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Breeding, larval rearing and seed production of maroon clown Premnas biaculeatus under captive conditions
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... These results were also seen in reports by Rohini Krishna et al. (2018) on one of its parent species, A. ephippium (10 days after hatching). Its other parent species, A. melanopus, also reported undergoing a metamorphosis as early as day 8 after hatching (Arvedlund et al., 2000;Green & McCormick, 2001), which might contribute to the hybrid larvae starting to change faster than other species of clownfish, such as Premnas biaculeatus (11-12 days) (Madhu et al., 2006), Amphiprion chrysogaster (12-15 days) (Gopakumar et al., 2001), Amphiprion sebae (12-15 days) (Ignatius et al., 2001), Amphiprion percula (13-15 days) (Dhaneesh et al., 2009), and Amphiprion akallopisos (15-16 days) (Dhaneesh et al., 2012). ...
Development of broodstock, spawning, and early rearing of the hybrid clownfish, Amphiprion ephippium (♂) × Amphiprion melanopus (♀), was studied under captive conditions. The fishes were successfully paired after being together for over a year. Spawning occurred between 0700 to 1000 hours every 3 weeks. More than 200 eggs were spawned each time, with an egg size of 1.5 ± 0.5mm. Fertilized eggs turned from bright orange to black to silvery before hatching after being incubated for 7–9 days. Out of 20 batches of eggs spawned, 5 batches were successfully hatched, with only 2 batches surviving to adulthood. The average survival rate for all the batches hatched was 21.16%. Newborn larvae measured about 3–4 mm long, with transparent fins that fused, forming a single fin fold. Larvae underwent metamorphosis on day 10 post hatched, where the fins started to separate, form, and develop body colorations. Two clear and thick bands were observed on the body (head and middle) as early as 14-day post hatched to 90-day post-hatched, where the banding reached its peak. The middle band then began fading as the juveniles grew. By 130-day post-hatched, the juveniles became adults with unique coloration featuring a headband and a black blotch, reaching the maximum size of 34 mm. The hybrid clownfish underwent metamorphosis earlier and reached marketable size much sooner compared to its parent species, making it a suitable candidate for ornamental fish culture. It is the first documentation on the production of hybrid clownfish A. ephippium and A. melanopus both in Malaysia and worldwide.
... In recent years, a plethora of breeding programmes have been launched for breeding many pomacentrid species, most notably in clownfishes. Breeding of A. chrysogaster (Gopakumar et al., 1999), A. sebae (Ignatius et al., 2001), A. ocellaris Balasubramanian, 2009 andMadhu et al., 2012), A. percula (Madhu and Rema, 2011), Premnas biaculeatus (Madhu et al., 2006 andAnil et al., 2010), A. ...
The marine ornamental fish trading industry is an ever-expanding one, as indicated by its bolstering statistics, which amount to about US$ 300 million. Although the trade is booming, the natural habitats that foster these fishes, such as coral reefs, are steadily declining. One of the reasons for this is the overdependency of the industry on wild-caught fishes. To surpass this, the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) has developed hatchery technology for breeding marine ornamental fishes such as seahorses, clownfishes, damsels, and serranids. It began with the breeding of Hippocampus kuda. This progressed to breeding clownfishes such as Amphiprion chrysogaster, A. ocellaris, A. nigripes, A. peridarion, and A. ephippium and Premnas biaculeatus. Damsel fishes that were bred successfully include Chrysiptera cyanea, C. hemicyanea Neopomacentrus cyanomos, N. nemurus, and Dascyllus carneus. The recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) designed in the Vizhinjam Regional Centre of CMFRI is being used for broodstock development of serranids, tangs, squirrel fishes, and soldier fishes. A standard method was developed for captive breeding and hatchery rearing of anthias Pseudanthias marcia and P. squamipinnis in an advanced indigenous RAS system. The present article provides a bird’s eye view of the important research work done in India concerning marine ornamental fish breeding and reviews important breeding work carried out at Vizhinjam Regional Centre of CMFRI.
... mm in A. ocellaris (Madhu et al. 2006a), 2.0-2.3 × 1.0-1.2 mm in A. nigriceps (Dhaneesh et al. 2009), 2.4 × 0.9 mm in A. chrysopterus (Allen 1980) and 2.7 × 0.9 mm in A. clarkii (Ghosh et al. 2012) to 2.8-3.5 × 1.1-1.7 mm in Premnas biaculeatus (Madhu et al. 2006b). Egg size also varies according to their position within the nest, with larger length and volume in the centre, but this was not attributable to the quantity of yolk in eggs (Green et al. 2006;Kunzmann and Diemel 2020). ...
