Contribution to the knowledge of gasteroid fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) from Paraíba, Brazil

Abstract

(Contribution to the knowledge of gasteroid fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) from the state of Paraíba, Brazil). There are few studies that have reported gasteroid fungi from the state of Paraíba, in northeastern Brazil. Collections of basidiomycetes were made in an area of restinga in Mataraca, Paraíba, in May and September of 2009. Eight species of gasteroid fungi were identified, which belong to the Agaricaceae, Geastraceae, Nidulariaceae, Phallaceae and Sclerodermataceae. Six species are new records for Paraíba: Aseröe floriformis, Cyathus limbatus, Geastrum lageniforme, G. saccatum, Morganella pyri- formis and Phallus indusiatus. Descriptions of the specimens, taxonomic remarks and illustrations are provided for each species. Key words: Gasteromycetes, Brazilian mycota, fungal taxonomy.

Full text

R. bras. Bioci., Porto Alegre, v. 9, n. 2, p. 167-173, abr./jun. 2011
ARTICLE
ISSN 1980-4849 (on-line) / 1679-2343 (print)
Revista Brasileira de Biociências
Brazilian Journal of Biosciences
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Contribution to the knowledge of gasteroid fungi
(Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) from the state of Paraíba, Brazil
ABSTRACT: (Contribution to the knowledge of gasteroid fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) from the state of Paraíba,
Brazil). There are few studies that have reported gasteroid fungi from the state of Paraíba, in northeastern Brazil. Collections of
basidiomycetes were made in an area of restinga in Mataraca, Paraíba, in May and September of 2009. Eight species of gasteroid
fungi were identied, which belong to the Agaricaceae, Geastraceae, Nidulariaceae, Phallaceae and Sclerodermataceae. Six
species are new records for Paraíba: Aseröe oriformis, Cyathus limbatus, Geastrum lageniforme, G. saccatum, Morganella pyri-
formis and Phallus indusiatus. Descriptions of the specimens, taxonomic remarks and illustrations are provided for each species.
Key words: Gasteromycetes, Brazilian mycota, fungal taxonomy.
RESUMO: (Contribuição ao conhecimento de fungos gasteróides (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) no Estado da Paraíba,
Brasil). Existem poucos registros na literatura sobre a ocorrência de fungos gasteróides no Estado da Paraíba, nordeste do Brasil.
Coletas de basidiomicetos foram realizadas em uma área de restinga em Mataraca (Paraíba), nos meses de maio e setembro
de 2009. Oito espécies de fungos gasteróides foram identicadas, correspondendo às famílias: Agaricaceae, Geastraceae,
Nidulariaceae, Phallaceae e Sclerodermataceae. Seis espécies constituem primeiros registros para o estado da Paraíba: Aseröe
oriformis, Cyathus limbatus, Geastrum lageniforme, G. saccatum, Morganella pyriformis e Phallus indusiatus. Descrições
dos espécimes, discussões taxonômicas e ilustrações são fornecidas para cada espécie.
Palavras-chave: Gasteromycetes, micota brasileira, taxonomia de fungos.
Larissa Trierveiler Pereira1* and Iuri Goulart Baseia2
1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos, Depto. de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Campus Univer-
sitário, CEP 50670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil.
2. Depto. de Botânica, Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Campus Universitário, CEP 59072-970,
Natal, RN, Brazil.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: lt_pereira@yahoo.com.br
Received: June 22 2010 Received after revision: November 10 2010 Accepted: December 28 2010
INTRODUCTION
Species of gasteroid fungi have been reported from
several Brazilian biomes. There are records of these fungi
from the Atlantic Forest (Möller 1895, Rick 1961, Bononi
et al. 1984, Baseia et al. 2003, 2006, Cortez et al. 2008,
Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2010), Amazonia (Capelari &
Maziero 1988, Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2009a), cerrado
(Baseia & Milanez 2001, 2002, 2003), caatinga (Baseia
& Galvão 2002, Baseia 2005a) and the grasslands of
southern Brazil, which are also known as pampas (Cor-
tez 2009). However, there are records of gasteromycete
species from only sixteen of the twenty-six Brazilian
states (Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia 2009a).
