Content uploaded by Rafiqul Zaman Khan
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Rafiqul Zaman Khan on Jun 23, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Rafiqul Zaman Khan
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Rafiqul Zaman Khan on Jun 23, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Rafiqul Zaman Khan
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Rafiqul Zaman Khan on Jun 23, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
A Comparative Study on IPv4 and IPv6
Atena Shiranzaei
Research Scholar/Department of
Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh, U.P, India
atena.shiranzaei@gmail.com
Abstract__ The addresses of Internet protocol (IP) are a
vital resource for the Internet. In the network, IP
address is assigned to every interface which connects to
the Internet. The addresses are still assigned by using
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). IPv4 has
demonstrated robust, compatibility with vast range of
protocols, applications and easy implementation. IPv4
had been supposed to cover all the network interfaces,
however with huge increase of the number of devices
(computer, mobile, tablet, routers, server, etc) the
reserve of assigned addresses is exhausted. IPv6 has
been deployed for providing new services and for
supporting the internet growth. This study compares
the key specifications of IPv4 and IPv6, contrasts IPv4
and IPv6 header’s fields, the structure of headers,
explains advantages of IPv6 and disadvantages of IPv4,
and why we are running out of IPv4.
Index terms – IPv4, IPv6, IPv4 Header, IPv6
Header, Comparison IPv4 and IPv6
I. INTRODUCTION
Internet Protocol (IP) is one of the important
protocols in TCP/IP. This protocol identifies hosts
and routes data between them over the Internet. The
first generation of IP which has been used broadly is
IPv4. It had supported growth of Internet for a long
time. It was run in a trusted closed environment.
Therefore, it didn’t require any security mechanism
for keeping safe hosts and network elements. IPv4
supposed to be the last version with vast space of
addresses (4000 millions). Imaging that these days
mobile phones, desktops, androids and huge number
of other internet devices connected to the internet.
However, the fast expansion of IP makes shortage of
IPv4 addresses. IPv4 was sufficient at the time of its
beginning, it has never estimated the security, easier
configuration, growth the number of IP addresses and
quality of service.
Rafiqul Zaman Khan
Associate Professor /Department of
Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh, U.P, India
rzk32@yahoo.co.in, rzkhan.cs@.amu.ac.in
The next generation of IP which widely
expanded is IPv6. IPv6 was developed to solve the
shortage of addressing and most of the IPv4’s
limitations. The reminder of this study is structured
as follows: Section 2 of this paper introduces IPv4.
Section 3 briefly describes IPv6. Section 4 contrasts
IPv4 and IPv6. Section 5 compares IPv4 and IPv6
header.
II. INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 4
In 1978, Internet Protocol version 4(IPv4)
was developed and determined in 1981 [1]. The
fourth version of Internet Protocol is IPv4 and the
first version of protocol that has been widely used.
IPv4 uses 32 bit addressing which the capacity of it is
4.3 billion or 232 unique internet addresses. IPv4
involves of five classes, A, B, C, D and E. Class A, B
and C specify the different length of host and
network. The addresses of class D are used for
multicasting group. And class E is kept for future use.
Each address involves four 8-octets which resulting
an address with 32 bits length. An example of an
IPv4 address is 192.168.1.10.
III. INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6
The next generation of IP is Internet
Protocol version 6 (IPv6) which intended to succeed
IPv4. The development of IPv6 started in 1991 and
integrated in 1997 [2]. Eventually, Internet
Corporation for assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN) added the addresses of IPv6 to its DNS
server in 2004 [2].
In contrast to IPv4, IPv6 address space is
128 bits. It allows 2128 or 3.4 *1038 unique addresses
[3]. IPv6 addressing format is represented by eight
16-bit hexadecimal number fields which separated by
“:”.
For
instance
2201:0000:3838:DCE1:0163:0000:0000:FECB or
in
the
easiest
way we are able to write
it
as
9
International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
2201:0:3838:DCE1:0163::FECB.
IV. COMPARISON OF IPV4 AND IPV6
and IPv6 compared in various concepts, IP
addresses, and IP functions.
