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Epidemiological study on prevalence of Hepatitis B virus among Baghdad.
Abstract
Epidemiological study on prevalence of Hepatitis B virus among Baghdad population in 2007
Areej Atiyah Hussein-College of Medicine/University of Diyala
Abstract
This study aimed to known the epidemiology, prevalence rate of infection with Hepatitis B virus(HBV)and relationship with sex in Baghdad Governorate in 2007.
A field survey had been carried out to investigate of infection in patients of central public Health Laboratory (CPHL),held from January-2007 to December-2007.blood sample were examined 1350, (650 ) from females and (700) from males of different years of age. Each specimen was examined and identified by serological test.
The results of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test revealed that prevalence rate was (7.33%).
By using infected patient serum (99).there was significant statistical difference (P>0.05) between females and males
... This was also confirmed by study done by Selma (1993) in Baghdad population [16]. Other study done by Hussein, showed that prevalence rate of hepatitis B virus infection in Baghdad was 7.33% in 2007 [17]. ...
... The present study provided evidence that individuals with low educational level (illiterate and primary school) and from low socio-economic standard were more susceptible to the infection than those have high educational level and from high socio-economic standard this result agreement with study done by [17] also with study of [26]. ...
Background: Hepatitis B virus has strong preference for infecting liver cells, but small amounts of hepadnaviral DNA can be found in kidney, pancreas, and mononuclear cells. Infection with hepatitis B virus leads to a wide spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from an asymptomatic carrier state to self-limited acute or fulminant hepatitis to chronic hepatitis with progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objective: To assess the frequency of hepatitis B virus in two hospitals in Diyala province. Materials and methods: One-handed seven sera samples collected from patients infected with hepatitis B virus (66 males and 41 females), age range (1-83) years, admitted to two hospitals in Diyala province, Baquba Teaching Hospital and Al-Makdadea'a Hospital during the period from January 2013 till December 2013. Sera were collected and labeled to subsequent analysis by used enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen. Results: A total number of (107) serum samples were included, belonging to patients infected with hepatitis B virus. The age of patients ranged from (1-83) years with mean of 42.22 years. The highest percentage was diagnosed in the age group of 26-50 years. The percentage in male (61.68%) was more than in female (38.31%), also significant correlation was found between viral infection and blood transfusion, there was no significant difference noticed in social state, economic and educational level. Conclusion: HBV infection is considered its vaccine problem disease. The highest Age-specific frequency in patients with HBV was in the age group of 26-50 years, the male was found more effect than female, significant prevalence of HBV among marred patients. But there was no significant difference noticed in social state, economic and educational level. Most of affected people have no knowlege about the disease and mode of transmission.
... Acupuncturists and parlors have occasionally been connected to outbreaks. Seldom has it been proven that HBsAg-positive medical staff can spread the illness to patients [18,19].Iraq was the subject of just two sizable retrospective studies and two prospective studies, and the few fully published papers on HBV infections are few and far between because the majority of them focus on risk categories [20]. The current study investigates the prevalence of HBV infections in a varied group of healthy individuals who had common investigations, such as premarital exams, employment background checks, or pre-operative preparation, as well as individuals with suspected hepatitis cases [21][22][23].Our study indicated that the people who aged between (50-60years) constituted (34.978%) more affected with HBV than other age group. ...
s: The purpose of the study was to determine the incidence and epidemiology of the ten-year hepatitis B virus type (2011-2020).The province of Nineveh's hepatitis (B) prevalence was calculated using a retrospective analysis. The study's time frame is (2011 2020). The data collection mechanism was adopted by the Nineveh Health Department, the public sector, the Communicable Diseases Unit, through the records in the unit, for a period of ten years, from 2011 to 2020.The age, sex, residence and occupation of the infected were determined, and those infected with hepatitis B virus. For the analysis of the data "frequency, percentage" descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used.The study's findings revealed that the proportion of men was approximately (70.892%) larger than that of women, and that the age range with the highest viral hepatitis infection rates was between (1-60) and by (34.978%). The average age was (52.2+2.65).This study concluded that the infection rate among the elderly was much higher than that of children and adults. The reason is that elderly people have much lower immunity than adults, so they are more susceptible.
