Saint-Hilaire virtual herbarium, a new upgradeable tool to study Brazilian botany

Abstract

The new Franco-Brazilian website "Saint-Hilaire virtual herbarium" offers dynamic online consultation of all specimens and manuscripts of the naturalist Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, providing links between specimen images and associated textual data, including notes available in his field books. This tool aims at facilitating the work of taxonomy and systematic botany and allowing a more accurate reconstruction of the routes and time frame of Saint-Hilaire's exploration. All specimens are being digitized by the Paris herbarium (P) and added online. The system will also offer Saint-Hilaire's major publications online. The nomenclature and determinations are automatically updated through dynamic links to the SONNERAT/MNHN database. In this paper, we propose moreover a standard for the correct citation of Saint-Hilaire specimens.

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Saint-Hilaire virtual herbarium, a new upgradeable tool to
study Brazilian botany
Author(s): Marc Pignal, Sergio Romaniuc-Neto, Sidnei De Souza, Simon
Chagnoux, Dora Ann Lange Canhos
Source: Adansonia, 35(1):7-18. 2013.
Published By: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/a2013n1a1
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.5252/a2013n1a1
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7
ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2013 • 35 (1)
© Publications Scientiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.adansonia.com
KEY WORDS
Saint-Hilaire,
Virtual herbarium,
Field notes,
Brazil,
website.
Pignal M., Romaniuc-Neto S., De Souza S., Chagnoux S. & Lange Canhos D. A. 2013. —
Saint-Hilaire virtual herbarium, a new upgradeable tool to study Brazilian botany. Adansonia,
sér. 3, 35 (1): 7-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/a2013n1a1
ABSTRACT
e new Franco-Brazilian website “Saint-Hilaire virtual herbarium” offers dy-
namic online consultation of all specimens and manuscripts of the naturalist
Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, providing links between specimen images and associ-
ated textual data, including notes available in his field books. is tool aims at
facilitating the work of taxonomy and systematic botany and allowing a more
accurate reconstruction of the routes and time frame of Saint-Hilaire’s explora-
tion. All specimens are being digitized by the Paris herbarium (P) and added
online. e system will also offer Saint-Hilaire’s major publications online. e
nomenclature and determinations are automatically updated through dynamic
links to the SONNERAT/MNHN database. In this paper, we propose moreover
a standard for the correct citation of Saint-Hilaire specimens.
Marc PIGNAL
Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Systématique et Évolution,
UMR 7205, CNRS, Origine Structure et Évolution de la Biodiversité,
case postale 39, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)
pignal@mnhn.fr
Sergio ROMANIUC-NETO
Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, Herbário SP
Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo (Brazil)
sromaniuc@gmail.com
Sidnei DE SOUZA
Centro de Referência em Informação Ambiental – CRIA (Brazil)
sidnei@cria.org.br
Simon CHAGNOUX
Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Direction des collections,
case postale 39, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)
chagnoux@mnhn.fr
Dora Ann LANGE CANHOS
Centro de Referência em Informação Ambiental – CRIA (Brazil)
dora@cria.org.br
Saint-Hilaire virtual herbarium, a new
upgradeable tool to study Brazilian botany

8ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2013 • 35 (1)
Pignal M. et al.
INTRODUCTION
Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (1779-1853; Fig. 1) has
a special place in Brazil’s history. He was one of
the first botanists to explore the states of Rio de
Janeiro, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Minas Gerais,
Goiás, and from the state of Rio Grande do Sul to
the “Banda oriental del Uruguay” between 1816
and 1822. Apart from his botanical collections,
Saint-Hilaire also collected important zoological
material and provided original data on the geog-
raphy and culture of Brazil. His work constitutes
a primary source for historians.
His name is better known in Brazil than in France,
where his work is somewhat forgotten and where it
must withstand the competition of his namesakes
Étienne and Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. In Brazil,
districts, natural reserves, science centres, and even
a brand of cachaça bear his name, and his portrait
appears on the bottle.
HISTORY
Upon his arrival in Brazil in 1816, Saint-Hilaire
was already a confirmed botanist. Between 1810
and 1816, he published more than 20 contribu-
tions to botany.
His early work (Saint-Hilaire 1811) is a pas-
sionate presentation of the context of the time,
when he criticized how the “Gens du Monde”,
the cultural elite of the time, perceived that sci-
ence was influenced by the work of Jean-Jacques
Rousseau.
At the end of six years of exploration in South
America, he returned to France. He published his
work about Brazilian botany, geography and uses
of plants until the end of his life (Brandão et al.
2012). His work encouraged European scientists
to invest in and train the Brazilian elite.
His two major works are the Flora brasiliae me-
ridionalis, Brazil’s first flora (Saint-Hilaire et al.
1825-1833) and his travel’s reports, Voyages dans
l’intérieur du Brésil (Saint-Hilaire 1830, 1833, 1847,
1848, 1851 and 1887). He witnessed the beginning
of the destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic forest
as reported in his writings.
Saint-Hilaire’s plant collections are difficult to
consult because they are often distributed in larger
herbaria (i.e. Herbier Général in Paris). Despite
that, these specimens should be constantly con-
sulted by taxonomists working in Brazil, because
they are essential historical material. Unfortu-
nately, data on the specimen labels are succinct.
MOTS CLÉS
Saint-Hilaire,
Herbier virtuel,
Cahiers de récoltes,
Brésil,
Site web.
RÉSUMÉ
L’herbier virtuel A. de Saint-Hilaire, un nouvel outil évolutif pour étudier la bota-
nique du Brésil.
Le nouveau site franco-brésilien « Herbier Virtuel A. de Saint-Hilaire »
permettra une consultation dynamique de l’ensemble des spécimens et des
manuscrits du naturaliste Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, en offrant un lien entre
les photos des spécimens et les données associées qui figurent sur les cahiers
de récoltes. Cet outil facilitera le travail de taxonomie et de systématique
botanique et donnera la capacité à reconstituer avec précision les trajets et
la chronologie des explorations de Saint-Hilaire. L’ensemble des spécimens
sera progressivement mis en ligne à la suite de la numérisation de l’herbier de
Paris (P). Le site mettra également à disposition les principales publications
de Saint-Hilaire. La nomenclature et les déterminations sont maintenues
à jour de façon dynamique par un lien avec la base de données SONNERAT
du MNHN. Dans ce travail, nous proposons en outre un standard pour la
citation correcte des spécimens de Saint-Hilaire.

9
Saint-Hilaire virtual herbarium
ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2013 • 35 (1)
FIG. 1. — Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (1779-1851), a few years after his trip to Brazil. (Photo, F. Bouazzat, MNHN).

