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A New Species From Central Anatolia: Salvia aytachii M. Vural et N. Adıgüzel (Labiatae)
Abstract
A new species of Labiatae - Salvia aytachii M. Vural et N. Adigüzel - from Central Anatolia is described and illustrated.
... Salvia is one of the large genus of Lamiaceae family. Turkey is a major diversity centre for Salvia in Asia [4]. This genus is repesented in Turkey by 95 species. ...
... The ratio of endemism in the genus Salvia in Turkey is ca. 50 % [2,[4][5][6][7]. ...
This study proposes to present a comparative analysis of the anatomical and ecological characteristics of three Salvia L. species (S. argentea, S. aethiopsis, S. viridis) collected from various localities of Bali{dotless}kesir province. The only S. viridis is an annual. Anatomical examination was made of cross sections obtained from stems and leaves, in addition to examining leaf surface sections to determine stoma type. All anatomical sections obtained were photographed. While the stem anatomies of all species generally resembled one another we did not observe sclerenchyma tissue in the S. viridis. Ecological investigation included physical (texture, pH, lime (CaCO 3), total salt) and chemical (N, P, K, organic matter) analysis of soil samples taken from the various localities. In general the structure of the soil over which the species had spread showed similarity.
... The two largest centres of the genus are in America and in South-West Asia. Anatolia is a major centre for Salvia in Asia ( Vural and Adigüzel 1996). Since the most recent revision of the genus in Turkey, three new species have been described and the total number has now reached 89 (Davis 1982, Davis et al. 1988, Güner et al. 2000, Dönmez 2001. ...
... The two largest centres of the genus are in America and in South-West Asia. Anatolia is a major centre for Salvia in Asia ( Vural and Adigüzel 1996). Since the most recent revision of the genus in Turkey, three new species have been described and the total number has now reached 89 ( Davis 1982, Davis et al. 1988, Güner et al. 2000, Dönmez 2001). ...
The morphological and anatomical characters of Salvia napifolia Jacq. of the family Lamiaceae have been investigated. The plant has a perennial taproot, the stem is erect and quadrangular. Leaves are simple, occasionally lyrate, inflorescence is its verticillate cyme, corolla is lilac-white. Stems, leaves, petioles and flowers have glandular and eglandular hairs. In the anatomical research, cross-sections of root, stem, leaf and petiole have been examined. Roots with thick pariderns, cortex multilayered sclerenchyma groups above pholoam, cambium not clear, no pith as center of root filled with xylem, distinct pith rays. Stem with collenchymatous hypodermis, sclerenchyma group above vascular bundles, vascular bundles at corners large and lobed, large pith with interrupted pith rays. Leaves with diacytic stomata both on abaxial and adaxial epidermis. Anatomy of petiole, calyx, corolla has also been investigated.
... (syn. Salvia cryptantha Montbret & Aucher ex Benth), S. multicaulis Vahl. in the Hymenosphace sectionss, S. syriaca L., S. verbenaca L., and S. ceratophylla L. in the Aethiopis section, and S. viridis L. in the Horminum section [6][7][8]. ...
The essential oil constituents, antimicrobial properties, and biosystematic characteristics (morphological, palynological, and anatomical features) of six Salvia species from different regions of Turkey were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively in this study. The chemical composition of the essential oils of dried aerial parts of Salvia species, i.e., S. absconditiflora, S. ceratophylla, S. multicaulis, S. verbenaca, S. viridis, and S. syriaca were analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents of the six Salvia species studied were 1,8-cineol, caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, and borneol in different ratios. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of species of the genus Salvia was tested by the disc diffusion method. The essential oils of Salvia species showed different antimicrobial activity against the studied microorganisms. The highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli was observed in S. multicaulis and the highest antimicrobial activity against K. pneumoniae was observed in S. verbenaca. The morphology of the stem, leaf, bract, and flower structures of the Salvia species were analyzed in this study. Anatomical investigations focused on the root, petiole, and stem in more detail. Our research has broadened the criteria of anatomical characters unique to the Salvia species. Under light microscopy, the pollen grains of the six species belonging to Salvia were isopolar and radially symmetrical. The properties of the essential oil constituents, antimicrobial properties, and biosystematic data obtained in this study contribute to the bioactive and biosystematic studies of Salvia species used for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic purposes.
... Celep, Kahraman & Dogan is an endemic taxon to Turkey (Celep et al., 2011;Eksi and Yilmaz 2021). S. aytachii Vural & Adiguzel is an endemic species to Turkey (Vural and Adiguzel, 1996). It has been reported that S. aytachii extracts show antimicrobial effects against yeast cultures (Dulger and Gonuz, 2004). ...
Salvia L. species are widely used for treatment of different disorders in traditional Turkish medicine. In this study, the methanol extracts of five Salvia taxa, including S. aucheri subsp. canescens, S. aytachii, S. heldreichiana, S. viridis, and S. wiedemannii were investigated for their antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory potentials which are related with health-benefit properties. In addition, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined with Folin- Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride spectrophotometric method, respectively. Screening of enzyme inhibition activity was performed out using ELISA microplate reader. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′ -Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and iron chelating tests. The S. aytachii extract was found with highest total phenol content (77.82 ± 1.76 µg PE/mg) and total flavonoid content (22.33 ± 0.17 µg QE/mg) as dry weight basis. These findings specify that the investigated Salvia taxa for anticholinesterase activity can be appealed further phytochemical estimation for spotting its active components.
... Sage has ninety-seven species, 4 subspecies and 8 varieties in Türkiye. Fifty-five of these species are endemic (Hedge, 1982;Davis et al., 1988;İpek and Gürbüz, 2010;Vural and Adıgüzel, 1996;Dönmez, 2001;Hamzaoğlu et al., 2005;Celep et al., 2009;Behçet and Avlamaz, 2009;Kahraman et al., 2009). Various studies have shown that there are around twenty Salvia species in the flora of Hatay (Davis et al., 1988;Türkmen and Düzenli, 1998;Düzenli and Çakan, 2001;Ayanoğlu et al., 2012). ...
The aim of the paper is to obtain new byproducts based on surfactants (gemini – polymethylene-α, ω-bis (N, N-dialkyl-N-deoxy-d-glucitolammonium iodides or bolaform – demecarium bromide) and protein hydrolysates (keratin and collagen) with micro and macro nutrients for applications in agriculture. A method was developed to include micro and macronutrients in keratin and collagen hydrolysates, in order to obtain new byproducts-bioemulsions (stable because of surfactants), with final goal of application as a new class of root fertilizers for cereals (e.g., corn). The newly obtained byproducts (bioemulsions based on surfactants) were characterized by: dynamic light scattering measurements, contact angle, optical microscopy and microbiological tests against fungal attack of Fusarium spp. and Botrytis cinerea. Better results were obtained for gemini surfactant based on sugar – polymethylene-α, ω-bis (N, N-dialkyl-N-deoxy-d-glucitolammonium iodides) due to the properties such as: biodegradability, nontoxicity and adherence to surfaces. The new fertilizer created in this research – bioemulsions based on surfactants, can support the general structure of the grains as well as the chlorophyll content, increasing the growth yield. The fertilizer is indicated for any type of crops and soils, with recommended use as additional fertilizer for plants (cereals) in the vegetation and growth phases, with a maximum need for nutrients.