The rst records of gasteroid fungi from the state of
Paraíba (in the Northeast Region of Brazil) are from the
beginning of the 21st century. Baseia & Galvão (2002)
reported four xerophyle gasteromycetes from dry areas
of caatinga: Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan,
Myriostoma coliforme (Dicks.) Corda, Podaxis pistillaris
(L.) Fr. and Tulostoma exasperatum Mont. Recently, a
survey in João Pessoa resulted in one record of Tulos-
toma obesum Cooke & Ellis (Silva et al. 2007). In the
same year, Leite et al. (2007) reported the occurrence of
Geastrum setiferum Baseia from Paraíba. Gurgel et al.
(2008), based on a study of the taxonomy of Scleroderma
in northeastern Brazil, reported S. citrinum Pers. and S.
nitidum Berk. from this state.
Continuing our objective to better understand the
diversity of gasteroid fungi from the Northeast Region
of Brazil (Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia 2009b, 2010,
Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2009b, 2010), we present results
of our investigations about gasteroid fungi collected in
the state of Paraíba.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The diversity of gasteroid fungi was investigated
in the city of Mataraca, in the state of Paraíba, in the
Northeast Region of Brazil. Collections were made in
May and September of 2009, in restinga (sandy coastal
vegetation) at different stages of succession. The study
site was an 800 ha parcel of land, located in the northern
par of the state (6o29’S, 34o56’W), which belongs to
Mineradora Millennium Inorganic Chemicals do Brasil
S.A (Vasconcellos et al. 2005).
Macro and microscopic characteristics of the basidio-
mata were examined following traditional techniques
Available online at http://www.ufrgs.br/seerbio/ojs/index.php/rbb/article/view/1627

168 Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia
R. bras. Bioci., Porto Alegre, v. 9, n. 2, p. 167-173, abr./jun. 2011
used in taxonomic studies of gasteroid fungi (Miller &
Miller 1988). Colors were coded according to Kornerup
& Wanscher (1978). Vouchers were dried slowly and
were deposited in the URM herbarium (Holmgren &
Holmgren 1998).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Agaricaceae
1. Morganella pyriformis (Schaeff.) Kreisel & D. Krüger,
Mycotaxon 86: 175, 2003. Fig. 1A, 2A.
Basidiomata 1.3–1.6 cm high × 1.8–2.3 cm broad,
subglobose to pyriform; subgleba present, well-deve-
loped, whitish, distinctly cellular, 0.4–0.6 cm high ×
0.5–0.75 cm broad; with whitish rhizomorphs attached at
the base, rhizomorphs up to 1 cm in length. Exoperidium
granular, olive brown (4D3), peeling off at maturity, al-
most inexistent on the examined material. Endoperidium
papery, grayish yellow (4C3); opening at the apex by an
ostiole, irregular in shape. Gleba powdery, olive (3E4).
Basidiospores globose, yellowish, 3.5–4.5 (–5) μm diam,
nely punctate, ornamentation almost invisible in light
microscopy; pedicels very short or completely lacking.
Eucapillitium and paracapillitium present; eucapillitial
hyphae thick-walled, with true septa, 3–4 μm diam,
yellowish, without pits, covered with amorphous mate-
rial; paracapillitial hyphae slightly thick-walled, 2–3.5
μm diam, hyaline, covered with amorphous material.
Growing gregarious on rotten wood.
Distribution in Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo
and Minas Gerais (Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia 2009a).
Specimen examined: BRAZIL. PARAÍBA: Mataraca,
Mineradora Millenium (Cristal), mata desmatada, 06
May 2009, V.R. Coimbra & F. Wartchow (URM 82109).
Taxonomic remarks: There are ve species of Morga-
nella recorded from Brazil. These species are M. albina
(Cooke) P. Ponce de León, M. benjaminii (Rick) Cortez,
Calonge & Baseia, M. fuliginea (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)
Kreisel & Dring, M. pyriformis and M. velutina (Berk.
ex Massee) Kreisel & Dring; however, M. pyriformis is
the only one with eucapillitium (Trierveiler-Pereira et al.