10 ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2013 • 35 (1)
Pignal M. et al.
A short presentation of Saint-Hilaire’s virtual
herbarium was made by Romaniuc Neto & Pig-
nal (2010) during Brazil’s National Congress of
Botany held in Manaus in 2010.
Other herbaria also hold specimens from Saint-
Hilaire’s collection such as Montpellier (MPU),
Clermont-Ferrand (CLF) and Autun (AUT),
as well as several foreign institutions, such as B
(a lot has been destroyed), F, US, and others.
It is difficult at present to find all of the Brazil-
ian material deposited, but the website may be
used to complement the data available. Plants
that Saint-Hilaire collected in France were sent
to many correspondents and are even more dif-
ficult to locate.
e most famous collection besides Paris that
is of great botanical interest concerning Saint-
Hilaire’s holdings is the herbarium Cambessèdes
at Montpellier University. Jacques Cambessèdes,
together with Adrien de Jussieu and Saint-Hilaire,
was the author of the Flora Brasiliae meridionalis,
the first systematic treatment of the Brazilian flora
(Saint-Hilaire et al. 1825-1833).
WEBSITE PRESENTATION
e website “
A. de
Saint
-Hilaire virtual
herbarium
”
(http://hvsh.cria.org.br) aims at:
– organizing and presenting Saint-Hilaire’s botani-
cal work;
– allowing dynamic access to the data available at
the SONNERAT database;
– associating all images from Saint-Hilaire’s collection
digitized during the renovation of Paris Herbarium.
All website pages are available in Portuguese, French
and English
, tabs
allow the
change of
language
.
e
site consists of four parts: “Project presentation”,
“History”, “Works” and “Virtual Herbarium” (see
Fig. 2)
. e historic part provides biographic works
about Saint-Hilaire. e “works part”
presents
most of Saint-Hilaire’s manuscripts and published
work.
In the near future, all books written by
Saint-Hilaire will be available.
e “Virtual herbarium” presents the voucher
and field books’ images. e system includes tools
for
image handling
and measurement of
specimens.
Complete elements are available in handwritten
field books drafted in old French handwriting
which is especially difficult for non-francophone
speakers. For this reason these catalogues remain
largely unknown.
NUMBER OF SAINT-HILAIRE COLLECTIONS
It is estimated that there are nearly 8900 collec-
tion numbers. ere are about 3300 records in
the SONNERAT database, and 1350 specimens
without any number. We estimate (data of 2012)
that only about 37% of the collection is registered
in the database. e location of Saint-Hilaire’s
entire collection may take years to find. Scanning
of all vouchers and digitization of the data held at
the herbarium in Paris (six million digital images)
will certainly accelerate the process.
TABLE 1. — The system sends a request twice a day to the Son-
nerat database.
Images
Field notebooks Number of
images
MBytes
A1 136 4408
A2 182 2363
B1 494 7318
B1 bis 24 703
B2 204 2825
B4 bis 41 391
C1 408 6011
C2 284 8633
C3 106 1401
D164 3303
Total 2043 37356
Exsicatas
CLF 636 4187
P6197 1 015 579
Total 6833 1 019 766
Database
records 7634
records with images 5753 (75%)
records of types 3098
records of types with images 2077 (67%)
collects 5146
determinations 13 907
distinct families 169
distinct genera 1118
distinct species 4161
last update 3/6/2013, 7:08

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Saint-Hilaire virtual herbarium
ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2013 • 35 (1)
LINK WITH THE SONNERAT DATABASE
SONNERAT is the database of the Paris Herbar-
ium and many other herbaria in France (French
herbaria network) coordinated by the Muséum
national d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN). Every time
a new sheet is recorded, or a new determination
Show the description
Show the image
Select the material
by name, collect number
or barcode
Interaction with
Sonnerat database
Show
details
FIG. 2. — Operations with the virtual herbarium interface. It is possible to select the name, collection number or barcode. The collec-
tion shows two specimens and a description.

12 ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2013 • 35 (1)
Pignal M. et al.
is added in SONNERAT, the Virtual herbarium
updates the data. Updating is carried out twice
a day (see Table 1). is project is linked with
the digitization of the Paris herbarium (P). is
general scan is not yet accompanied by comput-
erization which will be gradual. Images and data
will be added to the site every time Saint-Hilaire
is identified on the label.
FIG. 4. — Saint-Hilaire virtual herbarium presentation. Example of the collection Saint-Hilaire C2-1272, with the eld book page and
both known vouchers.
FIG. 3. — Collaborative interface.