... Turkey is a major center for Salvia L. where 50.6% of the 95 species are endemic (Vural and Adiguzel 1996). These Salvia species belong in the seven sections Salvia Hedge (syn. ...
The nutlet (mericarp) morphology of nine species of Salvia sect. Salvia (Salvia bracteata Banks & Sol., Salvia macrochlamys Boiss. & Kotschy, Salvia suffruticosa Montbret & Aucher ex Benth., Salvia trichoclada Benth.), Hymenosphace (Salvia multicaulis Vahl), Aethiopis (Salvia montbretii Benth., Salvia palaestina Benth., Salvia syriaca L.) and Hemisphace (Salvia russellii Benth.) (Lamiaceae) has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a detailed description of the nutlet morphological features of all examined taxa is provided. The basic shape of nutlets in most species is subprolate or prolate and the size ranged between 3.02 and 6.47 mm in length and between 1.78 and 5.10 mm in width. Three basic types of sculpturing can be distinguished: colliculate, reticulate and verrucate. The colliculate type is the most common among the studied species. The colliculate type is characteristic for sect. Salvia. Subsection Salvia with colliculate/slightly furrowed sculpturing is easily distinguished from the other subsections. The systematic and biological implications of the nutlet characteristics are shortly discussed.
... Salvia is represented by 90 species and 47 of these species are endemic for Turkey (Hedge 1982;Davis et al. 1988;Ozkan and Soy 2007;Aktas et al. 2009). Anatolia is a major center for Salvia taxa in Asia (Hedge 1982;Davis et al. 1988;Vural and Adiguzel 1996;Kahraman et al. 2009). Salvia species have antimicrobial, antituberculous, antioxidant and antiphlogistic activities (Nakipoglu 1993a;Ulubelen et al. 2001;Demirci et al. 2005). ...
The aim of this study is to determine of the some karyological properties and chromosome numbers of eight Salvia taxa (S. euphratica var. euphratica, S. euphratica var. leicalycina, S. hypargeia, S. candidissima subsp. candidissima, S. frigida, S. virgata, S. suffruticosa, and S. verticillata subsp. verticillata) from Turkey. The ploidy levels, karyotype formula, chromosome length range, total karyotype length, several karyotype asymmetry values, Stebbins classification and the A1 and A2 were a determined in this study. Also, Pearson correlations between the karyotype asymmetries of the Salvia taxa were calculated and dispersion diagram was formed. It was determined that the Salvia taxa had 2n = 14, 18, 22 and 32. The basic chromosome number of x = 7 may be regarded as primary, the others (x = 9, 11, 16) are estimated to be secondary basis. Based on Stebbins classification, it was found that S. euphratica subsp. euphratica was 1A, S. hypergeia and S. suffruticosa were 3A and the other taxa were 2A. The taxa had median point (M), median (m), submedian (sm), subterminal (st) chromosomes. There were no observed satellites and B chromosomes in the studied taxa.
... Because they readily cross-pollinate, innumerable hybrids, both natural and manmade, are also found. India is a major diversity centre for most members of Lamiaceae in Asia [2]. Salvia is a fascinating plant genus, it features prominently in the pharmacopoeias of many countries throughout the world. ...
... Species of Salvia genus have anti-tumour, anti-diabetic, anti-septic, anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial effects (Demirci et al. 2005, Ulubelen et al. 2001, Senol et al. 2010. Anatolia is a major centre for Salvia taxa, and 47 of these species are endemic for Turkey (Davis et al. 1988, Vural and Adıgüzel 1996, Donmez 2001, Kahraman et al. 2009). ...
This study presents a more detailed karyological analysis of seven Salvia L. taxa (S. ceratophylla, S. syriaca, S. palaestina, S. aethiopis, S. russellii, S. multicaulis, S. trichoclada) grown in Turkey. Also, this is the first chromosome number report for S. russellii and S. trichoclada. This study revealed that the chromosome numbers of the examined Salvia taxa were 2n=14, 18, 22 and 32. The Salvia taxa had median point (M), median (m), submedian (sm) and subterminal (st) chromosomes in the study. Furthermore, various karyotype asymmetry values, ploidy levels, karyotype formula, chromosome length range, total karyotype length, A1, A2 and Stebbins classification were determined in this study. On the other hand, Pearson correlations between the karyotype asymmetries of these Salvia taxa were determined and a dispersion diagram was formed by using A1 and A2. Furthermore, this study suggested that the examined Salvia taxa were 2A and only S. trichoclada was 3A.
... Further hotspots of species richness are located in the Old World (OW 2 ), where approximately 350 spp. are found (Appendix B, see Thulin, 1993;Vural and Adigüzel, 1996;Van Jaarsveld, 1999;Dönmez, 2001;Haber and Semaan, 2004;Hamazaoglu et al., 2005;Yıldırımlı and Ertekin, 2008;Ilçim et al., 2009;Thulin, 2009;Celep and Dog an, 2010;Kahraman et al., 2011b;Zhu et al., 2011;Hu et al., 2013;Takano et al., 2014;Celep et al., 2015). ...
Aims:
Salvia L. is widely known as the largest genus in the mint family. A morphological modification of the androecium (lever-like stamens) was used to support this genus. However, molecular data revealed that Salvia is polyphyletic. Since phylogenetic studies largely underrepresented Old World Salvia species, we filled this gap and combined new data with existing sequences. The aim of our study was the identification of well-supported clades that provide the basis for evolutionary and taxonomic conclusions.
Methods:
We included ITS data (internal transcribed spacer) from 220 Salvia species, 86 of which were sequenced for the first time. Additionally, the highly variable plastid marker rpl32-trnL was sequenced, providing new data for 100 Salvia species. These sequences were combined with the accessions available from GenBank. Old World Salvia is represented herein with 57% of its species. The two datasets were analyzed separately using BI and ML approaches.
Results:
Our data confirm that Salvia is polyphyletic with four distinct evolutionary lineages (Clade I-IV), including five additional genera. The clades strongly reflect the geographical distribution, i.e., Clade IV (East Asia), Clade III (Southwest Asia to Northern Africa), and Clade II (America). The origin of Salvia s.s. (Clade I) is most likely Southwest Asia. A high degree of parallel character evolution was identified in most of the Old World sections. Based on our results, we reconstructed the evolution and biogeography of Salvia s.l. and propose to split this large group into six genera, each supported by geographical distribution, morphology, and karyology.
Conclusion:
Salvia s.l. is a polyphyletic group that was originally regarded as a genus because its species share a derived stamen structure. However, phylogenetic data clearly indicate that this floral trait and other morphological characters evolved in parallel. Our study illustrates that the combination of different data sets allows a comprehensive reconstruction of taxa and characteristic evolution, both of which are a precondition for future revision.