2010). Other distinctive features of this species are the
following: subgleba white and composed of small-sized
cells, exoperidium granular and deep reddish-brown,
eucapillitium without pores, paracapillitium abundant,
and basidiospores globose with delicate ornamentation
(H. Kreisel – pers. com.). Baseia (2005b) reported this
species (as Lycoperdon pyriformis Schaeff.: Pers.) from
the state of Pernambuco. The examined material was not
mentioned in the article, but corresponds to the herbaria
numbers UFRN-Fungos 155 and UFRN-Fungos 163.
This is the rst record of M. pyriformis from Paraíba.
Geastraceae
2. Geastrum lageniforme Vittad., Monogr. Lycoperd:
16, 1842. Fig. 1B, 2B.
Unexpanded basidiome lageniform, 0.95 cm high × 1.1
cm broad, with whitish rhizophorms attached at the base,
rizomorphs up to 0.6 cm in length. Expanded basidio-
mata 0.7–1.3 cm high × 1.8–2.4 cm broad. Exoperidium
non-hygroscopic, split into 5–7 rays, saccate, rays long,
slender, external layer glabrous, with longitudinal ridges,
grayish yellow (2B4). Endoperidium subglobose, 0.4–0.9
cm high × 0.8–1.4 cm broad, grayish beige (4C2), sessile,
without apophysis; peristome brillose, grayish brown
(5E3), delimited by a whitish line. Gleba pulverulent at
maturity, brownish gray (5E2). Basidiospores globose,
3.5–5 µm diam including the ornamentation, yellowish
brown in KOH, with columnar ornamentation. Capillitial
hyphae straight to more or less sinuous, slightly thick-
-walled, yellowish in KOH, 2.5–8 µm diam. Growing
scattered to gregarious on sandy soil, among litterfall.
Distribution in Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de
Janeiro and Bahia (Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia 2009a).
Specimens examined: BRAZIL. PARAÍBA: Matara-
ca, Mineradora Millenium (Cristal), mata de 1989, 05
May 2009, V.R. Coimbra & F. Wartchow (URM 82112);
ibid, mata controle, 06 May 2009, ipse (URM 82113).
Taxonomic remarks: Recently recorded for the rst
time from the Northeast Region of Brazil (Trierveiler-
-Pereira et al. 2009b), this species can be recognized in
the eld by its delimited and brillose peristome, sessile
endoperidium, arachnoid aspect and longitudinal ridges
on the outer face of the exoperidium. Microscopically,
it can be separated from G. saccatum, a very similar
species, because G. lageniforme has slightly smaller ba-
sidiospores and thin-walled clamped hyphae in the outer
mycelial layer (Sunhede 1989). The epithet “lageniform”
refers to the immature basidiome, which is bottle-shaped.
This is the rst record of the species from Paraíba.
3. Geastrum saccatum Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 3(1):
16, 1829. Fig. 1C, 2C.
Unexpanded basidiomata not observed. Expanded
basidiomata 0.9–1.5 cm high × 1.6–3.3 cm broad. Exo-
peridium non-hygroscopic, split into 6–7 rays, saccate,
grayish yellow (4C6). Endoperidium subglobose, 0.7–0.9
cm high × 0.9–1.5 cm broad, grayish brown (5D3), sessi-
le, without apophysis; peristome brillose, concolor with
endoperidium, delimited by a browish line. Gleba pulve-
rulent at maturity, yellowish brown (5F5). Basidiospores
globose, 4–5.5 µm diam including the ornamentation,
brownish in KOH, ornamented with dense, high columns.
Capillitial hyphae straight, thick-walled, covered with
amorphous material, yellowish to yellowish brown in
KOH, 2–6 µm diam. Growing solitary to gregarious on
sandy soil, among litterfall.
Distribution in Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São
Paulo, Bahia, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte and
Amazonas (Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia 2009a).
