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Determination of Fracture Behavior under Biaxial Loading of Kevlar 149
Abstract
The high crystalline fiber Kevlar 149 has a major industrial application and it is extensively used in aerospace industries due to its significant properties of ultra-high modulus, high strength, low density, high flame resistance. Kevlar 149 has an advantage over K 49, since it absorbs less moisture and has high compression strength [3]. In order to explore the vast application, this paper investigates the fracture response of the Kevlar material computationally, when they are subjected to biaxial loading in both tensile and compression. This loading is done to understand the response of the Kevlar how far they poor in compression and rich in tensile. The fiber induced with epoxy is to form as an effective reinforcement. Here the fiber taken as Kevlar 149 & K-49 and the epoxy resin. For easy understanding a sample of two flat plates is considered as a composite structure of standard size, which under goes the biaxial loading computationally using Abaqus/CAE. The pictorial data’s are taken from the post processing study and the data’s can be used to investigate the fracture mechanism of Kevlar 149 & K-49, under different types of strain loading. The output results of Kevlar 149 is compared with K-49 to analyze the behavior of fiber undergoes the biaxial loading both compressive and tensile and also the merits and effective utilization of K-149. It is suggested that this method can be applied to other type of composite materials.
... These four overlays are tried for the mechanical properties and they are compared from the Tables 2 and 3. Illustration 2 displays the cover structure made from vacuum sack forming. Based on the assessment of the test outcomes and the standardized overlay which can be calculated from [4][5][6][7], numerical findings are likely to be measured in the future. ...
... Mechanical properties of ARAMID fiber[4,5]. ...
Nanocomposite Graphene is a 2D structure which has an extreme job in material sciences. This paper will examine the Modified properties of a nano-composite graphene doped with ARAMID fibre by the direct blending procedure. The ARAMID fibre is taken as an example which is created by vacuum sack shaping procedure. Here, Epoxy was used as a sapphire and HY951 as a hardener. Three distinct examples are produced depending upon the level of nanocomposite graphene based 2%, 5%, 10% and 20% individually. We saw the quality of the ARAMID fibre expanding when treated with nanocomposite. The level of a nanocomposite enhancement leads to an expansion in the quality of the fibre. Anyway, as the nanocomposite past 5% deteriorates the quality of the fibre. Moreover, we additionally observed that the Fiber's interfacial property is lowered when the nanocomposite has been used past edge limit.
... The Zinc oxide nanostructure with its wide direct gap of 3.37ev at room temperature, their excitotic binding energy~60meV, high mechanical and thermal stability [1].From the literature papers it is know that, synthesis of nanocomposite by wet chemical method is tedious, which may lead chemical contamination. The Kevlar and glass fiber is taken for this research since they have good mechanical properties and better impact resistance [3,6].The effect of nanocomposites on the structure of the composites is still a major study, since during reinforcement the internal structure of the fiber may be affected. The size of zinc oxide taken to study is 60nm diameter. ...
... The comparative study is made on ZnO, ZrO2 and CeO2 nanometal oxide to understand the mechanical stability [1]. The anticorrosion performance also studied with the help of paper [3]. The glass fiber and Kevlar are taken of the standard specimen size. ...
... Mostly test are carried on Kevlar laminates due to its ballistic performance. The present study is made on Kevlar epoxy laminated composites due to its high resistance to impact [6,7]. The impact test carried out using computation approach using Abaqus explicit tool.One of the pioneering low impact responses of Kevlar was conducted by Cantwell [3]. ...
... The laminate specimen is cured out to needed dimensions 150mm x150mm to find the mechanical properties. The derived mechanical properties are compared to the research made by Manigandan [6]. These mechanical properties are applied to the Abaqus for making the FE analysis. ...
... The stiffness of the structures is increased widely [2, 3,4,5,6,9,10]. Engineering research has focused to develop newer and better materials to use for wide applications [7,8,12,14,16]. ...
... Reinforcement phase helps fiber to take huge loads and the matrix phase helps to distribute loads evenly throughout the lamina. Kevlar has a huge application in pharmacy sectors and mechanical industries [2, 3,4,5,6,9,10,11,13,15]. ...
