Conservation Status of New Zealand Marine Invertebrates, 2013

Abstract

The conservation status of a proportion of all known New Zealand marine invertebrate taxa was
reassessed in June 2013 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) criteria.
A full list is presented, along with a statistical summary and brief notes on the most important
changes. This list replaces all previous NZTCS lists for marine invertebrates.

Full text

NEW ZEALAND THREAT CLASSIFICATION SERIES 9
Conservation status of New Zealand
marine invertebrates, 2013
Debbie Freeman, Kareen Schnabel, Bruce Marshall, Dennis Gordon, Stephen Wing, Di Tracey
and Rod Hitchmough

Cover: Black coral with snake stars, Fiordland, New Zealand. Photo: Stephen Wing.
New Zealand Threat Classification Series is a scientific monograph series presenting publications related to the New Zealand Threat
Classification System (NZTCS). Most will be lists providing NZTCS status of members of a plant or animal group (e.g. algae, birds, spiders).
There are currently 23 groups, each assessed once every 3 years. After each three-year cycle there will be a report analysing and summarising
trends across all groups for that listing cycle. From time to time the manual that defines the categories, criteria and process for the NZTCS will
be reviewed. Publications in this series are considered part of the formal international scientific literature.
This report is available from the departmental website in pdf form. Titles are listed in our catalogue on the website, refer
www.doc.govt.nz under Publications, then Science & technical.
© Copyright December 2014, New Zealand Department of Conservation
ISSN 2324–1713 (web PDF)
ISBN 978–0–478–15032–2 (web PDF)
This report was prepared for publication by the Publishing Team; editing and layout by Lynette Clelland. Publication was approved by the
Deputy Director-General, Science and Technical Group, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
Published by Publishing Team, Department of Conservation, PO Box 10420, The Terrace, Wellington 6143, New Zealand.
In the interest of forest conservation, we support paperless electronic publishing.

CONTENTS
Abstract 1
1. Summary 2
2. Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates 7
2.1 Taxonomically determinate 7
Extinct (0) 7
Data Deficient (55) 8
Threatened (11) 9
Nationally Critical (6) 9
Nationally Endangered (1) 10
Nationally Vulnerable (4) 10
At Risk (222) 11
Declining (13) 11
Recovering (0) 12
Relict (0) 12
Naturally Uncommon (209) 12
Non-resident Native (0) 17
Migrant 17
Vagrant 17
Coloniser 17
Not Threatened (19) 17
Introduced and Naturalised (0) 18
2.2 Taxonomically indeterminate 18
Data Deficient (6) 18
At Risk (102) 18
Naturally Uncommon (102) 18
3. Acknowledgements 20
4. References 20

1
New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9
Conservation status of New Zealand
marine invertebrates, 2013
Debbie Freeman1, Kareen Schnabel2, Bruce Marshall3, Dennis Gordon2,
Stephen Wing4, Di Tracey2 and Rod Hitchmough1
1 Science and Capability Group, Department of Conservation, PO Box 10420, Wellington 6143,
New Zealand. dfreeman@doc.govt.nz
2 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), PO Box 14901, Kilbirnie,
Wellington, New Zealand.
3 Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
4 Otago University, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
Abstract
The conservation status of a proportion of all known New Zealand marine invertebrate taxa was
reassessed in June 2013 using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) criteria.
A full list is presented, along with a statistical summary and brief notes on the most important
changes. This list replaces all previous NZTCS lists for marine invertebrates.
Keywords: New Zealand Threat Classification System, NZTCS, conservation status, marine
invertebrates
© Copyright December 2014, Department of Conservation. This paper may be cited as:
Freeman, D.; Schnabel, K.; Marshall, B.; Gordon, D.; Wing, S.; Tracey, D.; Hitchmough, R.: Conservation status of
New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9. Department of
Conservation, Wellington. 20 p.

2Freeman et al.—Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013
1. Summary
In June 2013, the Department of Conservation held an expert workshop to assess New Zealand’s
marine invertebrates using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) criteria
(Townsend et al. 2008), updating a previous listing process from 2009 (Freeman et al. 2009).
A number of changes were made to the list, including those resulting from taxonomic name
changes (Table 1). A total of 415 taxa was assessed (Table 2), with a number of changes made to
threat categories to reflect changes in certainty or knowledge around the distribution, abundance
and population trends of some taxa, or to reflect a reinterpretation of the available data (Table 3).
All marine invertebrates assessed in 2009 were reassessed and an additional 108 taxa were
also assessed (Table 4). Most of the latter were assessed as either data deficient, or naturally
uncommon. One taxon that was included in the list produced in 2009 was excluded from the
current listing—Cellana strigilis bollonsi Powell, 1955, which is now considered to be a synonym
of C. oliveri.
While a number of changes were made to the threat categories assigned to the marine
invertebrates we assessed, just one change was the result of an actual decline in abundance.
The brachiopod Pumilus antiquatus (a monotypic, endemic genus) was listed as Nationally
Endangered in 2009, but listed as Nationally Critical in 2013, to reflect an apparent decline in
abundance at the sites it has previously been recorded from (Otago Harbour and Lyttleton). No
taxa improved in status between 2009 and 2013 as a result of an actual change in distribution or
abundance.
Six taxa were listed as Nationally Critical: the polychaete Boccardiella magniovata, the barnacle
Idioibla idiotica, the gravel maggots Smeagol climoi and Smeagol manneringi, brachiopod
Pumilus antiquatus and the giant seep mussel Bathymodiolus tangaroa. An additional five taxa
were also included in the Threatened category. The majority of taxa we assessed were classified
as At Risk, with most of these being taxa that are naturally uncommon, such as island endemics.
A large number of marine invertebrates were assessed as Data Deficient. However, the majority
of the New Zealand marine invertebrate fauna (over 95%) remains unassessed in the New Zealand
Threat Classification System. While representatives of phyla not assessed in 2009 were included
in the current assessment (e.g. sponges, phylum porifera), the full range of marine invertebrate
phyla are not yet represented in the list.
NAME AND AUTHORITY IN
FREEMAN ET AL. (2009)
NAME IN THIS DOCUMENT COMMON NAME
Phylum Arthropoda
Ibla idiotica Batham, 1945 Idioibla idiotica (Batham, 1945) Stalked barnacle
Volcanolepas osheai (Buckeridge, 2000) Vulcanolepas osheai (Buckeridge, 2000) O’Shea’s vent barnacle
Phylum Cnidaria
Metallogorgia cf. melanotrichos Metallogorgia spp. Golden coral
Mopsea elongata Roule, 1908 Mopsea sp. Bamboo coral
Peltastisis Peltastisis sp. Bamboo coral
Phylum Mollusca
Cellana strigilis emingi Powell, 1955 Cellana strigilis (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841) Limpet
Cellana strigilis oliveri Powell, 1955 Cellana oliveri Powell, 1955 Limpet
Margarella antipoda hinemoa Powell, 1956 Cantharidus antipoda hinemoa (Powell, 1956) Snail
Margarella sp. A (NMNZ M.59506) Cantharidus sp. A (NMNZ M.59506) Snail
Margarella sp. B (NMNZ M.131607) Cantharidus sp. B (NMNZ M.131607) Snail
Table 1. Name changes affecting New Zealand marine invertebrate species between the
publication of Freeman et al. (2009) and this document.
Continued on next page

3
New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9
NAME AND AUTHORITY IN
FREEMAN ET AL. (2009)
NAME IN THIS DOCUMENT COMMON NAME
Micrelenchus festivus B.A. Marshall, 1999 Cantharidus festivus (B.A. Marshall, 1999) Snail
Patella kermadecensis (Pilsbry, 1894) Scutellastra kermadecensis (Pilsbry, 1894) Limpet
Patinigera terroris (Filhol, 1880) Nacella terroris (Filhol, 1880) Limpet
Thoristella polychroma B.A. Marshall, 1999 Coelotrochus polychroma (B.A. Marshall, 1999) Snail
Table 1 continued
CATEGORY TOTAL 2009 TOTAL 2013
Extinct 0 0
Data Decient 12 61
Threatened—Nationally Critical 10 6
Threatened—Nationally Endangered 2 1
Threatened—Nationally Vulnerable 21 4
At Risk—Declining 821
At Risk—Recovering 0 0
At Risk—Relict 0 0
At Risk—Naturally Uncommon 243 303
Non-resident Native—Migrant 0 0
Non-resident Native—Vagrant 0 0
Non-resident Native—Coloniser 0 0
Not Threatened 11 19
Introduced and Naturalised 0 0
Total 307 415
Table 2. Comparison of the status of New Zealand marine invertebrate
species assessed in 2009 (Freeman et al. 2009) and 2013 (this document).

