), while
finely ornamented and ellipsoid in A. calcigenum (11–) 12–15 × 9–12 μm.
Amauroderma brasiliense (Singer) Ryvarden, Synopsis Fungorum 19: 44 (2004), Fig. 4, 5
≡ Scutiger brasiliensis Singer, Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 77: 22 (1983)
= Amauroderma corneri Gulaid & Ryvarden, Mycologia Helvetica 10 (1): 28 (1998)
Description: — Singer (1983), Ryvarden (2004a).
Substrate:— on soil.
Distribution:— Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Estrada Manaus-Caracaraí, Km 44, Estação de Silvicultura
Tropical, 06 February 1980, A. Webber 139 (INPA 101986, holotype of Scutiger brasiliensis). Rondônia: Jarú,
Reserva Biológica do Jarú, May 1987, M. Capelari et al. s.n (SP 212002, O 13214, as Amauroderma; SP 212003, as
Amauroderma; SP 212007, as Amauroderma); Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica de Cuniã, July 2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva
572 (URM 83578). Pará: Belém, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, July 2008, T.B. Gibertoni 58 (O 110257). Paraná:
Colombo, Embrapa Florestas, April 2000, A.A.R. de Meijer & M.A.L.A. Amazonas 3739 (O 13986, as A. corneri).
Rio Grande do Sul: Itaara, Parque Pinhal, May 2000, G. Coelho & V.G. Cortez w/n (O 18604, as A. corneri); Nova
Petrópolis, loc. n. det., April 2000, G. Sobestiansky s.n (O 13991, as A. corneri). São Paulo: Reg. Santos, Cananeia,
Ilha do Cardoso, February 1987, L. Ryvarden 24475 (SP 213543, holotype of A. corneri). GUYANA. Pakaraima Mts.,
Mt. Ayangana, June ?, C. Aime 1031 (O 14033, URM 85736, as A. corneri). VENEZUELA, Bolivar: Las Nieves, June
1995, L. Ryvarden 37600 (O 18678, as A. corneri).
Remarks:— This species is morphologically variable, ranging from thick to funnel shaped basidiomata; grey to
brown upper surface; white, thick and spongy to thin context. However, the morphotypes share the large pores (1–2 per
mm), globose to subglobose, dextrinoid basidiospores [8–10 (–11) × 7–9 μm] and the wide generative hyphae (4–12
μm) with large conspicuous clamps.

DELIMITATION OF TAXA IN AMAURODERMA Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 9
FIGURE 4. Amauroderma brasiliense. A. Basidiomata (INPA 101986). B. Fresh basidioma (URM 83578). C. Dried basidioma (URM
83578). D. Context and tubes (URM 83578). E. Pores (URM 83578). F. Basidiospores in Melzer’s reagent (INPA 101986). G. Basidiospores
in SEM (INPA 101986). Scale: A–C = 1 cm; D = 2 mm; E, G = 2.5 μm; F = 5 μm. Photos: A.C. Gomes-Silva.
Amauroderma calcigenum (Berk.) Torrend, Brotéria Série Botânica 18: 129 (1920)
≡ Polyporus calcigenus Berk., London Journal of Botany 2: 636 (1843)
Description: — Furtado (1981), Ryvarden (2004a).

GOMES-SILVA ET AL.
10 • Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press
FIGURE 5. Amauroderma corneri. A. Abhymenial surface (SP 212007). B. Hymenial surface (SP 212007). C. Context and tubes (SP
212007). D. Pores (SP 212007). E. Basidiospores in SEM (SP 213543). Scale: A, B = 2.5 cm; C = 3 mm; D = 2.5 μm; E = 7.5 μm. Photos:
A.C. Gomes-Silva.

DELIMITATION OF TAXA IN AMAURODERMA Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 11
Substrate:— on soil.
Distribution:— Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Amapá: Porto Grande, Floresta Estadual do Amapá, September 2013, A.M.
Soares 1098 (URM 86847). Pará: Estrada Oriximiná-Óbidos, ramal para Felândia, 05 June 1980, V.L.R. Bononi 196
(INPA 103310). Rondônia: Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica de Cuniã, February 2007, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM
79509), July 2007, A. C. Gomes-Silva (URM 78893), February 2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM 79145), July 2008,
A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM 79449), February 2011, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 2111 (URM 82777), A.C. Gomes-Silva et
al. 2135 (URM 82778), March 2012, A.C. Gomes-Silva & T.B. Gibertoni 45 (URM 83864), Parque Natural Municipal
de Porto Velho, July 2007, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM 78886, URM 78887, URM 78888, URM 78889, URM 78890,
URM 78891), January 2009, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 723 (URM 81053). Sergipe: Itabaiana, Estação Ecológica Serra
de Itabaiana, March 2002, T.B. Gibertoni w/n (URM 77437).
Remarks:— This species is close related to A. aurantiacum, from which differs by the ellipsoid, finally ornamented
basidiospores.
Amauroderma camerarium (Berk.) J.S. Furtado, Revisão do gênero Amauroderma (Polyporaceae); Estudos baseados
nas microestruturas do basidiocarpo: 140 (1968)
≡ Polyporus camerarius Berk., Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 8: 143 (1856)
Description: — Furtado (1981), Ryvarden (2004a).
Substrate:— on soil.
Distribution:— Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana and Peru.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Pará: Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, March 2007, T.B. Gibertoni
w/n (URM 79317).
Remarks:— The yellowish brown basidiomata, yellow context, distinctly ornamented and subglobose to ellipsoid
basidiospores [11‒13 (‒14) × 9‒12 μm] characterise the species. Amauroderma omphalodes (Berk.) Torrend (1920:
131) is similar, but has two black lines in the context and globose to subglobose basidiospores (10‒13 × 9‒12 μm).
Amauroderma elegantissimum Ryvarden & Iturriaga, Synopsis Fungorum 19: 54 (2004a)
Description: — Ryvarden (2004a).
Substrate:— on dead deciduous wood or on soil.
Distribution:— Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Pará: Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna,
March 2007, T.B. Gibertoni w/n (URM 79295, URM 79296, URM 79297, URM 79298, URM 79299), February
2008, T.B. Gibertoni w/n (URM 79300, URM 79301, URM 79302, URM 79303, URM 79304, URM 79305). Rondônia:
Rondônia, Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica de Cuniã, February 2007, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM 79450), February
2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM 79157, URM 79158, URM 79160), February 2011 A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. (URM
82787, URM 82788, URM 82789), Parque Natural Municipal de Porto Velho, February 2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n
(URM 79149), February 2011, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. (URM 82790), January 2009, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 632
(URM 81020), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 650 (URM 81026), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 652 (URM 81027), A.C. Gomes-
Silva et al. 658 (URM 81030), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 677 (URM 81039), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 690 (URM 81042),
A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 697 (URM 81045), February 2011, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 2016 (URM 83406), A.C. Gomes-
Silva et al. 2032 (URM 83407), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 2069 (URM 83408). Roraima: Alto Alegre, June 1986, K.F.
Rodrigues et al. (INPA 143378, as A. sprucei); Auaris, January 1974, Prance et al. 21335 (URM 85740, O).
Remarks:— The vinaceous basidiomata with long stipe, small pores (5‒7 per mm) and oblong-ellipsoid, finely
ornamented basidiospores (12‒15 × 8‒10 μm) characterise A. elegantissimum. Amauroderma exile (Berk.) Torrend
(1920: 142) is very similar, but the basidiospores are globose (7‒10 μm).
Amauroderma exile (Berk.) Torrend, Brotéria Série Botânica 18: 142 (1920)
≡ Polyporus exilis Berk., Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 8: 173 (1856)
Description: — Furtado (1981), Ryvarden (2004a).