An Experimental study was carried out on a Twin cylinder, Car-Spark Ignition Engine with MPFI fuel system, then the Engine Runs at the constant speed of 2500rpm for all loads, Fuelled with petrol and n-Butanol blends at different proportions i.e. Bu0, Bu10, Bu35 and neat n-Butanol (Bu100). All blends are by volume based Proportions. The Engine Performance parameters such as fuel consumption, Brake thermal Efficiency, Emission parameters like CO, CO2, NO emission readings were analyzed and discussed at Full load and partial load for different fuel blends. The Experimental results showed an increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced fuel consumption, CO and NO Emission levels are reduced for blended fuels when compared with pure petrol at both Full load and partial loads. From the analysis, n-Butanol is found to be a better alternative fuel (or) fuel blend to petrol for Improvement in SI Engine performance and Reduction of polluting Emissions.
... The stiffness of the structures is increased widely [2, 3,4,5,6,9,10]. Engineering research has focused to develop newer and better materials to use for wide applications [7,8,12,14,16]. ...
... Reinforcement phase helps fiber to take huge loads and the matrix phase helps to distribute loads evenly throughout the lamina. Kevlar has a huge application in pharmacy sectors and mechanical industries [2, 3,4,5,6,9,10,11,13,15]. ...
This paper investigates the effect of titanium oxide and aluminium oxide on Kevlar fiber. The TiO2 and Al2O3 are mixed with epoxy at the ratio of 1:2 and they are applied on the lamina to fabricate the laminate by vacuum bag moulding process. The laminate is made by the stacking sequence technique of orientation of 0/60/45/45/60/0. The laminate consisted of six layers of Kevlar fiber. Four types of specimen configurations are fabricated and tested for mechanical properties. The nano composites are mixed by sonication process. The results reveal that, the fiber with ratio of one part of TiO2 and two parts of the Al2O3 yields high strength than the other types of specimen. In addition, the results are validated computationally using a numerical method by applying Johnson cooks damage theory.
... These four laminates are tested for the mechanical property and they compared each other in table 2 and table 3. The figure 2 shows the laminate structure made of vacuum bag moulding. The numerical results can be also evaluated in future based on the evaluation of experimental results and optimized laminate can be derived [4,5,6,7,12] ...
... Series: Materials Science and Engineering 225 (2017) 012061 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/225/1/012061 Mechanical properties of Kevlar Fiber[4,5] ...
Graphene nanocomposite is a two dimensional structure which has intense role in material science. This paper investigates the topological property of the graphene nanocomposite doped in Kevlar fiber by direct mixing process. The Kevlar fiber by direct mixing process. The Kevlar fiber taken as the specimen which is fabricated by vacuum bag moulding process. Epoxy used as resin and HY951 as hardener. Three different specimens are fabricated based on the percentage of graphene nanocomposite 2%, 5%, 10% and 20% respectively. We witnessed the strength of the Kevlar fiber is increased when it is treated with nanocomposite. The percentage of the nanocomposite increase the strength of the fiber is increased. However as the nanocomposite beyond 5% the strength of fiber is dropped. In addition, we also seen the interfacial property of the fiber is dropped when the nanocomposite is added beyond threshold limit.
... A lot of efforts are made to reduce the component weight and finding the alternative material for sheet metal and related industries. Steel sheet are replacing the existing material with an thinner steel or thicker aluminium sheet for its high strength and high durability [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. In the automotive industry finding a material without losses in performance is huge challenging in the field of material science [23][24][25][26][27]. Several activities are made on sheet metal industries and their importance. ...
Sheet Moulding Composite (SMC) is used in automotive body’s for weight & tool cost reduction instead of sheet metal. As an alternative material SMC must fulfill the strength requirement as well as contribute less weight to Body-in-white (BIW). Hence, its mechanical properties & thickness selection must be done strategically. Further bending test setup has to be created & tested by FE analysis and followed by lab testing as a part of validation. Sheet moulding compounds (SMC) are fiber-reinforced thermosetting products. SMC is a generic term of different types of compounds together with the process to convert them into large composite parts by compression molding. SMC are widely used in the sectors like aerospace, agricultural, rail, marine, electrical and energy construction but the automotive and truck industries remain the drivers of SMC technology
... Properties of the major fibres used in FRP composites, adapted from[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. ...