4Freeman et al.—Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013
CONSERVATION STATUS 2013 CONSERVATION STATUS 2009 DETERMINATE INDETERMINATE TOTAL
DATA DEFICIENT 55 661
Data Decient 11 011
Nationally Critical 112
Nationally Vulnerable 628
Naturally Uncommon 718
Not in previous list 30 231
THREATENED 11 011
Nationally Critical 606
Nationally Critical 404
Nationally endangered 101
Declining 101
Nationally Endangered 101
Nationally Endangered 101
Nationally Vulnerable 404
Nationally Vulnerable 404
AT RISK 222 102 324
Declining 13 821
Declining 303
Data decient 011
Nationally Vulnerable 437
Naturally uncommon 145
Not in previous list 505
Naturally Uncommon 209 94 303
Naturally Uncommon 138 89 227
Nationally Critical 314
Nationally Vulnerable 112
Not in previous list 67 370
NOT THREATENED 19 019
Declining 404
Naturally Uncommon 202
Not in previous list 202
Not Threatened 11 011
TOTAL 307 108 415
Table 3. Statistical summary of status changes of marine invertebrates between 2009 (Freeman et al. 2009) and
2013 (this document).
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY
Phylum Arthropoda
Gonodactylellus osheai Ahyong, 2012 Mantis shrimp Gonodactylidae
Lithodes aotearoa Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae
Lithodes jessica Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae
Lithodes macquariae Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae
Lithodes robertsoni Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae
Neolithodes brodiei Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1970 King crab Lithodidae
Neolithodes bronwynae Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae
Paralomis dawsoni Macpherson, 2001 King crab Lithodidae
Paralomis poorei Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae
Paralomis staplesi Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae
Paralomis webberi Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithididae
Table 4. Taxa included in this document that were not listed in Freeman et al. (2009).
Continued on next page

5
New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9
Table 4 continued
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY
Paralomis zealandica Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1971 King crab Lithididae
Colubrisquilla dempsey Ahyong, 2012 Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae
Heterosquilla koning Ahyong, 2012 Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae
Heterosquilla laevis (Hutton, 1879) Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae
Heterosquilla tricarinata (Claus, 1871) Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae
Heterosquilla tridentata (Thomson, 1882) Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae
Heterosquilla trida Ahyong, 2012 Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae
Pariliacantha georgeorum Ahyong, 2012 Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae
Phylum Cnidaria
Goniocorella dumosa (Alcock, 1902) Stony coral Caryophylliidae
Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan 1873 Stony coral Caryophylliidae
Enallopsammia rostrata (Pourtalès, 1878) Stony coral Dendrophylliidae
Chathamisis spp. Kermadec Ridge Bamboo coral Isididae
Echinisis spicata (Hickson, 1907) Bamboo coral Isididae
Keratoisis glaesa Grant, 1976 Bamboo coral Isididae
Keratoisis hikurangiensis Grant, 1976 Bamboo coral Isididae
Keratoisis n. sp. Bamboo coral Isididae
Keratoisis projecta Grant, 1976 Bamboo coral Isididae
Keratoisis tangentis Grant, 1976 Bamboo coral Isididae
Keratoisis zelanica Grant, 1976 Bamboo coral Isididae
Primnoisis ambigua Wright & Studer, 1889 Bamboo coral Isididae
Primnoisis antarctica (Studer, 1878) Bamboo coral Isididae
Primnoisis sp. C Bamboo coral Isididae
Calyptrophora cristata Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae
Calyptrophora cucullata Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae
Calyptrophora diaphana Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae
Calyptrophora inornata Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae
Calyptrophora niwa Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae
Helicoprimnoa fasciola Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae
Metanarella nannolepis Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae
Narella hypsocalyx Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae
Narella mesolepis Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae
Narella mosaica Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae
Narella vulgaris Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae
Narelloides crinitus Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae
Errina bicolor Cairns, 1991 Red coral Stylasteridae
Errina chathamensis Cairns, 1991 Red coral Stylasteridae
Errina cheilopora Cairns, 1983 Red coral Stylasteridae
Errina cooki Hickson, 1912 Red coral Stylasteridae
Errina dendyi Hickson, 1912 Red coral Stylasteridae
Errina hicksoni Cairns, 1991 Red coral Stylasteridae
Errina laevigata Cairns, 1991 Red coral Stylasteridae
Errina novaezelandiae Hickson, 1912 Red coral Stylasteridae
Errina reticulata Cairns, 1991 Red coral Stylasteridae
Errina sinuosa Cairns, 1991 Red coral Stylasteridae
Protulophila sp. Hydroid
Phylum Echinodermata
Gorgonocephalus chilensis (Philippi, 1858) Basket star Gorgonocephalidae
Gorgonocephalus pustulatum (H. L. Clark, 1916) Basket star Gorgonocephalidae
Gorgonocephalus sundanus Döderlein, 1927 Basket star Gorgonocephalidae
Phylum Mollusca
Acrosterigma sorenseni (Powell, 1967) Bivalve Cardiidae
Vexillum iredalei (Powell, 1958) Snail Costellariidae
Crassatina iredalei (Powell, 1958) Bivalve Crassatellidae
Continued on next page

6Freeman et al.—Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY
Epigrus gracilis Oliver, 1915 Snail Epigridae
Epigrus insularis Oliver, 1915 Snail Epigridae
Emarginula connectens Thiele, 1915 Snail Fissurellidae
Larochea spirata Geiger & B.A. Marshall, 2012 Snail Larocheidae
Larocheopsis amplexa B.A. Marshall, 1993 Snail Larocheidae
Bathyaustriella thionipta Glover, Taylor & Rowden, 2004 Bivalve Lucinidae
Cancilla kermadecensis (Cernohorsky, 1978) Snail Mitridae
Hirtomurex taranui B.A. Marshall & Oliverio, 2009 Snail Muricidae
Cyclopecten kermadecensis (E.A. Smith, 1885) Scallop Propeamussiidae
Besla insularis (Oliver, 1915) Snail Pyramidellidae
Eulimella inexpectata (Oliver, 1915) Snail Pyramidellidae
Hinemoa punicea Oliver, 1915 Snail Pyramidellidae
Striatestea poutama Ponder, 1967 Snail Rissoidae
Striatestea bountyensis Powell, 1927 Snail Rissoidae
Striatestea eulima Powell, 1940 Snail Rissoidae
Satondella bicristata Geiger & B.A. Marshall, 2012 Slit shell Scissurellidae
Scissurella bountyensis Powell, 1933 Slit shell Scissurellidae
Sinezona brucei Geiger, 2012 Slit shell Scissurellidae
Sinezona enigmatica Geiger & B.A. Marshall, 2012 Slit shell Scissurellidae
Sinezona platyspira Geiger & B.A. Marshall, 2012 Slit shell Scissurellidae
Grippina globosa B.A. Marshall, 2002 Bivalve Spheniopsidae
Grippina pumila B. Marshall, 2002 Bivalve Spheniopsidae
Grippina spirata B. Marshall, 2002 Bivalve Spheniopsidae
Tornus aupouria (Powell, 1937) Snail Tornidae
Tornus maoria (Powell, 1937) Snail Tornidae
Coelotrochus carinatus (B.A. Marshall, 1998) Snail Trochidae
Coelotrochus rex (B.A. Marshall, 1998) Snail Trochidae
Bolma kermadecensis Beu & Ponder, 1979 Snail Turbinidae
Vanikoro wallacei Iredale, 1912 Snail Vanikoridae
Phylum Porifera
Aulocalyx australis Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Aulocalycidae
Auloplax breviscopulata Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Aulocalycidae
Auloplax sonnae Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Auloplacidae
Chonelasma australe Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae
Chonelasma biscopulatum Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae
Chonelasma chathamense Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae
Chonelasma glaciale Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae
Chonelasma lamella Schulze, 1888 Glass sponge Euretidae
Conorete gordoni Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae
Gymnorete pacicum Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae
Gymnorete stabulatum Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae
Farrea ananchorata Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Farreidae
Farrea anoxyhexastera Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Farreidae
Farrea medusiforma Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Farreidae
Farrea onychohexastera Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Farreidae
Farrea raoulensis Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Farreidae
Farrea similaris Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Farreidae
Hexactinella acanthacea Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Tretodictyidae
Hexactinella aurea Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Tretodictyidae
Hexactinella simplex Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Tretodictyidae
Table 4 continued