... Acupuncturists and parlors have occasionally been connected to outbreaks. Seldom has it been proven that HBsAg-positive medical staff can spread the illness to patients [18,19].Iraq was the subject of just two sizable retrospective studies and two prospective studies, and the few fully published papers on HBV infections are few and far between because the majority of them focus on risk categories [20]. The current study investigates the prevalence of HBV infections in a varied group of healthy individuals who had common investigations, such as premarital exams, employment background checks, or pre-operative preparation, as well as individuals with suspected hepatitis cases [21][22][23].Our study indicated that the people who aged between (50-60years) constituted (34.978%) more affected with HBV than other age group. ...
The purpose of the study was to determine the incidence and epidemiology of the ten-year hepatitis B virus type (2011-2020).The province of Nineveh's hepatitis (B) prevalence was calculated using a retrospective analysis. The study's time frame is (2011 2020). The data collection mechanism was adopted by the Nineveh Health Department, the public sector, the Communicable Diseases Unit, through the records in the unit, for a period of ten years, from 2011 to 2020.The age, sex, residence and occupation of the infected were determined, and those infected with hepatitis B virus. For the analysis of the data "frequency, percentage" descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used.The study's findings revealed that the proportion of men was approximately (70.892%) larger than that of women, and that the age range with the highest viral hepatitis infection rates was between (1-60) and by (34.978%). The average age was (52.2+2.65).This study concluded that the infection rate among the elderly was much higher than that of children and adults. The reason is that elderly people have much lower immunity than adults, so they are more susceptible.
... Positive HBsAg signifies that the participants had chronic HBV infection and should be managed accordingly and positive Hbc Ab indicate a past or current HBV infection and does not provide any protection against hepatitis B virus. In the current study, HBcAb positivity among HBsAg-negative patients was 10.9%, it is generally interpreted as having previous HBV exposure, but it could also indicate occult HBV infection (Hussein, 2008), although we were unable to determine exactly how many of them had occult HBV infection. A recent study from Heilongjiang Province (a northeast neighbor to Jilin Province) showed that nearly 1 out of 10 patients with negative HBsAg had occult HBV infection. ...
... Before 2000, it was 0.97% in blood donors and 4.17 in the apparently healthy population. 14,17 One large scale community-based study established in Iraq found that HBs Ag seroprevalence was 1.6%. 18 Alsamarai et al. 19 found in a study performed in Iraq during the period of 2011 to 2013 that HBs Ag seroprevalence was 3.3%. ...
... Before 2000, it was 0.97% in blood donors and 4.17 in the apparently healthy population. 14,17 One large scale community-based study established in Iraq found that HBs Ag seroprevalence was 1.6%. 18 Alsamarai et al. 19 found in a study performed in Iraq during the period of 2011 to 2013 that HBs Ag seroprevalence was 3.3%. ...
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are counted as a public health issue worldwide. The virus is transmitted to infect others through blood and blood products. Appointed blood groups and Rh-positive are more prone to the transmission of the infection by blood transfusion. The aim of this study is to find out the frequency of hepatitis B and C in apparently healthy blood donors and whether there is an association between ABO and Rh blood groups. ABO blood groups and their relationship with HBV and HCV infections were studied in 87,124 blood donors of both genders. Out of these donors, 353 individuals were found to be infected with HBV and HCV with a ratio of 1:250. The study was conducted between January to June 2018, which was presented to the Central Blood Bank in Baghdad and Al-Razi Medical Centre. It found that most hepatitis B and C blood donors were blood group O with a prevalence of 33.7 and 45.5%, respectively, while the results for those with blood group A showed 28.5 and 22.7% HBV and HCV infections, respectively. On the other hand, the incidence of HBV in individuals with blood group B was 29.8%, and HCV was 23.8%. AB blood group donors demonstrated the least incidence at 7.9% for both HBV and HCV. In conclusion, it has been found that there is a significant association between blood groups and Rh factor with hepatitis B and C infections.