Fibre-reinforced polymer materials (FRP) are increasingly used to reinforce structural elements. Due to this, it is possible to increase the load-bearing capacity of polymer, wooden, concrete, and metal structures. In this article, the authors collected all the crucial aspects that influence the behaviour of concrete elements reinforced with FRP. The main types of FRP, their characterization, and their impact on the load-carrying capacity of a composite structure are discussed. The most significant aspects, such as type, number of FRP layers including fibre orientation, type of matrix, reinforcement of concrete columns, preparation of a concrete surface, fire-resistance aspects, recommended conditions for the lamination process, FRP laying methods, and design aspects were considered. Attention and special emphasis were focused on the description of the current research results related to various types of concrete reinforced with FRP composites. To understand which aspects should be taken into account when designing concrete reinforcement with composite materials, the main guidelines are presented in tabular form.
... Then the angle between the blade ends is determined. The rotor is made of composite fiber, the property and the importance is explained in notable studies [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The rotor blades are connected with the frame which is mounted along with the rotating shaft. ...
The main aim of this paper is to produce electricity for street lights through savonius wind turbine which is a type of VAWT (Vertical Axis Wind Turbine). The performance of the savonius rotor depends on the design of aerodynamic structure of the blades which facilitates easy air flow over the blades without any restriction. The performance of the savonius type of wind mill can be increased by reducing the drag with some modifications. Drag is caused because of the resistance offered to the rotor blades by the wind flow. This can be overcome by designing the leading and tailing edges of the blade by considering the aerodynamic flow of wind. The rotor of the savonius turbine produces high torque, and it can able to rotate in low wind speeds hence it does not need any starter mechanism for the initial rotation. The modelling and analysis process of rotor blade is done by the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The replacement of normal blades by newly designed an aerodynamic blade which is made up of aluminium sheet having high density and less weight, results in increasing efficiency of savonius type of wind mills. The generated power is stored in the battery for future use. Thus the aerodynamic structure of blades results in more power production.
... The necessity of the toughest metals always most wanted in research [1]. Investment on composite to replace the ferrous metals is growing rapidly due to its good properties and characteristics [2][3][4]. Several pioneers believed the effective replacement for metals is composite. Several articles have been published on composite structures and its application [5][6]. ...
This paper deals with the novel concept of pineapple fiber on graphene nanocomposites for the application of aircraft cowling. Pineapple leaf fibre (PLF) is well-known natural fiber for its rich cellulose content. Moreover, they are relatively inexpensive and plentifully available in India. This paper studies the mechanical and acoustic properties of PGF (Pineapple leaf graphene fiber). The noise generated by the piston engine aircraft is huge which is not absorbed significantly by the conventional aluminium cowling. In fact, noise generated by the power plant discomfort the passenger as well as the environment. Consequently, the main objective of this paper to diminish the noise generated by the replacing the power plant with PGF. In addition, the vibration generated by the power plant is considered. To enhance the noise and vibration absorption graphene is added to the epoxy in three different proportions 5%, 8% and 12% to form tested specimen PGF5, PGF8 and PGF12. The fabrication process is done using vacuum bag process with the help of epoxy and the hardener. Further, the catalyst is added to the fabrication to diminish the curing time. From the results, it is evident that P12 shows a profound effect. To be exact, 15% reduction in noise is witnessed on P12 fiber. On the other hand, only minimal reduction of 2% seen in vibration. The results are revalidated using FEA
... Models are designed of single aspect ratio of 2 and they exposed to the three different position with the NPR 2 and 2.5. The Kevlar fiber crosswire used as mixing promoter [9][10][11][12][13] and it is fixed at the exit of the flow. We ensured that the blockage is below 5%. ...