7
New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9
NAME IN FREEMAN ET AL. (2009) REASON FOR REJECTION
Cellana strigilis bollonsi Powell, 1955 Now synonym of C. oliveri
Table 5. Names included in Freeman et al. (2009) that have been
rejected from this document.
2. Conservation status of New Zealand marine
invertebrates
The revised threat ranking for marine invertebrates is provided in this section and replaces all
previous NZTCS lists for marine invertebrates.
Taxa were assessed according to the criteria of Townsend et al. (2008), grouped by conservation
status, then alphabetically by scientific name. Categories are ordered by degree of loss,
with Extinct at the top of the list and Not Threatened at the bottom, above Introduced and
Naturalised. The Data Deficient list is inserted between Extinct and Threatened. Although the
true status of Data Deficient taxa will span the entire range of available categories, taxa are in
that list mainly because they are very seldom seen, so most are likely to end up being considered
threatened and some may already be extinct. The Data Deficient list is likely to include many of
the most threatened species in New Zealand.
See Townsend et al. (2008) for details of criteria and qualifiers, which are abbreviated as follows:
CD Conservation Dependent
De Designated
DP Data Poor
EF Extreme Fluctuations
EW Extinct in the Wild
IE Island Endemic
Inc Increasing
OL One Location
PD Partial Decline
RF Recruitment Failure
RR Range Restricted
SO Secure Overseas
Sp Sparse
St Stable
TO Threatened Overseas
2.1 Taxonomically determinate
Extinct (0)
Taxa for which there is no reasonable doubt—following repeated surveys in known or expected
habitats at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal and annual) and throughout the taxon’s historic
range—that the last individual has died.
No taxonomically determinate marine invertebrate taxa are listed in this category.

8Freeman et al.—Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013
Data Deficient (55)
Taxa that are suspected but not definitely known to belong to any particular category due to a
lack of current information about their distribution and abundance. It is hoped that listing such
taxa will stimulate research to find out the true category or threat. (For a fuller definition see
Townsend et al. 2008.)
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY QUALIFIERS
Phylum Annelida
Scoletoma lynnei (Knox, 1951) Polychaete Lumbrineridae
Hartmanonuphis pectinata (Knox & Hicks, 1973) Polychaete Onuphidae
Phylum Arthropoda
Nautilocaris saintlaurentae Komai & Segonzac, 2006 Shrimp Alvinocarididae SO
Bathysquilla microps (Manning, 1961) Mantis shrimp Bathysquillidae SO
Chionelasmus crosnieri (Buckeridge 1998) Primitive acorn barnacle Chionelasmatidae
Cancellus laticoxa Forest & McLaughlan, 2000 Crab Diogenidae OL
Gonodactylellus osheai Ahyong, 2012 Mantis shrimp Gonodactylidae DP, Sp
Lithodes jessica Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae DP, RR, Sp
Paralomis staplesi Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae DP, Sp
Paralomis webberi Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae DP, OL, RR, Sp
Notopoides latus Henderson, 1888 Crab Raninidae OL
Heterosquilla trida Ahyong, 2012 Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae DP, RR, Sp
Phylum Cnidaria
Antipathes fruticosa Gray, 1857 Black coral Antipathidae
Coenocyathus brooki Cairns, 1995 Stony coral Caryophylliidae RR
Circinisis circinata Grant, 1976 Bamboo coral Isididae OL
Primnoisis ambigua Wright & Studer, 1889 Bamboo coral Isididae RR, SO
Primnoisis antarctica (Studer, 1878) Bamboo coral Isididae
Calyptrophora cristata Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae DP, OL, RR, Sp
Calyptrophora diaphana Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae DP, RR, Sp
Calyptrophora niwa Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae DP, RR, Sp
Helicoprimnoa fasciola Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae DP, OL, RR, Sp
Metanarella nannolepis Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae DP, RR, Sp
Narella mosaica Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae DP, OL, RR, Sp
Narelloides crinitus Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae DP, RR, Sp
Paragorgia aotearoa Sanchez, 2005 Bubblegum coral Paragorgiidae Sp
Paragorgia kaupeka Sanchez, 2005 Bubblegum coral Paragorgiidae DP, RR
Paragorgia maunga Sanchez, 2005 Bubblegum coral Paragorgiidae DP, RR
Paragorgia wahine Sanchez, 2005 Bubblegum coral Paragorgiidae OL
Paragorgia whero Sanchez, 2005 Bubblegum coral Paragorgiidae DP, Sp
Sibogagorgia dennisgordoni Sanchez, 2005 Bubblegum coral Paragorgiidae OL
Sibogagorgia tautahi Sanchez, 2005 Bubblegum coral Paragorgiidae DP, OL
Errina cooki Hickson, 1912 Red coral Stylasteridae DP, RR, Sp
Errina dendyi Hickson, 1912 Red coral Stylasteridae DP, Sp
Errina hicksoni Cairns, 1991 Red coral Stylasteridae DP, RR, Sp
Phylum Echinodermata
Porterpygus kieri Baker, 1984 Kier’s echinoid Apatopygidae
Gorgonocephalus sundanus Döderlein, 1927 Basket star Gorgonocephalidae Sp
Xyloplax medusiformis Baker, Rowe & Clark, 1987 Sea daisy Xyloplacidae
Phylum Mollusca
Micropilina reinga B.A. Marshall, 2006 Monoplacophoran Neopilinidae OL, RR
Micropilina wareni B.A. Marshall, 2006 Monoplacophoran Neopilinidae OL, RR
Vema occidua B.A. Marshall, 2006 Monoplacophoran Neopilinidae OL
Continued on next page