... Species of Salvia genus have anti-tumour, anti-diabetic, anti-septic, anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial effects (Demirci et al. 2005, Ulubelen et al. 2001, Senol et al. 2010. Anatolia is a major centre for Salvia taxa, and 47 of these species are endemic for Turkey (Davis et al. 1988, Vural and Adıgüzel 1996, Donmez 2001, Kahraman et al. 2009). ...
... The first revision of Salvia L. in Turkey was made by Hedge (1982a) in Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, volume 7, in which he recognized 86 species, and 1 hybrid and 1 doubtful species. Since the publication of the flora, 1 new record and 6 more new species have been described from Turkey (Huber-Morath, 1982; Vural & Adıgüzel, 1996; Dönmez, 2001; Hamzaoğlu et al., 2005; İlçim et al., 2009;). Since 2005, as part of a revisional study of the genus Salvia in Turkey, the authors have carried out extensive field studies and collected a large number of specimens. ...
Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. is reported for the first time from Turkey. This new record is confined to Cinar in Diyarbakir. The diagnostic morphological characters of S. spinosa L. are discussed. Notes are presented on its ecology and phenology. A distribution map of this new record is also given.
... Asia/Mediterranean(250 spp.) and East Asia(90spp) [1]. Anatolia is major center for Salvia L. where 50.6% of the 95 species are endemic [2]. Fifty-eight species of this genus are found in Iran of which 17 are endemic [3,4]. ...
An The aim of this study is to analyze the micro-macromorphological characters in some Salvia species and answer the question whether there is any relationship between mericarp and stamen types and whether these taxa can be distinguished by mericarp features.For Scanning Electron Microscope, the material was treated with hot 3% sodium carbonate, for 2 min, washed, dehydrated, suspended in 96% ethanol and then transferred to acetate plates and finally coated with gold. Mericarp shape, color and ornamentation, and abscission scar shape,were studied. Also, mean and standard deviation of quantitative characters were calculated. Mericarp size ranged between 1.5 and 2.7 mm in length and between 1.0 and 2.4 mm in width. Observed shapes included spherical, ovoid and ovoid-trigonous. Three types of ornamentation were identified: reticulate, foveolate and psilate. Mericarp surface sculpturing and their size show to vary between 12 species examined. Hence mericarp characters such as mericarp shape, surface ornamentation and abscission scar shape will useful to distinguishing the species of this genus. Also it seems that a particular stamen type correspond to a particular mericarp ornamentation.
... There, he grouped the species by stamen characters and other morphological similarities. Since the publication of the Flora of Turkey, nine species have been added to the genus as new species (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9) or new records were reported (10)(11)(12). The number of species now reaches 95, showing that Turkey is amajor centre of diversity for the genus in Asia. ...
Objective: The essential oil composition of two Salvia taxa (Salvia sclarea and Salvia verticillata subsp. verticillata) analysed and yield of compositions were analysed
Material and Methods: The essential oil was extracted by hydro distillation using a modified Clevenger apparatus coupled to a 2 L round-bottom flask. A total of 100 g of fresh plant material (aerial parts) and 1 L of water were used for the extraction. Gas chromatography / Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were applied to extracts.
Results: The essential oil yields of Salvia sclarea and Salvia verticillata L. subsp. verticillata were found as 0.4 and 0.3 %v/w, respectively. Overall, thirty seven compounds which accounted for 97.9% in Salvia sclarea and seventy four constituents, which accounted for 98.6% of the total compositions of each oil are determined in Salvia verticillata L. subsp. verticillata. The spathulenol (19%), caryophyllene oxide (15.5%), linolyl acetate (11.3%) and linalool L (8.5%) were the major compounds of Salvia sclarea and the germacrene D (13.8%), spathulenol (10%) and limonene (4.5%), 1.8- cineole (4.5%) were the main compounds of the Salvia verticillata L. subsp. Verticillata
Conclusion: spathulenol was found as major compound for both Salvia sclarea and Salvia verticillata subsp. verticillata while, the other main components were not showed similarity
... The first revision of Salvia L. in Turkey was made by Hedge (1982a) in Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, volume 7, in which he recognized 86 species, and 1 hybrid and 1 doubtful species. Since the publication of the flora, 1 new record and 6 more new species have been described from Turkey (Huber-Morath, 1982; Vural & Adıgüzel, 1996; Dönmez, 2001; Hamzaoğlu et al., 2005; İlçim et al., 2009;). Since 2005, as part of a revisional study of the genus Salvia in Turkey, the authors have carried out extensive field studies and collected a large number of specimens. ...
... Two of them were described only recently, viz. S. aytachii and S. hedgeana (Vural & Adıgüzel 1996, Dönmez 2001). Salvia anatolica is closely similar to the Turkish endemic S. bracteata. ...
Salvia anatolica Hamzaoǧlu & A. Duran sp. nova (Lamiaceae) is described and illustrated from East Anatolia, Turkey. It is closely related to S. bracteata, an endemic also confined to East Anatolia. Diagnostic morphological characters of S. anatolica from closely similar taxa are discussed. The pollen characteristics of S. anatolica and S. bracteata are presented in photographs.
... Since then, 6 more new species, S. nydeggeri Hub.-Mor. (1982), S. aytachii Vural & Adıgüzel (1996), S. hedgeana Dönmez (2001), S. anatolica Hamzaoğlu & A.Duran (2005), S. marashica A. İlçim, F. Celep & Dogan (2009) and S. ekimiana F.Celep & Dogan (2009), and 2 new records, namely S. macrosiphon Boiss. (Kahraman et al., 2009) and S. aristata Aucher ex Benth. ...
Salvia viscosa Jacq. is reported for the first time from Turkey. This new record is confined to Yayladağ in Hatay province. The diagnostic morphological characters from S. virgata Jacq. are discussed. A distribution map of this new record is also given.
... ). Turkey is a major diversity centre for Salvia in Asia (Vural & Adıgüzel, 1996). Since the most recent works of the genus in Turkey, four new species have been described; the total has now reached 90 of these 47 Salvia species in Turkey are endemic (Hedge, 1982; Davis et al., 1988; Duman, 2000; Dönmez, 2001; Hamzaoğlu et al., 2005). ...
The morphological structure, cell numbers and distribution of glandular and eglandular hairs on the aerial organs of Salvia viridis L. has been determined. Two morphologically distinct types of glandular hairs (capitate and peltate) were determined. Capitate hairs which consisted of a base, stalk and head had various types. Peltate hairs had a large secretory head consisting of central and peripheral cells. The cell number of head, stalk and base of capitate glandular hairs and the number of central and peripheral cells of peltate glandular hairs were detected. Eglandular hairs of Salvia viridis were uni-or multicellular and uniseriate. The cell numbers of eglandular hairs and their base were also determined. Distribution of hair types at the plant were detected. Capitate and eglandular hairs were present on all aerial organs of Salvia viridis while peltate hairs were only present on the leaf and calyx. The length of the glandular and eglandular hair types observed was measured and results were shown by tables, drawings and photographs.
... The first revision of Salvia in Turkey was made by Hedge (1982a), who recognized 86 species, one hybrid and one doubtful species. Since then, five more species, S. nydeggeri (Huber-Morath 1982), S. aytachii (Vural & Adıgüzel 1996), S. hedgeana (Dönmez 2001), S. anatolica (Hamzaoğlu & Duran 2005) and S. marashica (İlçim et al. 2009) have been described as new to science from Turkey. ...