The aerodynamic mixing efficiency of elliptical sonic jet flow with the effect of crosswire is studied computationally and experimentally at different range of nozzle pressure ratio with different orientation along the minor axis of the exit. The cross wire of different orientation is found to reduce the strength of the shock wave formation. Due to the presence of crosswire the pitot pressure oscillation is reduced fast, which weakens the shock cell structure. When the cross wire is placed at center position we see high mixing along the major axis. Similarly, when the cross wire is placed at ¼ and ¾ position we see high mixing promotion along minor axis. It also proves, as the position of the cross wire decreased along minor axis there will be increase in the mixing ratio. In addition to that we also found that, jet spread is high in major axis compared to minor axis due to bifurcation of jet along upstream
... Introduction of the composite will reduce the noise and the weight of the system is reduced. The Kevlar is used as the lamina since it has high strength to weight ratio [8,9,10]. ...
In this present study, CI engine designed to run on CIME (Calophyllum Inophyllum Methyl Ester) biodiesel with nanoparticles. The TiO2 nanoparticle is added to the biodiesel in the form of nanofluid at concentration levels of 100ppm and meanwhile Ethanox is added at levels of 100ppm, 200ppm and 500ppm. The nanoparticle and the ethanox are dispersed by ultrasonication process. The addition of nanofluid reduces the particulate emission like NOx at 100% load. The efficiency is better and emission is reduced owing to the influence of explosion of water molecules present in the biodiesel. We found Ethanox is the superlative nanofluid to reduce the emission of toxic gas at appreciable levels. We have witnessed a 20% reduction in emission of NOx and 10% reduction of other particulate emission. In addition, the exit geomentry of exhaust is modified from circular to elliptic and the consequence of geomentry is premeditated.
... From the literature papers it is be familiar with that, synthesis of nanocomposite by wet chemical method is monotonous, which may lead chemical infectivity, [1,3] are referred to overcome the difficulty of the infectivity. The Kevlar and glass fiber is proposed for this research [6] since they have good mechanical properties and superior impact resistance [2,15].Nanostructure materials such as nanoparticles, nanofibers as used even as fillers in both the polymers and nanocomposites [10,11] to improve the mechanical, electric, electronic and optical properties, and the metallic nanocomposite [12,5] to control the several electro dynamic problems. ...
... From the literature papers it is be familiar with that, synthesis of nanocomposite by wet chemical method is monotonous, which may lead chemical infectivity, [1,3] are referred to overcome the difficulty of the infectivity. The Kevlar and glass fiber is proposed for this research [6] since they have good mechanical properties and superior impact resistance [2,15].Nanostructure materials such as nanoparticles, nanofibers as used even as fillers in both the polymers and nanocomposites [10,11] to improve the mechanical, electric, electronic and optical properties, and the metallic nanocomposite [12,5] to control the several electro dynamic problems. ...
This paper deals with the enrichment of the both mechanical and electrical properties of Kevlar and glass fibres, not including mounting the weight of the structure by adding the iron (Fe) nanocomposites with the epoxy resin. The Fe is mixed well with the epoxy to increase the mechanical constancy and the electrical property of the fibre by a non-covalent approach. The synthesis of metal nanocomposite with epoxy is done by the direct mixing method. The Kevlar and the glass fibre were taken as the samples for this study. The zinc oxide and epoxy were mixed simultaneously using a mechanical stirrer to give appropriate dispersion and adhesion without disturbing the hydrophobic performance of the epoxy, and the Fe powder and epoxy are added with a hardener in the ratio of 1:1:0.1. The results show that the mechanical property of the fibre increased with the decrease in the weight of the laminate when they are treated with the metal nanocomposite.
Aramid fibers (AFs) are widely applied in many cutting-edge fields, due to their excellent comprehensive performance. Ongoing research efforts are therefore underway to expand the applicability by designing more environmentally friendly and low-cost synthesis methods, incorporating new chemical components in the skeletons or internal structures of polyamide to enhance their processability and functionality. Despite being at the forefront of scientific research, there are fewer reviews that comprehensively summarize the latest progress of AFs. This review focuses on the fundamental research of AFs since their inception and summarizes the advanced progress and applications of AFs. Firstly, the synthesis mechanism and methods of AFs and their structure–property relationship are comprehensively discussed. Subsequently, we review the recent progress in surface functionalization of AFs by using advanced micro-nanoscale modification strategies to enhance the interface properties and ultraviolet (UV)-resistance properties, and summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various modified methods. Then, applications of AF and aramid nanofiber (ANF) in various fields are discussed. Finally, the possible challenges and outlooks toward the future development of AFs are highlighted, which is expected to provide new insights for the next-generation advanced functional AF materials and facilitate the industrialization development level for high-performance AFs and their composites.