We used molecular epidemiologic techniques to document patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) between
2 outpatient oral surgery patients operated on 161 min apart. Serological testing of 25 (93%) of 27 patients operated on after
the source patient revealed that 19 (76%) of 25 were previously immune to HBV; no additional cases were identified.We found
no deficiencies in infection control practices. Transmission may have been limited by the high prevalence (64%) of patients
vaccinated against HBV. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of patient-to-patient transmission of a bloodborne
pathogen in a dental setting in the United States.
The definite indications for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B are serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels greater than 10(5) copies/mL and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels more than 2 times the upper limit of normal. If cirrhosis is present, an HBV DNA level greater than 10(5) copies/mL is the sole criterion for treatment. Treatment end points include hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion for HBeAg-positive patients, reduction of HBV DNA levels to less than 10(5) copies/mL, and normalization of ALT values. These guidelines may apply to patients who acquire the hepatitis B infection during adolescence or adulthood but are less suitable for most hepatitis B carriers, who are infected in early life. Cirrhosis complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma, often occur in this latter group despite HBeAg seroconversion, HBV DNA levels less than 10(4) copies/mL, or ALT levels between 0.5 and 2 times the upper limit of normal. Therefore, HBeAg seroconversion may not be an adequate end point for these patients; the ideal treatment end points are permanent suppression of HBV DNA to levels undetectable by polymerase chain reaction and reduction of ALT levels to less than 0.5 times the upper limit of normal.
Hepatitis viruses may cause liver cancer (HCC) through an indirect mechanism inducing inflammation and cirrhosis. Only hepatitis B virus (HBV) was shown to have a direct oncogenetic potential. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection, superimposed on the oncogenetic background provided by chronic HBV infection, appears to provide an additional risk for HCC. Patients with florid infections from both HBV and HDV and active liver inflammation develop HCC at a significantly younger age than those infected by HBV alone or infected by hepatitis C virus (about 10 years earlier). In patients positive for serum HBV-DNA/HDV-RNA and/or IgM anti-HBc/IgM anti-HD it is mandatory to program a more frequent (thrice a year) schedule of screenings (ultrasound scan, alpha-1-phetoprotein, etc.) for prophylaxis of HCC.
The infectivity of a serum sample for hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be excluded only when it is inoculated intravenously in susceptible hosts (chimpanzees) without inducing seroconversion to markers of HBV. Other tests can be used as surrogate markers of HBV infectivity. Screening of blood for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) had a tremendous impact in the reduction of post transfusion type B hepatitis. The absence of anti-HBc, HBsAg and HBV-DNA in a given serum would almost completely exclude HBV infectivity, however the use of all these tests together is not always worthed in terms of cost/benefit and we have to select one of them according to the different goals and situations. Detection of HBV-DNA by molecular hybridization is a simple, sensitive and reproducible procedure that allows rapid examination of multiple samples. Detection of viral nucleic acid can not be proposed as a routine test for blood screening because the finding of HBV-DNA in a HBsAg negative serum is only a remote possibility. A very sensitive hybridization assay, however, should be mandatory to test biological material (immunoglobulins, clotting factors or other blood products) processed for use in man. Detection of anti-HBc as screening test of blood units is worthless in countries like Italy where more than 25% of the general population have serum markers of HBV infection. In conclusion we are almost (> 99%) sure that a given biological sample is not infectious for HBV when it is repeatedly negative for HBV-DNA even if other markers of HBV can be present in it (HBsAg or any antibody to HBV). Of course we can not exclude the potential infectivity of a given person only because her/his blood is negative for HBV-DNA. Too many dynamic events occur in the natural history of HBV infection that no single test can ever explain.