There
are
different differences
between IPv4 and IPv6. In the Table 1, IPv4
Table 1. Comparison of IPv4 and IPv6
S.N
Category
IPv4
IPv6
1.
Deployed
1981[1]
1999[1]
2.
Length of address
32 bits (4 bytes)
128 bits (16 bytes)
3.
Total number
of
4,294,967,296 unique addresses
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,7
addresses
68,211,456 unique addresses
4.
Style of address
Each IPv4 address is represented in
IPv6 address is represented in eight
four sets decimal digit, which is
hexadecimal digit sets, which is divided by
divided by dots (“.”). Such as
colons (“:”).
192.168.10.3, and the limited area of
each set is from “0” to “255”.If all
For
instance
digits in each set is zero, we use single
FA90:0000:0000:0000:0301:B3EE:FE1E:80
zero, for example 192.168.0.0 [4,5].
09, If all digits in each set is zero, we put
only a double
colon.
For example
FA90::0301:B3EE:FE1E:8009 [4,5].
5.
Type of addresses
Broadcast: the packet is sent to all the
Multicast: the packet is sent to a number of
interfaces (hosts) [6]. Unicast: the
interfaces [7] Unicast: the packet is sent to
packet is sent to only one interface [6].
only one interface [7]. Anycast: in this case, a
Multicast: the packet is sent to some
number of interfaces is defined as
specific interfaces [6].
destinations but the packet is transferred to
one of the interfaces which are in set, it
depends on routing protocol.
6.
Address
ARP finds physical addresses, like the
ARP is substituted with a function of
Resolution
MAC or link address, which is
Neighbor Discovery Protocol using IMCPv6
Protocol (ARP)
associated by an IPv4 address [5].
to gain the MAC addresses [4,5].
7.
Communications
The task of communications trace is
same in IPv6 [5]
trace
gathering the information of trace of
TCP/IP packets which have been
entered or leaved.
8.
Configuration
IP address is configured by either
Auto configuration is one of the important
DHCP or manually [8].
features of IPv6. It is known as “plug &
play” which allows a node to configure its
address by itself. There are two ways of
autoconfiguration in IPv6: (1).The stateless
autoconfiguration: in this case the address of
host doesn’t have to be configured manually,
and sometimes routers need minimal
configuration.(2).The
stateful
autoconfiguration:
this
kind
of
autoconfiguration is equivalent to the DHCP
protocol of IPv4.
Here a host gets the IP addresses of its
interfaces through a DHCPv6 server that is a
10
International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
pool of addresses which allocated to the
interfaces.
Auto-configuration is easier and more
manageable for large installations [7,8,9].
9.
Domain
Name
For mapping the name of hosts to the
For mapping the name of host to the
Service (DNS)
IPv4 addresses and reverse, it uses
addresses of IPv4 and reverse, it uses host
host address (A) resource records in
address (AAAA) resource records in DNS
DNS [8].
[8,10].
10.
DNS
record
type
For mapping IPv4 addresses to hosts
For mapping IPv6 addresses to hosts PTR
and
location
for
PTR records in IN-ADDR.ARPA
records in IP6.ARPA DNS domain [8].
reverse
name
DNS domain [8].
resolution
11.
Dynamic
Host
IPv4 is used DHCP to allocate
IPv6 uses DHCPv6[10].
Configuration
dynamic IP addresses to the various
Protocol (DHCP)
devices over a network.
12.
File
Transfer
FTP lets you to send and receive
FTP doesn’t support IPv6 [5].
Protocol (FTP)
information through the network.
13.
Fragmentation
When a packet is too big for the next
Sender does fragmentation[12].
link, it should be fragmented. In IPv4,
Sender and forwarding routers are
responsible for fragmentation [4].
14.
Internet
Control
network devices use ICMP to send
It is used similarly by IPv4; although,
Message
Protocol
error messages, for example ICMP
ICMPv6 has some more sufficient attributes,
(ICMP)
destination unreachable messages, and
such as error reporting in packet
processing,
informational
messages,
like ICMP
diagnostic
activities,
Neighbor
Discovery
echo
process and IPv6 multicast membership
request and reply messages [11].
reporting [11].