GOMES-SILVA ET AL.
12 • Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press
Substrate:— on dead deciduous wood or on soil.
Distribution:— Brazil, Colombia, Honduras and Venezuela.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Amapá: Porto Grande, Floresta Estadual do Amapá, September 2013, A.M.
Soares 1097 (MG). Amazonas: Panuré, w/d, Spruce 31 (BPI 237160, isotype); Manaus, Distrito Agropecuário, ZF3,
BR 174 km 64, Estrada ZF-3, km 27, 3 km N, Fazenda Esteio, a 100 metros da Reserva n°1201, October 1985, K.F.
Rodrigues 768 (INPA 137055). Mato Grosso: Rondolândia, Terra Indígena Sete de Setembro-Aldeia Apoena Meirelles,
May 2009, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 40 (URM 80744), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 176 (URM 80992), A.C. Gomes-Silva et
al. 203 (URM 81010). Pará: Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, July 2006, T.B. Gibertoni w/n (URM 79328,
URM 79329, URM 79330, URM 79331, URM 79332, URM 79334, URM 79335, URM 79336, URM 79337, URM
79338, URM 79340), March 2007, T.B. Gibertoni w/n (URM 79333, URM 79339), August 2007, T.B. Gibertoni w/n
(URM 79341, URM 79342, URM 79343, URM 79344, URM 79345, URM 79346, URM 79347); Oriximinã, Picada
ao castanhal, 23 km de Cach. Porteira, June 1980, V.L.R. Bononi 533 (INPA 103546), Ilha do Rio Mapuera, viz. de
Cach. Porteira, June 1980, V.L.R. Bononi 630 (INPA 103608). Pernambuco: Pesqueira, January 1960, A.C. Batista w/n
(URM 47804). Rondônia, Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica de Cuniã, July 2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM 79455),
March 2012, A.C. Gomes-Silva &T.B. Gibertoni 53 (URM 83874), Fazenda Mucuim, July 2007, A.C. Gomes-Silva
w/n (URM 79147, URM 79451), Parque Natural Municipal de Porto Velho, June 2007, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM
79452, URM 79453, URM 79454), February 2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM 79146, URM 79148, URM 79150,
URM 79151, URM 79152, URM 79154, URM 79155, URM 79156, URM 79159, URM 79161, URM 79162), January
2009, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 633 (URM 81021), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 634 (URM 81022), A.C. Gomes-Silva et
al. 638 (URM 81023), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 648 (URM 81025), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 663 (URM 81032), A.C.
Gomes-Silva et al. 664 (URM 81033), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 669 (URM 81035), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 670 (URM
81036), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 710 (URM 81049), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 729 (URM 81059), A.C. Gomes-Silva et
al. 730 (URM 81060), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 731 (URM 81061), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 732 (URM 81062), A.C.
Gomes-Silva et al. 733 (URM 81063), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 734 (URM 81064), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 2060 (URM
82791), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 1061 (URM 82792), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 2009 (URM 82793), A.C. Gomes-Silva et
al. 1085 (URM 82794), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 1086 (URM 82795), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 327 (URM 83235), A.C.
Gomes-Silva et al. 1061 (URM 83410), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 2056 (URM 83411).
Remarks:— This species is very similar to A. elegantissimum, but the globose basidiospores with conspicuous
ornamentation are very distinctive.
Amauroderma floriformum Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & Gibertoni, sp. nov., Fig. 6
MycoBank: MB 811028
Amauroderma floriformum is similar to A. partitum, differing from it by its deeply lobed pileus, resembling a small flower, the small,
angular pores, and globose basidiopores.
Holotype:—BRAZIL. Rondônia: Porto Velho, Parque Natural Municipal de Porto Velho, on soil, January 2010, A.C.
Gomes-Silva et al. 965 (URM 83250).
Etymology:— flos (Latin) = flower; forma (Latin) = shape, referring to the shape of flower of the basidiomata.
Basidioma annual, solitary or in clusters, lateraly stipitate. Pileus single or 2–9 lobed, semi-circular, applanate, 0.2–0.6
cm wide, 0.3–0.5 cm long and 0.1 mm thick, fragile when dry. Stipe cylindrical, lateral, solid, ramified at the apex,
originating solitary or lobed pilei, 3.5–6.5 cm long, 0.1–0.2 mm diam., black (Fuscous black 36), dull, glabrous to
slightly velutinate, with thin cuticle, context homogeneous, fibrous, brown (Snuff brown 17). Abhymenial surface
dull, glabrous to slightly velutinate, slightly zonate and sulcate, reddish brown (Bay 19) when dry. Margin entire,
acute, slightly involute when dry, concolorous to the abhymenial surface. Hymenial surface brown (Snuff brown 17),
poroid, pores angular 5–6(7–) per mm, invisible to the naked eye, dissepiments entire, thin. Context homogeneous,
fibrous, thin, approximately 0.05 mm thick, yellow to brown (H, Snuff brown 17). Tubes concolorous to the hymenial
surface, approximately 0.05 mm deep. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, clamped, thin-walled, 2–3.5
μm diam.; skeletal hyphae hyaline to brown, thick-walled, arboriform, 3–4 μm diam., IKI- to IKI+. Hyphal pegs
absent. Basidia not observed. Basidiospores globose to subglobose, hyaline to yellowish in KOH, thick-walled, finally
ornamented, usually guttulate, 9–10 × 8–9.5 μm, IKI-.
Substrate:— on soil.
Distribution:— only known from the State of Pará in the Brazilian Amazonia.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Pará: Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, March 2007, T.B.