9
New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9
Data Decient continued
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY QUALIFIERS
Cyclopecten kermadecensis (E.A. Smith, 1885) Scallop Propeamussiidae OL
Spondylus ostreoides E.A. Smith, 1886 Scallop Spondylidae OL
Phylum Porifera
Auloplax sonnae Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Auloplacidae DP, OL, RR, Sp
Chonelasma australe Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae DP, OL, RR, Sp
Chonelasma biscopulatum Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae DP, OL, RR, Sp
Chonelasma chathamense Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae DP, OL, RR, Sp
Chonelasma glaciale Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae DP, OL, RR, Sp
Conorete gordoni Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae DP, OL, RR, Sp
Farrea medusiforma Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Farreidae DP, Sp
Farrea onychohexastera Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Farreidae DP, Sp
Farrea raoulensis Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Farreidae DP, Sp
Gymnorete pacicum Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae DP, Sp
Gymnorete stabulatum Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Euretidae DP, OL, RR, Sp
Hexactinella acanthacea Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Tretodictyidae DP, RR, Sp
Hexactinella aurea Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Tretodictyidae DP, OL, RR, Sp
Threatened (11)
Taxa that meet the criteria specified by Townsend et al. (2008) for the categories Nationally
Critical, Nationally Endangered and Nationally Vulnerable.
Nationally Critical (6)
Criteria for Nationally Critical:
A—very small population (natural or unnatural)
A(1) < 250 mature individuals, regardless of cause
A(2) ≤ 2 subpopulations, ≤ 200 mature individuals in the larger subpopulation
A(3) Total area of occupancy ≤ 1 ha (0.01 km2)
B—small population (natural or unnatural) with a high ongoing or predicted decline
B(1/1) 250–1000 mature individuals, predicted decline 50–70%
B(2/1) ≤ 5 subpopulations, ≤ 300 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation,
predicted decline 50–70%
B(3/1) Total area of occupancy ≤ 10 ha (0.1 km2), predicted decline 50–70%
C—population (irrespective of size or number of subpopulations) with a very high
ongoing or predicted decline (> 70%)
C Predicted decline > 70%
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY CRITERIA QUALIFIERS
Phylum Annelida
Boccardiella magniovata (Read, 1975) Large-egged polychaete Spionidae B(2/1)
Phylum Arthropoda
Idioibla idiotica (Batham, 1945) Barnacle Idioiblidae C
Phyllum Brachiopoda
Pumilus antiquatus Atkins, 1958 Dwarf white lamp shell Kraussinidae CPE
Phyllum mollusca
Bathymodiolus tangaroa Cosel & Marshall, 2003 Giant seep mussel Mytilidae A(3) RR
Smeagol climoi Tillier & Ponder, 1993 Gravel maggot Smeagolidae A(3) OL
Smeagol manneringi Climo 1981 Gravel maggot Smeagolidae A(3) DP, OL

10 Freeman et al.—Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013
Nationally Endangered (1)
Criteria for Nationally Endangered:
A—small population (natural or unnatural) that has a low to high ongoing or predicted
decline
A(1/1) 250–1000 mature individuals, predicted decline 10–50%
A(2/1) ≤ 5 subpopulations, ≤ 300 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation,
predicted decline 10–50%
A(3/1) Total area of occupancy ≤ 10 ha (0.1 km2), predicted decline 10–50%
B—small stable population (unnatural)
B(1/1) 250–1000 mature individuals, stable population
B(2/1) ≤ 5 subpopulations, ≤ 300 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation,
stable population
B(3/1) Total area of occupancy ≤ 10 ha (0.1 km2), stable population
C—moderate population and high ongoing or predicted decline
C(1/1) 1000–5000 mature individuals, predicted decline 50–70%
C(2/1) ≤ 15 subpopulations, ≤ 500 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation,
predicted decline 50–70%
C(3/1) Total area of occupancy ≤ 100 ha (1 km2), predicted decline 50–70%
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY CRITERIA QUALIFIERS
Phylum Annelida
Spio aequalis Ehlers, 1904 Giant spionid worm Spionidae A(1/1) DP, RR, Sp
Nationally Vulnerable (4)
Criteria for Nationally Vulnerable:
A—small, increasing population (unnatural)
A(1/1) 250–1000 mature individuals, predicted increase > 10%
A(2/1) ≤ 5 subpopulations, ≤ 300 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation,
predicted increase > 10%
A(3/1) Total area of occupancy ≤ 10 ha (0.1 km2), predicted increase > 10%
B—moderate, stable population (unnatural)
B(1/1) 1000–5000 mature individuals, stable population
B(2/1) ≤ 15 subpopulations, ≤ 500 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation,
stable population
B(3/1) Total area of occupancy ≤ 100 ha (1 km2), stable population
C—moderate population, with population trend that is declining
C(1/1) 1000–5000 mature individuals, predicted decline 10–50%
C(2/1) ≤ 15 subpopulations, ≤ 500 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation,
predicted decline 10–50%
C(3/1) Total area of occupancy ≤ 100 ha (1 km2), predicted decline 10–50%
D—moderate to large population, and moderate to high ongoing or predicted decline
D(1/1) 5000–20 000 mature individuals, predicted decline 30–70%
D(2/1) ≤ 15 subpopulations and ≤ 1000 mature individuals in the largest subpopulation,
predicted decline 30–70%
D(3/1) Total area of occupancy ≤ 1000 ha (10 km2), predicted decline 30–70%

11
New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9
E—large population, and high ongoing or predicted decline
E(1/1) 20 000–100 000 mature individuals, predicted decline 50–70%
E(2/1) Total area of occupancy ≤ 10 000 ha (100 km2), predicted decline 50–70%
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY CRITERIA QUALIFIERS
Phylum Bryozoa
Calvetia osheai Taylor & Gordon, 2003 O’Shea’s tree bryozoan Calvetiidae C(3/1) CD, PD, RR
Spiritopora perplexa Taylor & Gordon, 2003 Bryozoan Diaperoeciidae C(3/1) CD, OL, PD, RR
Phylum Cnidaria
Chathamisis bayeri Grant, 1976 Bamboo coral Isididae D(3/1) DP, Sp
Paragorgia alisonae Sanchez, 2005 Bubblegum coral Paragorgiidae D(3/1) DP, Sp
At Risk (222)
Taxa that meet the criteria specified by Townsend et al. (2008) for Declining, Recovering, Relict
and Naturally Uncommon.
Declining (13)
Taxa that do not qualify as ‘Threatened’ because they are buered by large population size and/or
a slower rate of decline than the trigger points.
Criteria for Declining:
A—moderate to large population and low ongoing or predicted decline
A(1/1) 5000–20 000 mature individuals, predicted decline 10–30%
A(2/1) Total area of occupancy ≤ 1000 ha (10 km2), predicted decline 10–30%
B—large population and low to moderate ongoing or predicted decline
B(1/1) 20 000–100 000 mature individuals, predicted decline 10–50%
B(2/1) Total area of occupancy ≤ 10 000 ha (100 km2), predicted decline 10–50%
C—very large population and low to high ongoing or predicted decline
C(1/1) > 100 000 mature individuals, predicted decline 10–70%
C(2/1) Total area of occupancy > 10 000 ha (100 km2), predicted decline 10–70%
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY CRITERIA QUALIFIERS
Phylum Bryozoa
Steginoporella perplexa Livingstone, 1929 Bryozoan Steginoporellidae C(2/1) CD, PD, RR
Phylum Cnidaria
Goniocorella dumosa (Alcock, 1902) Stony coral Caryophylliidae C(2/1) CD, SO
Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan 1873 Stony coral Caryophylliidae C(2/1) CD, SO
Enallopsammia rostrata (Pourtalès, 1878) Stony coral Dendrophylliidae C(2/1) CD, PD, SO
Paragorgia arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) Bubblegum coral Paragorgiidae C(2/1) SO, Sp
Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758 Stony coral Oculinidae C(2/1) CD, SO
Phylum Echinodermata
Gorgonocephalus chilensis (Philippi, 1858) Basket star Gorgonocephalidae C(2/1) SO
Gorgonocephalus dolichodactylus Döderlein, 1911 Basket star Gorgonocephalidae C(2/1) SO
Gorgonocephalus pustulatum (H.L. Clark, 1916) Basket star Gorgonocephalidae C(2/1)
Phylum Mollusca
Cellana ava (Hutton, 1873) Golden limpet Nacellidae A(2/1) RR
Octopus kaharoa O’Shea, 2000 Octopus Octopodidae C(2/1)
Opisthoteuthis mero O’Shea, 2000 Mero’s umbrella octopus Opisthoteuthidae C(2/1) DP
Alcithoe davegibbsi Hart, 1999 Volute Volutidae C(2/1) OL