Specimens examined: BRAZIL. PARAÍBA: Matara-
ca, Mineradora Millenium (Cristal), mata de 1989, 05
May 2009, V.R. Coimbra & F. Wartchow (URM 82114);
ibid, mata controle, 06 May 2009, Coimbra & Wartchow

169
Gasteroid fungi from Paraíba, Brazil
R. bras. Bioci., Porto Alegre, v. 9, n. 2, p. 167-173, abr./jun. 2011
(URM 82115, 82116, 82117)
Taxonomic remarks: Geastrum saccatum can be
characterized by its sessile endoperidium and brillose
peristome delimited by a white line. Another macrosco-
pically similar species is G. triplex Jungh., but the latter
has a prominent pseudoparanchymatous collar around
the endoperidium, and the basidiomata are usually larger.
This is the rst record of the species from Paraíba.
4. Geastrum setiferum Baseia, Mycotaxon 84: 136,
2002. Fig. 1D, 2D.
Unexpanded basidiomata not observed. Expanded
basidiomata 4–4.7 cm high × 3.8–5.5 cm broad. Exo-
peridium non-hygroscopic, split into 5–7 rays, arched,
external layer peeling off at maturity. Endoperidium
depressed-globose, 1.2–1.6 cm high × 1.8–2.3 cm broad,
yellowish brown (5D5), with a short stipe, up to 1 mm
high, apophysis present; endoperidial surface covered
with dark brown setae; peristome slightly plicate, darker
than endoperidium. Basidiospores globose, 3.5–4.0 μm
diam including the ornamentation, brownish in KOH,
ornamented with more or less columnar processes. Ca-
pillitial hyphae straight to sinuous, thick-walled, solid or
with narrow lumen, covered with amorphous material,
golden brown in KOH, 2.5–8 μm diam. Growing grega-
rious on sandy soil, among litterfall.
Distribution in Brazil: São Paulo, Pernambuco and
Paraíba (Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia 2009a).
Specimen examined: BRAZIL. PARAÍBA: Matara-
ca, Mineradora Millenium (Cristal), mata controle, 02
September 2009, L. Trierveiler-Pereira (URM 82118).
Taxonomic remarks: The species is mainly characte-
Figure 1. Microscopic structures of gasteroid fungi from Paraíba. A. M. pyriformis. B. G. lageniforme. C. G. saccatum. D. G. setiferum. E. C.
limbatus. F. A. oriformis. G. P. indusiatus. H. S. nitidum.

170 Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia
R. bras. Bioci., Porto Alegre, v. 9, n. 2, p. 167-173, abr./jun. 2011
rized by the presence of dark setae on the endoperidial
surface. Geastrum lloydianum Rick resembles G. seti-
ferum, due to the arched rays in mature basidiomata.
However, the former lacks setae on the endoperidium
and the peristome is distinctly deeply plicate. Geastrum
setiferum was previously recorded from Paraíba by Leite
et al. (2007).
Nidulariaceae
5. Cyathus limbatus Tul. & C. Tul., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot.,
sér. 3 1: 78, 1844. Fig. 1E, 2E-F.
Basidiomata obconic, slender obconic to funnel-
-shaped, 6–7 mm high and 3.5–7 mm wide at the mouth;
exoperidium plicate, yellowish brown (5E5) to dark bro-
wn (6F6), with dense short hairs covering all the surface,
with distinct basal emplacement; endoperidium plicate,
brownish gray (7D2) to brownish beige (6E3), shiny. Pe-
ridioles triangular to irregular in outline, grayish, shiny, 2
mm diam., cortex two-layered with tunica. Basidiospores
ellipsoid, colorless, 15–18 × 9–12 μm, thick-walled (2–3
μm). Growing scattered to gregarious on rotten wood.
Distribution in Brazil: Paraná, São Paulo, Pernambu-
co and Amazonas (Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia 2009a,
2009b).