The streamlined blending proficiency of a circular sonic fly stream with an impact on a crosscable is considered
computationally and tentatively at various scope of spout pressure proportion with the various directions along with the minor hub at the outlet. The crosswire in various direction is evident to lessen the quality of the stun wave development. Because of the nearness of wire, the pitot pressure swaying is decreased quick, which debilitates the stun cell structure. At the point where the crosscable is positioned at the focus, we see higher blending along with the significant hub. So also, once the crosswire is set at about ¼th and ¾th position, high blending advancement along with minor pivot is evident. It simultaneously demonstrates, as the situation of the crosscable diminished along with minor hub, there will be an
increment in the blending proportion. Not with standing that we additionally found that, stream spread is high in significant hub contrasted with minor pivot because of the bifurcation of fly along upstream.
With the development of concrete technology, the tendency to combine different materials with each other to achieve a greater efficiency and durability of structures can be observed. In the modern construction industry, various materials and techniques are increasingly being combined in order to achieve e.g., an increased resistance to dynamic impacts of a structure, or an increased scope of work of a selected constructional element, which translates into a significant increase in the energy of destruction. Thus, hybrid elements, known as composite ones, are created, which consist of concrete and reinforcements. This study examined the influence of the preparation of the concrete surface on the behavior of high-performance, self-compacting, fiber-reinforced concrete (HPSCFRC), reinforced with carbon fibers (CF) using a cement matrix. In the general lamination processes, this is preformed using epoxy resin. However, epoxy resin is sensitive to relatively low temperatures, and therefore the authors attempted to use a cement matrix in the lamination process. When connecting hardened concrete with a fresh concrete matrix or mixture, the type of the concrete surface is significant. In this research, three types of concrete surfaces e.g., unprepared, sanded and grinded were considered. All of the surfaces were examined using a 3D laser scanner, to determine the Abbott-Firestone profile material share curve. In this research, cylindrical concrete specimens were reinforced with one, two and three layers of laminates. They were then subjected to a uniaxial compressive test. The results of tests showed that the use of cement matrix in the lamination process, due to its low efficiency, should not be applied when reinforcing concrete elements with a high compressive strength. Moreover, the grinded surface of concrete showed the best cooperation with CF reinforcement.
The inorganic zinc oxide well known for its anti corrosion and dielectric property. This chapter deals about the enhancement of the both mechanical and electrical property of Kevlar and glass fiber without increasing the weight of the structure by adding the ZnO nano composites with the epoxy resin. The zinc oxide mixed well with the epoxy to increase the UV stability and the electrical property of the fiber by non covalent approach. The synthesis of zinc oxide with epoxy done by the direct mixing method under room temperature. The Kevlar and the glass fiber taken as the specimen for this study. The ZnO – Epoxy mixed together using the mechanical stirrer to give proper dispersion and adhesion without affecting the hydrophobic performance of the epoxy, the zinc oxide and epoxy are added with hardener with the ratio of 1:1:0.1.The size of zinc oxide is 60nm diameter. The results show that the mechanical property of the fiber is increased with reduction in weight of the laminate when they treated with the zinc oxide. From the plot and tables it is understood that the Kevlar performs better than the glass fiber when they treated with ZnO.