DELIMITATION OF TAXA IN AMAURODERMA Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 13
Gibertoni 102, 151 (URM 79335, URM 80019); Cachoeira Porteira, INPA, June 1980, V.L. Bononi s.n (SP 193882,
as A. omphalodes), August 1980, V.L. Bononi 729 [SP 193391, as A. chaperi (Pat.) Murrill (1905a: 367)]; Oriximiná,
June 1980, V.L. Bononi 606 (SP 193620, como A. omphalodes).
Remarks: — Amauroderma floriformum is characterised by its small basidiomata, deeply lobed pileus, dark
reddish, dull abhymenial surface, angular pores and globose to subglobose, small basidiospores. Morphologically,
it is similar to A. partitum (Berk.) Wakef. (1934: 242), which has larges pores (1–3 per mm) and ellipsoid to oblong
basidiospores [10–13 × 7–9.5(–10) μm].
FIGURE 6. Amauroderma floriformum (URM 83250) A. Basidioma. B. Basidiospores in Melzer’s reagent. C, D. Basidiospores in KOH.
Scale: A = 1 cm; B–D = 10 μm. Photos: T.B. Gibertoni.
Amauroderma intermedium (Bres. & Pat.) Torrend, Brotéria Série Botânica 18: 128 (1920)
≡ Ganoderma intermedium Bres. & Pat., Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 5: 76 (1889)
Description: — Furtado (1981, as A. rude var. intermedium J.S. Furtado 1968: 251), Ryvarden (2004a).
Substrate:— on soil.
Distribution:— Brazil, Colombia, Guadalupe, Martinique, Paraguay and Puerto Rico.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Pará: Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, February 2007, T.B.
Gibertoni w/n (URM 79319, URM 79320, URM 79321, URM 79322, URM 79323, URM 79324); February 2008, T.B.
Gibertoni et al. w/n (URM 79318). Rondônia: Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica de Cuniã, February 2008, A.C. Gomes-
Silva w/n (URM 79456, URM 79457), February 2011, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 372 (URM 83577), A.C. Gomes-Silva
& T.B. Gibertoni 47 (URM 83884), Fazenda Mucuim, July 2007, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM 79163), Parque Natural
Municipal de Porto Velho, February 2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM 79458), June 2011, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al.
448 (URM 83569). Roraima, July 1974, G.T. Prance et al. w/n (INPA 45354, as A. schomburgkii).
Additional specimen examined:— AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, w/d, Gunn w/n [BPI 237189, type of A. rude
(Berk.) Torrend (1920: 18)].
Remarks:— Amauroderma intermedium is characterized by the dark brown to black pileus, context with two
black lines and subglobose, finely ornamented basidiospores (9‒11 × 7‒9 μm). This species is currently considered a
synonym of A. rude; however, based on the analysis of the type of A. rude, on the characteristics described by Furtado
(1981) and on geographic distribution, we preferred to keep these two taxa as distinct species.
Amauroderma laccatostiptatum Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & Gibertoni, sp. nov., Fig. 7
MycoBank: MB 811029
Amauroderma laccatostiptatum is characterized by the dark brown to black basidiomata, laccate stipe and globose, finally ornamented
basidiospores. It is similar to A. picipes, which has globose to subglobose basidiospores [8–11 (–12) × 7–8 μm].

GOMES-SILVA ET AL.
14 • Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press
FIGURE 7. Amauroderma laccatostipitatum (URM 83238). A. Basidioma. B. Hymenial surface. C. Basidiospores in KOH. D.
Basidiospores in SEM. Scale: A–B = 1 cm; C = 10 μm; D = 2 μm. Photos: A.C. Gomes-Silva.
Holotype:—BRAZIL. Rondônia: Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica de Cuniã, on soil, February 2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva
390 (URM 83238, isotype O).
Etymology:— laccatus (Latin) = looking as if varnished, stipitatum (Latin) = stipitate, referring to the stipe.
Basidiomata annual, solitary, centrally to laterally stipitate. Pileus single, semicircular to circular, applanate to
infundibiliform, 1.5–3.0 cm wide, 1–2.5 cm high, 0.2 mm thick, hard when dry. Stipe cylindrical, lateral to central,
5–12 cm long, 0.3–0.5 diam., slightly incurved, laccate, red to black (Blood red 41 to Fuscous black 36), context of
the stipe with two black lines, fibrous, cream (B 2). Abhymenial surface dull, glabrous, concentrically zonate, slightly
sulcate, brown to black (Cigar brown 16). Margin entire, acute, concolorous to the abhymenial surface, involute when
dry. Hymenial surface cream to brown (B 2 to Buff 52), poroid, pores angular, 7–8 per mm, dissepiments entire, thin.
Tubes concolorous to the hymenial surface, up to 0.1 mm deep. Context with two black lines that extend into the
stipe, not seen in young specimens, slightly soft, 0.1–0.2 mm thick, cream (B 2). Hyphal system dimitic; generative
hyphae hyaline, clamped, thin-walled, 1.5–2.5 μm in diam.; skeletal hyphae hyaline to yellow, thick-walled to solid,
arboriform, 4–5 μm diam., IKI- to slightly IKI+. Hyphal pegs absent. Basidia not seen. Basidiospores globose to
subglobose, hyaline to pale yellow in HOH, thick-walled, finely ornamented, usually guttulate, 8–10 × 7–8 μm, IKI-.
Substrate:— on soil.
Distribution:— only known from the States of Amazonas, Pará and Rondônia in the Brazilian Amazonia.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Weir, 1923 (O). Pará: Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferrerira
Penna, February 2008, T.B. Gibertoni et al. 260 (URM 80021), T.B. Gibertoni et al. 303 (URM 83246). Rondônia:
Porto Velho, Floresta Nacional do Jamari, April 2013, A.C. Gomes-Silva 7 (HFSL), Parque Natural Municipal de Porto
Velho, February 2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva 283 (URM 83237).

DELIMITATION OF TAXA IN AMAURODERMA Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 15
Remarks:— This new species is characterized by the dark brown to black basidiomata, laccate stipe and globose
to subglobose, finally ornamented basidiospores. Until now, only two species of Amauroderma were known with
entirely or partly laccate basidiomata: A. renidens, which has laccate pileus and stipe, and A. picipes (Bres.) Torrend
(1920: 132), with laccate stipe. Besides having laccate, reddish brown pileus, A. renidens has larger pores (3–4/mm),
homogeneous context and distinctly ornamented basidiospores, while A. picipes has more robust basidiomata, larger
pores (5–6/mm) and slightly larger basidiospores [9–11 × 7–8 μm] (Ryvarden 2004a, Gomes-Silva & Gibertoni
2012).
Amauroderma omphalodes (Berk.) Torrend, Brotéria Série Botânica 18: 131 (1920)
≡ Polyporus omphalodes Berk., Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 8: 172 (1856)
Description: — Furtado (1981), Ryvarden (2004a).
Substrate:— on dead deciduous wood or on soil.
Distribution:— Brazil, Colombia, Guyana and Venezuela.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Amazonas: São Gabriel da Cachoeira, January 1978, I.J. Araújo w/n (INPA
78717, as A. boleticeum); Barcelos, Serra de Aracá, July 1985, E.S.S. Silva et al.w/n (INPA 153720), Jutaí, October
1986, E.S.S. Silva et al. 887 (INPA 155001). Pernambuco: Caruaru, Parque Natural Municipal João Vasconcelos
Sobrinho, June 2009, J.M. Baltazar et al. JMB1695 (URM 81366); Jaqueira, RPPN Frei Caneca, Mata das Moças, L.S.
Araujo-Neta 3AN (URM 84236). Pará: Portel, Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, August 2013, A.M. Soares 592 (MG);
Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, February 2008, T.B. Gibertoni et al. w/n (URM 79314, URM 79315,
URM 79316). Rondônia, Jarú, w/d, M. Capelari & R. Maziero (SP 211532), Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica de Cuniã
March 2012, A.C. Gomes-Silva & T.B. Gibertoni 50 (URM 83908), January 2010, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 979 (URM
83413).
Remarks:— The brown basidiomata, the yellowish context with two black lines, the globose to subglobose,
distinctly ornamented basidiospores (10‒13 × 9‒12 μm) distinguish this species. Amauroderma camerarium is similar,
but has no lines in the context.
Amauroderma ovisporum Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & Gibertoni, sp. nov., Fig. 8
MycoBank: MB 811030
Amauroderma ovisporum is characterized by the ovoid, large basidiospores.
Holotype:—BRAZIL. Rondônia: Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica de Cuniã, in soil, January 2007, A.C. Gomes-Silva
35 (Holotype URM 83240, isotype O).
Etymology:— ovi (Latin) = egg, spora (Latin) = spore, referring to the ovoid-shape of the basidiopores.
Basidiomata annual, solitary, laterally stipitate. Pileus single, semicircular, applanate to slightly infundibuliform,
3 cm wide, 2–4.5 cm high, 0.4–0.7 mm thick. Stipe cylindrical, lateral, solid to hollow, 8.5–10.5 cm long., 0.3–0.6
mm diam., brown (Cigar brown 16, Snuff brown 17), shiny to dull, glabrous, slightly rough, context of the stipe
homogeneous or with two black lines and then hollow, fibrous, cream (B 2). Abhymenial surface shiny to dull,
glabrous, concentrically zonate, radially zonate, dark brown to black (Fuscous black 36) when dry. Margin entire,
acute, concolorous to the abhymenial surface. Hymenial surface brown to grey (Milky coffee 28, Smoke grey 34),
poroid, pores angular, 4–6 per mm, dissepiments entire, thick. Context homogeneous or with two weak or strong
black lines, up to 0.2 mm thick, cream (B 2). Tubes brown (Snuff Brown 17), 0.5 mm deep. Hyphal system dimitic;
generative hyphae hyaline, clamped, thin-walled, 2–3 μm in diam.; skeletal hyphae yellow to brown, thick-walled to
solid, arboriform, 3–4 μm in diam., IKI-. Hyphal pegs absent. Basidia not seen. Basidiospores obovoid, hyaline to
yellow in KOH, thick-walled, finely ornamented, usually guttulate, 13–16 × 9–12 μm, slightly IKI+.
Substrate:— on soil.
Distribution:— only known form the the States of Pará and Rondônia in the Brazilian Amazonia.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Pará: Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, February 2008, T.B.
Gibertoni 262 (URM 83249). Rondônia: Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica de Cuniã, February 2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva
et al. 405 (URM 83234), February 2011, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 2115 (URM 83241).
Remarks:— Amauroderma ovisporum is characterised by its dark basidiomata and by the large, ovoid
basidiospores. Corner (1983) described several specimens and species with ovoid basidiospores. However, of those