Specimens examined: BRAZIL. PARAÍBA: Matara-
ca, Mineradora Millenium (Cristal), mata desmatada, 06
May 2009, V.F. Coimbra & F. Wartchow (URM 82104);
ibid, mata controle, 01 September 2009, L. Trierveiler-
-Pereira (URM 82105).
Taxonomic remarks: The species is characterized by a
plicate peridium, and large peridioles with a two-layered
cortex. Cyathus limbatus is macroscopically similar to C.
poeppigii Tul. & C.Tul., but the latter has basidiospores
up to 40 μm (Brodie 1975, Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia
2009b). This is the rst record of the genus Cyathus
from Paraíba.
Figure 2. A. Basidiomata of M. pyriformis. B. Imature (left) and mature (right) basidiomata of G. lageniforme. C. Basidiomata of G. saccatum.
d. Basidiome of G. setiferum in situ. E-F. C. limbatus. E. Basidiome. F. Transverse section of a peridiole (arrow = cortex with double layer).
AB
C
E F
D

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Gasteroid fungi from Paraíba, Brazil
R. bras. Bioci., Porto Alegre, v. 9, n. 2, p. 167-173, abr./jun. 2011
Phallaceae
6. Aseröe oriformis Baseia & Calonge, Mycotaxon 92:
170, 2005. Fig. 1F, 3A-B.
Basidiome 3.2 cm high, with several whitish rhizo-
morphs attached at the base, rhizomorphs up to 5.1 cm
length. Volva subglobose, saccate, 1.1 cm high × 1 cm
broad, yellowish white (1A2). Pseudostipe cylindrical,
spongy, grayish red (1B2), 2.1 cm high × 0.9 cm broad.
Receptacle applanate, sunower-shaped, light orange
(5A4), becoming reddish orange (7B8) at the center, 3.7
cm diam, perforated at the center where the receptacle is
attached to the pseudostipe. Gleba viscous, olive (3F4),
foetid. Basidiospores cylindrical to oblong ellipsoid,
hyaline to greenish, 3–4 × 1–1.5 μm, smooth. Growing
solitary on sandy soil.
Distribution in Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará
and Bahia (Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia 2009a, Bezerra
et al. 2009).
Specimens examined: BRAZIL. PARAÍBA: Matara-
ca, Mineradora Millenium (Cristal), mata desmatada, 06
May 2009, V.R. Coimbra & F. Wartchow (URM 82106);
ibid, 02 September 2009, L. Trierveiler-Pereira (URM
82107).
Taxonomic remarks: Aseröe oriformis can be separa-
ted from the other species of the genus (A. arachnoidea
E. Fisch., A. coccinea Imazeki et Yoshimi ex Kasuya, and
A. rubra Labill.) because of its yellowish or orange basi-
diome and fused arms, originating in a sunower-shaped
receptacle (Baseia & Calonge 2005, Kasuya 2007). Since
the species has been recorded only from the Northeast
Region of Brazil, Bezerra et al. (2009) concluded that
A. oriformis is endemic to that region. However, there
are photos of a basidiome collected in the state of São
Figure 3. A-B. A. oriformis. A. Basidiome in situ. B. Basidiome from the state of São Paulo photographed by George J. Shepherd. C. Basidiome
of P. indusiatus. D. Basidiomata of S. nitidum.
AB
CD

172 Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia
R. bras. Bioci., Porto Alegre, v. 9, n. 2, p. 167-173, abr./jun. 2011
Paulo (city of São Sebastião), which were taken in 1979
by George J. Shepherd (Fig. 3B) and look similar to this
species. Therefore, it is possible that A. oriformis occurs
throughout the range of the Atlantic Forest.
7. Phallus indusiatus Vent., Mém. Inst. Natl. Sci., Sci.
Math. 1: 520, 1798. Fig. 1G, 3C.