12 Freeman et al.—Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013
Recovering (0)
Taxa that have undergone a documented decline within the last 1000 years and now have an
ongoing or predicted increase of > 10% in the total population or area of occupancy, taken over the
next 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer. Note that such taxa that are increasing
but have a population size of < 1000 mature individuals (or total area of occupancy of < 10 ha) are
listed in one of the Threatened categories, depending on their population size (for more details
see Townsend et al. (2008)).
Criteria for Recovering:
A 1000–5000 mature individuals or total area of occupancy ≤ 100 ha (1 km2),
and predicted increase > 10%
B 5000–20 000 mature individuals or total area of occupancy ≤ 1000 ha
(10 km2), and predicted increase > 10%
No taxonomically determinate marine invertebrate taxa are listed in this category.
Relict (0)
Taxa that have undergone a documented decline within the last 1000 years, and now occupy
< 10% of their former range and meet one of the following criteria:
Criteria for Relict:
A 5000–20 000 mature individuals; population stable (±10%)
B > 20 000 mature individuals; population stable or increasing at > 10%. The range of a relictual
taxon takes into account the area currently occupied as a ratio of its former extent. Relict can
also include taxa that exist as reintroduced and self-sustaining populations within or outside
their former known range (for more details see Townsend et al. (2008)).
The range of a relictual taxon takes into account the area currently occupied as a ratio of
its former extent. Relict can also include taxa that exist as reintroduced and self-sustaining
populations within or outside their former known range (for more details see Townsend et al.
(2008)).
No taxonomically determinate marine invertebrate taxa are listed in this category.
Naturally Uncommon (209)
Taxa whose distribution is confined to a specific geographical area or which occur within
naturally small and widely scattered populations, where this distribution is not the result of
human disturbance.
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY QUALIFIERS
Phylum Arthropoda
Alvinocaris alexander Ahyong, 2009 Vent shrimp Alvinocarididae RR
Alvinocaris longirostris Kikuchi & Ohta, 1995 Vent shrimp Alvinocarididae RR
Alvinocaris niwa Webber, 2004 Vent shrimp Alvinocarididae RR
Gandalfus puia McLay 2007 Crab Bythograeidae RR, Sp
Mursia microspina Davie & Short, 1989 Crab Calappidae RR, SO
Philanisus fasciatus Riek, 1976 Caddisy Chathamiidae OL
Vulcanolepas osheai (Buckeridge, 2000) Barnacle Eolepadidae OL
Elamena momona Melrose, 1975 Crab Hymenosomatidae Sp
Halimena aotearoa Melrose, 1975 Crab Hymenosomatidae Sp
Lebbeus wera Ahyong, 2009 Vent shrimp Hippolytidae OL
Chitinolepas spiritsensis Buckeridge & Newman, 2006 Barnacle Idioiblidae DP
Lithodes macquariae Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae DP, RR, Sp
Continued on next page

13
New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY QUALIFIERS
Lithodes robertsoni Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae DP, Sp
Neolithodes bronwynae Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae DP, RR, Sp
Paralomis dawsoni Macpherson, 2001 King crab Lithodidae DP, Sp
Paralomis hirtella Macpherson & Saintlaurent, 1998 King crab Lithodidae SO
Paralomis poorei Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae DP, Sp
Paralomis zealandica Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1971 King crab Lithodidae Sp
Leptomithrax tuberculatus mortenseni Bennett, 1964 Spider crab Majidae RR
Colubrisquilla dempsey Ahyong, 2012 Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae DP, Sp
Heterosquilla koning Ahyong, 2012 Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae DP, Sp
Heterosquilla laevis (Hutton, 1879) Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae Sp
Heterosquilla tricarinata (Claus, 1871) Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae Sp
Heterosquilla tridentata (Thomson, 1882) Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae DP, RR, Sp
Pariliacantha georgeorum Ahyong, 2012 Mantis shrimp Tetrasquillidae DP, Sp
Xenograpsus ngatama McLay, 2007 Crab Xenograpsidae RR, SO
Phylum Cnidaria
Balanophyllia chnous Squires, 1962 Stony coral Dendrophylliidae RR
Crateritheca novaezelandiae (Thompson, 1879) Stony coral Dendrophylliidae RR
Falcatoabellum raoulensis Cairns, 1995 Stony coral Flabellidae RR
Keratoisis glaesa Grant, 1976 Bamboo coral Isididae DP, Sp
Keratoisis hikurangiensis Grant, 1976 Bamboo coral Isididae Sp
Keratoisis projecta Grant, 1976 Bamboo coral Isididae Sp
Keratoisis tangentis Grant, 1976 Bamboo coral Isididae OL, RR, Sp
Keratoisis zelanica Grant, 1976 Bamboo coral Isididae Sp
Antipathella ordensis (Grange, 1990) Black coral Myriopathidae RR
Oculina virgosa Squires, 1958 Stony coral Oculinidae RR
Nemertesia elongata Totton, 1930 Hydrozoan Plumulariidae RR
Calyptrophora cucullata Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae DP, Sp
Calyptrophora inornata Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae DP, Sp
Narella hypsocalyx Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae DP, Sp
Narella mesolepis Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae DP, RR, Sp
Narella vulgaris Cairns, 2012 Sea fan Primnoidae DP, Sp
Errina bicolor Cairns, 1991 Red coral Stylasteridae DP, Sp
Errina chathamensis Cairns, 1991 Red coral Stylasteridae DP, Sp
Errina cheilopora Cairns, 1983 Red coral Stylasteridae DP, Sp
Errina laevigata Cairns, 1991 Red coral Stylasteridae DP, Sp
Errina reticulata Cairns, 1991 Red coral Stylasteridae DP, Sp
Errina sinuosa Cairns, 1991 Red coral Stylasteridae DP, RR, Sp
Lillipathes lillei (Totton, 1923) Black coral Schizopathidae RR, S?O
Sphenotrochus squiresi Cairns, 1995 Stony coral Turbinoliidae RR
Phylum Echinodermata
Eurygonias hyalacanthus Farquhar, 1913 Cushion star Odontasteridae RR, Sp
Phylum Mollusca
Ruapukea carolus Dell, 1953 Snail Aclididae DP, RR
Discotectonica acutissima (G.B. Sowerby III, 1914)
(NZOI TAN107.122)
Snail Architectonicidae DP, RR, SO
Suterilla imperforata Fukuda, Ponder & B.A. Marshall, 2006 Snail Assimineidae RR
Fictonoba oliveri (Powell, 1927) Snail Barleeiidae RR
Cominella quoyana griseicalx Willan, 1979 Whelk Buccinidae RR
Cominella regalis Willan, 1979 Whelk Buccinidae RR
Caecum maori Pizzini & Raines, 2006 Snail Caecidae RR
Bathyfautor rapuhia B.A. Marshall, 1996 Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Naturally Uncommon continued
Continued on next page