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Saint-Hilaire virtual herbarium
ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2013 • 35 (1)
SEARCH BY COLLECTION NUMBER
Collection numbers are the links between the speci
-
mens and the field book. It is very important to cite
the information correctly in the literature. As seen
above, material citation may pose many problems.
In all cases, a check of the specimen image and a
consultation of the appropriate field book allow to
avoid many errors.
METHOD TO CHECK A COLLECTION NUMBER
To identify a collection number and the corre-
sponding field book from a herbarium specimen
may be difficult. e virtual herbarium has a tool
to quickly view all the pages of field books that
register a collection number. erefore, upon Saint-
Hilaire’s determination or the description given in
a field book, it will often be possible to clarify or
validate the corresponding book and letter to be
included in the citation.
is tool allows you to select the collection
number by clicking on one of the numbers pre-
sented in the table or by selecting the numbers
presented in a combo (Fig. 5). If the number is
not available in the database, you can choose the
TOOLS DEVELOPED
Tools to interact with the site have been made
available. e collaborative science tool is used
for the transcription of collection numbers and
Saint-Hilaire field descriptions. To find images of
specimens and corresponding pages of field books,
several search tools have been developed.
CITIZEN SCIENCE
AND COLLABORATIVE PARTICIPATION
A collaborative approach is the only way to achieve
a complete transcription of all field books in a
short amount of time, and Web 2.0 online inter-
faces using social networks seem to be the most
suitable solution. It seemed appropriate to involve
enthusiastic botanists as volunteers to help with
the transcription. is stage is preliminary for a
larger project in order to stimulate the participa-
tion of external users in the computerization of
the herbaria.
e link between each specimen and each de-
scription on the field books was achieved by asking
volunteers to list the collection numbers of each
page. e list of numbers has been completed.
e system also allows volunteers to transcribe all
descriptions and to translate them into Portuguese
and English (Fig. 3).
SEARCH BY BARCODE
e system is dynamic and until the completion
of the whole work, many records are presented
without images, and conversely many images do
not have associated data records. Progressively, the
proportion of complete sets increases. At the end of
the barcode, the icon [s] means that the data exist,
the icon [i] means that the image is on the server.
Data are complete when both icons appear [si].
SEARCH BY SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Searches for “Family”, “Genus” and “Species” are
possible and carried out in all the names included
in the history of determinations. It is feasible to
select only the type collections, but it is highly
recommended to consult all the specimens as the
status of type material may not have been spotted
in the collection. An example is shown in Figure 4.
FIG. 5. — Selection of the collection number.

14 ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2013 • 35 (1)
Pignal M. et al.
TABLE 2. — Field books with collection number. Completed after Dwyer (1955), and notes from the Weddell key.
Field book number Collection numbers Notes
A1 1-758 1816:
1-458 and 651-758, in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro,
470-650, in the vicinity of Uba
A2 464-650 464-650, duplication of A1
1B-132B 1818:
Near Rio de Janeiro.
B1 1-63 December 1816 to March 1818:
1-25, Province of Rio de Janeiro
26-63, Province of Minas Gerais
103-2085 December 1816 to March 1818:
103-2085, Province of Minas Gerais
B1bis 1-112 Dec. 1816-may 1818
whose series from 63-102 are original
B2 2101-2489 2101bis-2493, Minas Gerais
1-408 August to November 1818:
Trip from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Doce in the provinces of Rio de
Janeiro and Espiríto Santo.
B4bis 86-96
C1 1-60 Not Saint-Hilaire handwriting.
1-1175 1819:
1-10 Province of Rio de Janeiro;
11-625, 926-985, Province of Minas Gerais;
September 1819 to May 1820:
626-920, Province of Goias;
986-1175, Province of São Paulo.
C2 1176-1899 May 1820:
1176-1704, Province of São Paulo.
May to June 1820:
1705-1806, Province of Santa Catarina.
1820:
1807-1874, 2569-2797 Province of Rio Grande do Sul;
1875-1899, From San Pedro de Rio Grande to Montevideo.
2000-2797 1820:
2000-2260, From San Pedro de Rio Grande to Montevideo;
2261-2568, From Montevideo to the brazilian frontier on the
banks of the Uruguay.
1 c-219 c Labelled with “c”
July 1821:
Near Rio de Janeiro.
C3 692-709 September 1819 to May 1820:
Goias.
1858-1869 1820:
Province of Rio Grande do Sul.
2004-2020 1820:
From San Pedro de Rio Grande to Montevideo.
D1 d-818 d Labels with “d”
1820-1821:
1-30 Province of Rio de Janeiro;
31-587 Province of Minas Gerais;
588-818 Province of São Paulo.