GOMES-SILVA ET AL.
16 • Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press
reported for the Neotropics, A. ? rude A and A. ? rude B have IKI-, ovoid to subglobose, smaller basidiospores varying
from 8.5–12 × 7.5–10.5 μm. Of the Malaysian specimens and species, A. malesianum var. borneense Corner (1983:
75) has IKI-, ovoid to subglobose, wider basidiospores (14–15 × 13–14 μm), A. parasiticum Corner (1983: 79) has
IKI-, ellipsoid-ovoid, longer basidiospores [16–19 × (10–) 11–12 (–13) μm] and smaller pores (10–12/mm), and A.
subresinosum (Murrill) Corner (1983: 93) has IKI- basidiospores and sessile to subsessile basidiomata.
FIGURE 8. Amauroderma ovisporum (URM 83240). A. Basidioma. B. Hymenial surface. C. Basidiospores in KOH. D. Basidiospores in
SEM. Scale: A, B = 1 cm; C = 5 μm; D = 2 μm. Photos: A.C. Gomes-Silva.
Amauroderma partitum (Berk.) Wakef., Bulletin of Miscellaneous Informations of the Royal Botanical Gardens Kew
1934: 242 (1934), Fig. 9
≡ Polyporus partitus Berk., Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 8: 170 (1856)
Description: — Ryvarden (2004a), Gomes-Silva et al. (2010).
Substrate:— on dead deciduous wood or on soil.
Distribution:— Brazil, Colombia, Guyana and Venezuela.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Tefé, Lago de Tefé, July 1973, E. Lleras et al. w/n (INPA 39838),
Fonte Boa, Greci, November 1986, E.L.S. Silva 920 (INPA 155034). Paraíba: João Pessoa, Mata do Buraquinho,
March 1985, V.L.F. Araújo w/n (JPB 6244), May 1985, V.L.F. Araújo w/n (JPB 6255), April 1986, V.L.F. Araújo w/n
(JPB 6847, JPB 6859), May 1986, V.L.F. Araújo w/n (JPB 6848, JPB 6853, JPB 6854, JPB 8373), June 1986, V.L.F.
Araújo w/n (JPB 6846), August 1986, V.L.F. Araújo w/n (JPB 6852, JPB 6851), October 1986, V.L.F. Araújo w/n (JPB
6855), April 1987, V.L.F. Araújo w/n (JPB 6856), June 1987, V.L.F. Araújo w/n (JPB 7256), August 1987, V.L.F. Araújo
w/n (JPB 7257), September 1987, V.L.F. Araújo w/n (JPB 9241). Pernambuco: Recife, Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos,

DELIMITATION OF TAXA IN AMAURODERMA Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 17
June 2008, J.M. Baltazar et al. JMB 333 ((URM 80059), J.M. Baltazar et al. JMB 328 (URM 80060), J.M. Baltazar et
al. JMB 340 (URM 80061), J.M. Baltazar et al. JMB 350 (URM 80062), J.M. Baltazar et al. JMB 325 (URM 80063),
July 2008, J.M. Baltazar et al. JMB 515 (URM 80064), January 2009, J.M. Baltazar et al. JMB 1337 (URM 80065).
Rondônia: Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica de Cuniã, February 2007, A.C. Gomes-Silva 27 (URM 79460), February
2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva 399 (URM 79170), A.C. Gomes-Silva 404 (URM 79169), January 2010, A.C. Gomes-Silva
et al. 976 (URM 83039), March 2010, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 884 (URM 82884), Parque Natural Municipal de Porto
Velho, February 2007, A.C. Gomes-Silva 20 (URM 79459), February 2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva 277 (URM 79167),
A.C. Gomes-Silva 292 (URM 79168), A.C. Gomes-Silva 313 (URM 79166), A.C. Gomes-Silva 336 (URM 79164),
A.C. Gomes-Silva 337 (URM 79165), A.C. Gomes-Silva 447 (URM 79171), January 2009, A.C. Gomes-Silva 639
(URM 80050), A.C. Gomes-Silva 649 (URM 80051), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 675 (URM 83233), A.C. Gomes-Silva
704 (URM 80052), A.C. Gomes-Silva 678 (URM 80053), A.C. Gomes-Silva 700 (URM 80054), A.C. Gomes-Silva
679 (URM 80055), A.C. Gomes-Silva 666 (URM 80056), June 2009, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 724 (URM 81054), A.C.
Gomes-Silva et al. 725 (URM 81055), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 726 (URM 81056), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 727 (URM
81057), March 2010, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 823 (URM 82882), January 2010, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 902 (URM
83040), February 2010, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 2019 (URM 83230), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 919 (URM 83231),
February 2011, A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 1055 (URM 83232), A.C. Gomes-Silva et al. 2023 (URM 83414). Roraima:
Amaraji, Auaris, July 1974, G.T. Prance et al. w/n (INPA 45353, INPA 45476), Rio Uraricoeara, December 1973, G.T.
Prance et al. w/n (INPA 43907).
Remarks:— This species is recognized by the vinaceous brown to brown abhymenial surface, the pale context,
the hymenial surface with large pores (1-3/mm), and the ellipsoid to oblong basidiospores, 10–13 × 7–9.5(–10) μm.
Amauroderma picipes Torrend, Brotéria Série Botânica 18: 132 (1920)
Description: — Gomes-Silva & Gibertoni (2012).
Substrate:— on soil.
Distribution:— Brazil.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Gongugy, January 1916, C. Torrend 613 [URM 9784 (A-538)]. Rio de
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico, May 1966, E.F. Guimarães w/n [SP 95472, as A. schomburgkii f. schomburgkii
(Mont. & Berk.) Torrend (1920: 140)].
Remarks:— For a long time forgotten (Gomes-Silva & Gibertoni 2012), this species is characterised by the dark
basidiomata, the laccate stipe, brownish context with two black lines and finely ornamented basidiospores (9–11 × 7–8
μm).
Amauroderma praetervisum (Pat.) Torrend, Brotéria Série Botânica 18: 131 (1920)
≡ Ganoderma praetervisum Pat., Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 5: 78 (1889)
Description: — Furtado (1981), Ryvarden (2004a).
Substrate:— on soil.
Distribution:— Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guyana, Mexico and Panama.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. No location, w/d, Weddel w/n (BPI 237178, isotype). Acre: Rio Branco,
Fazenda Experimental Catuaba, I. Oliveira 18707 (REC). Pará, Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, July 2006,
T.B. Gibertoni w/n (URM 79284), March 2007, T.B. Gibertoni w/n (URM 79288, URM 79287, URM 79285, URM
79286), August 2007, T.B. Gibertoni w/n (URM 79291, URM 79287, URM 79290, URM 79289), February 2008,
T.B. Gibertoni w/n (URM 79292, URM 79293, URM 79294). Pernambuco: Recife, Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos,
January 2012, L.S. Araujo-Neta 15LSM (URM 84223). Rondônia, Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica de Cuniã, February
2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM 79465), Fazenda Mucuim, July 2007, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM 79462, URM
79463, URM 79464), Parque Natural Municipal de Porto Velho, February 2008, A.C. Gomes-Silva w/n (URM 79461),
February 2010, A.C. Gomes-Silva 909 (HFSL), Jarú, w/d, M. Capelari & R. Maziero w/n (SP211532).
Remarks:— Amauroderma praetervisum is characterised by the dark, strongly zonate and thick pileus, and finely
ornamented, globose to subglobose basidiospores (9‒12 × 9‒11 μm).