Celep, F. & Doğan, M. 2010: Salvia ekimiana (Lamiaceae), a new species from Turkey. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 47: 63–66. Salvia ekimiana F. Celep & Doğan sp. nova (Lamiaceae) is described and illustrated from Turkey. It is confined to Yozgat in central Anatolia where it grows in open Pinus sylvestris forest and alpine steppe. The diagnostic morphological characters from closely similar species are discussed. The first revision of Salvia in Turkey was made by Hedge (1982a), who recognized 86 species, one hybrid and one doubtful species. Since then, five more species, S. nydeggeri (Huber-Morath 1982), S. aytachii (Vural & Adıgüzel 1996), S. hedgeana (Dönmez 2001), S. anatolica (Hamzaoğlu & Duran 2005) and S. marashica (İlçim et al. 2009) have been described as new to science from Turkey. The species described in this report was first collected in Akdağmadeni-Yozgat, (B5, sensu Davis 1965) by Prof. Dr. Tuna Ekim in 1980. In 2007, while conducting field work in the area, the author Celep found another population in Aktaş region above Akdağmadeni (Yozgat). At first glance, it resembled S. aethiopis and S. yosgadensis. The specimens were cross-checked with the keys provided by Hedge (1982a) and the Salvia accounts given in the relevant litera-ture, including Flora Orientalis (Boissier 1879), Flora Iranica (Hedge 1982b), Flora of the USSR (Pobedimova 1954), Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai (Post 1933) and Flora Europaea (Hedge 1972). The specimens of the new species were cross-checked with the material housed at various herbaria (ANK, GAZI, HUB, ISTE, ISTF, E, K, and BM). Salvia ekimiana F. Celep & Doğan, sp. nova (Figs. 1 and 2) S. ekimiana affinis S. aethiopis sed differt: foliis basalibus 2.5–7.5 ¥ 1–2.5 cm (nec 10–21(–32) ¥ 5–9 cm), oblongis (nec ovatis), crenulatis ad serratis (nec erosis), calycis brevioribus 7–11 mm (nec ca. 12 mm), corollis brevioribus 7–11 mm (nec ca. 15 mm), labiis superioribus lilaci-nis vix falcatis (nec labiis superioribus pallidus crocinus videlicet falcatis), 3.5–4.2 mm longis et dense lanatis (nec 7–8 mm longis et pilosis). Type: Turkey. Central Anatolia, B5 Yozgat: Above Akdağmadeni, Aktaş region, 39°35´157´´N, 35°50´014´´E, 1793 m, open Pinus sylvestris forest and alpine steppe, 16.VI.2007 F. Celep 1214 (holotype ANK; isotypes E, K, GAZI). — paraType: Turkey. B5 Kayseri: Felahiye, Büyük Toraman Kasabası, Akdağ, 2000 m, 9.VI.2005 A. Duran 7019 (GAZI). eTymology: This species is named in honour of the Turkish botanist, professor Tuna Ekim.
... It has a global distribution and is represented with approximately 500 species in South and Central America, 250 species in Central Asia and Mediterranean, and 90 species in Eastern Asia (Walker et al., 2004). It is reported that Salvia species distributed in Asia originated from Anatolia (Hedge, 1982; Davis et al., 1988; Vural & Adıgüzel, 1996). Lamiaceae is represented in Turkey by 45 genera and 574 taxa, 256 (44.5%) of which are endemic (Kahraman et al., 2009). ...
The reproductive ecology of Salvia smyrnaea Boiss. (Lamiaceae) on Mount Nif along with their breeding system and reproductive success were examined. S. smyrnaea, distributed over Mount Nif (Izmir Province) at an altitude of 1510 m, is the study material of this research. To detect the stigma receptivity, the Perex test was applied to 25 young and mature flowers. To detect pollen viability, the MTT method was used. To detect the fertilisation type of the taxon S. smyrnaea, 5 different fertilisation methods were tested on the flowers of the plant. Breeding success was assessed through nutlet formation. While the enzyme activity was calculated as approximately 14.2% with an average of 71 ppm in 25 young flowers to which Perex tests were applied, it was approximately 60% with an average of 300 ppm in the mature flowers. In the mature flowers, the highest pollen viability was 10.29%, whereas this rate was 70.27% for the young flowers. In our study, the self-incompatibility rate of S. smyrnaea was calculated as (ISI) = 22/24 = 0.91 (between 0.2 and 1) and it was detected as partially self-incompatible. This result was in line with the fact that the taxon is protandrous.
... There, he grouped the species by stamen characters and other morphological similarities. Since the publication of the Flora of Turkey, nine species have been added to the genus as new species (Celep and Do˘ gan, 2010; Dönmez, 2001; Hamzao˘ glu et al., 2005; HuberMorath, 1982; ˙ Ilç im et al., 2009; Vural and Adıgüzel, 1996) or new records were reported (Behç et and Avlamaz, 2009; Celep et al., 2009; Kahraman et al., 2009a). The number of species now reaches 95, showing that Turkey is a major centre of diversity for the genus in Asia. ...
Pollen grains of 30 taxa of the genus Salvia, belonging to sections Salvia, Horminum, Drymosphace, Plethiosphace and Hemisphace from Turkey were examined by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Detailed pollen morphological characteristics are provided for these taxa. Among the studied taxa, S. verticillata subsp. verticillata from sect. Hemisphace has the smallest pollen grains, and S. pachystachys from sect. Salvia possesses the largest ones. The basic shape of the pollen grains in most taxa is suboblate, oblate–spheroidal or prolate–spheroidal. However subprolate pollen grains are recorded for S. macrochlamys from sect. Salvia. The grains are hexacolpate in all taxa, but in S. recognita from sect. Salvia also octacolpate pollen was found. Three distinct exine sculpturing types exist, reticulate–perforate (the common type), reticulate–granulate and bireticulate. The reticulate–perforate and bireticulate sculpturing patterns can be divided into subtypes based on the number of perforations and the number of secondary lumina in each primary lumen. Pollen morphological characteristics of the taxa studied are compared and discussed on the basis of taxonomical concepts. In some cases, these characters are useful in distinguishing the sections. For instance, the presence of 1–2 large central secondary lumina per primary lumen is a significant character of sect. Horminum separating it from the other sections. As well, the presence of holes on colpus membrane ornamentation can be used as a diagnostic taxonomic character for sectional division between sect. Hemisphace and others. S. ballsiana from sect. Salvia is clearly distinct from the other taxa examined by its unique pollen morphology. Further, for several macromorphologically similar taxa pollen structures provide additional evidence to delimite them from each other.