15
Saint-Hilaire virtual herbarium
ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2013 • 35 (1)
bers have only an inventory value and were not cited
by Saint-Hilaire in his published work such as Flora
Brasiliae Meridionalis. However, they may be used today
to refer unambiguously to vouchers in collections. In
this paper, we propose a standard for material citation.
Heterogeneous in appearance, they are usually
all organized the same way:
– a collection period at the beginning of each book;
– one number for each collection (each event).
Field identifications
e identifications are often limited to the family,
and sometimes genus. ese were likely to be field
or preliminary determinations. Complete determina-
tions at the end of the description were clearly made
later and often concerned the species described by
Saint-Hilaire. Even incomplete, these determinations
are valuable in the clarification of correspondence
between descriptions and specimens.
closest one to your choice. e result is shown
in Figure 6.
By clicking on the collection number (A1-400 on
the example), all pages containing the number ap-
pear and can be enlarged to verify the data (Fig. 7).
To view all books with the same number, simply
delete the reference of a field book (Fig. 8).
SAINTHILAIRE MATERIAL CITATION
HISTORY OF THE NUMBERING
Saint-Hilaire’s field books were studied by Dwyer
(1955). is work is available on the website at http://
hvsh.cria.org.br/caderno?dwyer. Dwyer described 18
handwritten field books merged in ten catalogues (see
Table 2). As the books were often written during his
trips, some of them were copied by Saint-Hilaire later,
and some by other people. As Dwyer noted, these num-
FIG. 6. — Result of a search. Several parts are clickable, eld book and specimen images for consultation, barcode for Paris Museum
site and collection number.
FIG. 7. — Results for collection number.

16 ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2013 • 35 (1)
Pignal M. et al.
Some series without numbers have a single lo-
cality as e.g., the plants collected in the locality of
Olho d’Agoa.
Citation rule
Possibilities are summarized in Table 3. In all cases,
the derived data should be cited in brackets.
– 1) e collection number corresponds to a field
book called A1, A2, B1…
e collection must be cited:
A. de Saint-Hilaire “Field book reference”-“collec-
tion number”. (i.e. A. de Saint-Hilaire C3-125bis).
Do not forget the suffix, if it exists.
It is necessary to consult the field book to make
sure the description matches the specimen. Some-
times the suffix has not been copied to the spec-
imen label.
Be careful: in some cases the letters B and C
do not match one of the notebooks. It should be
mentioned: A. de Saint-Hilaire C-254.
– 2) A collection number occurs, but no field book
is mentioned.
Check if the reference relates to a field book (see
below the consultation method), whenever numbers
have no correspondence with a book. So cite the
number: A. de Saint-Hilaire 251.
Description
e descriptions are very accurate in French or Latin,
very rarely in Portuguese, sometimes a mixture.
– Vernacular names and uses;
– e collection locality is indicated very briefly
at the end of each description, sometimes “m.l.”
[“même localité” = same locality] repeated after
each description.
For each collecting event, the date is rarely men-
tioned and field books should overlap with the travel
reports published by the naturalist between 1830
and 1851 and the posthumous publication of 1887
(Saint-Hilaire 1830-1851 [1887]).
Collection numbers
ere is a greater diversity in the numbering mode.
e catalogues can contain multiple series (Table 2),
some associated with a suffix “c” or “d”. e use
of superscript (bis, ter, 4°, 5° to 12 levels) makes it
particularly difficult to estimate the total number
of collections.
All descriptions have a collection number, while
59% of the specimens located in the herbarium
have no number or no field book reference. Further
analysis will tell if these specimens without number
can be linked to descriptions.
TABLE 3. — Summary of specimen citations.
Citation example
A eld book number on the sheet A. de Saint-Hilaire A1-158
A. de Saint-Hilaire C3-125 bis
A. de Saint-Hilaire D-1178 5
A number, no eld book
number on the sheet
No number
Number inferred from the eld book
A. de Saint-Hilaire s.n., PXXXXXXX
A. de Saint-Hilaire [A2]-159
A letter without indication
of eld book
Indication inferred from the website
Use brackets
The letter does not correspond
to any eld book
A. de Saint-Hilaire A [2]-159
A. de Saint-Hilaire B-159
A number without “bis”, “ter”,
“4” mention (after eld book
verication)
Use brackets A. de Saint-Hilaire A1-562[ter]
A letter without a corresponding
eld book, but mention
of a locality on the label
attached to the plant
A. de Saint-Hilaire “Milho verde” 55