15.
Router Discovery
ICMP Router Discovery allows hosts
ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router
to define the default gateway router to
Advertisement messages work instead of
reach devices on different networks, it
ICMP Router Discovery. It is required [8].
is important to note that it is optional
[12].
16.
Internet
Group
IGMP is to exchange and update the
The usage of Multicast Listener Discovery
Management
information
of
host
membership
(MLD) is to realize multicast listeners
Protocol (IGMP)
which is in specific multicast groups.
(specific nodes that defined to gathering
Additionally, hosts are able to
multicast packets which destined for specific
distinguish
interest in
gathering
multicast addresses) on the links that are
multicast traffic from specific sources
attached directly [14].
or specific set of sources [13].
17.
Maximum
The maximum size of a packet which
The maximum size of a packet that a
Transmission Unit
can be supported by a specific link is
particular link can support is 1280 byte [5].
(MTU)
576 byte [5].
18.
Loopback address
An interface by
one
address of
The
loopback
address
is
127.*.*.* are a loopback address
0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001
which a node can use it to send a
or ::1. The name of physical address is
packet to itself. The name of physical
*LOOPBACK [5].
address is *LOOPBACK [5].
19.
Network
address
NAT is a process to assign a public IP
IPv6 doesn’t require NAT [5].
Translation
address to network devices, usually
(NAT)
Firewalls. NAT’s purpose is to
decrease the amount of public
addresses [5].NAT gives IP addresses
which are private to the users then a
group of users can get the internet by
11
International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
using a public IP address. So, NAT
has faced a lot of problems: (1) NAT
makes problem in RTC (Real Time
Communication) protocol.
RTC is
used for VoIP and multimedia
communication. (2) It makes security
problems. Because it has to change the
IPSec headers as well as it harms the
end to end security and data integrity
(3) Peer to peer communication needs
unique IP address. NAT creates peer
to peer communication
problem
because it is difficult to establish a
proper connection between users with
the public IP usage [15].
20.
Routing protocols
RIP,RIP-2,IGRP,EIGRP,OSPF-
RIPng,OSPF-3,EIGRP,IS-IS,PIM,BGP-
2,OSPF-3,MOSPF,IS-
4[16].
IS,DVMRP,PIM,EGP,BGP-4[16].
21.
Quality of Service
QoS lets you to demand packet
In Ipv6 there is a field which is known as
bandwidth and priority for TCP/IP
Flow Label field. This field defines how
application [14]. In other word, QoS is
specific packets are identified as well as
a mechanism to transfer a multimedia
carried by the routers. The Flow Label field
packet such as music, voice and video
lets the packets which begin from a specific
with good quality but in IPv4 there
host to a particular destination to be
isn’t any assurance that all QoS
identified and handled by the routers [17].
compliant devices are compatible with
The purpose of QoS mechanisms are [7]:
another device [17].
-
Real time application.
- Less latence and “jitter”.
- More tolerance to packet losses.
- Retransmissions are less important.
- More importance of the temporal
relationship.
22.
Renumbering
When we are interested in extending a
Renumbering is one of the important
network or merging the networks we
elements of IPv6, and it is automatic [5].
have to renumber the IP addresses of
networks, And it is done manually.
This is a troublesome and difficult
process [5].
23.
Simple
Network
SNMP is used for managing a system
Doesn’t use in IPv6 [5].
Management
[5].
Protocol (SNMP)
24.
Virtual
Private
VPN lets you to explode a private
VPN supports IPv6 [5].
Network (VPN)
network on a public network [5].
25.
Security
Security is bounded to tunnelling
IPv6 provides data security, which involves
between two networks [18].
end-to-end backing for user authentication,
data encryption and data integrity [18].
26.