Basidiome 13.4 cm high, with a whitish rhizomorph
attached at the base, rhizomorph 1.3 cm length. Volva
subglobose, saccate, 3.9 cm high × 2.9 cm broad, pale
yellow (2A3), with a disciform base, basal disc with
purplish pigments. Pseudostipe cylindrical to subcylin-
drical, spongy, greenish gray (1B2), 9.8 cm high × 2
cm broad; indusium well developed, pendulous, pale
yellowish (1A3), 6.7 cm long. Receptacle campanulate,
pale yellowish (1A3), 3.9 cm high × 2.9 cm broad, with
supercial folds forming a network (reticulate), apex
perforated. Gleba viscous, grayish green (1D5), foetid.
Basidiospores cylindrical to oblong ellipsoid, hyaline to
greenish, 3–4 × 1–1.5 μm, smooth. Growing solitary on
sandy soil, among litterfall.
Distribution in Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São
Paulo and Rio Grande do Norte
(Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia 2009a).
Specimen examined: BRAZIL. PARAÍBA: Mataraca,
Mineradora Millenium (Cristal), mata de 1989, 05 May
2009, V.R. Coimbra & F. Wartchow (URM 82108).
Taxonomic remarks: Phallus indusiatus is recognized
by its well-developed light-colored indusium, reticulate
receptacle, and violet pigments in the volva. Phallus
duplicatus Bosc, a macroscopically similar species, has
a pinkish indusium and occurs in temperate North Ame-
rica and tropical Africa (Calonge 2005, Kreisel 1996). In
the Northeast Region of Brazil, P. indusiatus was only
known from the state of Rio Grande do Norte (Baseia
et al. 2006). This is the rst record of P. indusiatus from
Paraíba.
Sclerodermataceae
8. Scleroderma nitidum Berk., Hook J. Bot. 6: 173,
1854. Fig. 1H, 3D.
Basidiomata subglobose to depressed-globose, 0.8–1.5
cm high × 1.0–2.3 cm broad, with abundant rhizomorphs
attached at the base, rhizomorphs whitish, up to 1 cm
length, with debris attached; subgleba absent. Peridium
less than 0.5 mm thick, peridium surface grayish yellow
(2B4, 3C5). Gleba powdery to occose, olive (3F5),
exposed by an irregular rupture of the peridium. Basidios-
pores globose to subglobose, yellowish to light brown
in KOH, 8–11 μm diam, with spiny ornamentation. Ca-
pillitial hyphae slightly thick-walled, with simple septa,
2.5–4 μm diam, hyaline in KOH. Growing scattered to
gregarious, among litterfall.
Distribution in Brazil: Bahia, Pernambuco, Paraíba
and Rio Grande do Norte (Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia
2009a).
Specimens examined: BRAZIL. PARAÍBA: Matara-
ca, Mineradora Millenium (Cristal), mata controle, 06
May 2009, V.R. Coimbra & F. Wartchow (URM 82110);
ibid, mata desmatada, 06 May 2009, ipse (URM 82111).
Taxonomic remarks: According to Guzmán et al.
(2004), S. nitidum is frequently confused with S. verru-
cosum Pers., but the former has a pantropical distribution,
while the latter is a temperate species. Other features that
separate these two species are the subgelatinous patches
on the peridium and the smaller basidiospores of S. ni-
tidum. Guzmán & Tapia (1995) transferred S. nitidum
to the genus Veligaster Guzmán, due to the presence of
subgelatinous patches of the upper part of the stipe and
base of the globose peridium. However, we still prefer to
keep this species in Scleroderma, because this may not
be an important character for segregating these genera.
The species was previously recorded from Paraíba by
Gurgel et al. (2008).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank CAPES/PNPD for nancial
support (Edital 34/2007); CNPq for the master’s degree
scholarship of LTP; and Mineradora Millennium Inor-
ganic Chemicals do Brasil S.A for allowing us access to
the surveyed areas. We are also indebted to Dr. Hanns
Kreisel (Germany) for the help in identifying one speci-
men, and George J. Shepherd (UNICAMP, Brazil) for his
photo of A. oriformis. Further, we acknowledge Victor
Coimbra, Felipe Wartchow, Renata de Souza, Danielle da
Silva and Indra Escobar for collecting or helping during
the eld trips.
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