14 Freeman et al.—Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY QUALIFIERS
Calliostoma antipodense B.A. Marshall, 1996 Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Calliostoma benthicola (Dell, 1950) Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Calliostoma consobrinum (Powell, 1958) Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Calliostoma eminens B.A. Marshall, 1996 Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Calliostoma gendalli B.A. Marshall, 1980 Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Calliostoma gibbsorum B.A. Marshall, 1996 Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Calliostoma jamiesoni B.A. Marshall, 1996 Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Calliostoma peregrinum B.A. Marshall, 1996 Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Calliostoma xanthos B.A. Marshall, 1996 Snail Calliostomatidae SO, Sp
Carinastele coronata B.A. Marshall, 1989 Snail Calliostomatidae DP, RR
Carinastele jugosa B.A. Marshall, 1989 Snail Calliostomatidae DP, RR
Carinastele kristelleae B.A. Marshall, 1989 Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Fautrix candida B.A. Marshall, 1996 Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Selastele kopua (B.A. Marshall, 1995) Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Selastele limatulum (B.A. Marshall, 1995) Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Selastele onustum (Odhner, 1924) Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Calliotropis crystalophorus B.A. Marshall, 1980 Snail Calliotropidae DP, RR
Acrosterigma sorenseni (Powell, 1967) Veneroid bivalve Cardiidae RR
Purpurocardia reinga (Powell, 1933) Bivalve Carditidae RR
Sundaya exquisita Oliver, 1915 Snail Cerithiopsidae RR
Herpetopoma pruinosa B.A. Marshall, 1980 Snail Chilodontidae RR
Chiton themeropis (Iredale, 1914) Chiton Chitonidae RR
Onithochiton oliveri (Iredale, 1914) Chiton Chitonidae RR
Rhyssoplax exasperata Iredale, 1915 Chiton Chitonidae RR
Cirroctopus hochbergi O’Shea, 2000 Four-blotched umbrella octopus Cirroctopodidae DP, Sp
Etrema hedleyi (Oliver, 1915) Cone snail Clathurellidae RR
Lienardia roseocincta (Oliver, 1915) Snail Clathurellidae RR
Leptothyra benthicola B.A. Marshall, 1980 Snail Colloniidae RR
Leptothyra kermadecensis B.A. Marshall, 1980 Snail Colloniidae RR
Zafra fuscolineata Oliver, 1915 Whelk Columbellidae RR
Zafra kermadecensis Oliver, 1915 Whelk Columbellidae RR
Benthocardiella obliquata bountyensis Powell, 1934 Bivalve Condylocardiidae DP, RR
Vexillum iredalei (Powell, 1958) snail Costellariidae RR
Crassatina iredalei (Powell, 1958) Bivalve Crassatellidae RR
Crosseola favosa Powell, 1937 Snail Crosseolidae RR
Crosseola intertexta Powell, 1937 Snail Crosseolidae RR
Cyclochlamys pileolus Dijkstra & B.A. Marshall, 2008 Scallop Cyclochlamydidae DP, RR
Iredalea subtropicalis Oliver, 1915 Cone shell Drilliidae RR
Eatoniella (E.) iredalei (Oliver, 1915) Snail Eatoniellidae RR
Epigrus gracilis Oliver, 1915 Snail Epigridae RR
Epigrus insularis Oliver, 1915 Snail Epigridae RR
Annulobalcis marshalli Warén, 1981 Snail Eulimidae RR
Fuscapex ophioacanthicola Warén, 1981 Snail Eulimidae OL, DP, RR
Fusceulima goodingi Warén, 1981 Snail Eulimidae OL, DP, RR
Melanella kermadecensis Oliver, 1915 Snail Eulimidae RR
Melanella luminosa B.A. Marshall, 1997 Snail Eulimidae RR
Melanella perplexa Oliver, 1915 Snail Eulimidae RR
Melanella spinosa Oliver, 1915 Snail Eulimidae RR
Ophieulima fuscoapicata Warén, 1981 Snail Eulimidae OL, DP
Punctifera ophiomoerae Warén, 1981 Snail Eulimidae OL, DP
Pyramidelloides suteri (Oliver, 1915) Snail Eulimidae RR
Naturally Uncommon continued
Continued on next page

15
New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY QUALIFIERS
Cornisepta festiva (Crozier, 1966) Snail Fissurellidae RR
Diodora bollonsi (Oliver, 1915) Snail Fissurellidae RR
Emarginula connectens Thiele, 1915 Snail Fissurellidae RR
Fissurisepta manawatawhia Powell, 1937 Snail Fissurellidae RR
Zygoceras tropidophora Warén & Bouchet, 1991 snail Haloceratidae OL, DP, SO
Larochea spirata Geiger & B.A. Marshall, 2012 Snail Larocheidae RR
Larocheopsis amplexa B.A. Marshall, 1993 Snail Larocheidae RR
Leptochiton norfolcensis subtropicalis (Iredale, 1914) Chiton Leptochitonidae RR
Laevilitorina antipodum (Filhol, 1880) Snail Littorinidae RR
Laevilitorina bifasciata Suter, 1914 Snail Littorinidae RR
Laevilitorina delli (Powell, 1955) Snail Littorinidae RR
Munditia anomala Powell, 1941 Snail Liotiidae RR
Munditia aupouria Powell, 1937 Snail Liotiidae RR
Munditia delicatula Powell, 1941 Snail Liotiidae RR
Munditia echinata Powell, 1937 Snail Liotiidae RR
Munditia manawatawhia Powell, 1937 Snail Liotiidae RR
Munditia suteri (Mestayer, 1919) Snail Liotiidae RR
Bathyaustriella thionipta Glover, Taylor & Rowden, 2004 Bivalve Lucinidae RR
Lutraria bruuni Powell, 1967 Bivalve Mactridae OL, DP, RR
Oxyperas belliana (Oliver, 1915) Bivalve Mactridae RR
Serrata raoulica B.A. Marshall, 2004 Snail Marginellidae RR
Cancilla kermadecensis (Cernohorsky, 1978) Snail Mitridae RR
Mitromorpha expeditionis Oliver, 1915 Cone shell Mitromorphidae RR
Mysella tellinula (Odhner, 1924) Bivalve Montacutidae RR
Hexaplex puniceus Oliver, 1915 Snail Muricidae RR
Hirtomurex tangaroa Marshall & Oliverio, 2009 Snail Muricidae RR
Hirtomurex taranui B.A. Marshall & Oliverio, 2009 Snail Muricidae RR
Trophon subtropicalis Iredale, 1913 Snail Muricidae RR
Hunkydora rakiura B.A. Marshall, 2002 Bivalve Myochamidae RR
Gigantidas gladius Cosel & B.A. Marshall, 2003 Vent mussel Mytilidae RR
Cellana craticulata (Suter, 1905) Limpet Nacellidae RR
Cellana oliveri Powell, 1955 E Limpet Nacellidae RR
Nacella terroris (Filhol, 1880) Limpet Nacellidae RR
Micropilina rakiura B.A. Marshall, 1999 Monoplacophoran Neopilinidae RR
Micropilina tangaroa B.A. Marshall, 1991 Monoplacophoran Neopilinidae DP, RR
Rokopella capulus B.A. Marshall, 2006 Monoplacophoran Neopilinidae DP
Pronucula kermadecensis Oliver, 1915 Bivalve Nuculidae RR
Opisthoteuthis chathamensis O’Shea, 2000 Roughy umbrella octopus Opisthoteuthidae Sp
Scutellastra kermadecensis (Pilsbry, 1894) Limpet Patellidae RR
Ciclopecten uctuatus (Bavay, 1905) Scallop Pectinidae DP, RR, SO
Dilemma inexpectatum (Crozier, 1967) Bivalve Poromyidae RR
Cyclopecten uctuosus Dijkstra & B.A. Marshall, 2008 Scallop Propeamussiidae DP, RR
Cyclopecten horridus Dijkstra, 1995 Scallop Propeamussiidae DP, RR
Cyclopecten kermadecensis (E.A. Smith, 1885) Scallop Propeamussiidae RR
Pteria avicula (Holten, 1802) Bivalve Pteriidae DP, RR, SO
Eulimella inexpectata (Oliver, 1915) Snail Pyramidellidae RR
Hinemoa punicea Oliver, 1915 Snail Pyramidellidae RR
Besla insularis (Oliver, 1915) Snail Pyramidellidae RR
Kermia benhami Oliver, 1915 Cone shell Raphitomidae RR
Rastodens electra (Oliver, 1915) Snail Rastodentidae RR
Pusillina wallacei (Oliver, 1915) Snail Rissoidae RR
Naturally Uncommon continued
Continued on next page