... During metamorphosis, larvae acquire their white bars, white stripe, or both (juvenile color pattern). The bars develop in a very stereotyped manner from the anterior to the posterior region (Figure 7.3g-i) Kumar et al. 2012;Roux et al. 2019;Salis et al. 2018a;Salis et al. 2018b;Madhu et al. 2006). In A. ocellaris, the timing of the formation of these white bars is controlled by thyroid hormones (TH). ...
... Such a setup may also encounter difficulties in tracking the developmental speed of embryos, as water temperature will likely vary diurnally, between days and weeks within a season. Potential variation in embryonic development will require higher surveillance from the technical personnel to estimate precisely when a clutch will be ready to hatch by observing the color of the eyes of embryos (becoming silvery and shiny the day of hatching) (Madhu et al. 2006b;Kumar et al. 2012). Additionally, if ambient local temperatures are not suitable for anemonefish reproduction, inline heating, heating in header tanks, or heating within broodstock tanks will be required to warm water to a suitable temperature for breeding. ...
... (Anil et al., 1999), followed by the development of hatchery techniques of many species of the clownfishes -A. chrysogaster (Gopakumar et al., 1999), A. seba (Ignatius et al., 2001), Premnas biaculeatus (Madhu et al., 2006, Anil et al., 2010, A. ocellaris (Kumar and Balasubramanian, 2009), A. percula (Madhu and Rema, 2011), A. nigripes (Anil et al., 2012), A. akallopisos (Dhaneesh et al., 2009) andA. ephippium (Rohini Krishna et al., 2018). ...
Broodstock development, breeding, spawning, larval rearing and growth of black Amphiprion ocellaris in captivity are described in this study. The black ocellaris, a magnificent colour morph of A. ocellaris was bred in captivity at Vizhinjam Research Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI). Two adults, approximately 4-6 cm in total length (TL) were stocked in FRP tanks of 300 l capacity, under optimum water quality. The broodfishes were fed a combination of boiled mussel meat, boiled squid and semimoist feed (protein-40 %, lipid-9.5 %, fibre-2% and moisture-31%) twice daily at a rate of 3-5% of their body weight. After a period of 1.7 years, the fishes started showing courtship behaviour and initiated spawning. The oocytes were of 3-3.3 mm in length and 1.1-1.9 mm in width. Approximately 200-300 eggs spawned the first time and the number of eggs gradually increased in subsequent spawnings. Spawning was obtained at an interval of 12-14 days providing an average of two spawnings per month. The incubation period of the eggs were 7-8 days and the fertilised eggs hatched on the 8 th day, soon after sunset, generally between 19.00 and 20.00 hrs. Different strains of cultured plankton like Isochrysis galbana, Nanochloropsis oculata, L-type rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, calanoid copepod Acartia southwelli and Artemia were used as feed for larvae. The newly hatched larvae with a total length of 5±0.16 mm metamorphosed to juveniles on the 40 th day (18.87±0.07 mm). Black ocellaris is a highly priced clownfish and can be used to crossbreed with the normal orange coloured ocellaris clown fish to produce different colour variants.
... (Anil et al., 1999), followed by the development of hatchery techniques of many species of the clownfishes -A. chrysogaster (Gopakumar et al., 1999), A. seba (Ignatius et al., 2001), Premnas biaculeatus (Madhu et al., 2006, Anil et al., 2010, A. ocellaris (Kumar and Balasubramanian, 2009), A. percula (Madhu and Rema, 2011), A. nigripes (Anil et al., 2012), A. akallopisos (Dhaneesh et al., 2009) andA. ephippium (Rohini Krishna et al., 2018). ...