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18 • Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press
FIGURE 9. Amauroderma partitum. A (URM 83233), C (URM 82882), D (URM 82884). Basidiomata. B (URM 83233), E (URM
82882). Hymenial surface. F. Pores with hyphal pegs (URM 82884). Scale: A = 1 cm; B, E, F = 1 mm; C = 0.5 cm; D = 0.25 cm. Photos:
R.F.R. Melo.
Amauroderma schomburgkii (Mont. & Berk.) Torrend, Brotéria Série Botânica 18: 140 (1920), Fig. 10
≡ Polyporus schomburgkii Mont. & Berk., London Journal of Botany 4: 331 (1844)
Description: — Furtado (1981), Ryvarden (2004a).
Substrate:— on dead wood and on soil.
Distribution:— Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, French Guyana, Guyana, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama,
Peru, Trinidad and Venezuela.

DELIMITATION OF TAXA IN AMAURODERMA Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 19
FIGURE 10. Amauroderma schomburgkii. A (URM 83228), D (URM 84228). Basidiomata. B (URM 83228), C (URM 83228), E (URM
84228). Hymenial surface. Scale: A = 0.5 cm; B = 1 mm; C, E = 0.1 mm; D = 1 cm. Photos: R.F.R. Melo.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Amapá: Porto Grande, Floresta Nacional do Amapá, September 2013, A.M.
Soares 800 (URM 86881). Amazonas: Jutaí, margem direita do rio Solimões, localidade Monte Cristo, abaixo de Jutaí,
5 km da margem, October 1986, E.S.S. Silva 815 (INPA 153801), Barcelos, Serra de Aracá, July 1985, E.S.S. Silva et
al. (INPA 154966, as Amauroderma sp.), track leading SE from camp, vic. Rio Janarí, March 1984, G.J. Samuels 954
(INPA 129968), 0-3 km S of Central Portion of Serra Aracá and 08 km E of Rio Jauarí, March 1984, G.J. Samuels
617 (INPA 129636), Rio Demeni, Basin of Rio Demeni, Vicinity of Tototobí, March 1969, G.T. Prance 10402 (INPA
26176); Manaus-Caracaraí Road, km 48, April 1971, G.T. Prance 11402 (INPA 29802); Manaus, Reserva Florestal
Adolfo Ducke, January 1961, P.S. Colares w/n (INPA 75171); São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Rio Negro, 20 km ca. de São
Gabriel da Cachoeira, January 1978, I.J. Araújo 946 (INPA 78718). Pará: Itaituba, Parque Nacional da Amazônia, km
76, April 1977, M.A. Sousa 255 (INPA 74638, as A. praetervisum); Oriximinã, June 1980, V.L.R. Bononi w/n (INPA
103508, INPA 103535, INPA 103578, as Polyporus sp.); Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, March 2007, T.B.
Gibertoni w/n (URM 79307, URM 79308, URM 79310, URM 79311, URM 79312), August 2007, T.B. Gibertoni w/n
(URM 79309); February 2008, T.B. Gibertoni et al. w/n (URM 79306). Pernambuco: Tamandaré, Reserva Biológica