... Th e last comprehensive treatment of Salvia species in Turkey was that of Hedge (1982b), who recognised 86 species with 2 subspecies, 2 varieties, and 1 doubtful species. Since then, 6 new species (Huber-Morath, 1982;Vural & Adıgüzel, 1996;Dönmez, 2001;Hamzaoğlu et al., 2005;Ilçim et al., 2009;, 3 new records (Behçet & Avlamaz, 2009;Celep et al., 2009b;Kahraman et al., 2009a), and 2 species reevaluated as valid species (Kahraman et al., 2010c) have been described from Turkey. Th e number of species now reaches 97, of which 51 are endemic, showing that Turkey is a major centre of diversity for the genus in Asia . ...
The current conservation status of the Salvia L. (sage) taxa of the family Lamiaceae distributed in the East, South-East, Central, North Anatolian, and Marmara geographic regions of Turkey was reassessed at regional, national, and global levels using IUCN Red List categories and criteria. In accordance with the present taxonomic revision of the genus since 2005, the study area seems to cover 79 taxa, 36 of which are endemic and 4 of which are rare nonendemic; the remaining 39 taxa are widely distributed. The rate of endemism is 46% in the area. Based on new fi eld observations of populations and distribution data, taxa were classified into the following threat categories at the global scale: Critically Endangered (CR) (5 taxa), Endangered (EN) (8 taxa), Vulnerable (VU) (11 taxa), Near Th reatened (NT) (12 taxa), and Least Concern (LC) (43 taxa). The most threatened species at the global scale are S. anatolica, S. ballsiana, S. freyniana, S. odontochlamys, and S. pseudeuphratica. The threatened taxa are under pressure from intensive human activities such as overgrazing, construction (e.g., road construction), land clearing (e.g., agricultural activities), and urbanisation. The threatened endemic taxa are concentrated in 3 main areas. The first area includes Sivas, Divriği, Gürün, Pınarbaşı, and Kemaliye. The second area includes Ankara, Beypazarı, Polatlı, and Sivrihisar. The third area includes Yozgat, Akdağmadeni, Nevşehir, and Kayseri. Some significant measures are recommended here for the conservation and management of the high number of endemic taxa under threat in the research area.
... The first revision of Salvia species in Turkey was made by Hedge (1982), who recognized 86 species (Davis et al., 1988). Since then, six new species have been described (Huber-Morath, 1982;Vural and Adıgüzel, 1996;Dönmez, 2001;Hamzaoğlu et al., 2005;Ilcim et al., 2009;Celep and Doğan, 2010) and three new records have been reported from Turkey (Behçet and Avlamaz, 2009;Celep et al., 2009;Kahraman et al., 2009); the total has now reached 95. Forthy eight of these Salvia species in Turkey are endemic. ...
The morphology, anatomy and distribution of glandular trichomes on the aerial organs of Salvia smyrnea L. endemic to Turkey have been investigated with light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This species is evaluated in endangered (EN) category. Two morphologically distinct types of glandular trichomes were determined. Various types of capitate glandular trichomes consist of a 1–4 celled base, a 1–8 stalk celled or no stalk and a uni- or bicellular head.In capitate trichomes the neck cell that has an important role especially for xeromorfic plants, acting to prevent the backflow of secreted substance through the apoplast, has been distinctively observed in the investigated species. The capitate trichomes were present abundantly on all aerial organs of S. smyrnea. Peltate glandular trichomes had a large secretory head comprising 1–2 central and 4,6, 8–10 peripheral cells. This study pointed out that S. smyrnea was of rich glandular trichomes in point of diversity and quantity.
... Salvia is one of the largest genera in the family of Lamiaceae (subfamily Nepetoideae) and is represented by 900 species (Hedge, 1986). There are 89 species and 93 taxa of Salvia recorded in the Flora of Turkey (Hedge, 1982;Davis et al., 1988;Vural and Adıgüzel, 1996). The ratio of endemism of species of Salvia in Turkey is 48% and Anatolia is a major centre for the genus in Asia (Hedge, 1982). ...
Fatty acid composition of nine species of Salvia, naturally growing in Turkey was determined: Salvia syriaca, Salvia potentillifolia, Salvia candidissima ssp. occidentalis, Salvia macrochlamys, Salvia poculata, Salvia tomentosa, Salvia recognita, Salvia virgata and Salvia ceratophylla. The main compounds were found to be linoleic acid (18:2; 24.3–69.2%), linolenic acid (18:3; 0.6–40.8%), oleic acid (18:1; 8.3–31.0%), palmitic acid (16:0; 3.8–21.0%) and stearic acid (18:0; 1.8–5.2%). Fatty acid composition of Salvia seed oils could be used as a chemotaxonomical marker.
... Salvia L., the largest genus of the family Lamiaceae, represents an enormous and cosmopolitan assemblage of nearly 1000 species displaying a remarkable range of variation. Turkey is a major diversity centre for Salvia in Asia (Vural and Adıgüzel, 1996), with 90 species, 47 of which are endemic to this country. ...
Anatomical properties of two morphologically distinct forms (Form I: with violet coma and Form II: without coma or with white, green or pink coma) of Salvia viridis L. have been studied. The analysis provided here studying the cross-sections of root, stem, leaf, petiole, bract, calyx and corolla comprises the first detailed description for the species. The results are furnished with photographs and drawings. Although no anatomical differences were observed between the forms, S. viridis showed some differences from other Salvia species.
... The genus Salvia L., (Lamiaceae) is represented in Turkey by 95 species and (Hedge, 1982; Davis et al., 1988; Adıgüzel & Vural, 1996; Dönmez, 2001; Behcet and Avlanmaz, 2009; Celep et al., 2009). The ratio of endemism in the genus Salvia in Turkey is ca. ...
Salvia cadmica Boiss., and S. smyrnaea Boiss., (Lamiaceae) differ from each other by the colour of their corolla in that the former is white and the latter is violet-blue, and that calyx widens in fruit in the latter. Both species are characterized by having cryptone in their essential oils as major constituent. Both species are endemic to Turkey. The paper compares morphological and chemical features of the two species with a view to confirm their taxonomical status.
... The first revision of Salvia in Turkey was made by Hedge (1982a), who recognized 86 species and one doubtful species. Since then, four more species, S. nydeggeri (Huber-Morath 1982), S. aytachii (Vural & Adıgüzel 1996), S. hedgeana (Dönmez 2001) and S. anatolica (Hamzaoğlu & Duran 2005) have been identified from Turkey. ...
Salvia marashica A. İlçim, F. Celep & Doğan sp. nova (Lamiaceae) is described from Turkey and illustrated. It is confined to C6 Kahramanmaraş in South Anatolia where it flowers early in the year and grows on rocky mountain slopes. The diagnostic morphological characteristics from closely similar species are discussed. Notes are also presented on its ecology and pollen characteristics along with scanning electron micrographs of the calyx hairs. A distribution map of the new and the similar species is also provided.