The serologic heterogeneity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been established from immunodiffusion experiments for a long time. Four serotypes called subtypes of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) have been defined by two mutually exclusive determinant pairs, d/y and w/r, and a common determinant a. These subtypes are adw, ayw, adr and ayr. By subdivision of the four major subtypes in the mid-70s, nine different subtypes were identified. Sequencing of viral genomes has now become a major goal of descriptive virology, and sequence data is now used to trace routes of infection, to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of viruses and two delimit genetic subtypes. A genetic classification based on the comparison of complete genomes has defined four genomic groups of HBV, later referred upon as genotypes, which were designated with A-D. However, the interrelation of the nine subtypes to the genotypes, the possible presence of more than four human HBV genotypes as well as their global geographical prevalence remained to be determined. By sequencing the S-gene of HBV the molecular basis was assessed for the serological variations of HBsAg within the major four subtypes. Thereby, also two new genotypes of HBV designated with E and F were identified. Complete genomic sequencing of E and F strains confirmed their status as new genotypes. The F genotype was found to diverge from other HBV genomes sequenced by 14%, thus being the most divergent HBV genome so far characterized. When the worldwide molecular epidemiology of HBV based on the variability of the S-gene was defined, the E and F strains seemed to originate in aboriginal populations of Africa and the New World, respectively. They shared a unique substitution at residue 140 in the second immunodominant loop of their encoded surface antigen when compared to the vaccine strain. Future research will establish whether this substitution may predispose to a vaccine escape mutant at residue 141, that now has been reported to occur in conjunction with the 140 substitution.
The primary goal of hepatitis B prevention programs is reduction of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and HBV-related chronic liver disease. Although donor screening, risk-reduction counseling and services, and effective infection control practices can reduce or eliminate the potential risk for HBV transmission, immunization is by far the single most effective prevention measure. Worldwide, the integration of hepatitis B vaccine into existing childhood vaccination schedules has the greatest likelihood of long-term success. However, by 2000, only 116 of 215 countries had such a policy, representing 31% of the global birth cohort. In addition, efforts must be strengthened to vaccinate older adolescents and adults with high-risk behaviors or occupations in countries where most HBV transmission and the morbidity associated with acute hepatitis B occur among persons in these age groups. Although continued immunization of successive birth cohorts should achieve the eventual elimination of HBV transmission, this will not occur for decades without successful vaccination of adults at increased risk for infection.
A neonate vaccinated against HBV was the source of an occupational exposure to blood. She was tested for hepatitis B surface antigen and found to be positive, leading to unnecessary treatment, retesting, and concern. Evaluation of the infectious status of HBV should rely on other means if vaccination has recently occurred.
Eight genotypes of hepatitis B virus (A-H) are currently recognized, and subgenotypes have recently been described in four of these genotypes (A, B, C and F). The genotypes show a distinct geographical distribution between and even within regions, and are proving to be an invaluable tool in tracing the molecular evolution and patterns and modes of spread of hepatitis B virus. Structural and functional differences between genotypes can influence the severity, course and likelihood of complications, and response to treatment of hepatitis B virus infection and possibly vaccination against the virus. Although the number of studies on these genotypes has increased dramatically during recent years, much remains to be learnt about their full implications.
Current issues in immunization against hepatitis A and B are discussed, including the need to abandon risk-based approaches in favour of universal vaccination, the use of combined hepatitis A and B vaccines and multivalent vaccines, the development of third-generation triple antigen hepatitis B vaccines and polyvalent vaccines.
The emergence of hepatitis B surface antigen mutants remains a concern in diagnostic work and immunoprophylaxis and horizontal transmission of the G145R variant stresses the need for surveillance programmes. The more recent and unfounded concerns about the safety of hepatitis B vaccines are noted. Innovative approaches to vaccine production including DNA vaccines and the expression of hepatitis B antigen components in plants (edible vaccines) are reviewed.
This review describes further evidence to support the introduction of universal immunization against hepatitis B in those countries where this has yet to be implemented. Immunization programmes will continue to evolve to include the administration of polyvalent vaccines in order to best protect populations against infectious diseases.
Hepatitis B is a major public health problem in the world today. Since 1985, the number of reported cases has declined as a direct result of universal immunization of neonates, vaccination of at-risk populations, lifestyle or behavioral changes in high-risk groups, refinements in the screening of blood donors, and the use of virally inactivated or genetically engineered products in patients with bleeding disorders. New and potent antiviral agents being developed and evaluated provide hope and optimism for those who are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. Prevention remains the most effective strategy in the global management of hepatitis B virus. Universal immunization programs prevent hepatitis B virus transmission and circumvent acute and chronic infection.