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20 • Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press
de Saltinho, July 2011, L.S. Araujo-Neta 6LSM (URM 84214); Jaqueira, RPPN Frei Caneca, Mata das Moças, March
2012, L.S. Araujo-Neta 18LSM (URM 84226), L.S. Araujo-Neta 20LSM (URM 84228), July 2012, L.S. Araujo-Neta
20AN (URM 84253), L.S. Araujo-Neta 21AN (URM 84254). Rondônia: Porto Velho, Fazenda Mucuim, July 2007,
A.C. Gomes‒Silva w/n (URM 79466, URM 79467, URM 79468), Estação Ecológica de Cuniã, February 2008, A.C.
Gomes‒Silva w/n (URM 79469), February 2011, A.C. Gomes‒Silva et al. 2114 (URM 83228), March 2012, A.C.
Gomes‒Silva & T.B. Gibertoni 51 (URM 83902), A.C. Gomes‒Silva & T.B. Gibertoni 54 (URM 83903), A.C. Gomes‒
Silva & T.B. Gibertoni 55 (URM 83904), Parque Natural Municipal de Porto Velho, w/d, A.C. Gomes‒Silva w/n 944
(HFSL), February 2010, A.C. Gomes‒Silva et al. 901 (URM 83420). Roraima: Boa Vista, BR174, ca. do km 360.,
Estrada Manaus-Caracaraí, Km 360, November 1977, I.J. Araújo et al. 613 (INPA 78298), I.J. Araújo et al. 615 (INPA
78334); Rio Uraricoera, vicinity of uaicá airstrip, December 1973, G.T. Prance 19984 (INPA 43909); Vicinity of
Auaris, July 1974, G.T. Prance 21382 (INPA 45355), G.T. Prance 21537 (45365), G.T. Prance 21537 (INPA 45476),
G.T. Prance 21534 (INPA 45473, as A. sp.); July 1986, B. Lowy et al. [INPA 145353, as Hymenochaete damicornis
(Link) Lév. 1846: 151].
Additional specimen examined:— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Panuré, w/d, Spruce (55) [BPI 237145, isotype of
Polyporus brunneopictus Berk. (1856: 176)].
Remarks:— Amauroderma schomburgkii is a macromorphological variable species, characterised by globose,
distinctly ornamented basidiospores [7‒9 (‒10) μm]. Some specimens are similar to A. sprucei (Pat.) Torrend (1920:
121), which has white context without black lines.
Amauroderma sessile Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & Gibertoni, sp. nov., Fig. 11
MycoBank: MB 811031
Amauroderma sessile is characterised by the lack of stipe and the flabelliform pileus.
Holotype:—BRAZIL. Pará: Oriximinã, dead wood, February 1980, V. L. Bononi (INPA 103576).
Etymology:— sessilis (Latin) = sessile, referring to the basidiomata without stipe.
Basidiomata annual, solitary, sessile. Pileus single, semi-circular to flabelliform, applanate, 4–6 cm wide, 3–5.5 cm
long, 0.1–0.2 mm thick, hard when dry. Abhymenial surface dull, glabrous, azonate, radially sulcate when dry, black
at the base (Fuscous black 32), brown (Cigar brown 16, Snuff brown 17). Margin entire, acute, slightly wavy, involute
when dry, concolorous to the abhymenial surface. Hymenial surface brown (Snuff brown 17), poroid, pores angular,
5–6 (7–) per mm, dissepiment entire to lacerate, thin. Context with two black lines, fibrous, 0.1–0.2 mm thick, cream
(B 2). Tubes concolorous to the hymenial surface, approximately 0.1 mm deep. Hyphal system dimitic, generative
hyphae hyaline, clamped, thin-walled, 2–3 μm diam.; skeletal hyphae hyaline to yellow, arboriform, thick-walled to
solid, 3–6 μm diam., IKI- to IKI+ Hyphal pegs absent. Basidia not observed. Basidiospores subglobose to globose,
yellow in KOH, thick-walled, distinctly ornamented 11–14 × 10–13 μm, IKI- to slightly IKI+.
Substrate:— in dead hardwood.
Distribution:— only known from the States of Amazonas, Mato Grosso and Pará in the Brazilian Amazonia.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Rio Purus, Rio Ituxi, vicinity of Boca de Curuquete, July 1971,
Prance et al. 14075 (INPA 32290), Jutaí, Estação da SEMA, October 1986, E. S. S. Silva et al. 859 (INPA 154974);
Mato Grosso, Aripuanã, April 1978, M. A. Sousa 467 (INPA 75622).
Remarks:— Among the species of the genus, only A. africana Ryvarden (2004b: 57), A. andina Ryvarden
(2004b: 59) and A. flabellatum Aime & Ryvarden (2007: 16) were known to have sessile basidiomata growing on dead
wood. However, A. flabellatum has slightly smaller pores (7–9/mm); A. africana has larger (14–18 ×10–14 μm), while
A. andina and A. flabellatum have smaller basidiospores (8–10 μm in the former, 7–8 × 6.5–7.5 μm in the latter) and
homogeneous context (Ryvarden 2004a, Aime et al. 2007). The new species A. subsessile also grows in dead wood,
but it has a short to long stipe.
Amauroderma sprucei (Pat.) Torrend, Brotéria Série Botânica 18: 121 (1920)
≡ Porotheleum rugosum Berk., Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 8: 237 (1856)
Description: — Furtado (1981), Ryvarden (2004a).
Substrate:— on dead wood and on soil.
Distribution:— Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru,
Puerto Rico and Venezuela.

DELIMITATION OF TAXA IN AMAURODERMA Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 21
FIGURE 11. Amauroderma sessile (INPA 103576). A. Basidioma. B. Hymenial surface. C. Basidiospores in KOH. Scale: A, C = 1 cm;
B = 10 μm. Photos: A.C. Gomes-Silva.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Amazonas, Manaus, Campo de Apodrecimento, December 1990, M. A. Jesus
1466 (INPA 192709), Estrada Manaus-Itacoatiara km 30, Embrapa, October 1997, E.M.L. Freire 133 (INPA 70038,
como A. schomburgkii). Pará, Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, July 2006, T.B. Gibertoni w/n (URM 79327),
March 2007, T.B. Gibertoni w/n (URM 79325, URM 79326).
Remarks:— Amauroderma sprucei is characterised by the dark pileus, whitish, homogeneous context and
globose, distinctly ornamented basidiospores (8–10 μm).
Amauroderma subsessile Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & Gibertoni, sp. nov., Fig. 12
MycoBank: MB 811032
Amauroderma subsessile is characterised by the short to long, laterally stipitate basidiomata and homogeneous context.
Holotype:—BRAZIL. Rondônia: Porto Velho, Parque Natural Municipal de Porto Velho, in dead wood, February
2011, A.C. Gomes-Silva 2975 (URM 83239).
Etymology:— sub (Latin) = somewhat, sessilis (Latin) = sessile, referring to the basidiomata not completely
sessile, with a short to long stipe.
Basidiomata annual, solitary to clustered, lateraly stipitate. Pileus single to clustered, semi-circular, applanate,
2–5 cm wide, 2.5–4 cm long, 0.1–0.2 mm thick, hard when dry. Stipe usually split, cylindrical, lateral, solid, 2–5 cm
long, 0.2–0.4 mm diam., dark red (Bay 19), dull, glabrous, with thin cuticle, context with two black lines, fibrous,
white to cream (B 2, C 3). Abhymenial surface dull, glabrous, concentrically zonate, slightly radially sulcate when
dry, dark red (Bay 19) close to the stipe, orange (Sienna 11) to brown (Fulvous 12) in the intermediate part and gray
(Smoke grey 34) close to the margin. Margin entire, acute, slightly involute when dry, concolorous to the hymenial
surface. Hymenial surface cream (B 2) to brown (Snuff brown 17), poroid, pores circular, 6–7 per mm, dissepiment
entire, thin. Context with two black lines, fibrous, 0.1–0.2 mm thick, white (B 2) to cream (B 2). Tubes concolorous

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22 • Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press
to the hymenial surface, shallow. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, clamped, thin-walled, 2–3.5 μm
diam.; skeletal hyphae hyaline to yellowish, thick-walled to solid, arboriform, 3.5–4.5 μm diam., IKI-. Hyphal pegs
absent. Basidia not observed. Basidiospores globose, yellowish in KOH, distinctly ornamented, guttulate, 8–10 μm,
IKI- to rarely slightly IKI+.
Substrate:— in dead hardwoods.
Distribution:— in the States of Pará and Rondônia in the Brazilian Amazonia, and Costa Rica and Panama.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Pará: Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, March 2007, T.B. Gibertoni
15 (URM 80018, on Fabaceae), T.B. Gibertoni 161 (URM 80015, on Eschweilera sp.); February 2008, T.B. Gibertoni
et al. 5, 184, 265 (URM 83248, URM 80017, on Fabaceae, URM 80016). Rondônia: Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica
de Cuniã, March 2012, A.C. Gomes-Silva & T.B. Gibertoni 46 (URM 83241); Parque Natural Municipal de Porto
Velho, August 2011, A.C. Gomes-Silva 3062 (URM 83584). COSTA RICA. Balboa, on bole of tachi, 1975, R. Foster
w/n (O 13227). PANAMA. Gatun Lake, Barro Colorado Island, March 1982, L. Ryvarden 1999 (O 13318).
Remarks:— Amauroderma subsessile can be distinguished by the short to long, laterally stipitate basidiomata,
brown, and zoned abhymenial surface. So far, it is the only stipitate species of Amauroderma known to grow exclusively
on dead hardwood.
FIGURE 12. Amauroderma subsessile (URM 83239). A. Abhymenial surface. B. Hymenial surface. C. Basidiospores in Melzer’s reagent.
D. Basidiospores in SEM. Scale: A–B = 1 cm; C-E = 10 μm. Photos: A.C. Gomes-Silva.