IPSec support
Optional[10]
One of the important protocols in IPv6 is
IPSec. It involves a set of cryptographic
protocols for making secure communication
and key exchange. The major protocols used
are:
(1)
Authentication Header
(AH)
Protocol:
it enables authentication
and
integrity of data. (2) Encapsulating Security
12
International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
Payload (ESP): ESP enables authentication,
integrity of data and privacy of data .(3)
Internet Key Exchange (IKE): this protocol
sets up the security between two end points
and holds the track of information therefore
the communication will be secured until the
end [10,17,19].
27.
Mobility
Ipv4 doesn’t support mobility and
Use MIPv6 with faster routing, handover and
handover. It means if a mobile node
hierarchical mobility [10].
changes its location then the address
of node needs to be established again
[1]. Mobile IPv4 (MIPv4) is used by
IPv4 [10].
V. COMPARISON OF IPV4 AND IPV6
HEADER
IPv4 header outlined in the Figure 1 [21]:
32 Bits
Version
Header
Type of
Total length
Length
service
Identification
Flag
Fragment
offset
Time To live
Protocol
Header checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Option
Padding
Figure. 1 IPv4 header
IPv6 header has removed all the useless
options and added some of them into a field which is
called extension header. The Figure 2, shown the IP
header of IPv6 [21]:
32 Bits
Traffic
Version
class
Flow Label
Payload Length
Next Header
Hop
Limit
Source Address
Destination Address
Figure. 2 IPv6 header
In the table 2, you can see a comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 headers:
Table 2. Compare IPv4 and IPv6
IPv4 Header’s Field
IPv6 Header’s Field
S.N
Name
of
Length
Description
Name
of
Length
Description
Field
Field
1.
Version
4 bits
This field’s value is
Version
4 bits
The value of this field is 6.
the
version
of
IP.
In IPv4 the value of
this field is 4.
2.
Header
4 bits
Header’s length
Header
___
___
Length
Length Field
is removed
in
IPV6
Header [24].
3.
Type
of
8 bits
The
way
that
a
Traffic class
8 bits
The function is same as Type of
Service
datagram has to be
Service
carried [21].
Field in IPv4 [24].
4.
There is
no
____
___
Flow Label
20 bits
QoS is a mechanism to transfer a
13
International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
Flow Label
multimedia packet
like voice,
Field in IPv4
video
and
music.
The
Header
functionality of Flow Label field
is same as QoS.
5.
Total Length
16 bits
Gives
router
the
Payload
16 bits
The
process is similar to Total
total length
of
IP
Length
Length Field in IPv4[24]
header
and
data
[21].
6.
Identification
16 bits
It
identifies
the
Identification
___
This field is removed in ipv6
value
is
allocated
Field
is
header [24].
by
the
sender
to
removed
in
help in assembling
IPV6 Header
the
fragments
of a
datagram [21].
7.
Flags
3 bits
It specifies
an
IP
Flags Field is
___
This field is removed in ipv6
packet
might
be
removed
in
header [24].
fragmented
or
not
IPV6 Header
[13,21].
8.
Fragment
13 bits
It shows
the exact
Fragment
___
This field is removed in ipv6
offset
location
of
a
Offset
Field
header [24].
datagram
in
a
is
removed
fragment [15, 21].
in
IPV6
Header
9.
Time To live
8 bits
It
displays
the
Hop Limit
8 bits
The
function is similar to Time
maximum
time
To live
when a datagram is
Field in IPv4
permitted to be
up
in
the
Internet
system. [21].
10.
Protocol
8 bits
At destination host,
Next Header
8 bits
The
function
is
similar
to
it
defines
the
Protocol
protocol
that
the
Field in IPv4
packet belongs to at
the
next
level
[13,
21].
11.
Header
16 bits
It surveys whether
Header
___
It is handled by upper-layer
Checksum
the packet received
Checksum
protocols. Thus, it is removed in
error-free [13, 21].
Field
is
IPv6.
removed
in
IPV6 Header
12.
Source
32 bits
The
address
of
Source
128 bits
The address of sender.
Address
sender.
Address
13.
Destination
32 bits
The
address
of
Address
128 bits
The address of receiver.
Address
receiver.
14.
Options
Variable
This
field
is
Option
Field
___
Added into Extension header
optional.