Salvia is one of the largest Angiosperm genera with about 1000 species. Salvia is also a well-known genus due to its medicinal importance and lever like stamens. On the basis of revisional studies and latest scientific publications, there are 115 Salvia (sage) taxa growing in Turkey, 63 taxa of which are endemic (54.7%). Molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed that the Turkish species are represented by seven clades: Zhumeria, Salvia, Sclarea, Glutinaria, Heterosphace, Dorystaechas and Rosmarinus. The distribution of species according to phytogeographical regions is as follows: 57 taxa Irano-turanian element, 31 taxa Mediterranean element, 6 taxa Euro-Siberian element and 21 taxa Multiregional element. The distribution of the threatened species according to national level is as follows: 2 taxa DD (Data Deficient), 17 taxa CR (Critically Endangered), 17 taxa EN (Endangered), 17 taxa VU (Vulnarable) and 15 taxa LC (Least Concern). The species in Turkey grow from sea level to up to ca. 3000 m, in a very wide range of different habitats. Distribution of threatened Salvia species in Turkey and the degree of their endangerement are summarized according to IUCN categories. This chapter is expected to call attention to the need to further protect the already endangered species of the important genus Salvia.
Bu çalışmada Labiatae familyasına ait Salvia candidissima Vahl türüne ait S. candidissima subsp. candidisma ve S. candidissima subsp. occidentalis alt türleri morfolojik, anatomik, ve tohum mikromorfolojisi açısından değerlendrilmiştir. Morfolojik çalışmalarda alt türlerin; gövde, yaprak, çiçek ve meyve kısımlarının ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Anatomik incelemelerde, türün kök, gövde ve yapraklarından, mikrotom ve el ile kesitler alınarak boyanmış ve daimi preparatlar haline getirilmiştir. Daha sonra kameralı mikroskop yardımıyla bu preparatların fotoğrafları çekilerek, ayrıntılı anatomik incelemeler yapılmıştır. Bitkilerin yapraklarından yüzeysel kesitler alınarak stoma özellikleri incelendi ve stoma indeksi hesaplanmıştır.
Salvia L. has a wide variety of traditional usages as digestive, appetizer, carminative, antiseptic,
stimulant, pain reliever, antipyretic, diuretic, antitussive and for bronchitis, asthma and cold.
Anatomical features are extremely important for the taxonomy of Salvia species, especially leaf
and stem represent many specific characteristics. The aim of this study is to determine the
distinctive anatomical structures of S. aucheri subsp. canascens (Boiss. & Heldr.) Celep,
Kahraman & Doğan and S. heldreichiana Boiss. comparatively. The transverse-sections were
taken from the leaf and stem to determine the anatomical features of two Salvia species. They
differ in many anatomical characters like leaf type, which is bifacial and hypostomatic for S.
aucheri subsp. canascens and monofacial and amphistomatic for S. heldreichiana. Besides, the
leaf surfaces of both species are covered by different types of glandular trichomes. The midrib
contains a big vascular bundle in S. aucheri subsp. canascens and has three big vascular bundles
in S. heldreichiana. Additionally, the stem surface of S. aucheri subsp. canascens is glabrous
while the stem is pilose in S. heldreichiana. In conclusion, our anatomical results were
contributed to the taxonomy of S. aucheri subsp. canascens and S. heldreichiana and confirmed
the importance of anatomy in the species level for the genus.
Salvia L. is an ideal exemplar to demonstrate prezygotic isolation mechanisms in sympatric populations due to their wellknown staminal lever mechanism. Mechanical, phenological, and ethological isolation mechanisms have been reported among
sympatric species of Salvia. However, it has been shown that if closely related species are sympatric and flower at the same time, they can potentially hybridize. In this study, we describe two new hybrid species of Salvia (S. × karamanensis Celep & B.T.Drew, and S. ×
doganii Celep & B.T.Drew) from Turkey based on morphological and molecular evidence. Salvia × karamanensis (S. aucheri Benth. subsp. canescens (Boiss. & Heldr.) Celep, Kahraman & Doğan × S. heldreichiana Boiss. ex Benth.) is known from near Karaman city in the central Mediterranean region of Turkey, and S. × doganii (S. cyanescens Boiss. & Bal. × S. vermifolia Hedge & Hub.-Mor.) occurs near Sivas in central Anatolia, Turkey. Morphological comparisons between the hybrid species and their putative parents are given with notes on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list categories, biogeography and ecology of the two hybrid species.
In this presented work, the pollen morphologies of twenty-one taxa, nine of them endemic from Turkey, belonging to the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae: sub-family Nepetoideae: tribe Mentheae: sub-tribe Salviinae), S. aethiopis L., S. argentea L., S. aytachii Vural & Adigüzel, S. blepharochlaena Hedge & Hub.-Mor., S. cadmica Boiss., S. ceratophylla L., S. cryptantha Montbret & Aucher, S. frigida Boiss., S. fructicosa Miller, S. halophile Hedge, S. napifolia Jacq., S. microstegia Boiss. & Bal., S. recognita Fisch. & Mey. S. sclarea L., S. smyrnaea Boiss. S. suffruticosa Montbret & Aucher, S. tchihatcheffii (Fisch. & Mey.) Boiss., S. tometosa Bertol, S. verbenaca L., S. viridis L., and S. wiedemanni Boiss. and collected throughout the Turkey, have been intensively studied by using light (LM) and a scanning electron (SEM) microscopy. The objectives of this study are to investigate the pollen morphologies of twenty-one taxa of Turkish Salvia (nine of which are endemic) and to present similar and different characteristics of the taxa. The investigated whole pollen grains had a structure of both isopolar and radial symmetry. Overall, types of aperture were mostly hexacolpate, but it was also determined that the aperture type of S. viridis was both hexacolpate and octacolpate. The pollen grains had characteristic shapes of spheroidal, suboblate, prolate and subprolate. The exine ornamentation was bireticulate and reticulate-perforate. It was determined by the results of palynological studies that pollen morphology changed amongst these studied taxa. As a conclusion, the results of the present study show that palynological characters such as pollen shape, polar axis length (P), equatorial axis length (E), aperture numbers and types and exine ornamentation, exhibit remarkable differences amongst the studied taxa.
As a result of bryological excursion carried outinthe Hayrat district of Trabzonprovince, a total of 99bryophyte taxa, including 18 liverworts and 81 mosses, were determined from the samples collected from 6 different localities. All of these taxa were reported for the first time from Hayrat district. Brachythecium capillaceum (F.Weber & D.Mohr) Giacom.wasrecorded as a new record for Trabzonprovinceand the second record for A4 grid-square.
Salvia smyrnaea Boiss (Sage smyrnaea) is one the endemic plant species which is a danger of becoming extint in the World and Turkey . It’s area of sprading becomes extremely narrowand it has two populations, one of therm is in Aydın Gümüş mountain and the other one is in İzmir Nif mountain. The habitat of the populatıons is strongly threatened by human activities, erosion and grazing. Recent findings, show that the population has been lost in the Gümüş Mountain. Some interesting morphological variations were observed that occurred between in the populations of Salvia smyrnaea. Observation of a new variation of this species shows that interesting variations still persist. In this article, the reason for the variations occurred is investigated scientifically.
