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Katarzyna Stawarz
Anna L. Cox
Ann Blandford
Positive
reinforcement
Cue
None
SMS
reminder
Lunch
None
SMS
confirmation
Table 1. Independent variables and study conditions
Participants
Design
×
×
No
cues
(Control)
group
Reminder
and
positive
reinforcement
(R&PR)
group
Materials
Procedure
Automaticity
η
η
η
Adherence
Figure 1. Automaticity scores for study conditions grouped by
cue type: no cues (dark gray), event-based cues (light gray)
and time-based cues (white dotted)
Figure 2. Adherence scores for study conditions grouped by
cue type: no cues (dark gray), event-based cues (light gray)
and time-based cues (white dotted)
η
η
η
Remembering Strategies
Missing Positive Reinforcement Messages
Functionality
Figure 3. Functionality of habit formation apps (N=115)
Habit Formation Support
Behavior Change Techniques
Functionality
Habit formation
elements
Behavior change techniques
Examples apps
Table 2. Apps functionality with corresponding elements of habit formation, behavior change techniques, and examples of
apps that provide such functionality. Apps marked with iare available for iOS and with afor Android phones.
Support trigger events
Use
reminders
to
reinforce
implementation
intentions
before
Avoid
features
that
teach
users
to
rely
on
technology.
Health Education
Research
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision
Processes
Proc. UbiComp 2008
Health
Education
&
Behavior
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of
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American Pharmacists
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Psychological
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Philosophical
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of
the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences
PLoS
Medicine
The
Interna-
tional Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Ac-
tivity
American
Psychologist
Memory
&
Cognition
In Proc. CHI 2011
Social Work Research & Abstracts
Health Psychology Review
European Journal of Social
Psychology
Psychology, Health &
Medicine
PR Web
Annals of Behavioral Medicine
Journal of Experimental
Social Psychology
Progress
in
behavior
modification
Prospective
memory:
Theory
and
applications.
Proc.
CHI
2014,
Health
Psychology
Applied
Cognitive
Psychology,
New Relic
Proc.
CHI
2014
Psycho-
logical Review
ABC
of
Behavior
Change:
A
Guide
to Successful
Disease
Prevention
and
Health
Promotion
Journal
of
Applied Social
Psychology
. Journal
of
Public
Policy
& Marketing
Journal
of Medical Internet Research
Psychological
Review
Jour-
nal
of
Consumer
Psychology