17
Saint-Hilaire virtual herbarium
ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2013 • 35 (1)
– 3) A collection number exists, no field book is
mentioned, but there is information such as the
locality on the small label attached to the plant.
Example: A. de Saint-Hilaire « Milho verde » 55.
Note : some special series exist (i.e. $C5 at least
180 collection numbers, this numbering should not
be confused with a field book reference, a “Cahier
C5” never existed).
– 4) No collection number.
A search using the name of the plant may even-
tually link the specimen to others that have a more
complete reference. Specimen from France and the
rest of Europe are never numbered. If there is no
reference, the specimen must be accompanied by
the barcode (A. de Saint-Hilaire s.n., PXXXXXXX;
A. de Saint-Hilaire s.n., CLFXXXXXX, etc.).
Weddell catalogue
On some labels, may be an additional number read.
is is part of the inventory (assigned to Weddell
by Dwyer [1955]). is inventory can be viewed
at http://hvsh.cria.org.br/caderno?weddell.
ITINERARIES AND LOCALITIES
Several studies exhibit maps of Saint-Hilaire’s itinerary,
from which Dwyer (1955) carried out his analysis.
His work should refer to Herter’s article (1945: In the
footsteps of naturalists Sellow and Saint-Hilaire) that is
available on-line (http://hvsh.cria.org.br/caderno?hert-
er) including the itinerary shown at: http://hvsh.cria.
org.br/caderno?roteiro2, and a list of localities visited
by the two naturalists. Others will follow.
CONCLUSION
e completion of the Saint-Hilaire Virtual Her-
barium will be gradual since it follows the databasing
rhythm of general herbaria who possess specimens
of the botanist. It will benefit other projects that use
the SONNERAT database like the scanning of the
national French herbarium, the Franco-Brazilian
project REFLORA and the French infrastructure
e-ReColNat.
FIG. 8. — All eld book pages that mention the collection number 401.