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Amauroderma trichodermatum J.S. Furtado, Revisâo do gênero Amauroderma (Polyporaceae); Estudos baseados nas
microestruturas do basidiocarpo: 311 (1968)
Description: — Furtado (1981), Ryvarden (2004a), Robledo et al. (2015).
Substrate:— on dead wood and on soil.
Distribution:— Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela.
Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Amazonas, Rio Cuieiras-Manaus trail, Km 1, April 1974, D.G. Campbell
P21898 (INPA 45838).
Remarks:— Amauroderma trichodermatum is characterised by the zonate abhymenial surface with tomentose
and glabrous zones.
Key to the species of Amauroderma in Brazil updated from Campacci & Gugliotta (2009)
1. Basidiomata sessile to sub-, laterally stipitate .................................................................................................................................. 2
- Basidiomata distinctly stipitate ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Basidioma sessile, abhymenial surface azonate, black at the base, pores angular, dissepiment lacerate, basidiospores globose to
subglobose, 11–14 × 10–13 μm ........................................................................................................................................... A. sessile
- Basidiomata substipitate, abhymenial surface strongly zonate, red at the base, pores circular, dissepiment entire, basidiospores
globose, 8–10 μm diam. ................................................................................................................................................ A. subsessile
3. Basidiomata with laccate stipe and/or pileus .................................................................................................................................... 4
- Basidiomata without laccate stipe and/or pileus .............................................................................................................................. 6
4. Basidiomata with laccate stipe and pileus, pores 3–4/ mm, context homogeneous ......................................................... A. renidens
- Basidiomata with laccate stipe, pores 5–8/mm, context with two black lines ................................................................................. 5
5. Pores 7–8/mm, basidiospores 8–10 × 7–8 μm ................................................................................................... A. laccatostipitatum
- Pores 5–6/mm, basidiospores 9–11 × 7–8 μm .................................................................................................................... A. picipes
6. Basidiomata with whitish stipe ............................................................................................................................... A. albostipitatum
- Basidiomata with stipe of different colour ....................................................................................................................................... 7
7. Pores 1–3/mm ................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
- Pores 4–8/mm ................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
8. Abhymenial surface with glabrous and velutinate to tomentose zones ............................................................... A. trichodermatum
- Abhymenial surface glabrous to finely velutinate ............................................................................................................................ 9
9. Basidiomata short-stipitate, funnel-shaped to fan-shaped or applanate, generative hyphae 6–30 μm diam. with conspicuous clamp
connections, basidiospores 7–9 μm .............................................................................................................................. A. brasiliense
- Basidiomata long-stipitate, generative hyphae 2–3 μm diam., basidiospores 9–16 μm long ........................................................ 10
10. Basidiomata thin, hard .................................................................................................................................................................... 11
- Basidiomata thick, spongy .............................................................................................................................................................. 12
11. Pileus vinaceous brown to brown, basidiospores oblong–ellipsoid, 10–13 × 7–9.5 (–10) μm ....................................... A. partitum
- Pileus dark brown to black, basidiospores subglobose, 9–11 × 7–9 μm ................................................................... A. intermedium
12. Basidiospores globose to subglobose, distinctly ornamented, 13–16 × 12–15 μm, hyphal pegs absent .................. A. aurantiacum
- Basidiospores ellipsoid, finely ornamented, (12–) 13–15 × 9–12 μm, hyphal pegs absent or present ....................... A. calcigenum
13. Pores 7–8/mm, context without black lines .................................................................................................................................... 14
- Pores 2–7/mm, context with or without black lines ....................................................................................................................... 15
14. Basidiospores smooth, IKI-, globose, 6.5–7 μm diam. ............................................................................................. A. coltricioides
- Basidiospores ornamented, IKI+, globose to subglobose, 15–17 × 13–15 μm ............................................................ A. unilaterum
15. Context with black lines ................................................................................................................................................................. 16
- Context without black lines ............................................................................................................................................................ 21
16. Basidiospores ovoid, 13–16 × 9–10 μm ....................................................................................................................... A. ovisporum
- Basidiospores globose to subglobose, up to 13 μm lengh or diam. ................................................................................................ 17
17. Basidiomata soft, velutinate, context white to cream ................................................................................................... A. boleticeum
- Basidiomata hard, glabrous, context yellow to brown .................................................................................................................... 18
18. Context yellowish, basidiospores globose to subglobose, 10–13 × 9–12 μm ............................................................ A. omphalodes
- Context brown, basidiospores globose to subglobose, 7–12 μm lengh or diam. ........................................................................... 19
19. Pores 2–4/mm, basidiospores subglobose, 9–11 × 7–9 μm ....................................................................................... A. intermedium
- Pores 4–6/mm ................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
20. Basidiospores globose to subglobose, 9–12 × 9–11 μm ........................................................................................... A. praetervisum
- Basidiospores globose, 7–9 (–10) μm diam. ............................................................................................................ A. schomburgkii
21. Basidiospores ovoid, 13–16 × 9–10 μm ....................................................................................................................... A. ovisporum
- Basidiospores globose, subglobose, oblong–ellipsoid ................................................................................................................... 22
22. Pores 3–5/mm ................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
- Pores 5–7/mm ................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
23. Pores 4–5/mm, basidiospores oblong–ellipsoid, 10–12.5 × 6.25–7.5 μm ............................................................. A. oblongisporum
- Pores 3–5/mm, basidiospores globose to subglobose, 12–13 × 9–11 μm .............................................................. A. pseudoboletus
24. Basidiospores globose, up to 10 μm diam. ..................................................................................................................................... 25
- Basidiospores subglobose to oblong–ellipsoid, longer than 11 μm ............................................................................................... 27