These
is
removed
options can involve
in
IPV6
values
for
options
Header
like
Security,
Record
Route,
Time
Stamp
and
etc [13, 21].
15.
Padding
Variable
Padding
will
be
Padding
___
Added into Extension header
added at the end of
Field
is
a packet by header
removed
in
14
International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
length field if
the
IPV6 Header
size
of
header
is
less
than
standard
size. [13, 21].
16.
There
is no
___
___
Extension
Variable
Extension Field is added into
Extension
headers
IPv6 Header. It handles security
headers Field
and the function of options field
in
IPv4
in IPv4 [24]
Header
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper we compared IPv4 and IPv6 in
history, address structure, header’s structure, the
fields of headers, security, routing protocols, IP
address configuration, function of different protocols,
etc. IPv4 is the first version of protocol which has
been used globally. When IPv4 was designed, it was
estimated to be used for a long time, but the number
of devices which are able to connect network is
increasing, so that IPv4 faced some problems. In this
study we found the main drawbacks of IPv4 and the
major features of IPv6 that eliminates the drawbacks
of IPv4. Address shortage is one of the important
problems of IP, people use multiple devices like PC,
laptop, PDA and phones thus the request for IP
addresses is raising thus the number of IPv4
addresses is being a problem in future. IPv6 provides
larger address space, the length of address in IPv4 is
32-bit, it is increased to 128-bit in IPv6. Mobility is
another drawback of IPv4, if a mobile node changes
its location, it will lose the current IP address and it
should be established again. In contrast of IPv4, IPv6
enhances mobility. IPv6 allows mobile nodes to
change their location without dropping the IP
address. The security field (IPsec) in IPv4 is optional
and all the responsibility of security belongs to the
end nodes which is not safe. IPv6 header contains
IPsec field, and it is required. This field is
implemented by using AH, ESP and IKE. In IPv4,
the configuration of IP is done by either manually or
DHCP but IPv6 made configuration easy by using
auto configuration. According to the previous
considerations, IPv6 protocol will be better as
compared to the IPv4 protocol. It has arrived as the
next generation Internet Protocol and provides
several functionalities to eliminate the limitations of
IPv4.
REFERENCES
[1] S. L. Levin, and S. Schmidt. “IPv4 to IPv6:
challenges, solutions, and
lessons,” Telecommunications Policy, 2014.
[2] O. Babatunde, and O. Al-Debagy, “A comparative
review of internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) and
internet protocol version 6 (IPv6),” arXiv preprint
arXiv:1407.2717, 2014.
[3] C. E. Caicedo, J. B. D. Joshi, and S. R. Tuladhar.
“IPv6 security challenges,” IEEE Computer 42.2
,2009: 36-42.
[4] “Differences between IPv4 and IPv6,” omnisecu ,
[Online] , Available:
http://www.omnisecu.com/tcpip/ipv6/differences-
between-ipv4-and-ipv6.php [Accessed By 21 June
2014].
[5] “Comparison of IPv4 and IPv6”, ibm , [Online] 29
April 2007 , Available: http://www-
01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_ibm_i_72/
rzai2/rzai2compipv4ipv6.htm [Accessed By 21 June
2014].
[6] “IPv6 – tutorial,” Tutorialspoint, [Online] , Available:
http://Www.Tutorialspoint.Com/Ipv6/ [Accessed By
15 August 2014].
[7] J. I. Parra, “Comparison of IPv4 and IPv6 networks
including concepts for deployment and interworking,”
INFOTECH Seminar Advanced Communication
Services (ACS), Institute of Communication
Networks and Computer engineering. University of
Stuugart, 2004.
[8] “Introduction to IP version 6,” Microsoft , [Online]
September 2003 , Available:
http://Www.Microsoft.Com/En-In/Download/
Details.Aspx?Id=21536 [Accessed By 6 August
2014].
[9] S. Pachori .,”Ipv4 vs Ipv6 comparison ,“ 04 Feb
2013.
15
International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682
Vol.33, No.33, January 2015
<http://www.slideshare.net/shaileshpachori/master-
all-home>.