Composite materials intriguing with numerous applications in all industrial sectors. In this project we investigate the effect of the multioriented stacking sequence optimization of the laminated structure. The stacking sequence is done by arranging the fibers at singlet orientation based on their mechanical strength review of different fibers. We have taken four different types of fibers like glass, Basalt, Kevlar, Jute to form a laminate of identical orientation of 30, 60 and 90 degrees. These fibers are arranged in the order of (30/30/30/30) s (60/60/60/60) s and (90/90/90/90) s to form a laminate. The hybrid composites we are fabricated using a hand layup process under compression type with infusion of epoxy resin. The results of the ordinary optimized laminate are compared and the efficiency of the optimization is calculated based on standard properties. We also investigate the flexural strength of the fiber and we visualize the micrographs structure of plastic strain at three different orientation. We also investigated the effect of different stacking sequences of glass, Kevlar, natural and basalt fabrics on the flexural properties of hybrid composite laminates.. Three-point bending test was performed and the fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Tensile and compressive test also done on the laminate to find the enhanced mechanical properties. Cohesive behavior also investigated (Surface to surface interaction). In addition to the experimental evaluation, numerical simulation is done using Abaqus FEA tool. Numeric and experimental results are compared with each other for validation and to yield the optimized results.
In this article, a collection of literature relevant to dynamic model and simulation analyses of flexible robotic manipulators has been considered for a span 2006 to 2015. The dynamics of robotic link subjected to mechanical flexibility was considered in this prime work. The literature categorized on the basis number of links used, methodology inculcated and simulation techniques were implemented. Research papers are thoroughly studied and dynamic analysis of flexible manipulators was presented. In simulation work, the method and number of links used for the manipulator are analyzed. The existing lists of survey for three spells were found out and the introspective correlations of this work were also included. The percentage wise categorized research papers relevant to this works were computed and tabulated statistical purpose. The methods and statistical analysis guide to the researchers who are currently working in the area of a lightweight manipulator with different composites, nano-materials and shape memory alloys and it gives a new idea to work for a control systems approach.
In this work the NACA 2421 Aerofoil has fabricated according to the size of wind tunnel. The effect of Piezo electricity is investigated in low speed wind tunnel. The Piezo electric strip is fixed in the 1/4TH of the chord point. Due to the effect of Piezoelectricity the flow has ionized and it has been suppressed the boundary layer. Due to the suppression the flow has been maintained as a laminar up to 2/4TH of the chord. Due to the laminar flow the lift is increased and drag is reduced. It tends to increase the performance of the aircraft. The lift and drag forces are measured directly by using the load cell arrangement. Then it has been converted into the co-efficient of lift and the co-efficient of drag and compared with the standard values.
This paper presents the design and analysis of a free jet, blow down subsonic wind tunnel for acoustic measurement. The wind tunnel is made from the artificial fibre which is optimized for achieving subsonic i.e., 0.3 ≤ M ≤ 0.8 steady flow (low turbulence). The flow control techniques such as orifice holes were distributed uniformly over the perforated plates of diameter 302 mm and 444 mm positioned at 30% and 45% respectively to reduce the turbulence flow. The aerodynamic performances of the Free Jet Wind Tunnel (FJWT) have been studied at both incompressible (M < 0.3) and compressible (0.3 ≤ M ≤ 0.8) conditions of about 75 m/s, 1.3 bar, 2.25 bar and 4.5 bar. From the results, it is evident that the uncertainty in the wind tunnel is low compared to the traditional wind tunnel. Further, the acoustic measurements uncertainty is obviously lesser than other configurations.
The aim is to utilize a light weight hybrid composite material for single link robotic manipulator purpose to reduce its weight. The numerical analysis is carried out for competing and replacement of rigid one. During working condition of light weight structural soft robotic manipulator, as a consequence of static and dynamics forces, there is a distributed dynamic deflection of end effectors. In a work volume, without overshooting the end point of robot must reach a specified point with high accuracy. This accuracy is affected by link deflection due to bending and vibration, this is to be minimized. The hybrid composite single link robotic manipulator with mechanical flexibility has taken as for numerical study analysis. This paper deals with the precise control of light weight soft manipulator made by hybrid polymer composite material, by using classical and more recent approach proposed for light weight soft manipulator and control purpose.