Broodstock development, breeding, spawning, larval rearing and growth of black Amphiprion ocellaris in captivity aredescribed in this study. The black ocellaris, a magnificent colour morph of A. ocellaris was bred in captivity at VizhinjamResearch Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI). Two adults, approximately 4-6 cmin total length (TL) were stocked in FRP tanks of 300 l capacity, under optimum water quality. The broodfishes were fed acombination of boiled mussel meat, boiled squid and semimoist feed (protein - 40 %, lipid - 9.5 %, fibre - 2% and moisture- 31%) twice daily at a rate of 3-5% of their body weight. After a period of 1.7 years, the fishes started showing courtshipbehaviour and initiated spawning. The oocytes were of 3-3.3 mm in length and 1.1-1.9 mm in width. Approximately200-300 eggs spawned the first time and the number of eggs gradually increased in subsequent spawnings. Spawning wasobtained at an interval of 12-14 days providing an average of two spawnings per month. The incubation period of the eggswere 7-8 days and the fertilised eggs hatched on the 8 th day, soon after sunset, generally between 19.00 and 20.00 hrs.Different strains of cultured plankton like Isochrysis galbana, Nanochloropsis oculata, L-type rotifer Brachionus plicatilis,calanoid copepod Acartia southwelli and Artemia were used as feed for larvae. The newly hatched larvae with a total lengthof 5±0.16 mm metamorphosed to juveniles on the 40 th day (18.87±0.07 mm). Black ocellaris is a highly priced clownfishand can be used to crossbreed with the normal orange coloured ocellaris clown fish to produce different colour variant
... Tỷ lệ trứng hao hụt trong thời gian ấp có thể liên quan đến tập tính ăn trứng của loài cá này. Tập tính ăn trứng cũng đã được ghi nhận trên nhiều loài cá khoang cổ [24][25][26]. Trứng bị ăn thường là trứng không thụ tinh, trứng yếu, trứng bệnh. Tuy nhiên, trong thí nghiệm này có ghi nhận những trường hợp thường xảy ra với cá bố mẹ đẻ lần đầu, sau thời gian ấp đến ngày thứ 7, mặc dù nhận thấy sự phát triển điểm mắt của trứng nhưng cá bố mẹ vẫn tiếp tục ăn trứng. ...
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of astaxanthin in broodfish diets on reproductive performance, egg quality and larvae quality parameters of clownfish (Amphirion ocellaris). Five treatments were tested with 5 levels of astaxanthin (Carophyll Pink 10% CWS) of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg added to the feed. Each treatment was repeated in triplicate and the supplemental feeding trials were arranged for 13 months. The results showed that there were significant differences in hatching rate of egg, malformed rate and survival rate of larvae in 3 days post-hatch (p<0.05) among the feeding trials of astaxanthin supplements. The highest hatching rate of egg and survival rate and the lowest malformed rate of larvae were observed in the treatment that was supplemented with astaxanthin 150 mg/kg feed, respectively 92.14 %; 93.57 % and 0.55 %. However, the astaxanthin supplementary diets did not affect the re-maturation and spawning period, spawning frequency, fecundity, egg diameter and larval size of nemo fish among the treatments. The results also suggested that astaxanthin requirement for clownfish broodstock to improve reproductive performance was 150 mg/kg feed.
Anemones are beautiful and unique fish from the Ovalentaria order, the Pomacentridae family, and the Pomacentrinae subfamily, which are distributed with 30 different species in the waters of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Anemones have quickly become one of the most popular ornamental fish due to many biological characteristics, including small size, tendency to small territories, sexual dimorphism, sequential hermaphroditism, high reproductive frequency, visual appeal, ease of spawning and adaptation to the captive environment. They became marine, which is very valuable for ecological, scientific, and commercial purposes. They were the first fish in coral areas that were successfully reproduced in captivity, although their commercial breeding has always been accompanied by challenges, and success in this regard depends on compliance with the technical rules of production, especially increasing the survival rate of newborns. The development of appropriate breeding and breeding methods at the scale of laboratory research is of great value to scientists interested in using anemones as a model organism. Therefore, in this article, the biotechnological rules of the production of these fish, including broodstock breeding system, breeding and maintenance of broodstock, diet, spawning bed, common larval rearing systems, breeding method without broodstock care, and other relevant practical points were discussed based on the latest scientific findings.
The marine ornamental fish trade is a sunrise industry in aquaculture and has become a growing industry worldwide. As a result, the trade of marine ornamentals has been expanding in recent years and has grown into a multimillion-dollar enterprise mainly due to the emergence of modern aquarium gadgets and technologies for setting and maintenance of miniature reef aquaria. Since the marine ornamental trade is operated throughout the tropics, the global marine ornamental trade is estimated at US$ 200-330 million. Since India is endowed with a vast resource potential of marine ornamentals distributed in the coral seas and rocky coasts with patchy coral formations and the increasing the demand in the domestic trade, it appears very much lucrative for India to venture into this industry. But it is a multi stakeholder industry ranging from specimen collectors, culturists, wholesalers, transhippers, retailers, hobbyists, researchers, government resource managers and conservators, and hence involves a series of issues to be addressed and policies to be formulated for developing and expanding a sustainable trade. Nearly 98% of the marine ornamental fishes marketed are wild collected from coral reefs of tropical countries. This has been threatening the long term sustainability of the trade due to indiscriminate exploitation of coral reef areas. The only alternative for the sustainable trade is the captive production which involved broodstock development, breeding, live feed culture, larviculture, growout, aquarium technology, diseases, packing and transportation, etc. The Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) has been focusing on this vital aspect of this low volume and high-value industry for the
past few years.
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