[10] E. Durdağı, and A. Buldu, “IPV4/IPV6 security and
threat comparisons,” Procedia-Social and Behavioral
Sciences 2.2 ,2010.
[11] Headquarters, Americas. “IPv6 Configuration Guide,
Cisco IOS XE Release 3S”, 2012.
[12] Headquarters, Americas. “First Hop Redundancy
Protocols Configuration Guide Cisco IOS Release
12.4T,” 2012.
[13] “Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP),”
micosoft , [Online] 21 January 2005 , Available:
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-
us/library/cc787925(v=ws.10).aspx [Accessed By 21
June 2014].
[14] Headquarters, Americas. “IP multicast: LSM
configuration guide, cisco IOS XE release 3S (Cisco
ASR 1000),” 2012.
[15] Y. Korkusuz, “Introduction to Ipv6 and benefits of
IPV6,” Bogazici University, Electrical-Electronics
Engineering Department, 2012.
[16] T. M. Blagal, and V. Dobrota, “Routing protocols in
IPv4 / IPv6 using linux,” University of Cluj-Napoca,
Department of Communications, Romania.
[17] “Top 10 features that make IPv6 'greater' than IPv4,”
K. Das, IPv6.com , [Online] , Available:
http://ipv6.com/articles/general/Top-10-Features-
that-make-IPv6-greater-than-IPv4.htm [Accessed By
21 June 2014].
[18] “Comparison of IPv4 and IPv6,” G. A. A. Murshed,
And D. Komosný , System Computing Research
Institute, [Online], Available:
http://www.systemcomputing.org/ssm14/comparison
_of_ipv4_and_ipv6.htm[Accessed By 21 June 2014].
[19] D. Minoli, And J. Kouns – “Security In An Ipv6
Environment;” CRC Press, pp.18-20.73-74, 2008.
[20] H. Shah, “Comparing TCP-IPV4/TCP-IPV6 Network
Performance”, Diss. University Of Missouri--
Columbia, Pp.123-126, 2013.
[21] A. Shiranzaei, And R. Z. Khan, “Internet protocol
versions- a review,” proceeding of the 9th
INDIACom; 2015 2nd International Conference on
Computing for Sustainable Global Development,in
press.
[22] “Differences IPv4 Vs IPv6”, techsutram , [Online] 1
March 2009 , Available:
http://www.techsutram.com/2009/03/differences-
ipv4-vs-ipv6.html [Accessed By 21 June 2014].
Authors Profile
Ms. Atena Shiranzaei , is a
research scholar in the Department
of Computer Science; Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
She joined her Ph.D course on 28-
05-2014. Her research interest includes Networking
and Security. She did Bachelor Degree in Computer
Software from Islamic Azad University of Zahedan ,
Iran. M.Sc in Computer Science from Osmania
University, Hyderabad, India.
Dr. Rafiqul Zaman Khan, is
presently working as a Associate
Professor in the Department of
Computer Science at Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
He received his B.Sc Degree from M.J.P Rohilkhand
University, Bareilly, M.Sc and M.C.A from A.M.U.
and Ph.D (Computer Science) from Jamia Hamdard
University. He has 20 years of Teaching Experience
of various reputed International and National
Universities viz King Fahad University of Petroleum
& Minerals (KFUPM), K.S.A, Ittihad University,
U.A.E, Pune University, Jamia Hamdard University
and AMU, Aligarh. He worked as a Head of the
Department of Computer Science at Poona College,
University of Pune. He also worked as a Chairman of
the Department of Computer Science, AMU, Aligarh.
His Research Interest includes Parallel &
Distributed Computing, Gesture Recognition,
Expert Systems and Network Security. He has
published about 50 research papers in International
Journals/Conferences. He is the Member of Advisory
Board of International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering (IJETAE),
Editorial Board of International Journal of Advances
in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), International
Journal of Computer Science Engineering and
Technology (IJCSET), International Journal in
Foundations of Computer Science & technology
(IJFCST) and Journal of Information Technology,
and Organizations (JITO).
16