GOMES-SILVA ET AL.
24 • Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press
25. Basidiomata with 2-9 lobes, originated from one stipe, basidiospores 9–10 μm diam. ............................................. A. floriformum
- Basidiomata entire .......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
26. Context brown, basidiospores 7–10 μm diam. ....................................................................................................................... A. exile
- Context white, basidiospores 8 –10 μm diam. ................................................................................................................... A. sprucei
27. Basidiomata 0.4–0.6 mm thick, abhymenial surface yellowish brown, context yellowish brown, basidiospores subglobose to
ellipsoid, 11–13 (–14) × 9–12 μm .............................................................................................................................. A. camerarium
- Basidiomata 0.1–0.2 mm thick, abhymenial surface vinaceous brown, basidiospores oblong–ellipsoid, 12–15 (–16) × 8–10 μm ...
............................................................................................................................................................................... A. elegantissimum
Discussion
In the current study, 20 species of Amauroderma were delimited, 12 of them based in morphological and molecular
data of Brazilian specimens, representing the first phylogenetical approach for the genus.
All species that had their ITS and/or LSU region sequenced were well supported phylogenetically and also well
delimited morphologically, This indicates that the macro- and/or microscopical characteristics traditionally used to
circumscribe and define species of Amauroderma are reliable and useful tools to recognise species, including the new
ones.
Six new species of Amauroderma are described, all of them from the Amazonia dominion, except for A. subsessile,
also found in Central America. These species, as well as A. boleticeum and A. elegantissimum, were not registered in
the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest, an area where collecting specimens of Ganodermataceae has been rather intense
(Gibertoni et al., 2004; Loguercio-Leite et al. 2005; Torres-Torres et al., 2008, 2012; Campacci & Gugliotta 2009;
Westphalen et al., 2010; Gomes-Silva et al., 2011a; Gugliotta et al., 2011; Campos-Santana & Loguercio-Leite, 2013;
Gomes-Silva & Gibertoni, 2012) when compared to the Brazilian Amazonia (Gomes-Silva et al., 2011a, b; Martins-
Junior et al., 2011; Torres-Torres et al., 2008, 2012). In contrast, only A. oblongisporum, A. picipes and A. renidens
seem to be restricted to the Atlantic Rain Forest, suggesting that, besides being underexplored, the Amazonia has
higher diversity of species of Amauroderma than the Atlantic Rain Forest.
Among the sequenced species, A. elegantissimum, A. exile, A. floriformum and A. partitum share the same slender,
thin, long stipitate basidiomata. However, A. partitum has larger pores (1‒3 per mm), while A. elegantissimum, A.
exile, A. floriformum have 5‒7 pores per mm. Amauroderma elegantissimum and A. partitum have similar sized,
oblong–ellipsoid basidiospores [10–13 × 7–9.5(–10) μm in A. partitum, 12‒15 × 8‒10 μm in A. elegantissimum], but
again the pore sizes are different. Amauroderma exile and A. floriformum have similar basidiospores (globose, 7‒10
μm in A. exile, globose to subglobose, 9–10 × 8–9.5 μm in A. floriformum), but A. floriformum has deeply lobed pileus
and is distantly related to the other three species (Fig. 1).
Amauroderma subsessile and A. laccatostipitaum share a well supported clade in the ITS tree (Fig. 1). However,
these two species are morphologically different from each other: Amauroderma subsessile has a short to long, lateral,
dull stipe, while A. laccatostipitaum has a long, central to lateral, laccate stipe.
A moderately to well supported clade groups A. aurantiacum and A. calcigenum, which have slightly spongy
basidiomata and large pores. Nevertheless, their basidiospores are different: ellipsoid [(12–) 13–15 × 9–12 μm)]
and finely ornamented in A. calcigenum, and sublobose (13–16 × 12–15 μm) and distinctly ornamented in A.
aurantiacum.
Amauroderma partitum and A. schomburgkii showed the highest macro-morphological variation. Amauroderma
partitum is represented by specimens that have smaller pileus, cream, orange to pale brown abhymenial surface with
1 pore per mm with thinner, lacerate dissepiments, and by specimens that have more robust pileus with pale brown to
brown abhymenial surface with 3 pores per mm, with entire, thicker dissepiments (Fig. 9). Amauroderma schomburgkii
is represented by specimens with diminute, brown basidiomata; with large, thick, brown basidiomata, and with large,
thin, pinkish basidiomata (Fig. 10). However, specimens of each species share the same microscopical characteristics:
specimens of A. partitum have oblong–ellipsoid, 10–13 × 7–9.5(–10) μm, finely ornamented and usually guttulate
basidiospores, and may have abundant hyphal pegs (Fig. 9), while specimens of A. schomburgkii have globose, [7–9
(–10) μm, distinctly ornamented basidiospores and no hyphal pegs, but acute skeletal hyphae in the dissepiments.
Amauroderma partitum was stated to be a synonym of A. calcigenum (Furtado 1981), but was later considered as
different species based on morphological characteristics (Ryvarden 2004a, Gomes-Silva et al. 2010) and this is
confirmed here.
The synonymy of A. corneri Gulaid & Ryvarden 1998 to A. brasiliense could not be confirmed here, despite

DELIMITATION OF TAXA IN AMAURODERMA Phytotaxa 000 (0) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 25
our efforts to sequence all dried material available of A. corneri. Macroscopically, A. brasiliense has robust, thick,
permanently whitish basidiomata (Fig. 4), while A. corneri has a thinner, funnel to fan-shaped, whitish when fresh,
orange to brown basidiomata when dried (Fig. 5). However, they share the same micro-morphological characteristics:
globose basidiospores, 7–9 μm, rare skeletal hyphae, conspicuously clamped, wide generative hyphae, 6–30 μm diam.
(Singer et al. 1983, Gulaid & Ryvarden 1998, Ryvarden 2004a). Considering the macro-morphological variation
observed in specimens of A. partitum and A. schomburgkii, A. corneri and A. brasiliense may represent the same
species.
Amauroderma is usually considered a sister group of Ganoderma, but its monophyly was never tested (Moncalvo
et al. 1995). In our study, the genus is not supported as monophyletic. One clade (A) is formed with the majority and
all Brazilian specimens in the ITS and LSU analyses, respectively, and includes those identified as A. schomburgkii
[= Fomes regulicolor Berk. ex Cooke (1886: 21) collected in Guyana], the type species of Amauroderma. This clade
might be defined as Amauroderma stricto sensu and the other clades in the ITS tree may represent new genera.
However, Amauroderma is still poorly sampled and specimens from both the Neotropics and Paleotropics, as well as
sequences from other DNA regions, should be used in a phylogenetic study of the group before taxonomic novelties
above species level are proposed.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Ana Souza, curator of the HFSL, for supporting Allyne Gomes-Silva during her field trips; to
the curators of BPI, INPA, JPB, O, SP and URM for the loan of exsiccates and access to the collections; João Oliveira,
technician of URM, and Karl-Henrik Larsson, curator of O, for prompt support with the exsiccates; the staff at the Estação
Científica Ferreira Penna and the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi for supporting Tatiana Gibertoni during her field trips;
and BSc Miles Hudson for language revision. Further, we acknowledge the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento
Científico (CNPq) for the master scholarship of Allyne Gomes-Silva and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal
de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the PhD scholarship of Allyne Gomes-Silva; the Instituto Internacional de Educação
do Brasil and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation for the Scholarship of Studies on Amazonia Conservation of
Allyne Gomes-Silva and Tatiana Gibertoni. The CNPq [INCT – Herbário Virtual de Plantas e Fungos (573883/2008-
4), PROTAX (562106/2010-3), Sisbiota (563342/2010-2), Universal (470303/2009-3, 472792/2011-3)], the Dottorato
di Ricerca in Ecologia Sperimentale e Geobotanica (Università degli Studi di Pavia), the Fundação de Amparo à
Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (APQ-0788-2.03/12) and the Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos
are acknowledged for financing this research.
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