Modern missiles symbolize an example of extremely integrated subsystems which cooperate together to guide the missile to its target. This paper studies the method to improve the stability and improve the performance by achieving reduced drag. One of the methods is the hole is drilled in the forebody of the missile. Due to the opening, the free stream air passes through the hole due to the physical property of flow. The effect of air passing through the forebody is calibrated computationally with the aid of CATIA and ANSYS-CFX. To avoid the uncertainty the values of lift coefficient, drag coefficient and thrust and that are calculated under the condition of the angle of attack 4.5˚in5˚in varying Mach number 1.5, 2, 2.5. Additionally, turbulence, kinetic energy, pressure contour and velocity are evaluated to find the lift production and the pressure distribution over the structure of missile configuration. Further, the location of Centre of gravity and Centre of the pressure of the missile is found.
In the current investigation, an effort has been made to make use of tallow oil for biodiesel production. Tallow oil is non- edible oil and now considered as an alternate form of energy. The tallow biodiesel blends B10, B20, and B100 were used to study the emission characteristics of the fuel. The testing is done for different engine loads 50 and 80%, and the results are compared with neat diesel. In addition to the tallow blends, the nanofluid pentanol is added to the blends to increase the combustion and to reduce the emission of all toxic gases. The temperature of 60°C is maintained for processing the tallow. The transesterification process is carried out to convert the oil to biodiesel with recommended fuel properties. It is observed by employing, B100 the emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and smoke opacity are reduced to 22, 32 and 36% respectively. On the other hand, the NOx emission is increased. The pentanol is future added to the blends to reduce the emission all gases particularly NOx. On the whole, it is concluded that tallow is a promising source of energy with lesser emission than diesel. This biodiesel is recommended when they mixed with nanofluids like pentanol.
In this paper we study the numerical three dimensional simulation of laminar incompressible viscous flow over a flat plate with circular and noncircular hole. The hole is located at the center of the plate. The aim of this paper is to visualize the steady and unsteady vortex dynamics using immersed boundary method. This method takes three variables, viz. velocity, vortices and the pressure to solve the flow field over a specimen. The plate considered is of 0.01 m length and the air is used as the flow medium and hole is made of same area. The analysis are done both circular hole plate and non-circular hole to examine the difference in the force and wake at the trailing part of the flat plate. In this study we measure the magnitude of vortices behind a flat plate and we also study the physical backdrop of how vortex strength is depend on the inner profile of the body. From the results it is evident that the reverse flow is stronger in non circular profile however the strength of vortex is higher in circular holed plate. It's also found that velocity is inversely proportional to strength of vortices in flat plate with noncircular hole.
Reduction of drag is an important role of aerodynamic specialist in real time world. The performance of forward moving object improved when the drag is reduced. Skin friction drag caused when the fluid tending to shear along the surface of the body and it is dependent on energy expenditure. Initial research concluded that nearly 20 to 40% of total drag is skin friction drag, based on flight forward velocity. This means a lot of fuel burned. In this paper we investigate a methodology to reduce the skin friction drag by implementing different kinds of exterior treatments. The ideology inspired from the world fastest moving oceanic creature. Structures are fabricated based on the replica of scales of the oceanic creature. The outer skin of the aerofoil NACA0012 is modified like shark scales. Then it is tested using open type sub sonic wind tunnel. In addition to that, the leading edge thickness effect also studied. The turbulent flow phenomenon is validated at different velocities and compared with numerical results using STAR CCM+. From the plots and graphical results, it is found that the skin friction drag is generated less due to reduction of transverse shear stress present in turbulent flow and skin friction drag depends on boundary layer thickness and on the percentage of chord of flow separation. In addition to this, the result delivers that the ordinary polished surface produces more drag than the modified scales. The outlook of this technology is excrescence for different applications. This open section wind tunnel testing produces 10-15% reduction in drag and can be turn to high values when the experiment is conducted in closed section wind tunnel with real time atmospheric conditions, which can be done as a future work.
Composite material strength depends on the stiffness of fiber and the resin which is used for reinforcement. The strength of the laminate can be increased by applying good manufacturing practices. The strength is directly depending on the property of resin. The property of the any compound subjected to changed when they exposed to the temperature. This paper investigates the strength of laminate when they subjected to different temperature gradient of resin while manufacturing. The resin is preheated before adding hardener with them. These types of laminate reinforced with resin at different levels of temperature 20c, 40c, and 60c. These different temperature resin are used for reinforcement and the specimen tested. The comparative results are made to find how the stiffness of laminate changes with respect to the thermal property of resin. The results are helpful to obtain high strength laminate.