18 ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2013 • 35 (1)
Pignal M. et al.
HERTER W. 1945. — Auf den Spuren der Naturforscher
Sellow und Saint-Hilaire. Botanische Jahrbücher Systema-
tik. 74 : 1 19- 149 . http://hvsh.cria.org.br/caderno?herter
ROMANIUC NETO S. & PIGNAL M. 2010. — Herbário
Virtual A. de Saint-Hilaire, in ABSY M. L., MATOS
F. D. A. & AMARAL I. L. (orgs), Diversidade Vegetal
Brasileira: Conhecimento, Conservação e Uso. Annais
do 61 Congresso Nacional de Botânica, Manaus,
INPA Ed.: 205-209.
S
AINT
-H
ILAIRE
A.
DE
1811. — Réponse aux reproches
que les gens du monde font à l’étude de la botanique.
Imprimerie Huet-Perdoux, Orléans, 30 p.
SAINT-HILAIRE A. DE 1830. — [Voyages dans l’intérieur
du Brésil. Première partie]. Voyage dans les provinces de
Rio de Janeiro et de Minas Geraes. 2 vol. Grimbert et
Dorez libraires, Paris, 478 p.
SAINT-HILAIRE A. DE 1833 — [Voyages dans l’intérieur
du Brésil. Deuxième partie]. Voyage dans le district des
diamans et sur le littoral du Brésil. Suivi de notes sur
quelques plantes caractéristiques et d’un précis de l’histoire
des révolutions de l’empire brésilien, depuis le commence-
ment du règne de Jean VI jusqu’à l’abdication de D. Pe-
dro. 2 vol. Librairie Gide, Paris. 402 p. and 456 p.
SAINT-HILAIRE A. DE 1847. — [Voyages dans l’intérieur
du Brésil. Troisième partie]. Voyage aux sources du Rio
de S. Francisco et dans la province de Goyaz. Arthus
Bertrand libraire-éditeur, Paris, 380 p.
SAINT-HILAIRE A. DE 1848. — [Voyages dans l’intérieur
du Brésil. Troisième partie]. Voyage aux sources du Rio
de S. Francisco et dans la province de Goyaz. Tome 2.
Arthus Bertrand libraire-éditeur, Paris, 349 p.
SAINT-HILAIRE, A. DE 1851. — [Voyages dans l’intérieur
du Brésil. Quatrième partie]. Voyage dans les provinces
de Saint-Paul et de Sainte-Catherine. 2 vol. Arthus
Bertrand libraire-éditeur, Paris, 464 p. and 423 p.
SAINT-HILAIRE A. DE 1887. — Voyage à Rio Grande do
Sul (Brésil). Posthumous publication under direc-
tion of R. de Dreuzy. H. Herluisson libraire-éditeur,
Orléans, 644 p.
S
AINT
-H
ILAIRE
A.
DE
, C
AMBESSÈDES
J. & J
USSIEU
A.
DE
.
1825[-1833]. — Flora Brasiliae meridionalis.[...] ac-
cedunt tabulae delineatae a Turpinio aerique incisae.
Regiae Majestati consecratum. 3 vol. (24 parts). Belin,
Paris, pagination multiple.
Submitted on 9 January 2012;
accepted on 12 September 2012;
published on 28 June 2013.
e Saint-Hilaire Virtual Herbarium anticipates
the development of a new generation of online
websites which will facilitate the work in system-
atic botany. Online access to herbaria pictures,
articles and manuscripts spares time and financial
resources. In the future, new tools shall be devel-
oped in order to increase the system usability and
effectiveness. Finally, the system also helps to pre-
pare for consultations of the physical specimens in
herbaria, which remain the irreplaceable references
in modern botany.
Acknowledgements
We want to particularly thank all volunteers who
helped with the transcription of the field books:
Olga Caussade, Nathalie Charrier-Arrighi, Jean
Giraud. Our gratitude also to all colleagues who
participated in various capacities in the project:
Alzira Politi Bertonici, Denis Lamy, Odile Poncy,
Luiz Barione, André Luiz Gaglioti, Ana Celia Ca-
lado, Maria Margarida Fiuza de Melo, Vanderlei
Perez Canhos, and especially Françoise Bouazzat
for the picture of Saint-Hilaire. We thank the two
anonymous reviewers for thoroughly reading the
paper, providing thoughtful comments.
REFERENCES
BRANDÃO M. G. L., PIGNAL M., ROMANIUC S., GRAEL
C. F. F. & F
AGG
C. W. 2012. — Useful Brazilian
plants listed in the field books of the French natu-
ralist Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (1779-1853). Journal
of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2): 488-500.
D
WYER
J. D. 1955. — e Botanical Catalogues of
Auguste de St-Hilaire.
Annals of the Missouri Bo-
tanical Garden. 42:153-170. http://hvsh.cria.org.
br/caderno?dwyer