16 Freeman et al.—Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY QUALIFIERS
Striatestea poutama Ponder, 1967 Snail Rissoidae RR
Striatestea bountyensis Powell, 1927 Snail Rissoidae RR
Striatestea eulima Powell, 1940 Snail Rissoidae RR
Alvania kermadecensis (Oliver, 1915) Snail Rissoidae RR
Sinezona brucei Geiger, 2012 Slit shell Scissurellidae RR
Sinezona enigmatica Geiger & B.A. Marshall, 2012 Slit shell Scissurellidae OL
Sinezona pacica (Oliver, 1915) Slit shell Scissurellidae RR
Sinezona platyspira Geiger & B.A. Marshall, 2012 Slit shell Scissurellidae RR
Satondella bicristata Geiger & B.A. Marshall, 2012 Slit shell Scissurellidae RR
Scissurella bountyensis Powell, 1933 Slit shell Scissurellidae RR
Scissurella fairchildi Powell, 1934 Slit shell Scissurellidae RR
Brookula stibarochila (Iredale, 1912) Snail Seguenzioidea RR
Lissotesta conoidea Powell, 1937 Snail Seguenzioidea RR
Cirsonella laxa Powell, 1937 Snail Skeneidae RR
Cirsonella maoria (Powell, 1937) Snail Skeneidae RR
Cirsonella paradoxa Powell, 1937 Snail Skeneidae RR
Philorene texturata Oliver, 1915 Snail Skeneidae RR
Archiminolia dawsoni (B.A. Marshall, 1979) Snail Solariellidae DP, RR
Archiminolia hurleyi (B.A. Marshall, 1979) Snail Solariellidae DP, RR
Bathymophila valentia B.A. Marshall, 2000 Snail Solariellidae RR
Grippina acherontis B.A. Marshall, 2002 Bivalve Spheniopsidae OL, RR
Grippina globosa B.A. Marshall, 2002 Bivalve Spheniopsidae RR
Grippina pumila B. Marshall, 2002 Bivalve Spheniopsidae RR
Grippina spirata B. Marshall, 2002 Bivalve Spheniopsidae RR
Spondylus raoulensis Oliver, 1915 Scallop Spondylidae RR
Tectus royanus (Iredale, 1912) Snail Tegulidae RR
Graphis sculpturata (Oliver, 1915) Snail Tofanellidae RR
Tornus aupouria (Powell, 1937) Snail Tornidae RR
Tornus maoria (Powell, 1937) Snail Tornidae RR
Metaxia kermadecensis B.A. Marshall 1978 Snail Triphoridae RR
Cantharidus antipoda hinemoa (Powell, 1956) Snail Trochidae RR
Cantharidus burchorum B.A. Marshall, 1999 Snail Trochidae RR
Cantharidus festivus (B.A. Marshall, 1999) Snail Trochidae RR
Clanculus atypicus Iredale, 1913 Snail Trochidae RR
Coelotrochus carinatus (B.A. Marshall, 1998) Snail Trochidae RR
Coelotrochus polychroma (B.A. Marshall, 1999) Snail Trochidae RR
Coelotrochus rex (B.A. Marshall, 1998) Snail Trochidae RR
Monilea incerta Iredale 1913 Snail Trochidae RR
Stomatella oliveri (Iredale, 1912) Snail Trochidae RR
Bolma kermadecensis Beu & Ponder, 1979 Snail Turbinidae RR
Vanikoro wallacei Iredale, 1912 Snail Vanikoridae RR
Phylum Porifera
Aulocalyx australis Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Aulocalycidae DP, RR, Sp
Auloplax breviscopulata Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Aulocalycidae DP, RR, Sp
Chonelasma lamella Schulze, 1888 Glass sponge Euretidae Sp
Farrea ananchorata Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Farreidae DP, RR, Sp
Farrea anoxyhexastera Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Farreidae DP, Sp
Farrea similaris Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Farreidae Sp
Hexactinella simplex Reiswig & Kelly, 2011 Glass sponge Tretodictyidae DP, Sp
Naturally Uncommon continued

17
New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9
Non-resident Native (0)
Taxa whose natural presence in New Zealand is either discontinuous (Migrant) or sporadic or
temporary (Vagrant) or which have succeeded in recently (since 1950) establishing a resident
breeding population (Coloniser).
Migrant
Taxa that predictably and cyclically visit New Zealand as part of their normal life cycle
(a minimum of 15 individuals known or presumed to visit per annum) but do not breed here.
No taxonomically determinate marine invertebrate taxa are listed in this category.
Vagrant
Taxa whose occurrences, though natural, are sporadic and typically transitory, or migrants with
fewer than 15 individuals visiting New Zealand per annum.
No taxonomically determinate marine invertebrate taxa are listed in this category.
Coloniser
Taxa that otherwise trigger Threatened categories because of small population size, but have
arrived in New Zealand without direct or indirect help from humans and have been successfully
reproducing in the wild only since 1950.
No taxonomically determinate marine invertebrate taxa are listed in this category.
Not Threatened (19)
Resident native taxa that have large, stable populations.
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY QUALIFIERS
Phylum Arthropoda
Lithodes aotearoa Ahyong, 2010 King crab Lithodidae Sp
Neolithodes brodiei Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1970 King crab Lithodidae Sp
Phylum Bryozoa
Cinctipora elegans Hutton, 1873 Bryozoan Cinctiporidae
Hippomenella vellicata (Hutton, 1873) Bryozoan Escharinidae
Celleporaria agglutinans (Hutton, 1873) Bryozoan Lepraliellidae
Phylum Mollusca
Calliostoma turnerarum (Powell, 1964) Snail Calliostomatidae
Cyclochlamys transenna (Suter, 1913) Scallop Cyclochlamydidae
Notoacmea badia Oliver, 1927 Limpet Lottiidae
Notoacmea helmsi (E.A. Smith, 1894) Limpet Lottiidae
Cellana strigilis (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841) Limpet Nacellidae RR
Sinepecten segonzaci Schein, 2006 Scallop Pectinidae SO
Archiminolia tenuiseptum B.A. Marshall, 2000 Snail Solariellidae
Astraea heliotropium (Martyn, 1784) Circular saw shell Turbinidae
Alcithoe benthicola (Dell, 1963) Volute Volutidae
Alcithoe ssurata (Dell, 1963) Volute Volutidae
Alcithoe emingi Dell, 1978 Volute Volutidae
Alcithoe larochei Marwick, 1926 Volute Volutidae
Alcithoe lutea (Watson, 1882) Volute Volutidae
Provocator mirabilis (Finlay, 1926) Volute Volutidae

18 Freeman et al.—Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013
Introduced and Naturalised (0)
Taxa that have become naturalised in the wild after being deliberately or accidentally introduced
into New Zealand by human agency.
No taxonomically determinate marine invertebrate taxa are listed in this category.
2.2 Taxonomically indeterminate
This section includes described taxa whose taxonomic status is uncertain and requires further
investigation, and also potentially distinct marine invertebrates whose taxonomic status has
yet to be determined. Definitions of threat categories follow those given in the Taxonomically
Determinate section above.
Data Deficient (6)
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY QUALIFIERS
Phylum Cnidaria
Mopsea sp. Bamboo coral Isididae DP, SO, Sp
Peltastisis sp. Bamboo coral Isididae DP, Sp
Primnoisis sp. C Bamboo coral Isididae
Sclerisis sp. NIWA J. Sanchez Bamboo coral Isididae DP, OL
Protulophila sp. Hydroid
Phyllum Mollusca
Calyptogena spp. (NZOI ) Giant seep clam Vesicomyidae
At Risk (102)
Naturally Uncommon (102)
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY QUALIFIERS
Phylum Bryozoa
Alcyonidium n. sp. 1 Leigh Reserve Bryozoan Alcyonidiidae OL, DP
Phylum Cnidaria
Antipathes n. sp. Black coral Antipathidae RR
Solatisonax aff. alleryi (Seguenza, 1876)
(NZOI TAN107.053)
Snail Architectonicidae DP, RR
Acanella spp. Bamboo coral Isididae DP, SO
Chathamisis spp. Kermadec Ridge Bamboo coral Isididae DP, Sp
Echinisis spicata (Hickson, 1907) Bamboo coral Isididae DP, SO
Echinisis spp. Bamboo coral Isididae DP
Keratoisis n. sp. Bamboo coral Isididae DP, Sp
Minuisis Bamboo coral Isididae DP, Sp
Gonaxia sp. (NZOI ) Hydrozoan Sertulariidae OL, RR
Phylum Mollusca
Anabathron sp. aff. ovatus (Powell, 1927)
(NMNZ M.227089)
Snail Anabathridae RR
Bellomitra sp. (NZOI TAN107.127) Whelk Belomitridae DP, RR
Buccipagoda sp. (NZOI TAN107.136) Whelk Buccinidae DP, RR
Continued on next page