The vascular flora of the Dereiçi Village and its environs (Yusufeli, Artvin, Turkey) was assessed between March and September 2017. It is located in the north-east of the Eastern Black Sea Region and is taken place in Colchic province of Euro-Siberian floristic area of Holarctic Region and lies between 650 and 2900 m. In this study, 312 genera and 552 plant taxa were found in 87 families. Of these, 11 taxa belong to Pteridophyta, the remaining 541 taxa belong to Magnoliophyta. Magnoliophyta includes Pinidae with 6 taxa and Magnoliidae with 535 taxa. The biggest families identified were as follows: Asteraceae 58 taxa, Poaceae 49 taxa, Rosaceae 37 taxa, Lamiaceae 30 taxa, Fabaceae 25 taxa, Brassicaceae 24 taxa, Apiaceae 18 taxa, Boraginaceae 16 taxa, Caryophyllaceae 15 taxa and Ranunculaceae 14 taxa. The ratio of the phytogeographical regions of 266 taxa was determined as follows: Euro-Siberian with 216 taxa (%39.1), Irano-Turanian with 42 taxa (%7.6), Mediterranean with 8 taxa (%1.5) and unidentified phytogeographic region with 286 taxa (%51.8). The ratio of endemism is % 5.4 with endemic taxa. Threat categories were proposed for 83 taxa (endemic and non-endemic rare plants) according to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List Categories.
This study has been carried out between 2017 and 2018 in order to determine the flora of Alanbası and Bakırtepe (Yusufeli, Artvin, Turkey). The research area under review takes place in Colchic province of Euro-Siberian floristic area of Holarctic region and is found in the A8 square according to grid system of Davis. The study area lies between 780 and 2150 m elevation above the sea level. In this study, total 448 taxa belong to 75 families and 302 genera were determined. 16 of them belong to Pteridophyta, the remaining 432 taxa were Magnoliophyta, which included 5 taxa from the Pinidae and 427 taxa from the Magnoliidae. The largest families recorded were as follows: Poaceae (62 taxa), Asteraceae (57 taxa), Rosaceae (30 taxa), Fabaceae (28 taxa), Lamiaceae (26 taxa), Brassicaceae (20 taxa), Apiaceae (20 taxa), Boraginaceae (17 taxa), Plantaginaceae (11 taxa), Caprifoliaceae (9 taxa) and Orobanchaceae (9 taxa). The percentage of phytogeographical origins of 259 taxa was determined. The distribution of the taxa according to the phytogeographical regions was as follows: Avrupa-Sibirya with 161 taxa (31,5%), Iran-Turan with 81 taxa (15,9%), Mediterranean with 17 taxa (3,3%) and multiregional or of unknown phytogeographic origin with 193 taxa (49,3%). The life form spectrum of 391 taxon was as follows: Hemicryptophytes 127 taxa (24,9%), Cryptophytes 95 taxa (18,6%), Phanerophytes 62 taxa (12,1%), Chamaephytes 54 taxa (10,6%) and Therophytes 53 taxa (10,4%). The taxa that unknown the life form spectrum is 61. Endemism is 6,8% and included 35 endemic taxa and 63 non-endemic rare plants.
In this study, petiol anatomy of 17 Salvia sp. taxa were compared statistically. In all the studied taxa, some differences were found in the petiole shape, number of vascular bundles and the presence of chlorenchyma. Anatomical variations in 17 Salvia taxa have been investigated by means of numerical methods (Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation). By the analysis of the investigated taxa from 17 leaf anatomy related characters, it has been determined that epidermis width and trachea diameter are the best character pairs which represent the variations in them. It has been also found that the results from numerical analysis of the leaf anatomy characters can provide additional evidences that correspond to the anatomy for the recognition of the taxa. © 2016, Sociedade Brasileira da Ciencia das Plantas Daninha. All rights reserved.
Morphological characteristics of stems, leaves, bracts, calyces and corollas are taxonomically discriminating characters in Salvia. In this paper we present morphological, anatomical and ecological features of S. limbata C.A. Meyer and S. palaestina Bentham as well as micromorphological characteristics of their pollen grains and nutlets using scanning electron microscopy. Anatomical characters such as size of cortex and vascular tissue, number of palisade parenchyma rows and vascular bundles are found to be important species specific characters. Pollen grains in the species are different in shape and size, but they look similar in their exine sculpturing; shape, size and ornamentation of nutlets are found to be different. The two investigated Salvia species grow on clayey-loamy and loamy soils, with pH 7.6-7.9, with 0.4-2.1% of organicmatter, 0.006-0.026% of total salt content, 4.2-21.0 mg kg-1 phosphorus and 87.0-445.8 mg kg-1 potassium.
In this study, essential oil composition of the aerial parts of two Salvia L. (Salvia russellii Bentham and Salvia bracteata Banks & Sol.) from East Anatolian region of Turkey were analyzed by GC and GC-MS system. The essential oils of the aerial parts of two Salvia L. (S. russellii and S. bracteata) collected from the Turkey were obtained by hydrodistillation, in 0.8 % (v/w) and 0.7 (v/w) oil yields, respectively. Thirty two and fifty five components were identified representing 98.5 and 91 % of the oils, respectively. The major constituents of S. russellii were thymol (31.9 %) α-terpinol (13.1 %), γ-terpinene (12.5 %), whereas those S. bracteata were caryophyllene oxide (17.8 %), b-caryophyllene (16.7 %) and β-pinene (10.5 %).
This checklist contains a total of 168 taxa published as additions to the Flora of Turkey. It includes details of taxa neither recorded by P.H.Davis' "Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands" or its Supplement, nor in the first of this series of checklists. The records in this list are based on data given in nearly 100 publications published up to the end of 1998.
This checklist contains a total of 168 taxa published as additions to the Flora of Turkey. It includes details of taxa neither
recorded by P.H.Davis’ “Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands” or its Supplement, nor in the first of this series of checklists.
The records in this list are based on data given in nearly 100 publications published up to the end of 1998.