In this paper we investigate the numerical simulation of laminar viscous flow over a smooth flat plate and rough
plate. The aim of this paper is to study the unsteady vortex dynamics. The plate considered is of 0.1 m length and made
of Kevlar. The analysis carried out computationally using Star CCM+. The study is done on flat plate to inspect the
difference in the force and wake behind the flat plate. The results how that the generation of vortex is high in rough plate
compared to smooth plate. It also found that the velocity is depending on the strength of the vortex. In addition to the
above we also found that velocity and circulation are independent in nature.
The review of formation and splashing of droplet in flat plate have wide applications in many sectors. we
focus to understand the back drop physics which determines the dynamics of droplet. We introduced a composite
kevlar plate which is made of homogenous material. The droplet is designed as SPH model and they allowed to fall
free on the flat plate. Velocity of the droplet varied from 5 m/s to 100 m/s and the stress on the plate is calibrated
using Abaqus cae tool. In addition to that the problem solved in using cfd tool for FSI study by applying different
density to the fluid.The results are represented in form of figures and plots, results shows that the kevlar plate deforms
when the velocity of the droplet is increased. It also found that droplet velocity is depend on inertial force rather than
the gravity pull.
The paper illustrates the preliminary activity of an extensive research program oriented to investigate the multiaxial fatigue behaviour of unidirectional composite laminates, with particular attention to the analysis of the damage mechanisms and their correlation with the local multiaxial stress state to be used then as the basis for the development of multiaxial fatigue criterion. The definition of an effective experimental procedure for multiaxial fatigue testing is carefully discussed in terms of specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and local stress state. Once identified in the thin-walled tubular specimens under tension–torsion loading the best test configuration for the aims of the research, the results of comparative fatigue tests investigating the influence of the tubes geometry (wall thickness to diameter ratio) on the transverse fatigue response are presented. In the final part of the paper the effects of an increasing shear stress component (σ6) on the transverse (σ2) fatigue strength and damage evolution in UD glass–epoxy tubes are illustrated.
Single Kevlar-29 fibres have been subjected to a variety of tensile cyclic and steady loading conditions. The dispersion of tensile strengths of the samples tested was found to be inherent to the fibre due to the distribution of defects in it and not due to variations of diameter between samples. Cyclic loading was found to produce both longer and shorter lifetimes than those recorded under steady loads equal to the maximum cyclic load. Longer lifetimes indicated failure due to creep mechanisms whereas shorter lifetimes, seen with greater load amplitudes, suggest a fatigue mechanism. No difference was seen in the fracture morphologies of Kevlar-29 fibres broken under simple tensile, fatigue and creep conditions because of the complex splitting which occurs in all cases.
Multiaxial/biaxial loading tests of fibre-reinforced polymer-matrix composite materials are reviewed, and results of these experimental investigations under both monotonic and cyclic loadings are discussed. It is noted that composite materials could exhibit complicated behaviour in the biaxial loading conditions which often exist in engineering practice. The importance of biaxial loading tests of composites is indicated by this assessment.
The objectives of this study are to characterize the impact behavior and damage tolerance properties, on the basis of energy approach, of Kevlar multiaxial warp-knit fabric composites and woven and unidirectional composite laminates. The total impact energy is classified into four categories including delamination energy, membrane energy, bending energy and rebounding energy, and the contributions of each energy absorption mechanism have been evaluated. The membrane and bending energy were calculated from image analysis of the deformed shape of the impacted specimen while the delamination energy was calculated by using the deplying technique. The multiaxial warp-knit composite showed higher impact fracture toughness and bending properties and this resulted in a bending energy increase and reduced delamination while the membrane and delamination energy were the dominant energy-absorption modes for the woven composite laminate. The delaminated areas in the woven laminates were much larger than those in the multiaxial warp-knit composites, while the delamination energy absorption was slightly higher since the impact fracture toughness of the woven laminate was much smaller than those of the multiaxial warp-knit composites.