19
New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY QUALIFIERS
Eosipho sp. (NMNZ M.150056) whelk Buccinidae DP, RR
Calliostoma sp. (NZOI TAN107.233) Snail Calliostomatidae RR
Calliotropis sp. A (NMNZ M.152747) Snail Calliostomatidae DP, RR
Calliotropis sp. B (NMNZ M.152735) Snail Calliostomatidae DP, RR
Thysanodonta sp. (NMNZ M.152736) Snail Calliostomatidae DP, RR
Pleuromeris sp. (NMNZ M.148741) Bivalve Carditidae RR
Danilia sp. (NZOI U599) Snail Chilodontidae DP, RR
Granata sp. (NMNZ M.148566) Snail Chilodontidae RR
Herpetopoma sp. (NZOI TAN107.233) Snail Chilodontidae RR
Tegulaplax sp. (NZOI TAN107.235) Chiton Chitonidae DP, RR
Argalista sp. A (NMNZ M.148551) Snail Colloniidae RR
Argalista sp. B (NMNZ M.148552) Snail Colloniidae RR
Cantrainea sp. A (NZOI TAN107.323) Snail Colloniidae DP, RR
Cantrainea sp. B (NZOI TAN107.323) Snail Colloniidae DP, RR
Cantrainea sp. C (NZOI TAN107.235) Snail Colloniidae DP, RR
Mitrella sp. A (NZOI TAN107.233) Whelk Columbellidae DP, RR
Mitrella sp. B (NZOI TAN107.323) Whelk Columbellidae DP, RR
Benthocardiella sp. A (NMNZ M.148673) Bivalve Condylocardiidae RR
Benthocardiella sp. B (NMNZ M.148674) Bivalve Condylocardiidae RR
Benthocardiella sp. C (NMNZ M.148675) Bivalve Condylocardiidae RR
Benthocardiella sp. D (NMNZ M.148676) Bivalve Condylocardiidae RR
Carditella sp. (NMNZ M.20766) Bivalve Condylocardiidae RR
Condylocuna sp. A (NMNZ M.144652) Bivalve Condylocardiidae RR
Condylocuna sp. B (NMNZ M.144656) Bivalve Condylocardiidae RR
Condylocuna sp. C (NMNZ M.144657) Bivalve Condylocardiidae RR
Condylocuna sp. D (NMNZ M.144658) Bivalve Condylocardiidae RR
Hamacuna sp. A (NMNZ M.143347) Bivalve Condylocardiidae RR
Hamacuna sp. B (NMNZ M.149015) Bivalve Condylocardiidae RR
Talabrica sp. (NMNZ M.137651) Bivalve Crassatellidae RR
Cyamiomactra sp. A (NMNZ M.60854) Bivalve Cyamiidae RR
Cyamiomactra sp. B (NMNZ M.33947) Bivalve Cyamiidae RR
Kidderia sp. (NMNZ M.134975) Bivalve Cyamiidae RR
Perrierina sp. (NMNZ M.96189) Bivalve Cyamiidae RR
Amaea sp. (NZOI TAN107.233) Snail Epitoniidae DP, RR, SO?
Asterophila sp. Warén & Lewis, 1994 Snail Eulimidae DP, RR
Niso sp. (NZOI TAN107.225) Snail Eulimidae DP, RR
Stilapex sp. (NMNZ M.232084) Snail Eulimidae OL
Stilifer sp. (NMNZ M.150057) Snail Eulimidae DP, OL
Clathrosepta sp. (NZOI U608) Snail Fissurellidae DP, RR
Cranopsis sp. (NZOI TAN107.323) Snail Fissurellidae RR
Fissurellidae sp. (NMNZ M.118002) Snail Fissurellidae RR
Fissurisepta sp. (NMNZ M.138467) Snail Fissurellidae RR
Profundisepta sp. A (NMNZ M.148575) Snail Fissurellidae RR
Profundisepta sp. B (NMNZ M.138462) Snail Fissurellidae RR
Puncturella sp. (NZOI U601) Snail Fissurellidae DP, RR
Rimulanax sp. (NMNZ M.225598) Snail Fissurellidae DP, RR
Tugali sp. (NMNZ M.36012) Snail Fissurellidae RR
Meiocardia sp. (NZOI T256) Bivalve Glossidae DP, RR, SO?
Haloceras sp. 1 (NZOI U573) Snail Haloceratidae DP, OL, RR
Haloceras sp. 2 (M.147782) Snail Haloceratidae DP, OL, RR
Haloceras sp. 3 (NZOI P941) Snail Haloceratidae DP, OL, RR
Naturally Uncommon continued
Continued on next page

20 Freeman et al.—Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013
NAME AND AUTHORITY COMMON NAME FAMILY QUALIFIERS
Lepetopsidae sp. (NMNZ M.158228) Limpet Lepetopsidae RR
Pectunculina sp. (NMNZ M.225313) Bivalve Limopsidae DP, RR
Serrata sp. A (NMNZ M.227078) Snail Marginellidae RR
Idioteuthis cordiformis (Chun, 1908) Giant squid Mastigoteuthidae Sp, SO
Mysella sp. (NMNZ M.51502) Bivalve Montacutidae RR
Amygdalum sp. (NMNZ M.147338) Mussel Mytilidae Sp, SO?
Nassarius sp. (NZOI TAN107.218) Whelk Nassariidae RR
Peltospiridae sp. A (NZOI Z9504) Snail Peltospiridae DP, RR
Peltospiridae sp. B (NZOI Z9504) Snail Peltospiridae DP, RR
Peltospiridae sp. C (NZOI Z9504) Snail Peltospiridae DP, RR
Olgasolaris sp.(NZOI TAN107.228) Snail Phenacolepadidae DP, RR
Kaiparapelta sp. (NMNZ M.137534) Snail Pseudococculinidae DP, RR
Pteria sp. (NMNZ M.158247) Bivalve Pteriidae RR
Phymorhynchus sp. (NZOI KAH11.21) Cone shell Raphitomidae DP
Merelina sp. A (NMNZ M.148669) Snail Rissoidae RR
Merelina sp. B (NMNZ M.148670) Snail Rissoidae RR
Merelina sp. C (NMNZ M.148671) Snail Rissoidae RR
Merelina sp. D (NMNZ M.148668) Snail Rissoidae RR
Ancistrobasis sp. (NZOI TAN107.232) Snail Seguenziidae DP, RR
Abra sp. (NMNZ M.225609) Bivalve Semelidae DP, RR
Skeneoides sp. (NMNZ M.148557) Snail Skeneidae OL
Solariella sp. A (NZOI TAN107.233) Snail Solariellidae DP, RR
Solariella sp. B (NZOI TAN107.225) Snail Solariellidae DP, RR
Solariella sp. C (NZOI W672) Snail Solariellidae DP, RR
Solecurtus sp. (NMNZ M.225439) Bivalve Solecurtidae DP, RR
Cantharidus sp. A (NMNZ M.59506) Snail Trochidae RR
Cantharidus sp. B (NMNZ M.131607) Snail Trochidae RR
Conchocele sp. (NMNZ M.28418) Bivalve Thyasiridae RR
Turbinellid sp. (NZOI TAN107.134) Snail Turbinellidae DP, RR
Phylum Porifera
Lissodendoryx sp. (yellow slimy) Sponge “yellow slimy” Coelosphaeridae RR
3. Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge NIWA, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa and Otago
University for contributing the expertise and time of their sta during this process. Many thanks
to those who provided additional advice on particular species during the re-listing process,
including Daphne Lee, Geo Read, Michelle Kelly and Heather Braid. Particular thanks also to
Jeremy Rolfe for assisting with the workshop and recording and collating the resulting data, and
to Lynette Clelland for editing this publication.
4. References
Freeman, D.J.; Marshall, B.A.; Ahyong, S.T.; Wing, S.R.; Hitchmough, R.A. 2010: Conservation status of New Zealand
marine invertebrates, 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44: 129–148.
Townsend, A.J.; de Lange, P.J.; Duy, C.A.J.; Miskelly, C.M.; Molloy, J.; Norton, D.A. 2008: New Zealand Threat
Classification System manual. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 35 p.
Naturally Uncommon continued