Salvia smyrnaea, is an endemic in Turkey with restricted distribution, which is classified as only two localities known risk category "Endangered (En)". In this study, ex-situ conservation purposes of Salvia smyrnaea seed germination requirements were investigated. Study material was collected, in August of 2008, western of Izmir in the Nif Mountain from randomly selected individuals of the population which consists of mature fruits. To determine seed viability, tetrazolium chloride (TTC) test was performed. Pretreatment was applied (45 days) and not applied (control) seeds glass Petri dishes, at 250 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm different concentrations of 10 ml of gibberellic acid (GA 3) solution and distilled water (control); at 25 °C 12 hours light (L)/15 °C, 12 hours dark (D) alternate temperature and light-dark conditions, were subjected to germination tests. As a result of testing of seed viability, 85% viability in seeds was determined. In 12L/12D light photoperiod not apply pretreatment 40% germination in seeds was detected at 250 ppm the highest, the lowest 6.6% germination in seeds was determined in control seeds. In this study, S. smyrnaea, for ex-situ cultivation of the highest germination percentage, stratification (45 days 5ºC) applied and 25/15°C alternate temperature, continuous dark conditions can be achieved with 250 ppm GA 3 treated seeds, respectively.Nadir endemik Salvia smyrnaea Boiss. (Lamiaceae) tohumlarında çimlendirme çalışmaları Özet Salvia smyrnaea, Türkiye'de yalnızca iki lokaliteden bilinen tehlike kategorisi "Tehlikede (En)" olan sınırlı yayılışa sahip bir endemiktir. Bu çalışmada, Salvia smyrnaea'nın ex-situ korunması amacı ile tohum çimlenme gereksinimleri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma materyalini, 2008 yılı ağustos ayında İzmir ilinin batısında bulunan Nif Dağ'ı (Kemalpaşa) populasyonunundan rastgele seçilmiş bireylerin olgun nutletleri oluşturmaktadır. Tohum canlılığının belirlenmesinde Tetrazolyum Klorid (TTC) testi kullanılmıştır. Ön işlem uygulanan (45 gün) ve uygulanmayan (kontrol) tohumlar cam petrilerde, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm'deki farklı konsantrasyonlarda 10 ml Gibberellik Asit (GA 3) çözeltisi ve saf su (kontrol); 25°C 12 saat aydınlık (A)/15°C 12 saat karanlık (K) değişken sıcaklık-ışık ve sürekli karanlık koşullarda çimlenme tetstlerine tabi tutulmuşlardır. Tohum canlılık testleri sonucunda tohumlarda %85 oranında canlılık belirlenmiştir. 12A/12K ışık fotoperyodunda ön işlem uygulanmayan tohumlarda en yüksek çimlenme %40 ile 250 ppm de olduğu saptanırken, aynı ışık periyodunda en düşük çimlenme %6,6 ile kontrol tohumlarda olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma sonucunda, S. smyrnaea'nın ex-situ yetiştirilmesi için en yüksek çimlenme yüzdesinin, stratifikasyon (45 gün 5ºC) uygulanmış ve 25/15°C değişken sıcaklıkta, sürekli karanlık koşullarda 250 ppm GA 3 uygulanmış tohumlarla elde edilebileceği saptanmıştır.
The essential oil compositions of aerial parts of Salvia macroclamys, S. verticillata ssp. amasiaca, S. virgata, S. multicaulis, S. firigida, S. microstegia and S. kronenburgii were analyzed by gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Their main constituents were found to be α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, Thymol, and caryophyllene oxide. essential oil of S. multicaulis, S. kronenburgii, S. verticillata and the pure compounds α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, linalool oxide and caryophyllene oxide were tested against E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, and the yeast C.albicans.
The taxa of the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) used in this study were collected from their natural habitats in Turkey. In this paper, the number, size and morphology of somatic chromosomes of 22 Turkish taxa of Salvia, namely S. bracteata Banks & Sol., S. fruticosa Mill., S. huberi Hedge, S. hydrangea DC. ex Benth., S. nemorosa L. and S. pomifera L. (2n = 14), S. adenocaulon P.H. Davis and S. aucheri Benth. subsp. canescens Boiss. & Heldr., (2n = 18), S. argentea L., S. frigida Boiss., S. palestina Benth., S. poculata Nábělek and S. verticillata L. subsp. verticillata (2n = 20), S. atropatana Bunge, S. cassia Sam. ex. Rech. f., S. chrysophylla Stapf, S. cyanescens Boiss. & Balansa, S. indica L. and S. limbata C.A.Mey. (2n = 22), S. multicaulis Vahl (2n = 28), S. virgata Jacq. (2n = 32) and S. verbenaca L. (2n = 60) were investigated. Somatic chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 14 to 2n = 60. The present results were compared with the previous cytological ones.
Salvia quezelii is a very little known local endemic species from Turkey. Since 2005, our revisional studies on the genus in Turkey have been shown that previously known two localities of the species including type locality are wrong, and the species has not been col-lected since 1970. In this study, the type locality of the species is amended and morphological description of the species is amplified and expanded based on large number of specimens. The anatomy, palynology, myxocarpy, mericarp micromorphology and distribution of the tric-homes on the aerial parts of S. quezelii are studied for the first time to understand the usefulness of these character-istics for systematic purposes. Morphological characteris-tics of leaves, calyces, corollas and types of stamens are useful for sectional and specific delimitation in Salvia. Anatomical characters such as number of ray rows in roots, distance between vascular bundles in stems, mesophyll structures in leaves, shape of mid-rib and presence/absence of sclerenchymatic tissue in petioles provide information of taxonomical significance. Scanning electron microscopy studies on the pollen grains have revealed that they are oblate-spheroidal to prolate-spheroidal and their exine ornamentation is reticulate–perforate. Mericarps are broadly ovate to rotund, and surface sculpturing pattern is verrucate or slightly reticulate. Three main types of tric-homes were observed on the stem, inflorescence axis, leaf and calyx surfaces of S. quezelii with very high diversity. They are peltate, capitate glandular and non-glandular. Capitate glandular and non-glandular trichomes were fur-ther subdivided into several kinds. Glandular trichomes are present in abundance on all vegetative parts, particularly in inflorescence axis.
The nutlet (mericarp) morphology of 12 Salvia L. (Lamiaceae: sub-family Nepetoideae: tribe Mentheae: sub-tribe Salviinae) taxa from Turkey, including five endemic taxa, was examined using scanning electron microscopy: Salvia bracteata Banks et Sol., S. cadmica Boiss., S. blepharoclaena Hedge et Hub.-Mor., S. cryptantha Montbret et Aucher ex Bentham, S. aethiopis L, S. ceratophylla L., S. candidissima Vahl subsp. candidissima., S. cyanescens Boiss et Bal., S. virgata Jacq, S. halophila Hedge, S. verticillata L. subsp. verticillata, S. verticillata L. subsp amasiaca (Freyn et Bornm.) Bornm. The mericarps examined exhibited variation in size, shape, colour, and surface sculpturing. Mericarp size ranged between 1.6–3.5 mm length and 1.0–2.9 mm width. Observed shapes included spherical, trigonous-prolate spheroidal and prolate spheroidal. Mericarp surface sculptur-ing revealed three distinct types: reticulate, foveate and verrucate. Our study supports fur-ther work across the genus.
The aerial organs of Salvia glutinosa L. bear indumentum with two types of trichomes: simple and multicellular nonglandular trichomes, and stalked and sessile dense glandular trichomes. Glandular trichomes are extremely long-stalked and dense on the stem and calyx surfaces. However, sessile glands are rare on the stem, calyx and leaf adaxial surfaces and dense on the leaf abaxial surface. Secretion accumulates in a subcuticular space and is released to the outside by cuticle rupture. Water distilled essential oil from dried aerial parts of S. glutinosa was analysed by GC/MS. The main constituent was identified as 1-octadecanol (11.6%).
Salvia halophila Hedge (Lamiacae) is an endemic plant species of the Irano–Turanian phytogeographic region. It grows in salt steppes of central Anatolia. Morphological and anatomical features of the plant is examined in this study. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to describe the morphology of pollen and trichomes. Salvia halophila pollen is shown to be hexacolpate and mostly prolate. The exine is perforated and distictly bireticulate with prominent muri. Morphological characters such as±fleshy leaves, shapes of leaves and calyx, bracts, corolla and type of stamens (B type) are helpful to distinguish species of Salvia. In addition, anatomical characters such as trichome features, crystals, mesophyll structure and vascular bundles in leaves and petioles provide information of taxonomic significance.
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